Chapter XVII: Monkeys, Apes and Baboons (3)

Moggridge,
on ants:
sympathy of, 48;
suggestion to Mr. Hague, 56;
warfare of, 79-81;
keeping pets, 83;
harvesting, 97-8 and 100-2;
division of labour, 98;
harvesters using burrows made by elater, 130;
intelligent adaptation to artificial conditions, 130;
co-operation in cutting grass, &c., 133.
On trap-door spiders covering trap-doors with moss, &c., 214-15;
making trap-door at exposed end of accidentally inverted
tube, 215-216;
perfection of dwellings built by young spiders, 216-17;
manner in which instinct of making trap-doors probably
arose, 217-18

Mollusca, intelligence of, 25-30

Monboddo, Lord, on snake finding way home, 262

Monkeys, 471-98;
general remarks on psychology of, 471 and 497-98;
emotions of, 471-8;
affection and sympathy, 471-5;
reproach, 475-6;
ludicrous, 476, 485, 487, 490;
play, 476-77;
curiosity, 477;
imitation, 477;
rage, jealousy, and revenge, 478;
memory of, 497;
general intelligence of, 478;
behaviour with mirror, 478-9 and 495-6;
picking shells off eggs, and taking care not to be stung
by wasps in paper, 479;
intelligence of Mr. Belt's, 480;
disentangling chains, 480 and 486-8;
raking in objects with sticks or cloths, 480 and 486;
drawing chair to stand upon, 481;
using levers, 481 and 492;
using hammers, 481 and 485;
divining principle of screw, 490-91;
keeping door open with blanket, 481-2;
allowing tooth to be drawn, 482;
punishing young, 482-3;
destroying snake's fangs, 483;
concerted action, 483;
love of mischief, 485 _et seq._;
throwing things in rage, 485 _et seq._;
pushing slab to which tied, 484-7;
capricious attachments and dislikes, 484 _et seq._;
trying to unlock a box, 492;
playing with fire, 493-4;
expression of emotions, 494-5;
dread of imitation monkey, 495

Morgan, L. A., on spider conveying insect to larder, 220

Morgan, L. H., on the beaver, 367-83

Moschkau, Dr., on intelligence shown by a spider which he
habitually fed, 218-19

Moseley, Lewin, performing operation on a monkey, 482

Moseley, Prof., on intelligence of crabs, 231-2

Mossman, Rev. J. W., on wasps coming out of small aperture
backwards, 192-3

Mule, alleged counting by, 332;
intelligence of, 333-4

Müller, Adolph, on instinct of cuckoo, 306-7

Müller, F.,
on powers of communication in bees, 157;
on termites, 198 and 201

Murray, S., intelligence of his dog, 450

Music, fondness of spiders for, 205-7;
of parrots and pigeon, 282

Mygale spider eating humming-birds, 208

_Myriophyllum spicatum_, 243

_Myrmeleon formicarium_, 234-5

NADAULT, Madame, the association of ideas shown by her
parrot, 269

Napier, Commander, on pigeon making a horse shake oats
from nose-bag, 317

Napier, Lady, recollection in parrot, 269, 270;
emulation in parrot, 276, 277

Nest, _see_ Nidification

Newall, R. S., on wasp dividing caterpillar to facilitate
carriage, 195, 196

Newbury, on absence of beaver dams in California, 370, 371

Newton, Professor A., on instincts of cuckoo, 306-9

Nichols, W. W., on intelligence of pigeons, 317

Nicols, A., on reasoning power of a retriever, 464, 465

_Nicrophorus_, 228

Nidification,
of crustacean, 232, 233;
of fish, 242-5;
of birds, 291-301;
petrels and puffins, 291, 292;
auks, curlew, goatsucker, ostrich, gulls, sandpipers, plovers,
kingfisher, Chinese swallow, house-martin, 292;
tomtit, woodpecker, starling, weaver, 293;
baya, talegallus, 294;
grosbeak, 295, 296;
swan, 296-8;
Wallace's theories concerning, 298, 299;
variability of 299-301;
of harvesting mice, 365

Nightingales, removing nest, 289

Niphon, Professor, on intelligence of a mule, 333, 334

_Noctua Ewingii_, 238

_Noctura verbasci_, 236

North, the Rev. W., on intelligence of mice, 361, 362

Nottebohm, Herr, on ants stocking trees with aphides, 63

OBSTETRIC-FISH, 246;
toad, 254

_Octopus_, intelligence of, 29, 30

_[OE]cypoda ippeus_, 231

Oldham, A., on jealousy in dog, 442, 443

Orang-outang, removing dead companions, 472;
sense of humour in, 476;
drawing chair to stand upon to reach high places, 481

_Orthotomus_, 293

Ostrich, conjugal affection of, 270;
nidification, 292

Otter, 346

Oyster, intelligence of, 25

PALLAS, on provident habits of Lagomys, 365

Parrot, memory of, 267-9;
recollection, 269, 270;
talking, &c., 267-70;
sympathy, 275, 276;
exultation on baffling imitative powers of master, 277;
vindictiveness, 277;
fondness of music, 282;
difficult to deceive by mirrors, 310, 311

Parry, Captain, on instincts of wild swan, 297

Partridge, removing eggs, 289

Peach, C. W., on dog recognising portrait, 453, 454

Peal, G. E., on elephants removing leeches and fanning away
flies, 409, 410

Pearson, Colonel, the reasoning power of his dog, 466, 467

Peeweet, _see_ Lapwing.

Pelicans, sympathy of for wounded companions, 275;
frigate, 284;
combined action of in fishing, 319

Penky, the Rev. Mr., on reasoning power of a dog, 466, 467

Pennant, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Pennent,
on domestication of toad, 255;
on fascination by rattle-snake, 263

_Perca scandens_, 248, 249

Perception, 9

Perch, climbing, 248, 249

Percival, Dr., on cock killing hen when she hatched out eggs
of partridge, 278

Petrels, nidification of, 291, 292

Phillips, J., his portrait-painting recognised by a dog, 454

Picton, Mrs. E., on sensitiveness of a terrier, 440, 441

_Pieris rapæ_, 236

Pigeon, memory of, 266;
conjugal affection and fidelity, 270, 271;
fondness for a particular air of music, 282;
intelligence in avoiding turtles, 317;
in making horse shake oats from nose-bag, 317

Pigs, 339-41

Pike, affection of male for female, 246

Pilot-fish, 251, 252

Pinnipeds, breeding habits of, 342, 346

Pipe-fish, 246

Piracy, instinct of, in birds, 283, 284, 301-7

_Pisces_, _see_ Fish

Play,
of ants, 87, 89;
of fish, 242;
of birds, 279;
of porpoise, 327, 328;
of dogs, 445;
of monkeys, 476, 477

Pliny, on ants burying their dead, 91;
sexual affection of snakes, 256;
on intelligence of elephant, 386;
on memory of elephant, 387

_Ploceus textor_, 293

Plover, _see_ Lapwing;
nidification of, 292

Plutarch, on intelligence of elephant, 386

_Podocerus capillatus_, 232

Polar bear, 352, 353

Polecat, curious instinct of, 347

_Polistes carnifex_, taking precise bearings to remember
locality, 150, 151

_Polistes Gallica_, tamed by Sir John Lubbock, 153;
robber, 169

Pollock, F., on perfection of webs built by young spiders, 217

Pollock, W., on association of ideas in parrot, 269

_Polydectes cupulifer_, 233

Pope, on instinct and reason, 15

Porpoise, intelligence of, 327, 328

Portraits, recognised by birds, 311;
by dogs, 453-7

Pouchet, on improvement in nidification of swallows, 300, 301

Powelsen, on navigating habits of Iceland mice, 364

Prairie dog, 366

Pride,
of birds, 279;
of horse, 330;
of ruminants, 334;
of dog, 439-42

_Prinia_, 293

_Protozoa_, movements of, 18;
apparent intelligence of, 19-21

Provident instincts,
of ants, 97-110;
of bees, 160-162;
of a bird, 285;
of rodents, 353, 354, and 365, 366;
of beaver, 368-70

Puffins, nidification of, 291, 292

Pugnacity,
of ants, 45;
of bees, 165-70;
of spiders, 204-5;
of fish, 242;
of seal, 341-6;
of rabbits, 355;
of rat-hare, 365, 366;
of canine animals, 426

Python, tame, affection of, &c., 256 and 260-2

QUARTERLY REVIEW, on intelligence of rats, 360, 361

Quatrefages, on termites, 198

RABBIT, 354-7

Rabigot, on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Rae, Dr. John, on intelligence of horse, 331;
of wolverine, 348;
of wolves and foxes, 429, 430;
of dog, 465, 466

Rae, on dog ringing bell, 423

Ransom, Dr., on sticklebacks, 245

Rarey, his method of taming horses, 328, 329

Rats, 360-3

Rattlesnake, alleged fascination by, 263

Ravens, breaking shells by dropping them on stones, 283

Razor-fish, intelligence of, 25

Reason, definition of, and distinguished from instinct, 13-17;
exhibitions of, by various animals, _see_ under sections
headed 'general intelligence'

Réaumur, on intelligence of ants, 128;
sympathy of bees, 156;
carpenter-bee, 179;
encasing snail with propolis, 190;
conveying carrion out of hive, 191;
experiments on instincts of caterpillars, 237;
on larvæ chasing aphides, 240

Reclain, Professor C., on spider descending to
violin-player, 205, 206

Recognition of persons,
by bees, 188;
by snakes and tortoises, 259-61;
of places, by mollusca, 27-9;
by ants, 33 _et seq._;
by bees, 144 _et seq._;
of offspring, by earwig, 229;
of portraits, _see_ Birds and Dogs;
of other members of a hive by ants and bees, _see_ Ants and Bees

Reeks, H., on collective instinct of wolves, 436

Reflex action, 2-4

Reid, Dr., on mathematical principles observed by bees in
constructing their cells, 171

Rengger, on maternal care and grief of a cebus, 472;
monkeys displaying intelligent observation, 479;
using levers, 481

Reproach, shown by gestures of monkeys 475-478

Reptiles, 255-265;
emotions of, 255, 256, and 260-2;
incubating eggs, sexual and parental affection of, 256;
general intelligence of, 256-263;
fascination by, 263, 264;
charming of, 264, 265

Reyne, his observations on snake-charming, 264, 265

_Rhizopoda_, apparent intelligence of, 19-21

Richards, Captain, on pilot-fish, 252

Richardson, Mrs. A. S. H.,
on elephant concealing theft, 410;
on dog finding its way home by train, 468, 469

Ridicule, dislike of, by dogs and monkeys, _see_ Ludicrous

Risso, M., on habits of pipe-fish, 246

Robertson, Professor G. Croora, on behaviour of an ape with
a mirror, 478, 479

Robin, intelligence of, 314

Rodents, 353

Rodwell, on intelligence of rats, 360-2

Rogue-elephants, _see_ Elephant

Romanes, Miss C.,
on dog recognising portrait, 455, 456;
on intelligence of cebus, 484-95

Romanes, G. J., on movements of rotifer, 18, 19;
of medusæ, 22;
of echinodermata, 23;
emotions of stickleback, 246, 247;
piracy of terns and gulls, 283-4;
mode of challenge practised by gulls, 291;
birds deceived by mirrors, 311;
grouse learning to avoid telegraph wires, 313;
intelligence of horse, 330;
intelligence of ferrets, 347;
instincts of rabbits, 354;
intelligence of rabbits, 354, 355;
rabbits fighting rats, 355;
drawing dead companions out of holes, 356, 357;
intelligence of hare, 357;
hares and rabbits allowing themselves to be caught by weasels, 359;
rats using their tails for feeding purposes, 363;
cat opening thumb-latch, 420, 421;
collective instinct of jackals, 434, 435;
of dogs, 435;
duration of memory in dog, 438;
pride and sensitiveness in dog, 439, 440;
intolerance of dog towards pain, 441;
emulation and jealousy in dog, 442;
deceitfulness and dislike of ridicule in dog, 444;
sense of ludicrous in dog, 444, 445;
dogs communicating ideas, 445, 446;
dogs slipping into their collars to conceal their sheep-killing,
&c., 435 and 450, 451;
dog recognising portrait, 456, 457;
reasoning of dog, 457, 458;
caution of a dog in killing snakes, 460;
sympathy of an Arabian baboon, 474;
sense of ludicrous and dislike of ridicule in monkey, 476;
intelligence of _Cebus fatuellus_, 484-98

Rooks, sympathy of, for wounded companions, 273, 274;
concerted action of, in obtaining food from dogs, 319, 320;
from pheasants, 321;
nesting habits and punishment of culprits, 322-5

_Rotifera_, movements of, 18

Ruminants, 334

Russell, Lord Arthur, witnessing tameness of snakes, 261

_SAGARTIA parasitica_, 234

Salmon, migration of, 249, 250

_Salticus scenicus_, 213

Sandpipers, nidification of, 292

_Sarsia_, seeking light, 23

Saunders, S. S., on trap-door spiders, 215

Savage, on play of chimpanzees, 476, 477

Schiller, on pride of bell-wether steers, 334

Schipp, Lieut., on combined action of baboons, 483

Schlosser, on jaculator-fish, 248

Schlüter, Herr A., on a hornet carrying heavy prey up an elevation
in order to fly away with it, 196

Schneider, on intelligence of _octopus_, 29, 30;
on fish guarding eggs, 242;
jealousy of fish, 247

Sclater, Dr., on instincts of cuckoo, 325;
lending a cebus for observation, 483

Scoresby, on maternal affection of whale, 327;
on intelligence of polar bear, 351

Scorpion, alleged suicide of, when surrounded by fire or heat, 222-25

Sea-anemones, 233, 234

Seals, intelligence of, and breeding-habits of pinnipeds, 341-6

Seebohm, on instincts of cuckoo, 325

_Semnopithecus entellus_, destroying poison fangs of snakes, 483

Sensation, 8

Severn, H. A., on nidification of baya-bird, 294

Severn, W., on snakes, 260, 261

Sheep, pride of leaders, 334

Shelley, lines on curiosity of fish, 247

Shipp, Capt.,
on vindictiveness of elephant, 387, 388;
on intelligence of elephant, 397, 398

Siebold, on robber-wasps, 169

Sieur, Roman, his trained birds, 312

Signs, made by ants, 49 _et seq._;
by bees, 157 _et seq._;
by termites, 200;
by birds, 315, 316;
by elephants, 391 and 401;
by cat, 416;
by dog, 445-7;
by monkey, 472, 475, 476

_Simiadæ_, _see_ Monkeys

Simonius, on fondness of spiders for music, 206

Sinclair, W., on intelligence of horse, 33

Skate, supposed intelligence of, 251

Skinner, Major,
on intelligent vigilance of elephants, 400, 401;
on training of cobra, 265

Slingsby, his experiment in training a house-fly, 230, 231

Smeathman, on termites, 198-203

Smeaton, Th. D., on dog making peace-offerings, 452

Smiles, Dr. S.,
on observation of Stephenson, 247;
on observations of Edward, 255, 275, 283, 321

Smith, A. P., on intelligence of a cat, 414

Smith, Colonel, on pilot-fish, 252

Smith, Colonel Hamilton, on intelligence of cattle-dogs, 449

Smith, Sir Andrew, on revenge of a baboon, 478

Snails, intelligence of, 26-28

Snakes, incubating eggs, sexual and parental affection of, 256;
tamed, 256, 260-3, 265;
finding way home, 262;
intelligence of, 262-3;
fascination by, 263-4;
charming of, 264-5

Social feelings, _see_ Sympathy and Affection;
habits common to Hymenoptera and termites, 202

Sow, pointing game, 339, 340

Sparman, on termites, 198

Spencer, Herbert,
on migration of salmon, 249;
on play as allied to artistic feeling, 279

Sphex, _see_ under Wasp

Spiders, emotions of, 204-7;
courtship, 204, 205;
strength of maternal instinct, 205;
fondness of music, 205-7;
web-building, 207-12;
geometric, 209;
water, 212;
wolf or vagrant, 213;
trap-door, 213-18;
admit of being tamed and distinguish persons, 218-19;
protecting eggs from cold, 219;
protecting themselves from ecitons, 219;
conveying prey to larder, 220;
suspending weights to steady web, 220-2;
wide geographical range of trap-door spiders, 216

Stag, intelligence of, 336

Starlings, nidification of, 293;
learning to avoid telegraph-wires, 312-13

Stephenson, on curiosity of fish, 247

Stevens, J. G., on intelligence of a cat, 417-18

Sticklebacks, 243-5, 246-7

Stickney, on bees remembering in successive years the position
of a disused hive, 154

Stodmann, on wasps recognising persons, 188

Stone, on reasoning power of a dog, 460

Stork, vindictiveness of, 277-8

Strachan, on elephants dying under emotional disturbance, 395-6

Strange, F., on habits of bower-bird, 281

Strauss, on co-operation of beetles, 228

Street, J., on blackbirds removing their young, 289

Strickland, on intelligence of a mare, 332

Swainson, on vindictiveness of elephant, 389

Swallows, memory of, 266;
improvement in their nidification and adopting new modes of, 300;
migration, 301;
making tunnels, 318;
killing imprisoned hostile sparrows, 318-19

Swan, conjugal fidelity of, 271;
mode of escaping with young, 290;
nidification, 496-8

Swine, 339-41

Sword-fish, 252-3

Sykes, Colonel,
on harvesting ants, 97;
on tree ants, 110-11;
intelligence of ants in getting at food in difficult
situations, 134, 135;
on nidification of tailor-bird, 293

_Sylvia_, 293

Sympathy,
of ants, 46-9;
of bees, 155-6;
of fish, 242;
of birds, 270-6;
of horse, 331-2;
of ruminants, 334;
of elephants, 387-92, and 397, 398;
of cat, 416;
of monkeys, 471-5

TAIT, LAWSON, on cat signing to have bell pulled, 423

_Talegallus_, nidification of, 294

Taylor, the Rev. Mr., cunning of his dog, 451

Tegetmeier, on amount of sugar required by bees to make honey, 176

Telescope-fish, 246

Tennent, Sir E., on apparent intelligence of land-leeches, 24;
intelligence of tree-ants, 134;
mygale eating humming birds, 208;
climbing-perch, 249;
sexual affection of cobra, 246;
snake-charming, 264, 265;
taming of cobra, 265;
nidification of baya-bird, 294;
combined action of crows, 319, 320;
of buffaloes, 335;
use of tame buffalo, 335;
on emotions and intelligence of elephant, 389, 390, 393-6, 400-8;
collective instinct of jackals, 432, 433

Tepper, Mr. Otto, on intelligence of a cat, 424

Termites, 198-203;
architecture, 198, 199, and 201, 202;
workers and soldiers, 200, 201;
swarming, breeding, &c., 202;
remarkable similarity of instincts to those of Hymenoptera, 202;
instincts detrimental to individual but beneficial to
species, 202, 203

Terns, sympathy of, for wounded companions, 274, 275;
robber, 284;
mobbing robber-terns, 291

_Theda isocrates_, 238

Theuerkauf, Herr G., on intelligence of ants in making a bridge
of aphides over tar, 136

Thompson, E. P.,
on bees remembering exact position of absent hive, 149;
on garden-spider's mode of web-building, 210, 211;
ant-lion, 234, 235;
emotions of guana, 255, 256;
fascination by snakes, 264;
nidification of sociable grosbeak, 295, 296;
birds dreaming, 312;
maternal affection of whale, 327;
bisons defending themselves from wolves, 334, 335;
pigs defending themselves from wolves, 339;
cleanliness of pig, 340, 341;
intelligence of weasel, 346;
of mouse, 361;
harvesting-mice, 365, 366

Thomson, Dr. Allen, on scorpions committing suicide, 223-5

Thornton, Colonel, his sow trained to point game, 340

Thresher-fish, 252, 253

Thrushes, breaking shells against stones, 283

_Tinea_, 237

Toads, 254, 255

Tomtit, nidification of, 293

Topham, Dr. J., on spiders weighting their webs, 222

Topham, Mr. J., on bees remembering exact position of absent
hive, 149

Tortoises, knowing persons, 259

Townsend, the Rev. W.,
on elephant concealing theft, 410;
on dog finding its way about by train, 468-9

Truro, Lord, on intelligence of a dog, 450

Turner, George, on bees remembering exact position of absent
hive, 149

Turnstones, intelligence of, 321

Turtles, 257, 258, and 262

VAILLANT, Le, on fascination by tree-snake, 263, 264

Valiant, L., on nidification of sociable grosbeak, 296

Venn, on association of ideas in parrot, 267, 268

Vigot, Dr., on snake finding way home, 262

Villiers, De, on instincts of larvæ of bombyx moth, 240

Vindictiveness,
of birds, 277, 278, and 318-25;
of horse, 330, 331;
of elephant, 387-9;
of monkeys, 478, and 484-96

Virchow, on difficulty of distinguishing between instinct an
reason, 12

Vogt, Karl, on duration of memory in ants, 41;
bridge-making, 136

Vultures, finding carrion by sight and not by smell, 286, 287;
intelligence, 314

WAFER, on monkeys hammering oyster-shells with stones, 481

Wakefield, P., on intelligence of goats, 337, 338

Wallace, A. R., on philosophy of birds'-nests, 298-300

Warden, on frogs going straight to nearest water, 254

Wasp-mason, 180;
butcher, 180, 181;
sphex, 181;
hunting, 193, 194;
common, tamed by Sir John Lubbock, 153

Wasps, sense of direction in, 147;
teaching themselves, 154;
killing larvæ, 167, 168;
making cells, 180;
instincts of neuters, 181;
recognising persons, 188;
coming out of small aperture backwards, 192, 193;
struggles with ants for secretion of frog-hoppers, 194, 195;
dismembering heavy prey for convenience of carriage, and
mounting eminences for same purpose, 195, 197

Wasser, on nidification of puffins, 291

Waterhouse, on hexagonal form of bee's cell, 173

Water-rail, its mode of escape, 289

Waterton, on nidification of swan, 295, 296

Watson, on spiders weighting their webs, 221;
cock killing hen on her hatching out eggs of other birds, 278;
intelligence of rats, 360-62;
vindictiveness of elephant, 389;
elephant enduring surgical operation, 399;
intelligence of sheep-dogs, 448;
of cattle-dogs, 449

Weasel, 346, 347

Weaver, nidification of, 293

Web, _see_ Spider

Web-building, _see_ Spiders

Webb, Dr., performing operation on elephant, 399

Weber, Professor E. H., on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Wedgwood, the Rev. R. H., on memory of horse, 330

Westlecombe, on reasoning power of a dog, 462, 463

Westropp, on intelligence of bear, 352

Westwood, on instinct of caterpillars, 288

Weygandt, on robber-bees, 170

Whale, maternal affection of, 327;
attacks on, by sword- and thresher-fish, 252, 253

Whately, Archbishop, on cat ringing bell, 423

White ants, _see_ Termites

White, the Rev. Gilbert, on nests of harvesting-mice, 365;
on nidification of house-martin, 292, 293

White, W., on intelligence of snails, 26

White, the Rev. W. W. F., on sympathy of ants, 49;
keeping pets, 84;
burying dead, 92, 93

White-headed eagle, _see_ Eagle

Wildman, his alleged training of bees, 189

Wilks, Dr. S., observations on talking of parrot, 267, 268;
on dog recognising a portrait, 455

Williams, on intelligence of sheep-dogs, 448

Williams, B., on cunning of sheep-killing dogs, 450, 451

Wilson, on memory of crow, 266

Wilson, Dr. Andrew, on reasoning power of a dog, 460

Wilson, Charles, on intelligence of swallows, 318

Wilson, Dr. D., on elephant enduring surgical operation, 399

Winkell, Dietrich aus dem, on intelligence of fox, 428

Wolf, 426-36; avoiding gun-traps, 431;
drawing up fish-lines to take fish, 431;
collective instinct in hunting, 433, 436

Wolverine, 347-50

Wood, Rev. G. J., on spiders weighting their webs, 221

Woodcock, conveying young on back, 289

Woodpecker, ant-eating, its instinct of storing food, 285;
nidification, 293

Words, understanding of,
by bees, 189;
by talking birds, 267-9

Worms, apparent intelligence of, 24

Wright, his portrait-painting recognised by a dog, 454-5

YARRELL,
on fish, 246;
on intelligence of hare, 358-9

Youatt, on pigs learning to point game, 340

Young, the Rev. Charles, on emotions and intelligence of
elephant, 390-92

Young, Miss E., on dog finding his way about by train, 468

Yule, Captain, on elephants dying under emotional disturbance, 395

THE END.

FOOTNOTES:

[282] January 14, 1881. The marble slab was left with him after the chain had been fastened to the ring; but since that time he has never attempted to move the marble.

ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE.

By GEORGE J. ROMANES, F.R.S.,

Zoölogical Secretary of the Linnæan Society, etc.

12MO. CLOTH, $1.75.

"My object in the work as a whole is twofold: First, I have thought it desirable that there should be something resembling a text-book of the facts of Comparative Psychology, to which men of science, and also metaphysicians, may turn whenever they have occasion to acquaint themselves with the particular level of intelligence to which this or that species of animal attains. My second and much more important object is that of considering the facts of animal intelligence in their relation to the theory of descent."--_From the Preface._

"Unless we are greatly mistaken, Mr. Romanes's work will take its place as one of the most attractive volumes of the INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES. Some persons may, indeed, be disposed to say that it is too attractive, that it feeds the popular taste for the curious and marvelous without supplying any commensurate discipline in exact scientific reflection; but the author has, we think, fully justified himself in his modest preface. The result is the appearance of a collection of facts which will be a real boon to the student of Comparative Psychology, for this is the first attempt to present systematically well-assured observations on the mental life of animals."--_Saturday Review._

"The author believes himself, not without ample cause, to have completely bridged the supposed gap between instinct and reason by the authentic proofs here marshaled of remarkable intelligence in some of the higher animals. It is the seemingly conclusive evidence of reasoning powers furnished by the adaptation of means to ends in cases which can not be explained on the theory of inherited aptitude or habit."--_New York Sun._

"The high standing of the author as an original investigator is a sufficient guarantee that his task has been conscientiously carried out. His subject is one of absorbing interest. He has collected and classified an enormous amount of information concerning the mental attributes of the animal world. The result is astonishing. We find marvelous intelligence exhibited not only by animals which are known to be clever, but by others seemingly without a glimmer of light, like the snail, for instance. Some animals display imagination, others affection, and so on. The psychological portion of the discussion is deeply interesting."--_New York Herald._

"The chapter on monkeys closes this excellent work, and perhaps the most instructive portion of it is that devoted to the life-history of a monkey."--_New York Times._

"Mr. Romanes brings to his work a wide information and the best of scientific methods. He has carefully culled and selected an immense mass of data, choosing with admirable skill those facts which are really significant, and rejecting those which lacked sustaining evidence or relevancy. The contents of the volume are arranged with reference to the principles which they seem to him to establish. The volume is rich and suggestive, and a model in its way."--_Boston Courier._

"It presents the facts of animal intelligence in relation to the theory of descent, supplementing Darwin and Spencer in tracing the principles which are concerned in the genesis of mind."--_Boston Commonwealth._

"One of the most interesting volumes of the series."--_New York Christian at Work._

"Few subjects have a greater fascination for the general reader than that with which this book is occupied."--_Good Literature, New York._

_For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price._

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, and 5 Bond Street.

ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS.

_A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social Hymenoptera._

By Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., M. P., F. R. S., etc.,

Author of "Origin of Civilization, and the Primitive Condition of Man," etc., etc.

WITH COLORED PLATES. 12MO. Cloth, $2.00.

"This volume contains the record of various experiments made with ants, bees, and wasps during the last ten years, with a view to test their mental condition and powers of sense. The principal point in which Sir John's mode of experiment differs from those of Huber, Forel, McCook, and others, is that he has carefully watched and marked particular insects, and has had their nests under observation for long periods--one of his ants' nests having been under constant inspection ever since 1874. His observations are made principally upon ants because they show more power and flexibility of mind; and the value of his studies is that they belong to the department of original research."

"We have no hesitation in saying that the author has presented us with the most valuable series of observations on a special subject that has ever been produced, charmingly written, full of logical deductions, and, when we consider his multitudinous engagements, a remarkable illustration of economy of time. As a contribution to insect psychology, it will be long before this book finds a parallel."--_London Athenæum._

"These studies, when handled by such a master as Sir John Lubbock, rise far above the ordinary dry treatment of such topics. The work is an effort made to discover what are the general, not the special, laws which govern communities of insects composed of inhabitants as numerous as the human beings living in London and Peking, and who labor together in the utmost harmony for the common good. That there are remarkable analogies between societies of ants and human beings no one can doubt. If, according to Mr. Grote, 'positive morality under some form or other has existed in every society of which the world has ever had experience,' the present volume is an effort to show whether this passage be correct or not."--_New York Times._

"In this work the reader will find the record of a series of experiments and observations more thorough and ingenious than those instituted by any of the accomplished author's predecessors. . . . Sir John has been a close observer of the habits of ants for many years, generally having from thirty to forty communities under his notice, and not only watching each of these in its carefully isolated glass house, but, by the use of paint-marks, following the fortunes of individuals. . . . One notable result of this system has been the correcting of previous theories as to the age to which ants attain: instead of living merely a year, as the popular belief has been, some of Sir John's queens and workers are thriving after being under observation since 1874 and 1875."--_New York World._

"Sir John Lubbock's book on 'Ants, Bees, and Wasps' is mainly devoted to the crawlers, and not the fliers, though he has some observations upon honey-bees and more interesting ones upon the unpopular wasp, which he fondly deems to be capable of gratitude. Darwin made a strong case for the monkeys, but Lubbock may yet make us out to be, as Irishmen say, 'The sons of our ants.' For he begins his entertaining book thus: 'The anthropoid apes no doubt approach nearer to man in bodily structure than do any other animals, but, when we consider the habits of ants, their large communities and elaborate habitations, their roadways, their possession of domestic animals, and, even in some cases, of slaves, it must be admitted that they have a fair claim to rank next to man in the scale of intelligence.'"--_Springfield Republican._

_For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price._

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired. Sometimes the footnote number did not appear with the footnote at the bottom of the page. (Page 27, 154) In these cases it was replaced.

Page 76, "every" changed to "ever" (scarcely ever return)

Page 95, "1" changed to "I" (I now walked)

Page 119, "trucks" changed to "trunks" (under fallen trunks)

Page 177, "circumstancces" changed to "circumstances" (themselves to circumstances)

Page 178, section header "Special Habits" was small-capped instead of italic in the original. This was changed to italic to match the rest of the text's usage.

Page 181, "betweeen" changed to "between" (saucer between them)

Page 213, this page had two footnote references but only one footnote anchor. This footnote has been renamed "[A] _Loc. cit._, p. 323." It is right after footnote [83].

Page 218, "tamd" changed to "tamed" (who has 'tamed' spiders)

Page 246, "Uunder" changed to "Under" (Under such circumstances)

Page 285, the footnote number was missing at the bottom of the page and was inserted in the text.

Page 316, "shuuters" changed to "shutters" (these said shutters)

Page 322, "tri l" changed to "trial" (the work another trial)

Page 324, "appa ently" changed to "apparently" (apparently being tried)

Page 367, "pyschology" changed to "psychology" (of the psychology of this)

Page 375, "eth" changed to "the" (the building of a stick)

Page 384, "once" changed to "one" (In one case Prof. Aggaziz)

Page 420, "intelgence" changed to "intelligence" (exerted upon their intelligence)

Page 457, footnote originally at bottom of page (now on page 470), "retreiver" changed to "retriever" (and retriever of my own)

Page 459, "Broun" changed to "Brown" (writing from Brown university)

Page 476, "on" changed to "an" (spends an hour or two)

Page 483, footnote missing number was added.

Index: when an entry was changed so that its correct spelling placed it out of alphabetical order from its original location, it was relocated.

Page 500, "Atenchus" changed to "Ateuchus" (_Atenchus pilularius_, 226)

Page 501, "Blackhouse" changed to "Backhouse" to match usage in text (Backhouse, R. O., on dog)

Page 502, under entry: "Büchner, Professor," "On termites" was originally printed "on termites." As this was a subheading, the "On" was capitalized to match the form of the rest of the index.

Page 503, under entry: "Cat, the", "42" changed to "25" (general intelligence of, 413-25)

Page 504, entry: "_Corvus cornice_" was originally above "Couch". This was adjusted.

Page 505, "Doldorff" changed to "Daldorff" (Daldorff, on climbing perch)

Pgae 507, "Gelasinnus" changed to "Gelasimus" (_Gelasimus_, 233)

Page 508, "Heber" changed to "Huber"; "289" changed to "389" (Huber, Bishop, on sympathy of elephant, 389)

Page 509, "Hydrargyra" changed to "Hydrargzra" (_Hydrargrza_, 248)

Page 510, "Jilson" changed to "Jillson" (Jillson, Professor, on habits)

Page 511, "Lespes" changed to "Lespès."

Page 511, "MacLaurin" changed to "Maclaurin" (Maclaurin, on mathematical principles)

Page 511, "Macropodos" changed to "Macropodus" (_Macropodus_, 244)

Page 511, "M'Cook" changed to "MacCook" (MacCook, the Rev. Dr.)

Page 512, "M'Cready" changed to "M'Crady" (M'Crady, on larva of _Medusæ_)

Page 513, "Myrionphyllum" changed to "Myriophyllum" (_Myriophyllum spicatum_, 243)

Page 513, "Ervingii" changed to "Ewingii" (_Noctua Ewingii_, 238)

Page 514, "capillata" changed to "capillatus"; "332" changed to "232" (_Podocerus capillatus_, 232)

Page 515, entry under "Recognition," "by snakes and tortoises," "269" changed to "259." (tortoises, 259-61)

Page 515, "Croom" changed to "Croora" (Robertson, Professor G. Croora)

Page 517, entry: "Strauss, on co-operation of beetles" was missing its page reference. "228" added to text. (co-operation of beetles, 228)

Page 518, "Timea" changed to "Tinea" (_Tinea_, 237)

Page 519, "Wedgewood" changed to "Wedgwood" (Wedgwood, the Rev. R. H., on memory)

Ad for "Ants, Bees and Wasps," "communties" changed to "communities" (govern communities of insects)

End of Project Gutenberg's Animal Intelligence, by George J. Romanes