Chapter I: Front Matter

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

VOLUME XIX.

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

_Works already Published._

I. FORMS OF WATER, IN CLOUDS, RAIN, RIVERS, ICE, AND GLACIERS.
By Prof. JOHN TYNDALL, LL. D., F. R. S. 1 vol. Cloth.
Price, $1.50.

II. PHYSICS AND POLITICS; OR, THOUGHTS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE
PRINCIPLES OF "NATURAL SELECTION" AND "INHERITANCE" TO
POLITICAL SOCIETY. By WALTER BAGEHOT, Esq., author of "The
English Constitution," 1 vol. Cloth. Price, $1.50.

III. FOODS. By EDWARD SMITH, M. D., LL. B., F. R. S. 1 vol.
Cloth. Price, $1.75.

IV. MIND AND BODY: THE THEORIES OF THEIR RELATIONS. By ALEX.
BAIN, LL. D., Professor of Logic in the University of
Aberdeen. 1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.

V. THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY. By HERBERT SPENCER. Price, $1.50.

VI. THE NEW CHEMISTRY. By Prof. JOSIAH P. COOKE, Jr., of Harvard
University. 1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $2.00.

VII. THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. By Prof. BALFOUR STEWART, LL. D.,
F. R. S. 1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.

VIII. ANIMAL LOCOMOTION; OR, WALKING, SWIMMING, AND FLYING, WITH A
DISSERTATION ON AËRONAUTICS. By J. BELL PETTIGREW, M. D.,
F. R. S. E., F. R. C. P. E. 1 vol., 12mo. Fully
illustrated. Price, $1.75.

IX. RESPONSIBILITY IN MENTAL DISEASE. By HENRY MAUDSLEY, M. D.
1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.

X. THE SCIENCE OF LAW. By Prof. SHELDON AMOS. 1 vol., 12mo.
Cloth. Price, $1.75.

XI. ANIMAL MECHANISM. A TREATISE ON TERRESTRIAL AND AËRIAL
LOCOMOTION. By E. J. MAREY. With 117 Illustrations.
Price, $1.75.

XII. THE HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. By
JOHN WM. DRAPER, M. D., LL. D., author of "The Intellectual
Development of Europe." Price, $1.75.

XIII. THE DOCTRINE OF DESCENT, AND DARWINISM. By Prof. OSCAR
SCHMIDT, Strasburg University. Price, $1.50.

XIV. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIGHT AND PHOTOGRAPHY. IN ITS APPLICATION TO
ART, SCIENCE, AND INDUSTRY. By Dr. HERMANN VOGEL. 100
Illustrations. Price, $2.00.

XV. FUNGI; THEIR NATURE, INFLUENCE, AND USES. By M. C. COOKE, M.
A., LL. D. Edited by Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M. A., F. L. S.
With 109 Illustrations. Price, $1.50.

XVI. THE LIFE AND GROWTH OF LANGUAGE. By Prof. W. D. WHITNEY,
of Yale College. Price, $1.50.

XVII. MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE. By W. STANLEY
JEVONS, M. A., F. R. S., Professor of Logic and Political
Economy in the Owens College, Manchester. Price, $1.75.

XVIII. THE NATURE OF LIGHT, WITH A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF PHYSICAL
OPTICS. By Dr. EUGENE LOMMEL, Professor of Physics in the
University of Erlangen. With 188 Illustrations and a Plate
of Spectra in Chromolithography. Price, $2.00.

XIX. ANIMAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES. By Monsieur VAN BENEDEN,
Professor of the University of Louvain, Correspondent of
the Institute of France. With 83 Illustrations.
(_In press._)

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

ANIMAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES.

BY

P. J. VAN BENEDEN,

PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LOUVAIN,
CORRESPONDENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE.

_WITH EIGHTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS._

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
549 & 551 BROADWAY.
1876.

CONTENTS. vii

PAGE

INTRODUCTION.

Adaptation of Food to Animals--Animal Manufacturers--
Brigands--Messmates--Mutualists--Theory of Spontaneous
Generation xiii

CHAPTER I.

ANIMAL MESSMATES.

Definition--Free Messmates--Fixed Messmates 1

CHAPTER II.

FREE MESSMATES.

Found in all Classes--Fierasfers in Holothuridæ--Pilot
Fish--Remora--Crustacean Messmates--Poisoning by
Mussels--Pearl Mussel and small Crab--Dromiæ--Turtle
Crabs--Macrourous Decapods--Hermit Crabs--Friendship of
Pagurus and Anemone--Isopods--Messmates on Whales--
Molluscan Messmates--Lerneans--Distomes--Messmates
of the Echinodermata--Of Sponges--Infusorial Messmates 4

CHAPTER III.

FIXED MESSMATES.

Cirrhipedes--Importance of Embryology--Recurrent
Development--Messmates, characteristic of the various
Species of Whales--Cirrhipedes on Sharks--Crustaceans,
Messmates on other Crustaceans--Cirrhipedes on
Molluscs--Bryozoa--Fossil Messmates--Messmates on
Sponges--Spicules of Hyalonema--Ophiodendrum 53

CHAPTER IV. viii

MUTUALISTS.

Definition--Ricinidæ--Trichodectes of Dog harbouring Larva
of Tænia--Arguli--Caliguli--Ancei--Pranizæ--Cyami--Nematode
Mutualists--Strange form of Histriobdellæ--Egyptian
Distome in Man 68

CHAPTER V.

PARASITES.

Distinction between Parasites and Carnivora--Parasites
found on all Classes of Animals--Males dependent on
Females--Parasites on Man--Abundant Parasites in Stork--
All the Organs nourish Parasites--Different size of
Male and Female--Lerneans--Diplozoa--Migration of
Parasites--Corresponding Changes of Form--Parasites
restricted to certain Regions--Former Theory of
Spontaneous Generation 85

CHAPTER VI.

PARASITES FREE DURING THEIR WHOLE LIFE.

Leeches--Vampires--Cylicobdellæ--Branchellions--Gnats--
Blackflies--Mosquitoes--Gnats in high Latitudes--Tsetse--
Ox-flies--Pteropti--Nycteribiæ--Bugs-- Lice--Fleas--Itch
Insect--Acari on Beetles and Bees--Cheyletus eruditus 107

CHAPTER VII.

PARASITES FREE WHILE YOUNG.

Isopod Parasites--Chigoe--Ticks--Pigeon-mite--Bopyridæ--
Ichthoxenus--Peltogasters--Tracheliastes--Penellæ--
Lerneans--Guinea-worm--Leptodera of Snail--Nematodes in
Bones--Lichnophoræ--Gregarinæ 138

CHAPTER VIII.

PARASITES THAT ARE FREE WHEN OLD.

Utility of Ichneumons--Scoliæ of Tan-beetles--Scolyti of
Seychelles Cocoa-nut Trees--Elms at Brussels destroyed by
Scolyti--Polynema in Eggs of Dragon-fly--Sphex--Platygaster--
Horse-fly--Livingstone--Animals in Paraguay destroyed by ix
Hippobosci--Dipterous Parasites on Sheep and Stag--Gordius--
Shower of Worms--Eels in Ears of Corn 162

CHAPTER IX.

PARASITES THAT MIGRATE AND UNDERGO METAMORPHOSES.

Nostosites--Xenosites--Hosts serving as a Crèche, a
Vehicle, or a Lying-in Hospital--Lamarck on Spontaneous
Generation--Trematodes--Monostomes--Sporocysts and
Cercariæ--Passage from one Host to another--Distomes--
Flukes--Hemistomes--Amphistomes--Tæniæ of the Dog and
Wolf--Hydatids--Tænia solium in Man--Cysticercus of
Pig--Cysticercus of Rabbit and Hare passing into Dog--
Coenurus of Sheep--Bothriocephalus--Linguatula in Negro--
Strongyli--Trichinæ--Panic in Germany--Vibriones in Corn--
Echinorrhynchus--Dicyema 183