Chapter 22 (2)

St. Palaye, _Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry_, p. 305.

Footnote 4.22.4:

Raj Jogi is the chief of the ascetic warriors; the Mahants are
commanders [the term being usually applied to the abbot of a
monastery]. More will be said of this singular society when we discuss
the religious institutions of Mewar.

Footnote 4.22.5:

The god Krishna is called Kishan in the dialects.

Footnote 4.22.6:

This is the _sthapana_ of the sword, literally its inauguration or
induction, for the purposes of adoration.

Footnote 4.22.7:

Tripolia, or triple portal.

Footnote 4.22.8:

[The chief centres of worship of Harsiddh Māta are Gāndhari and
Ujjain. It is said that her image stood on the sea-shore, and that she
used to swallow all the vessels that passed by (R. E. Enthoven,
_Folklore Notes Gujarāt_, 5; _BG_, ix. Part i. 226).]

Footnote 4.22.9:

[Formerly an important personage, but his authority has now much
decreased (_BG_, ix. Part i. 96).]

Footnote 4.22.10:

On this day sons visit and pay adoration to their fathers. The diet is
chiefly of vegetables and fruits. Brahmans with their unmarried
daughters are feasted, and receive garments called _chunri_ from their
chiefs. [This is a kind of cloth dyed by partly tying it in knots,
which escape the action of the dye.]

Footnote 4.22.11:

The Jogi’s _patra_ is not so revolting as that of their divinity Hara
(the god of war), which is the human _cranium_; this is a hollow
gourd.

Footnote 4.22.12:

From _das_, the numeral _ten_; _the_ tenth. [It means ‘the feast that
removes ten sins.’]

Footnote 4.22.13:

In this ancient story we are made acquainted with the distant maritime
wars which the princes of India carried on. Even supposing Ravana’s
abode to be the insular Ceylon, he must have been a very powerful
prince to equip an armament sufficiently numerous to carry off from
the remote kingdom of Kosala the wife of the great king of the Suryas.
It is most improbable that a petty king of Ceylon could wage equal war
with a potentate who held the chief dominion of India; whose father,
Dasaratha, drove his victorious car (_ratha_) over every region
(_desa_), and whose intercourse with the countries beyond the
Brahmaputra is distinctly to be traced in the Ramayana. [Dasaratha has
no connexion with _desa_: the name means ‘he who possesses ten
(_dasa_) chariots (_ratha_).’]

Footnote 4.22.14:

[_Prosopis spicigera._]

Footnote 4.22.15:

“A la première lune de chaque année, tous ces officiers, grands et
petits, tenoient une assemblée générale à la cour du Tanjou, et y
faisoient un sacrifice solennel: à la cinquième lune, ils
s’assembloient à Lumtching, où ils sacrifioient au ciel, à la terre,
aux esprits, et aux ancêtres. Il se tenoit encore une grande assemblée
à Tai-lin dans l’automne, parce qu’alors les chevaux étoient plus
gras, et on y faisoit en même-tems le dénombrement des hommes et des
troupeaux; mais tous les jours le Tanjou sortoit de son camp, le matin
pour adorer le soleil, et le soir la lune. Sa tente étoit placée à
gauche, comme le côté le plus honorable chez ces peuples, et regardoit
le couchant” (_Avant J.-C. 209; L’Histoire Générale des Huns_, vol. i.
p. 24).

Footnote 4.22.16:

[There is no Skt. word _pola_, ‘gate’; the Hindi _pol_, _paul_ is Skt.
_pura dvāra_, ‘city entrance.’]

Footnote 4.22.17:

[The words _pol_ and _pāl_ are not connected.]

Footnote 4.22.18:

Hence may be found a good etymology of _janizary_, the guardian of the
_serai_, a title left by the lords of Eastern Rome for the Porte.
[Turkish _yeni-tsheri_, ‘new soldiery.’]

Footnote 4.22.19:

In Sanskrit _gana_ (pronounced as _gun_), the _jinn_ of the Persians,
transmuted to _genii_; here is another instance in point of the
alternation of the initial, and softened by being transplanted from
Indo-Scythia to Persia, as _Ganes_ was _Janus_ at Rome. [_Gana_ and
_Jinn_, _Ganesa_ and _Janus_, have no connexion.

Footnote 4.22.20:

The _Casius Mons_ of Ptolemy. [The derivation of the word Caucasus is
unknown.]

Footnote 4.22.21:

Parvati, ‘the mountain goddess,’ was called Sati, or ‘the faithful,’
in her former birth. She became the mother of Jahnavi, the river
(_Ganga_) goddess.

Footnote 4.22.22:

Karttikeya, the son of Siva and Parvati, the Jupiter and Juno of the
Hindu theogony, has the leading of the armies of the gods, delegated
by his father; and his mother has presented to him her peacock, which
is the steed of this warlike divinity. He is called Karttikeya from
being nursed by six females called Krittika, who inhabit six of the
seven stars composing the constellation of the Wain, or Ursa Major.
Thus the Hindu Mars, born of Jupiter and Juno, and nursed by Ursa
Major, is, like all other theogonies, an astronomical allegory. There
is another legend of the birth of Mars, which I shall give in the
text.

Footnote 4.22.23:

This elephant-headed divinity has but one tusk.

Footnote 4.22.24:

The bard thus modestly designates himself.

Footnote 4.22.25:

Chief (_isa_) of the gana (_genii_) or attendants on Siva.

Footnote 4.22.26:

So he was at Rome, and his statue held the keys of heaven in his right
hand, and, like Ganesa, a rod (the _ankus_) in his left.

Footnote 4.22.27:

[The rat is the emblem of Ganesa probably because, like Apollo
Smintheus, he protects the crops from vermin (Frazer, _The Golden
Bough_, 3rd ed. Part v. vol. ii. 282 f.).]

Footnote 4.22.28:

[Persian _āhanak_, ‘a sword of steel.’]

Footnote 4.22.29:

[_Anabasis_, vii. 2.]

Footnote 4.22.30:

The Gothic invaders of Italy inaugurated their monarch by placing him
upon a shield, and elevating him on their shoulders in the midst of
his army.

Footnote 4.22.31:

All these proper names might have Oriental etymologies assigned to
them; Eyvor-sail is the name of a celebrated Rajput hero of the Bhatti
tribe, who were driven at an early period from the very heart of
Scythia, and are of Yadu race.

Footnote 4.22.32:

This word can have a Sanskrit derivation from _haya_, ‘a horse’;
_marna_, ‘to strike or kill’; _Hjalmr_, ‘the horse-slayer.’ [These
theories are of no value.]

Footnote 4.22.33:

The custom of engraving incantations on weapons is also from the East,
and thence adopted by the Muhammadan, as well as the use of
phylacteries. The name of the goddess guarding the tribe is often
inscribed, and I have had an entire copy of the Bhagavadgita taken
from the turban of a Rajput killed in action: in like manner the
Muhammadans place therein the Koran.

Footnote 4.22.34:

The metaphorical name of the sword Tyrfing.

Footnote 4.22.35:

I have already mentioned these fires (see p. 89), which the
northern nations believed to issue from the tombs of their heroes, and
which seemed to guard their ashes; them they called Hauga Elldr, or
‘the sepulchral fires,’ and they were supposed more especially to
surround tombs which contained hidden treasures. These supernatural
fires are termed Shihaba by the Rajputs. When the intrepid
Scandinavian maiden observes that she is not afraid of the flame
burning her, she is bolder than one of the boldest Rajputs, for
Sri-kishan, who was shocked at the bare idea of going near these
sepulchral lights, was one of the three non-commissioned officers who
afterwards led thirty-two firelocks to the attack and defeat of 1500
Pindaris.

Footnote 4.22.36:

Like the Rajput Khanda, Tyrfing was double-edged; the poison of these
edges is a truly Oriental idea.

Footnote 4.22.37:

This poem is from the Hervarer Saga, an ancient Icelandic history. See
Edda, vol. ii. p. 192.

Footnote 4.22.38:

The Vulcan of the Hindus.

Footnote 4.22.39:

For an account of the initiation to arms of Bappa, the founder of the
Guhilots, see p. 264 [Vol. I.].

Footnote 4.22.40:

See p. 311 [Vol. I.].

Footnote 4.22.41:

The Mori prince, from whom Bappa took Chitor, was of the Tak or
Takshak race [?], of whom Nagnaicha or Nagini Mata was the mother,
represented as half woman and half serpent; the sister of the mother
of the Scythic race, according to their legends; so that the deeper we
dive into these traditions, the stronger reason we shall find to
assign a Scythic origin to all these tribes. As Bappa, the founder of
the Guhilots, retired into Scythia and left his heirs to rule in
India, I shall find fault with no antiquary who will throw overboard
all the connexion between Kanaksen, the founder of the Valabhi empire,
and Sumitra, the last of Rama’s line. Many rites of the Rama’s house
are decidedly Scythic.

Footnote 4.22.42:

[Lovely maidens.]

Footnote 4.22.43:

See p. 317 [Vol. I.].

Footnote 4.22.44:

[“The kernel of the Rāmāyana was composed before 500 B.C., while the
more recent portions was probably not added till the second century
B.C., and later” (Macdonell, _Hist. Sanskrit Literature_, 309).]

Footnote 4.22.45:

One of the names of the divinity of war, whose images are covered with
vermilion in imitation of blood. (_Qy._ the German _roodur_,
‘red’)[596]. [Rudra, ‘the roarer,’ originally “god of storms.”]

Footnote 4.22.46:

The Pleiades.

Footnote 4.22.47:

The festival of the birth of this son of Ganga, or Jahnavi, is on the
10th of Jeth. Sir W. Jones gives the following couplet from the
Sancha: “On the 10th of Jyaishtha, on the bright half of the month, on
the day of Mangala,[4.22.47.A] son of the earth, when the moon was in
Hasta, this daughter of Jahnu brought from the rocks, and ploughed
over the land inhabited by mortals.”

Footnote 4.22.47.A:

Mangala is one of the names (and perhaps one of the oldest) of the
Hindu Mars (Kumara), to whom the Wodens-dag of the Northmen, the Mardi
of the French, the Dies Martis of the Romans, are alike sacred.
Mangala also means ‘happy,’ the reverse of the origin of Mongol, said
to mean ‘sad’ [‘brave’]. The juxtaposition of the Rajput and
Scandinavian days of the week will show that they have the same
origin:

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rajput Scandinavian and Saxon.
Suryavar Sun-day.
Som, or Induvar Moon-day.
Budhvar Tuis-day.
Mangalvar Wodens-day.
Brihaspativar[a] Thors-day.
Sukravar[b] Frey-day.
Sani, or } -var Satur-day[c]
Sanichara }

------------------------------------------------------------------------

(_a_) Brihaspati, ‘he who rides on the bull’; the steed of the Rajput
god of war [probably ‘lord of prayer,’ or ‘of increase,’ confounded in
the original note with Vrishapati, ‘Lord of the bull,’ a title of
Siva.]]

(_b_) Sukra is a Cyclop, regent of the planet Venus.]

(_c_) [See Max Müller, _Selected Essays_, 1881, ii. 460 ff.]]

Footnote 4.22.48:

[Kumāra probably means ‘easily dying.’]

Footnote 4.22.49:

It will be recollected that the moon with the Rajputs as with the
Scandinavians is a male divinity. The Tatars, who also consider him a
male divinity, pay him especial adoration in this autumnal month.

Footnote 4.22.50:

[Apsaras means ‘going in the waters, or in the waters of the clouds.’]

Footnote 4.22.51:

[The owl is a bird of ill omen, and does not seem to be associated
with Lakshmi except in Bengal.]

Footnote 4.22.52:

The Hindu god of riches.

Footnote 4.22.53:

Yamala is the great god of the Finlanders (Clarke).

Footnote 4.22.54:

From _go_, ‘a cow’ [_dhūli_, ‘the dust raised by them as they return
to the stall’].F

Footnote 4.22.55:

See anecdote in Chap. 21, which elucidates this practice of princes
becoming herdsmen.

Footnote 4.22.56:

Matsya Purana. [Vishnu is generally said to wake on the Deothān, 11th
light half of Kārttik.]

Footnote 4.22.57:

[Makara, a kind of shark or sea-monster, marks the 10th sign of the
Zodiac, Capricorn.]

Footnote 4.22.58:

Iswara, Isa, or as pronounced, Is.

Footnote 4.22.59:

[Monier-Williams in his _Sanskrit Dict._ records no such form as
_phalīsa_. φαλλός = Lat. _palus_, English _pole_, _pale_. The Author
follows Wilford (_Asiatic Researches_, iii. 135 f.).]

Footnote 4.22.60:

‘The land of the sun’ (_aditya_). [This is impossible. The true
derivation is unknown; to the Greeks the word meant ‘swarthy-faced.’]

Footnote 4.22.61:

Ferishta calls the Indus the Nilab, or ‘blue waters’; it is also
called Abusin, the ‘father of streams.’

Footnote 4.22.62:

According to Diodorus Siculus. [Rudra-Siva has a benign side to his
character, and may be associated with the Sun (R. G. Bhandarkar,
_Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems_, 105). But the
Author, in his constant references to “Bāl”-Siva, has pressed this
conception to an excessive length.]

Footnote 4.22.63:

The vulture and crane, which soar high in the heavens, are also called
_garuda_, and vulgarly _gidh_. The ibis is of the crane or heron kind.

Footnote 4.22.64:

Phaeton was the son of Cephalus and Aurora. The former answers to the
Hindu bird-headed messenger of the sun. Aruna is the Aurora of the
Greeks, who with more taste have given the dawn a female character.

Footnote 4.22.65:

Also called Dolayatra.

Footnote 4.22.66:

Bhagavat and Matsya Puranas. See Sir W. Jones on the lunar year of the
Hindus, _Asiatic Researches_, vol. iii. p. 286.

Footnote 4.22.67:

[Mr. F. Ll. Griffith tells me that this comes from a French
translation of Plutarch, _De Iside et Osiride_, cap. xii. (birth of
Osiris on the first of the epagomenal days). This entry of Osiris into
the moon seems to mean his conception rather than his birth. Φαμενώθ
is the name of the seventh month, about 25th February.]

Footnote 4.22.68:

_Arka_, ‘the sun,’ in Sanskrit. [This is due to Wilford (_Asiatic
Researches_, iii. 134) and is, of course, impossible.]

Footnote 4.22.69:

Pha-ra is but a title, ‘the king.’ [Egyptian Pro, ‘the great house.’]

Footnote 4.22.70:

_Des divinités génératives: ou du culte du Phallus chez les anciens et
les modernes_ (Paris).

Footnote 4.22.71:

Of the former race the Ranas of Mewar, of the latter the princes of
Narwar and Amber, are the representatives.

Footnote 4.22.72:

Aethiopia, ‘the country of the sun’; from _Ait_, contraction of
Aditya. Aegypt may have the same etymology, _Aitia_ [see p. 699
above].

Footnote 4.22.73:

[The Author may refer to Pārsvanātha, 23rd Jain Tīrthakara, whose
symbol was his serpent; but his mother was Vāmadevi. Trisala was
mother of the 24th Tīrthakara, Mahāvira or Vardhamāna, but his
cognizance was a lion.]

Footnote 4.22.74:

It is absurd to talk of these being modern; decipher the characters
thereon, and then pronounce their antiquity. [Ellora, 5th to 9th or
10th centuries A.D.; Elephanta, 8th to 10th (_IGI_, xii. 22, 4).]

Footnote 4.22.75:

Vulg. _Sharifa_.

Footnote 4.22.76:

Rama subjected her to the fiery ordeal, to discover whether her virtue
had suffered while thus forcibly separated.

Footnote 4.22.77:

Vulg. _Nariyal_.

Footnote 4.22.78:

Palmyra is Sanskrit corrupted, and affords the etymology of Solomon’s
city of the desert, Tadmor. The ﺙ p, by the retrenchment of a single
diacritical point, becomes ت t; and the ل (_l_) and د (_d_) being
permutable, Pal becomes Tad, or Tal—the Palmyra, which is the Mor, or
chief of trees; hence Tadmor, from its date-trees [?].

Footnote 4.22.79:

The Jayaphala, ‘the fruit of victory,’ is the nutmeg; or, as a native
of Java, Javuphala, ‘fruit of Java,’ is most probably derived from
Jayadiva, ‘the victorious isle.’ [The nutmeg is Jātiphala: Java is
_yavadwīpa_, ‘island of barley.’]

Footnote 4.22.80:

The Kamari of the Saura tribes, or sun-worshippers of Saurashtra,
claims descent from the bird-god of Vishnu (who aided Rama[4.22.80.A]
to the discovery of Sita), and the Makara[4.22.80.B] or crocodile, and
date the monstrous conception from that event, and their original
abode from Sankodra Bet, or island of Sankodra. Whether to the
Dioscorides at the entrance of the Arabian Gulf this name was given,
evidently corrupted from Sankhadwara to Socotra, we shall not stop to
inquire. Like the isle in the entrance of the Gulf of Cutch, it is the
_dwara_ or portal to the Sinus Arabicus, and the pearl-shell
(_sankha_) there abounds. This tribe deduce their origin from Rama’s
expedition, and allege that their Icthyiopic mother landed them where
they still reside. Wild as is this fable, it adds support to this
hypothesis. [The Sanskrit name of Bet Island (“Bate” in the text) is
Sankhuddhāra, from the conch fishery. Socotra is Dwīpa Sukhadāra,
‘island of pleasure’ (not Sakhādāra, as in _EB_, xxv. 355) (Yule,
_Marco Polo_, 1st ed. ii. 342).]

Footnote 4.22.80.A:

Rama and Vishnu interchange characters.

Footnote 4.22.80.B:

It is curious that the designation of the tribe Kamar is a
transposition of Makar, for the final letter of each is mute.

Footnote 4.22.81:

See Lempriere, arts. _Phagesia_ and _Phallica_. “L’Abbé Mignot pense
que le _Phallus_ est originaire de l’Assyrie et de la Chaldée, et que
c’est de ce pays que l’usage de consacrer ce symbole de la génération
a passé en Égypte. Il croit, d’après le savant Le Clerc, que le nom de
ce symbole est phénicien: qu’il dérive de _Phalou_ qui, dans cette
langue, signifie une _chose secrète_ et _cachée_, et du verbe _phala_,
qui veut dire _être tenu secret_.”[4.22.81.A]

Footnote 4.22.81.A:

_Des divinités génératives._

Footnote 4.22.82:

_Anna_, ‘food,’ and _asa_ or _isa_, ‘the god.’ [Ananas comes from
Brazilian _Nana_ or _Nanas_ (Yule, _Hobson-Jobson_, 2nd ed. 25).]

Footnote 4.22.83:

[It is unnecessary to discuss these theories, which are based on
incorrect assumptions and obsolete etymologies.]

Footnote 4.22.84:

The Hindus divide the month into two portions called _pakh_ or
fortnights. The first is termed _badi_, reckoning from the 1st to the
15th, which day of partition is called _amavas_, answering to the Ides
of the Romans, and held by the Hindus as it was by the Jews in great
sanctity. The last division is termed _sudi_, and they recommence with
the initial numeral, thence to the 30th or completion, called _punim_;
thus instead of the 16th, 17th, etc., of the month, they say _Sudi
ekam_ (1st), _Sudi duj_ (3rd).

Footnote 4.22.85:

Sogdiana and Transoxiana.

Footnote 4.22.86:

Hence the word Saka [?].

Footnote 4.22.87:

See Genealogical Table No. 2 for these names. The sons of the three
Midas, pronounced Mede, founded kingdoms at the precise point of time,
according to calculation from the number of kings, that Assyria was
founded.

Footnote 4.22.88:

The former were more pastoral, and hence the origin of their name,
corrupted to Keltoi. The Getae or Jats pursued the hunter’s
occupation, living more by the chase, though these occupations are
generally conjoined in the early stages of civilization.

Footnote 4.22.89:

Rubruquis and other travellers.

Footnote 4.22.90:

Colonel Mackenzie’s invaluable and gigantic collection.

Footnote 4.22.91:

Isis and Osiris, Serapis and Canopus, Apis and Ibis, adopted by the
Romans, whose temples and images, yet preserved, will allow full scope
to the Hindu antiquary for analysis of both systems. The temple of
Serapis at Pozzuoli is quite Hindu in its ground plan.

Footnote 4.22.92:

In the reign of Theodosius.

Footnote 4.22.93:

_Du Culte_, etc., etc., p. 47.

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