Chapter XIII

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN, SPAIN,
AND PORTUGAL.

1. ENGLAND. Chronological Sketch 214

2. SCOTLAND 227

3. SPAIN and PORTUGAL 229

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

CERTOSA, THE, NEAR PAVIA. FROM THE CLOISTERS Frontispiece

SAINT GEORGE. PANEL FROM THE TOMB OF CARDINAL
AMBOISE IN ROUEN CATHEDRAL Title Page

GLOSSARY. FORTY ENGRAVINGS OF DETAILS xv to xxxix

1. WEST ENTRANCE, LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL. (1275.) 5

2. GROUND PLAN OF PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. (1118 to 1193.) 6

3. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE NAVE OF SALISBURY CATHEDRAL 7

4. CHOIR OF WORCESTER CATHEDRAL. (BEGUN 1224.) 9

5. NAVE OF WELLS CATHEDRAL. (1206 to 1242.) 9

6. GROUND PLAN OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY 11

7. HOUSE OF JAQUES COEUR AT BOURGES. (BEGUN 1443.) 15

8. PLAN OF WARWICK CASTLE. (14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES.) 16

9. PALACES ON THE GRAND CANAL, VENICE. (14TH CENTURY.) 18

10. WELL AT REGENSBURG. (15TH CENTURY.) 20

11. GOTHIC ORNAMENT. FROM SENS CATHEDRAL (HEADPIECE) 21

12. LINCOLN CATHEDRAL. (MOSTLY EARLY ENGLISH.) 35

13. ST. PIERRE, CAEN, TOWER AND SPIRE. (SPIRE, 1302.) 37

14. HOUSE AT CHESTER. (16TH CENTURY.) 38

15. HOUSES AT LISIEUX, FRANCE. (16TH CENTURY.) 41

16. LANCET WINDOW. (12TH CENTURY.) 46

17. TWO-LIGHT WINDOW. (13TH CENTURY.) 47

18. GEOMETRICAL TRACERY. (14TH CENTURY.) 48

19. TRIFORIUM ARCADE, WESTMINSTER ABBEY. (1269.) 49

20. ROSE WINDOW FROM THE TRANSEPT OF LINCOLN CATHEDRAL 50

21. PERPENDICULAR WINDOW 51

22. ROOF OF HALL AT ELTHAM PALACE. (15TH CENTURY.) 53

23. HENRY VII.'S CHAPEL. (1503-1512.) 57

24. SPIRE OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE, WARBOYS, LINCOLNSHIRE 59

25. DECORATED SPIRE. ALL SAINTS' CHURCH, OAKHAM 60

26. EARLY ARCH IN RECEDING PLANES 62

27. ARCH IN RECEDING PLANES MOULDED 62

28. DOORWAY, KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL, CAMBRIDGE. (15TH CENT.) 63

29. STAINED GLASS WINDOW FROM CHARTRES CATHEDRAL 65

30. SCULPTURE FROM CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER ABBEY 67

31. CHURCH AT FONTEVRAULT. (BEGUN 1125.) 70

32. DOORWAY AT LOCHES, FRANCE. (1180.) 72

33. NOTRE DAME, PARIS, WEST FRONT. (1214.) 74

34. PLAN OF AMIENS CATHEDRAL. (1220-1272.) 76

35. AMIENS CATHEDRAL, WEST FRONT. (1220-1272.) 78

36. PIERS AND SUPERSTRUCTURE, RHEIMS CATHEDRAL. (1211-1240.) 80

37. CAPITAL FROM ST. NICHOLAS, BLOIS, FRANCE. (13TH CENTURY.) 84

38. BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL, INTERIOR. (1225-1537.) 86

39. THE TOWN HALL OF MIDDLEBURGH. (1518.) 89

40. TOWER AT GHENT. (BEGUN 1183.) 90

41. ABBEY CHURCH OF ARNSTEIN. (12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES.) 94

42. CHURCH AT ANDERNACH. (EARLY 13TH CENTURY.) 96

43. CHURCH OF ST. BARBARA AT KUTTENBERG. EAST END.
(1358-1548.) 99

44. DOUBLE CHURCH AT SCHWARTZ-RHEINDORFF. SECTION. (1158.) 101

45. DOUBLE CHURCH AT SCHWARTZ-RHEINDORFF. (1158.) 102

46. COLOGNE CATHEDRAL. GROUND PLAN. (BEGUN 1248.) 104

47. WESTERN DOORWAY OF CHURCH AT THANN. (14TH CENTURY.) 106

48. CHURCH OF ST. CATHERINE AT OPPENHEIM. (1262 TO 1439.) 107

49. ST. SEBALD'S CHURCH AT NUREMBERG. THE BRIDE'S DOORWAY 109

50. PALACE OF THE JURISCONSULTS AT CREMONA 117

51. CATHEDRAL AT FLORENCE. WITH GIOTTO'S CAMPANILE 121

52. CATHEDRAL AT SIENA. WEST FRONT AND CAMPANILE 123

53. CATHEDRAL AT ORVIETO. (BEGUN 1290; FACADE, 1310.) 125

54. OGIVAL WINDOW-HEAD 129

55. TRACERY IN WINDOW-HEAD, FROM VENICE 130

56. WINDOW FROM TIVOLI 134

57. ITALIAN GOTHIC WINDOW, WITH TRACERY IN HEAD 136

58. CATHEDRAL AT TOLEDO. INTERIOR. (BEGUN 1227.) 139

59. THE GIRALDA AT SEVILLE. (BEGUN IN 1196; FINISHED
IN 1568.) 141

60. DOORWAY FROM CHURCH AT BATALHA. (BEGUN 1385.) 151

61. STROZZI PALACE AT FLORENCE. (BEGUN 1489.) 169

62. PART OF THE LOGGIA DEL CONSIGLIO AT VERONA 171

63. THE PANDOLFINI PALACE, FLORENCE. DESIGNED BY RAPHAEL 173

64. ST. PETER'S AT ROME. INTERIOR. (1506-1661.) 177

65. MONUMENT BY SANSOVINO, IN STA. MARIA DEL POPOLO, ROME 179

66. PALAZZO GIRAUD, ROME. BY BRAMANTE. (1506.) 180

67. ITALIAN SHELL ORNAMENT 183

68. THE CHURCH OF THE REDENTORE, VENICE. (1576.) 185

69. CERTOSA NEAR PAVIA. PART OF WEST FRONT. (BEGUN 1473.) 188

70. VILLA MEDICI--ON THE PINCIAN HILL NEAR ROME. BY
ANNIBALE LIPPI (NOW THE _Academie Francaise_).
(A.D. 1540.) 191

70A. EARLY RENAISSANCE CORBEL 192

71. WINDOW FROM A HOUSE AT ORLEANS. (EARLY 16TH CENTURY.) 195

72. CAPITAL FROM THE HOUSE OF FRANCIS I., ORLEANS. (1540.) 197

73. PAVILLON RICHELIEU OF THE LOUVRE, PARIS 199

74. PART OF THE TUILERIES, PARIS. (BEGUN 1564.) 201

75. CAPITAL FROM DELORME'S WORK AT THE LOUVRE 202

76. HOTEL DES INVALIDES, PARIS 204

77. WINDOW FROM COLMAR. (1575.) 208

78. ZEUGHAUS, DANTZIC. (1605.) 209

79. COUNCIL-HOUSE AT LEYDEN. (1599.) 211

80. QUADRANGLE OF THE CASTLE OF SCHALABURG 213

81. HOLLAND HOUSE, KENSINGTON. (1607.) 216

82. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. (1675-1710.) 220

83. HOUSES AT CHESTER. (16TH CENTURY.) 225

84. THE ALCAZAR AT TOLEDO. (BEGUN 1568.) 231

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL WORDS.

ABACUS.--The upper portion of the capital of a column, upon
which the weight to be carried rests.

AISLE (Lat. _ala_).--The side subdivision in a church;
occasionally all the subdivisions, including the nave, are
called aisles.

APSE.--A semicircular or polygonal termination to, or
projection from, a church or other public building.

ARCADE.--A range of arches, supported on piers or columns.

ARCH.--A construction of wedge-shaped blocks of stone, or of
bricks, of a curved outline, and spanning an open space. The
principal forms of arch in use are Semicircular;
Acutely-pointed, or Lancet; Equilateral, or Less
Acutely-pointed; Four-centred, or Depressed Tudor;
Three-centred, or Elliptic; Ogival; Segmental; and Stilted.
(Figs. _A_ to _F_.)

ARCHITRAVE.--(1) The stone which in Classic and Renaissance
architecture is thrown from one column or pilaster to the
next. (2) The moulding which in the same styles is used to
ornament the margin of a door or window opening or arch.

ASHLAR.--Finely-wrought masonry, employed for the facing of
a wall of coarser masonry or brick.

ATTIC (In Renaissance Architecture).--A low upper story,
distinctly marked in the architecture of the building,
usually surmounting an order; (2) in ordinary building, any
story in a roof.

BAILEY (from _vallum_).--The enclosure of the courtyard of a
castle.

BALL-FLOWER.--An ornament representing a globular bud,
placed usually in a hollow moulding.

BALUSTER.--A species of small column, generally of curved
outline.

BALUSTRADE.--A parapet or rail formed of balusters.

The Semicircular and the Stilted Semicircular Arch were the
only arches in use till the introduction of the Pointed
Arch. Throughout the Early English, Decorated, and
Perpendicular periods they occur as exceptional features,
but they were practically superseded after the close of the
12th cent.

The Lancet Arch was characteristic of the Early English
period, is never found earlier, and but rarely occurs later.
The Equilateral Arch was the favourite arch of the
architects of the geometrical Decorated, but is not
unfrequently met with in the early part of the Perpendicular
period.

The Depressed (or Four-centred) Tudor Arch is characteristic
of the Perpendicular period, and was then constantly
employed. The Ogival Arch is occasionally employed late in
that period, but was more used by French and Italian
architects than by those of Great Britain.

BAND.--A flat moulding or projecting strip of stone.

BARREL-VAULTING.--See Waggon-head vaulting.

BARGE-BOARD (OR VERGE-BOARD).--An inclined and pierced or
ornamented board placed along the edge of a roof when it
overhangs a gable wall.

BASE.--(1) The foot of a column; (2) sometimes that of a
buttress or wall.

BASILICA.--(1) A Roman public hall; (2) an early Christian
church, similar to a Roman basilica in disposition.

BASTION (in Fortification).--A bold projecting mass of
building, or earthwork thrown out beyond the general line of
a wall.

BATTLEMENT.--A notched or indented parapet.

BAY.--One of the compartments in a building which is made up
of several repetitions of the same group of features;
_e.g._, in a church the space from one column of the nave
arcade to the next is a bay.

BAY-WINDOW.--A window projecting outward from the wall. It
may be rectangular or polygonal. It must be built up from
the ground. If thrown out above the ground level, a
projecting window is called an Oriel. (See Bow window.)

BEAD.--A small moulding of circular profile.

BELFRY.--A chamber fitted to receive a peal of bells.

BELFRY STAGE.--The story of a tower where the belfry occurs.
Usually marked by large open arches or windows, to let the
sound escape.

BELL (of a capital).--The body between the necking and the
abacus (which see).

BILLET MOULDING.--A moulding consisting of a group of small
blocks separated by spaces about equal to their own length.

BLIND STORY.--Triforium (which see).

BOSS.--A projecting mass of carving placed to conceal the
intersection of the ribs of a vault, or at the end of a
string course which it is desired to stop, or in an
analogous situation.

BOW WINDOW.--Similar to a Bay-window (which see), but
circular or segmental.

BROACH-SPIRE.--A spire springing from a tower without a
parapet and with pyramidal features at the feet of its four
oblique sides (see Fig. 22) to connect them to the four
angles of the tower.

BROACHEAD (SPIRE).--Formed as above described.

BUTTRESS.--A projection built up against a wall to create
additional strength or furnish support (see Flying
Buttress).

BYZANTINE.--The round-arched Christian architecture of the
Eastern Church, which had its origin in Byzantium
(Constantinople).

CANOPY.--(1) An ornamented projection over doors, windows,
&c.; (2) a covering over niches, tombs, &c.

CAMPANILE.--The Italian name for a bell-tower.

CAPITAL.--The head of a column or pilaster (Figs. _L_ to
_P_).

CATHEDRAL.--A church which contains the seat of a bishop;
usually a building of the first class.

CERTOSA.--A monastery (or church) of Carthusian monks.

CHAMFER.--A slight strip pared off from a sharp angle.

CHANCEL.--The choir or eastern part of a church.

CHANTRY CHAPEL.--A chapel connected with a monument or tomb
in which masses were to be chanted. This was usually of
small size and very rich.

CHAPEL.--(1) A chamber attached to a church and opening out
of it, or formed within it, and in which an altar was
placed; (2) a small detached church.

CHAPTER HOUSE.--The hall of assembly of the chapter (dean
and canons) of a cathedral.

CHATEAU.--The French name for a country mansion.

CHEVRON.--A zig-zag ornament.

CHEVET.--The French name for an apse when surrounded by
chapels; see the plan of Westminster Abbey (Fig. 6).

CHOIR.--The part of a church in which the services are
celebrated; usually, but not always, the east end or
chancel. In a Spanish church the choir is often at the
crossing.

CLERESTORY.--The upper story or row of windows lighting the
nave of a Gothic church.

CLOISTER.--A covered way round a quadrangle of a monastic
building.

CLUSTERED (SHAFTS).--Grouped so as to form a pier of some
mass out of several small shafts.

CORBEL.--A projecting stone (or timber) supporting, or
seeming to support, a weight (Fig. _K_).

CORBELLING.--A series of mouldings doing the same duty as a
corbel; a row of corbels.

CORBEL TABLE.--A row of corbels supporting an overhanging
parapet or cornice.

CORTILE (Italian).--The internal arcaded quadrangle of a
palace, mansion, or public building.

COLUMN.--A stone or marble post, divided usually into base,
shaft, and capital; distinguished from a pier by the shaft
being cylindrical or polygonal, and in one, or at most, in
few pieces.

CORNICE.--The projecting and crowning portion of an order
(which see) or of a building, or of a stage or story of a
building.

COURSE.--A horizontal layer of stones in the masonry of a
building.

CROCKET.--A tuft of leaves arranged in a formal shape, used
to decorate ornamental gables, the ribs of spires, &c.

CROSSING.--The intersection (which see) in a church or
cathedral.

CROSS VAULT.--A vault of which the arched surfaces intersect
one another, forming a groin (which see).

CRYPT.--The basement under a church or other building
(almost invariably vaulted).

CUSP.--The projecting point thrown out to form the
leaf-shaped forms or foliations in the heads of Gothic
windows, and in tracery and panels.

DEC. } The Gothic architecture of the fourteenth century
DECORATED. } in England. _Abbreviated_ Dec.

DETAIL.--The minuter features of a design or building,
especially its mouldings and carving.

DIAPER (Gothic).--An uniform pattern of leaves or flowers
carved or painted on the surface of a wall.

DOGTOOTH.--A sharply-pointed ornament in a hollow moulding
which is peculiar to Early English Gothic. It somewhat
resembles a blunt tooth.

DORMER WINDOW.--A window pierced through a sloping roof and
placed under a small gable or roof of its own.

DOME.--A cupola or spherical convex roof, ordinarily
circular on plan.

DOMICAL VAULTING.--Vaulting in which a series of small domes
are employed; in contradistinction to a waggon-head vault,
or an intersecting vault.

DOUBLE TRACERY.--Two layers of tracery one behind the other
and with a clear space between.

E. E. } The Gothic architecture of England in the
EARLY ENGLISH. } thirteenth century. _Abbreviated_ E. E.

EAVES.--The verge or edge of a roof overhanging the wall.

EAVES-COURSE.--A moulding carrying the eaves.

ELEVATION.--(1) A geometrical drawing of part of the
exterior or interior walls of a building; (2) the
architectural treatment of the exterior or interior walls of
a building.

ELIZABETHAN.--The architecture of England in, and for some
time after, the reign of Elizabeth.

EMBATTLED.--Finished with battlements, or in imitation of
battlements.

ENRICHMENTS.--The carved (or coloured) decorations applied
to the mouldings or other features of an architectural
design. (See Mouldings.)

ENTABLATURE (in Classic and Renaissance architecture).--The
superstructure above the columns where an order is employed.
It is divided into the architrave, which rests on the
columns, the frieze and the cornice.

FACADE.--The front of a building or of a principal part of a
building.

FAN VAULT.--The vaulting in use in England in the fifteenth
century, in which a series of conoids bearing some
resemblance to an open fan are employed.

FILLET.--A small moulding of square flat section.

FINIAL.--A formally arranged bunch of foliage or other
similar ornament forming the top of a pinnacle, gablet, or
other ornamented feature of Gothic architecture.

FLAMBOYANT STYLE.--The late Gothic architecture of France
at the end of the fifteenth century, so called from the
occurrence of flame-shaped forms in the tracery.

FLECHE.--A name adapted from the French. A slender spire,
mostly placed on a roof; not often so called if on a tower.

FLYING BUTTRESS.--A buttress used to steady the upper and
inner walls of a vaulted building, placed at some distance
from the wall which it supports, and connected with it by an
arch.

FOIL.--A leaf-shaped form produced by adding cusps to the
curved outline of a window head or piece of tracery.

FOLIATION.--The decoration of an opening, or of tracery by
means of foils and cusps.

FOSSE.--The ditch of a fortress.

FRANCOIS I. STYLE.--The early Renaissance architecture of
France during part of the sixteenth century.

FRIEZE.--(1) The middle member of a Classic or Renaissance
entablature; this was often sculptured and carved; (2) any
band of sculptured ornament.

GABLE.--The triangular-shaped wall carrying the end of a
roof.

GABLET.--A small gable (usually ornamental only).

GALLERY.--(1) An apartment of great length in proportion to
its width; (2) a raised floor or stage in a building.

GARGOYLE.--A projecting waterspout, usually carved in stone,
more rarely formed of metal.

GEOMETRICAL.--The architecture of the earlier part of the
decorated period in England.

GRILLE.--A grating or ornamental railing of metal.

GROIN.--The curved line which is made by the meeting of the
surfaces of two vaults or portions of vaults which
intersect.

GROUP.--An assemblage of shafts or mouldings or other small
features intended to produce a combined effect.

GROUPING.--Combining architectural features as above.

HALL.--(1) The largest room in an ancient English mansion,
or a college, &c.; (2) any large and stately apartment.

HALF TIMBERED CONSTRUCTION.--A mode of building in which a
framework of timbers is displayed and the spaces between
them are filled in with plaster or tiles.

HAMMER BEAM ROOF.--A roof peculiar to English architecture
of the fifteenth century, deriving its name from the use of
a hammer beam (a large bracket projecting from the walls) to
partly support the rafters.

HEAD (of an arch or other opening).--The portion within the
curve; whether filled in by masonry or left open, sometimes
called a tympanum.

HIP.--The external angle formed by the meeting of two
sloping sides of a roof where there is no gable.

HOTEL (French).--A town mansion.

IMPOST.--A moulding or other line marking the top of the
jambs of an arched opening, and the starting point, or
apparent starting point, of the arch.

INLAY.--A mode of decoration in which coloured materials
are laid into sinkings of ornamental shape, cut into the
surface to be decorated.

INTERSECTION (OR CROSSING).--The point in a church where the
transepts cross the nave.

INTERSECTING VAULTS.--Vaults of which the surfaces cut one
another.

INTERPENETRATION.--A German mode of treating mouldings, as
though two or more sets of them existed in the same stone
and they could pass through (interpenetrate) each other.

JAMB.--The side of a door or window or arch, or other
opening.

KEEP.--The tower which formed the stronghold of a mediaeval
castle.

KING POST.--The middle post in the framing of a timber roof.

LANCET ARCH.--The sharply-pointed window-head and arch,
characteristic of English Gothic in the thirteenth century.

LANTERN.--A conspicuous feature rising above a roof or
crowning a dome, and intended usually to light a Hall, but
often introduced simply as an architectural finish to the
whole building.

LIERNE (rib).--A rib intermediate between the main ribs in
Gothic vaulting.

LIGHT.--One of the divisions of a window of which the entire
width is divided by one or more mullions.

LINTEL.--The stone or beam covering a doorway or other
opening not spanned by an arch. Sometimes applied to the
architrave of an order.

LOGGIA (Italian).--An open arcade with a gallery behind.

LOOP.--Short for loophole. A very narrow slit in the wall of
a fortress, serving as a window, or to shoot through.

LUCARNE.--A spire-light. A small window like a slender
dormer window.

MOAT (or Fosse).--The ditch round a fortress or
semi-fortified house.

MOSAIC.--An ornament for pavements, walls, and the surfaces
of vaults, formed by cementing together small pieces of
coloured material (stone, marble, tile, &c.) so as to
produce a pattern or picture.

MOULDING.--A term applied to all varieties of contour or
outline given to the angles, projections, or recesses of the
various parts of a building. The object being either to
produce an outline satisfactory to the eye; or, more
frequently, to obtain a play of light and shade, and to
produce the appearance of a line or a series of lines, broad
or narrow, and of varying intensity of lightness or shade in
the building or some of its features.

The contour which a moulding would present when cut across
in a direction at right angles to its length is called its
profile.

The profile of mouldings varied with each style of
architecture and at each period (Figs. _W_ to _Z_). When
ornaments are carved out of some of the moulded surfaces the
latter are technically termed enriched mouldings. The
enrichments in use varied with each style and each period,
as the mouldings themselves did.

MULLION.--The upright bars of stone frequently employed
(especially in Gothic architecture) to subdivide one window
into two or more lights.

NAVE.--(1) The central avenue of a church or cathedral; (2)
the western part of a church as distinguished from the
chancel or choir; (3) occasionally, any avenue in the
interior of a building which is divided by one or more rows
of columns running lengthways is called a nave.

NECKING (of a column).--The point (usually marked by a
fillet or other small projecting moulding) where the shaft
ends and the capital begins.

NEWEL POST.--The stout post at the foot of a staircase from
which the balustrade or the handrail starts.

NICHE.--A recess in a wall for a statue, vase, or other
upright ornament.

NORMAN.--The architecture of England from the Norman
Conquest till the latter part of the twelfth century.

OGEE.--A moulding or line of part concave and part convex
curvature (see Fig. _E_, showing an ogee-shaped arch).

OGIVAL.--Ogee-shaped (see Fig. 54).

OPEN TRACERY.--Tracery in which the spaces between the bars
are neither closed by slabs of stone nor glazed.

ORDER.--(1) In Classical and Renaissance architecture a
single column or pilaster and its appropriate entablature or
superstructure; (2) a series of columns or pilasters with
their entablature; (3) an entire decorative system
appropriate to the kind of column chosen. In Renaissance
architecture there are five orders--the Tuscan, Doric,
Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. Each has its own proper
column, and its proper base, shaft, and capital; and its own
entablature. The proportions and the degree of enrichment
appropriate to each vary. The Tuscan being the sturdiest and
plainest, the Composite the most slender and most small, and
the others taking place in the succession in which they
stand enumerated above. Where more than one order occurs in
a building, as constantly happens in Classic and Renaissance
buildings, the orders which are the plainest and most sturdy
(and have been named first) if employed, are invariably
placed below the more slender orders; _e.g._ the Doric is
never placed _over_ the Corinthian or the Ionic, but if
employed in combination with either of those orders it is
always the lowest in position.

ORIEL.--A window projecting like a bay or bow window, not
resting on the ground but thrown out above the ground level
and resting on a corbel.

PALLADIAN.--A phase of fully developed Renaissance
architecture introduced by the architect Palladio, and
largely followed in England as well as in Italy.

PANEL.--(1) The thinner portions of the framed woodwork of
doors and other such joiner's work; (2) all sunk
compartments in masonry, ceilings, &c.

PANELLING.--(1) Woodwork formed of framework containing
panels; (2) any decoration formed of a series of sunk
compartments.

PARAPET.--A breastwork or low wall used to protect the
gutters and screen the roofs of buildings; also, perhaps
primarily, to protect the ramparts of fortifications.

PAVILION.--A strongly marked single block of building; most
frequently applied to those blocks in French and other
Renaissance buildings that are marked out by high roofs.

PEDESTAL.--(1) A substructure sometimes placed under a
column in Renaissance architecture; (2) a similar
substructure intended to carry a statue, vase, or other
ornament.

PEDIMENT.--(1) The gable, where used in Renaissance
buildings; (2) an ornamental gable sometimes placed over
windows, doors, and other features in Gothic buildings.

PERP. } The Gothic architecture of the fifteenth century
PERPENDICULAR. } in England. _Abbreviated_ Perp.

PIER.--(1) A mass of walling, either a detached portion of
a wall or a distinct structure of masonry, taking the place
of a column in the arcade of a church or elsewhere; (2) a
group or cluster of shafts substituted for a column.

PILASTER.--A square column, usually attached to a wall;
frequently used in Classic and Renaissance architecture in
combination with columns.

PINNACLE (in Gothic architecture).--A small turret, or
ornament, usually with a pointed top, employed to mark the
summit of gables, buttresses, and other tall features.

PITCH.--The degree of slope given to a roof, gable, or
pediment.

PLAN.--(1) A map of the floor of a building, showing the
piers, if any, and the walls which inclose and divide it,
with the openings in them; (2) the actual arrangement and
disposition of the floors, piers, and walls of the building
itself.

PLANE.--The imaginary surface within which a series of
mouldings lies, and which coincides with the salient and
important points of that series. Mouldings are said to be on
an oblique plane when their plane forms an angle less than a
right angle with the face of the wall; and in receding
planes, when they can be divided into a series of groups of
more or less stepped outline, each within and behind the
other, and each partly bounded by a plane parallel with the
face of the wall.

PLASTER.--The plastic material, of which the groundwork is
lime and sand, used to cover walls internally and to form
ceilings. Sometimes employed as a covering to walls
externally.

PLINTH.--The base of a wall or of a column or range of
columns.

PORTAL.--A dignified and important entrance doorway.

PORTICO.--A range of columns with their entablature (and
usually covered by a pediment), marking the entrance to a
Renaissance or Classic building.

PRISMATIC RUSTICATION.--In Elizabethan architecture
rusticated masonry with diamond-shaped projections worked on
the face of each stone.

PROFILE.--The contour or outline of mouldings as they would
appear if sawn across at right angles to their length.

PORCH.--A small external structure to protect and ornament
the doorway to a building (rarely met with in Renaissance).

QUATREFOIL.--A four-leaved ornament occupying a circle in
tracery or a panel.

RAFTERS.--The sloping beams of a roof upon which the
covering of the roof rests.

RAGSTONE.--A coarse stone found in parts of Kent and
elsewhere, and used for walling.

RECEDING PLANES.--(See Plane.)

RECESS.--A sinking in a building deeper than a mere panel.

RECESSING.--Forming one or more recesses. Throwing back some
part of a building behind the general face.

RENAISSANCE.--The art of the period of the Classic revival
which began in the sixteenth century. In this volume used
chiefly to denote the architecture of Europe in that and the
succeeding centuries.

RIB (in Gothic vaulting).--A bar of masonry or moulding
projecting beyond the general surface of a vault, to mark
its intersections or subdivide its surface, and to add
strength.

RIDGE.--(1) The straight line or ornament which marks the
summit of a roof; (2) the line or rib, straight or curved,
which marks the summit of a vault.

ROLL.--A round moulding.

ROSE WINDOW.--A wheel window (which see).

RUBBLE.--Rough stonework forming the heart of a masonry
wall; sometimes faced with ashlar (which see), sometimes
shown.

RUSTICATION (or RUSTICATED MASONRY).--The sort of ornamental
ashlar masonry (chiefly Classic and Renaissance) in which
each stone is distinguished by a broad channel all round it,
marking the joints.

RUSTICS.--The individual blocks of stone used in rustication
(as described above).

SCREEN.--An internal partition or inclosure cutting off part
of a building. At the entrance to the choir of a church
screens of beautiful workmanship were used.

SCROLL MOULDING.--A round roll moulding showing a line along
its face (distinctive of decorated Gothic).

SCROLL WORK.--Ornament showing winding spiral lines like the
edge of a scroll of paper (chiefly found in Elizabethan).

SECTION.--(1) A drawing of a building as it would appear if
cut through at some fixed plane. (2) That part of the
construction of a building which would be displayed by such
a drawing as described above. (3) The profile of a moulding.

SET-OFF.--A small ledge formed by diminishing the thickness
of a wall or pier.

SEXPARTITE VAULTING.--Where each bay or compartment is
divided by its main ribs into six portions.

SGRAFFITO (Italian).--An ornament produced by scratching
lines on the plastered face of a building so as to show a
different colour filling up the lines or surfaces scratched
away.

SHAFT.--(1) The middle part of a column between its base and
capital. (2) In Gothic, slender columns introduced for
ornamental purposes, singly or in clusters.

SHELL ORNAMENT.--A decoration frequently employed in Italian
and French Renaissance, and resembling the interior of a
shell.

SKY-LINE.--The outline which a building will show against
the sky.

SPANDREL.--The triangular (or other shaped) space between
the outside of an arch and the mouldings, or surfaces
inclosing it or in contact with it. (See Fig. _S_, under
Diaper.)

SPIRE.--The steep and pointed roof of a tower (usually a
church tower).

SPIRE-LIGHT (or LUCARNE).--A dormer window (which see) in a
spire.

SPLAY.--A slope making with the face of a wall an angle less
than a right angle.

STAGE.--One division in the height of any building or
portion of a building where horizontal divisions are
distinctly marked, _e.g._, the belfry stage of a tower, the
division in which the bells are hung.

STEEPLE.--A tower and spire in combination. Sometimes
applied to a tower or spire separately.

STEPPED GABLE.--A gable in which, instead of a sloping line,
the outline is formed by a series of steps.

STILTED ARCH.--An arch of which the curve does not commence
till above the level of the impost (which see).

STORY.--(1) The portion of a building between one floor and
the next; (2) any stage or decidedly marked horizontal
compartment of a building, even if not corresponding to an
actual story marked by a floor.

STRAP-WORK (Elizabethan).--An ornament representing
strap-like fillets interlaced.

STRING-COURSE.--A projecting horizontal (or occasionally
sloping) band or line of mouldings.

TABERNACLE WORK.--The richly ornamented and carved work with
which the smaller and more precious features of a church,
_e.g._, the fittings of a choir, were adorned and made
conspicuous.

TERMINAL (or Finial).--The ornamental top of a pinnacle,
gable, &c.

TERRA-COTTA.--A fine kind of brick capable of being highly
ornamented, and formed into blocks of some size.

THRUST.--The pressure exercised laterally by an arch or
vault, or by the timbers of a roof on the abutments or
supports.

TIE.--A beam of wood, bar of iron, or similar expedient
employed to hold together the feet or sides of an arch,
vault, or roof, and so counteract the thrust.

TORUS.--A large convex moulding.

TOWER.--A portion of a building rising conspicuously above
the general mass, and obviously distinguished by its height
from that mass. A detached building of which the height is
great, relative to the width and breadth.

TRACERY (Gothic).--The ornamental stonework formed by the
curving and interlacing of bars of stone, and occupying the
heads of windows, panels, and other situations where
decoration and lightness have to be combined. The simplest
and earliest tracery might be described as a combination of
openings pierced through the stone head of an arch. Cusping
and foliation (which see) are features of tracery. (See
Figs. 18, 19, 55, and 57 in the text.)

TRANSEPT.--The arms of a church or cathedral which cross
the line of the nave.

TRANSITION.--The architecture of a period coming between and
sharing the characteristics of two distinctly marked styles
or phases of architecture, one of which succeeded the other.

TRANSOM.--A horizontal bar (usually of stone) across a
window or panel.

TREFOIL.--A three-leaved or three-lobed form found
constantly in the heads of windows and in other situations
where tracery is employed.

TRIFORIUM (or THOROUGH-FARE).--The story in a large church
or cathedral intermediate between the arcade separating the
nave and aisles, and the clerestory.

TUDOR.--The architecture of England during the reigns of the
Tudor kings. The use of the term is usually, however,
restricted to a period which closes with the end of Henry
VIII.'s reign, 1547.

TURRET.--A small tower, sometimes rising from the ground,
but often carried on corbels and commencing near the upper
part of the building to which it is an appendage.

TYMPANUM.--The filling in of the head of an arch, or
occasionally of an ornamental gable.

UNDERCUTTING.--A moulding or ornament of which the greater
part stands out from the mouldings or surfaces which it
adjoins, as though almost or quite detached from them, is
said to be undercut.

VAULT.--An arched ceiling to a building, or part of a
building, executed in masonry or in some substitute for
masonry.

The vaults of the Norman period were simple barrel- or
waggon-headed vaults, and semicircular arches only were used
in their construction. With the Gothic period the use of
intersecting, and as a result of pointed arches, was
introduced into vaulting, and vaults went on increasing in
complexity and elaboration till the Tudor period, when
fan-vaulting was employed. Our illustrations show some of
the steps in the development of Gothic vaults referred to in