Chapter XXVII: Section IV: National Security

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Baldwin, Godfrey (ed.). _International Population Reports._ (U.S.
Department of Commerce, Series p-91, No. 18.) Washington: GPO,
1969.

Bulgaria. State Information Office with the Council of Ministers.
_Statistical Pocket Book 1970._ Sofia: Sofia Press, 1970.

Cary, William. _Bulgaria Today._ New York: Exposition Press, 1965.

Dellin, L. A. D. (ed.) _Bulgaria: East-Central Europe Under the
Communists._ New York: Praeger, 1957.

_The Military Balance, 1972-73._ London: Institute for Strategic
Studies, 1972.

Newman, Bernard. _Bulgarian Background._ London: Robert Hale, 1961.

Oren, Nissan. _Bulgarian Communism._ New York: Columbia University
Press, 1971.

Perl, Lila. _Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria._ Camden: Thomas Nelson,
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Popoff, Emil. "Bulgaria's Young: The Silent Nihilists," _East Europe_,
XVII, No. 7, July 1968, 7-11.

Pounds, Norman J. G. _Eastern Europe._ Chicago: Aldine, 1969.

Rothschild, Joseph. _Communist Eastern Europe._ New York: Walker,
1964.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Joint
Publications Research Service--JPRS (Washington). The following
items are from the JPRS series _Translations on Eastern Europe:
Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs_.

"Bulgarian Criminal Code," _Sbornik postanovleniya i
razporezhdaniya na Ministerskiya suvet na NRB_, Sofia, May 1968.
(JPRS: 45,757, No. 5, 1968).

"Bulgarian Customs Operations," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, 1971,
(JPRS: 55,110, No. 475, 1972).

"Civil Defense Plans and Tasks," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia, February
21, 1972. (JPRS: 58,495, No. 685, 1973).

"Crime Treatment in Socialist Society," _Filosofska Misul_, Sofia,
1971. (JPRS: 53,920, No. 405, 1971).

"Execution of Court Sentences," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, April
15, 1969. (JPRS: 48,065, No. 98, 1969).

"History of Military Medical Institute," _Voenno Meditsinsko Delo_,
Sofia, No. 5, 1970. (JPRS: 52,242, No. 308, 1971).

"Intermediate-Level Service School Entrance Exams," _Trudovo Delo_,
Sofia, May 12, 1970. (JPRS: 50,783, No. 228, 1970).

"Internment Without Deprivation of Liberty," _Pravna Misul_, Sofia,
1971. (JPRS: 56,452, No. 550, 1972).

"Law Governing Stay of Foreigners in Belgium," _Durzhaven Vestnik_,
Sofia, November 28, 1972. (JPRS: 58,035, No. 658, 1973).

"Law on Universal Military Service," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia,
August 11, 1970. (JPRS: 51,354, No. 257, 1970).

"Medicosocial Problems of Alcoholism," _Nevrologiya Psikhiatriya i
Nevrokhirurgiya_, Sofia, 1972. (JPRS: 56,973, No. 589, 1972).

"Military School Cadet Entrance Exams," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia, May
17, 1970. (JPRS. 50,687, No. 224, 1970).

"Military Training for Secondary Students," _Narodna Mladezh_,
Sofia, March 20, 1972. (JPRS: 55,828, No. 516, 1972).

"New Medals," _Armeyski Pregled_, Sofia, September 11, 1969. (JPRS:
48,790, No. 129, 1969).

"New Training Year," _Armeyski Pregled_, Sofia, December 1969.
(JPRS: 49,929, No. 187, 1970).

"New Uniforms for Officers and Noncoms," _Pogled_, Sofia, March 22,
1971. (JPRS: 53,014, No. 347, 1971).

"Party Program for Defense," _Otechestven Front_, Sofia, July 8,
1971. (JPRS: 53,641, No. 386, 1971).

"People's Councils Legal Departments," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia,
March 6, 1970. (JPRS 50,415, No. 210, 1970).

"Pre-Induction Military Training Reorganized," _Narodna Armiya_,
Sofia, August 8, 1968. (JPRS: 46,551, No. 31, 1968).

"Provisions for Servicemen, Families," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia,
February 8, 1973. (JPRS: 58,336, No. 676, 1973).

"Regulations on Obshtina Militia," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia, May
12, 1970. (JPRS: 50,920, No. 236, 1970).

"Scientific Training for Youth," _Durzhaven Vestnik_, Sofia,
December 6, 1968. (JPRS: 47,136, No. 56, 1968).

"Significance of CEMA Defense Programs," _Narodna Armiya_, Sofia,
September 22, 1971. (JPRS: 54,261, No. 549, 1971).

"Winter Defense Exercise," _Armeyski Pregled_, Sofia, December 1969.
(JPRS: 49,929, No. 187, 1970).

Wolff, Robert Lee. _The Balkans in Our Time._ Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1956.

GLOSSARY

BKP--Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partiya (Bulgarian Communist Party).
Party dates its origins from the founding of the Bulgarian Social
Democratic Party in 1891. Through many years of factional splits,
coalitions, changes of designation, underground operations, and front
organizations, the BKP finally emerged from World War II (with Soviet
backing) as the only viable political force in the country.

COMECON--Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Economic alliance
founded in 1949 to further cooperation among member states. Members
are Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia,
Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. Headquarters is in Moscow.

Fatherland Front--An umbrella organization for all other mass
organizations; provides a structure for democratic electoral processes
but, actually, is controlled by the BKP.

greenback--United States legal tender. Term used in international
monetary transactions since convertibility of the United States dollar
into gold was suspended on August 15, 1971.

lev (pl., leva)--Basic unit of currency; divided into 100 stotinki
(_q.v._). Officially rated at the artificial level of 0.97 per US$1.
Lev is nonconvertible and is actually exchanged at several different
rates depending on type of transaction.

stotinki (sing., stotinka)--100 stotinki equal one lev.

Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact)--A military alliance founded
in 1955. The Soviet minister of defense is traditionally the supreme
commander of the joint pact forces. Members are Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet
Union.

INDEX

Academy of Agricultural Sciences: 135

Academy of Sciences: 135

Agitation and Propaganda Department (Agitprop): 160, 169, 187

Agrarian Party. _See_ Bulgarian Agrarian Union

agriculture (_see also_ agroindustrial complexes): viii, 21, 160,
225-247, 260;
civil defense teams, 276;
collectivization, 3, 33, 34, 52-53, 69, 74, 77, 204;
cropping pattern, 230-231;
erosion, 227-228;
faulty practices, 243-244, 245-246;
fertilizers and pesticides, 243-244, 266-267;
five-year plans, 228, 229, 234, 235, 236, 237, 240;
income, 84;
investment, 211, 238-239, 245;
irrigation, viii, 41, 42, 44, 226, 229-230, 231, 300;
labor, 207, 225, 237-238;
land protection, 227-229;
land use, viii, 45-46, 227-231;
livestock and livestock products, viii, 225, 234, 241, 242, 244-247,
260;
marketing, 240-241;
mechanization, 239-240;
national income, 207, 241;
organization, 231-235;
planning and management, 235-237, 246;
private farm plots, 204, 225, 231, 234-235, 241, 245;
production, viii, 160, 225, 230, 241-247;
shortage of skilled workers, 225, 237, 244, 245, 246;
Thracian Plain, 45-46;
trade, 178, 222, 225, 247;
traditional, 76-77

agroindustrial complexes: viii, 5, 53, 203, 205, 225, 231-234;
communications problems, 236-237;
labor, viii, 232, 237, 238, 246;
land ownership, 234;
legal and economic aspects, 233-234;
marketing, 241;
planning and management, 236;
types, 232-233;
voluntary nature, 233

air and air defense forces: ix, 7, 287, 289, 290, 291, 298, 299;
training, 294, 295

airlines: ix, 62-63

Albania: 35, 172, 176, 179, 180, 292;
historic, 12, 14, 17

alcoholism: 190, 278, 281-282

Algeria: 257

Andonov, Ivan: 129

Angel, Isaac: 13

architecture: 133-135

armed forces (_see also_ air and air defense forces; army; navy): 7-8,
287-300;
cadet programs, 295-296;
equipment, 288, 291, 298;
logistics, 298, 300;
manpower, 292-293;
medical service, 296-297;
military justice, viii, 297-298;
military service, 142, 274, 275, 292-293, 296;
morale, 287, 296;
officers, 8, 289, 293, 298-299;
officers' training, 275, 295;
political indoctrination, 8, 289, 294, 300;
ranks, uniforms, and decorations, 298-300;
reserves, 293;
social benefits, 296;
Soviet aid, 291, 298;
Soviet officers, 179;
state and party control, 146, 288-289;
training, 293-296, 300

Armenians: 2, 55, 65

army: ix, 7-8, 32, 290-291;
border troops, ix, 7, 269, 273, 289;
Bulgarian People's Army, ix, 273, 287, 289;
Construction Troops, 269, 273-275, 293;
equipment, 290-291;
Soviet model, 288, 293

art: 131-133;
National Revival, 131-132;
Turnovo School of, 131

artisans and craftsmen: 72, 73, 86-87, 204, 211, 245, 249;
historic, 12, 17

artistic and intellectual expression: 21, 123-135, 162;
First Congress on Culture--1967, 155;
Golden Age, 7, 12, 14, 121, 126, 131, 134;
government and party control, 7, 123, 124-125, 155, 187;
ideological messages, 124, 128;
library clubs, 125;
minority groups, vii;
National Revival, 18, 131-132, 134, 135;
National Theater, 123, 128;
prestige, 7, 123;
self-censorship, 7, 125;
Soviet model, 7, 124;
Stalinist period, 124;
subsidies, 123, 125, 127, 128;
unions, 7, 125, 187, 276

Asen: 13

Attila the Hun: 54

Australia, relations: 179

Austria, historic: 17

Bagrianov, Ivan: 28

Balkan-Bulgarian Airlines (BALKAN): ix, 62-63

Balkan Pact: 26-27

Balkan wars, 1912, 1913: 21, 22-23, 288

banks and banking: viii, 204, 215-219;
Bulgarian Foreign Trade Bank, viii, 215, 216, 219;
Bulgarian National Bank, viii, 215, 216, 219;
credit, 204, 216-217;
state lotteries, 217;
State Savings Bank, viii, 215-216, 217

Basil II: 13

Battle of Ankara: 17

Battle of Varna: 17

Belgium, relations: 178-179

Black Sea: viii;
effect on climate, 43, 44, 45, 46, 226;
patrol boats, 273;
ports, 54;
tourism, 196

Black Wind: 44

Blagoev, Dimiter: 30

Bobov Dol: 253-254, 255

Bokov, Georgi: 186

border troops: ix, 7, 269, 273, 289

Boris I: 11, 66

Boris III: 25, 26, 27, 28, 30

Botev: 196

Botev, Khristo: 126

boundaries: 2, 48-50;
Congress (Treaty) of Berlin--1878, 2, 22;
Greece, 49-50, 273;
post-World War I, 25, 49;
post-World War II, 29, 49;
Romania, 49, 50, 273;
Treaty of San Stefano--1878, 2, 20, 22;
Turkey, 49, 50, 273;
Yugoslavia, 49, 273

Boyana Church: 131

Bozhinov, Alexander: 132

Brezhnev, Leonid: 3, 156, 162

budget: 213-215

Bulgars: vii, 2

Bulgaranov, Boyan: 161

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: 245

Bulgarian Agrarian Union: 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 141, 150, 153, 163-164,
165, 191;
membership, 163, 277;
organization, 163

Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) (_see also_ Politburo; State Council;
Tenth Congress): 3, 25, 141, 157-163;
Central Committee, vii, 3, 4, 153, 157-158, 160, 191;
democratic centralism, 157, 166;
first secretary, vii, 4, 140, 143, 158, 160;
growth of, 30-36, 158-159;
membership, 158-160, 276;
New Course, 34;
news organization, 192;
nomination of candidates, 150-151;
organization, 157-158, 284;
Party Congresses, 3, 155, 157, 159, 160-163;
party uprising--1923, 25-26, 30;
pre-World War II, 25, 26;
purges, 32, 34, 35, 36, 159, 161;
Secretariat, vii, 3, 4, 153, 157, 158, 162-163;
Soviet leadership, 156, 157, 160, 171;
structure, 3, 137;
supremacy over all aspects of Bulgarian life, 156, 184, 276-277;
women members, 160, 168

Bulgarian Hunting and Fishing Union: 277

Bulgarian National Library: 187,199

Bulgarian Red Cross: 167, 277

Bulgarian Telegraph Agency: 186-187

Bulgarian Union for Physical Culture and Sports: 277

Bulgarian Union of Tourists: 277

Bulgarians abroad: 55, 272

Bulgars: 9, 10, 11, 52

Burgas: 47, 54, 57, 62, 199, 227, 250, 254, 255

Byzantine Empire: 9, 10-11, 12-17 _passim_

Canada, relations: 178

Carpathian Mountains: 38

caves: 40, 47

Central Leninist Party School: 121

Chelopets: 259

Chervenkov, Vulko: 3, 34, 35, 113, 115, 153, 159, 160, 161, 186

China, People's Republic of: 35, 160-161, 189

citizenship: 272

civil defense: 167, 275-276

civil rights: 142, 186, 283, 285-286

climate: vii, 37, 42-44, 226

Committee for Science, Art, and Culture: 106

Committee of Bulgarian Women: 168-169

Committee of State Security: 36, 271

Committee on Art and Culture: 125, 140, 155, 198, 199

communications. _See_ mass communications

Communist Party. _See_ Bulgarian Communist Party

Congress of Berlin: 2, 22

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON): vii, 171, 176,
179-180, 240; trade with, viii, 180, 222

Council of Ministers: vii, 4, 106, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 145-147,
218-219, 220;
administration of ministries, viii, 5;
agricultural programs, 228, 238;
Department of Motion Pictures, 201;
establishment, 139;
functions, 5, 140, 145-147, 173, 174, 204, 205, 216, 235-236, 250,
261, 274;
legislative initiative, 32, 140, 141;
organization (chart), 146;
police power, 146

Couve de Murville, Maurice: 178

crime: 190, 269-270, 273, 279-282;
criminal code, 282-283;
death penalty, 283, 298;
economic, 281;
juvenile, 280, 294;
military, 297-298;
penalties, 280, 283;
political, 142, 269, 270, 274, 280-281, 283

Crusades: 13

Cuba: 117, 180, 222

currency: viii, 14, 219-220;
exchange rates, 219, 221

Cyril: 11, 126

Czechoslovakia: 106, 172;
Bulgarian students, 117;
relations, 175, 222;
Soviet invasion, 1968, 155, 189-190

dams: 42

Danube River: viii, 41, 44, 54, 61-62, 227;
as boundary, 49, 50;
Iron Gate, 38, 62;
patrol boats, 273, 291

Danubian plateau: 38, 39, 41, 43, 226-227;
population density, 57

Dimitrov, Georgi: 2-3, 25, 32, 34, 121, 165, 172

Dimitrov, Vladimir: 132

Dimitrov Communist Youth Union (Komsomol): 155, 166-168, 169, 185,
277-278;
membership, 217-218;
officer training, 289;
premilitary training, 294-295;
source of manpower reserve, 167, 294

Dimitrovgrad: 55

Dimov, Dimitur: 127

divorce: 70, 190

Dobrudzha: 15, 27, 28, 29, 40, 43, 50, 226

Dolni Dubnik: 254

Dospevaki, Vladislav: 132

Dragoman Pass: 59

Dragoycheva, Tsola: 161

drainage: 38, 41-42

Dzhurov, Dobri: 289

Economic Commission for Europe: 181

economy: viii, 5, 203-223;
automation, 203-204, 236-237, 249;
BKP policies, 215, 250;
Bulgaria's Great Leap Forward, 160-161;
decentralized management, 156, 205, 250;
five-year plans, viii, 154, 157, 160, 250, 254, 255;
investment, 210-213, 260-261;
national income, 204, 206-207, 210, 300;
New Economic Model, 156;
organization, 204-206;
Soviet aid, viii, 156, 175, 203, 212, 223;
State Planning Committee, 5;
trusts, 205-206, 220-221, 233, 251;
Twenty-Year Plan of Economic Development, 161;
World War I, 24;
World War II, 28

education: viii, 6-7, 21, 93-122;
abroad, 96, 97, 116-117;
administration, 96, 106-107;
adult, 97, 120, 121;
boarding schools, 120;
Center for Amateur Scientific and Technical Activities among Youth
and Children, 279;
Communist policies, 97-99, 113, 115;
ethnic minorities, 96, 99, 102;
financing, 107-108;
foreign student exchange, 94, 116-117;
graduate, 116;
higher (_see also_ students of worker or peasant origin, preference,
_infra_), 6-7, 21, 94-95, 97, 98, 100-101, 104, 105, 111, 113-118;
history, 21, 95-97;
ideological indoctrination, viii, 6, 97-99, 100, 115, 121, 159, 169,
284, 285;
literacy, 21, 93, 95-96, 97, 98, 106, 120, 169;
of prisoners, 284;
polytechnic schools, 103, 104, 105, 110-111, 112;
private schools, 120-121;
reforms, 6-7, 96, 99-105, 109, 110, 159, 162;
religious, 94, 95, 96, 98-99, 100, 121;
scholarships, 102, 117;
science and technology, emphasis on, viii, 58, 93, 94, 117-118, 167,
237, 263;
Soviet pattern, 93, 98, 100, 102, 115, 118, 119;
special, 113, 119-120;
state control, 76, 97-99, 100, 113, 120;
students of worker or peasant origin, preference, 6, 73, 74, 76,
93-94, 99, 162;
teacher training, 101, 102, 103, 115, 118-119;
Teachers Union, 277;
technical and vocational schools, 96-97, 99, 100, 101-102, 104, 110,
111, 112-113, 116, 121, 284;
Turkish period, 16;
work concept, 98, 101-102, 103, 109

elections: 3-4, 149-151;
BKP membership, 150;
Central Election Commission, 149-150;
Law of Election for the National Assembly, 149;
1971 Constitution, 149;
nominations, 150, 165;
Secretariat, 158;
trade unions, 166

electric power: 255-257, 266;
hydroelectricity, 41, 42, 176, 180, 252, 255

Elin Pelin Bulgarian Bibliographical Institute: 199

Eliseyna: 259

ethnic groups:
Armenians, 2, 55, 65;
Bulgar, vii, 2;
Greek, vii, 2, 55, 58, 65, 106;
Jews, 2, 28, 34, 55, 58, 67, 106;
Macedonians, vii, 55, 58, 65, 66;
minority languages, vii, 97;
Romanians, vii, 2, 55, 58, 65;
Turks, vii, 2, 55, 65-66, 106, 177

European Conference for Security and Cooperation: 176

family: 65, 67-71;
extended family (_zadruga_), 67-68, 70-71, 76;
family allowance payments, 90;
traditional, 67-69

Father Paisi: 18, 95, 126

Fatherland Front: 7, 33, 77, 100, 137-138, 139, 141, 165-166, 277;
BKP use of, 7, 166, 276;
_Izgrev_, official organization, 191;
National Council (Committee), 31, 137, 150, 164;
State Council, relationship, 164;
World War II, 1, 29, 31-32

Ferdinand, King: 22, 24, 25

films: viii, 91, 129, 184, 187, 200-202;
Soviet, 201

finance (_see also_ budget): viii, 21

folk arts: 126,130-131

folk songs: 18

forced labor camps: 273

foreign policy: 155, 171-181;
Chervenkov, 34;
Communist countries, 175-176;
conduct of, 173-175;
historical factors, 172-173;
irredentism, 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 20, 21-22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 176;
military relations (_see also_ Warsaw Treaty Organization), 292;
noncommunist states, 175, 176-179;
Soviet model, 35, 171, 172, 173, 178;
Western Europe, 155, 178-179, 190

foreigners, laws governing stay of: 272-273

France: 178, 222

freedom of information: 186-187

French Revolution: 18

Gabrovo: 253

Genkov, Genko: 133

Genov, Todor: 127

geography: v, vii, xiv, 2, 137

Georgiev, Iliya: 185

Georgiev, Kimon: 26, 29, 32

German Democratic Republic: 117, 172, 175, 222

Germany (_see also_ World War I; World War II): 9, 27

Germany, Federal Republic of: 178, 222

Ghiaurov, Nikolai: 129

Goths: 10

government (_see also_ Bulgarian Communist Party; Chervenkov; Council
of Ministers; Dimitrov, Georgi; National Assembly; State Council;
Zhivkov): vii, 3-5, 137-151;
BKP control, 137, 143, 149, 153;
central, 142-147;
Dimitrov constitution, 1947, 1, 32-33, 97-98, 100-101, 106, 139-140,
143, 168, 186;
Fatherland Front coalition--1944-1947, 1, 2, 31-32, 139, 158, 163,
165, 172;
interwar years, 25-27;
local, _see_ local government;
1971 constitution, 137-138, 140-142, 145, 149, 156, 162, 163-164,
168, 173, 186;
Soviet model, 137, 140;
structure (chart), 144;
Turkish rule, 16;
Turnovo Constitution--1879, 21, 32, 138-139;
unity of rule, 35, 138, 140, 141-142, 148, 149, 153, 157

Greece: 26-27, 35, 177, 290, 296;
Balkan Wars, 22-23;
historic, 9, 10, 11, 14;
radio relay lines, 195;
World War I, 23

Greeks: vii, 2, 55, 58, 65, 106

Grigorov, Mitko: 161

Gypsies: 55, 66, 106

health: 79-83;
feldshers, 82;
hospitals, 80, 82;
life expectancy, 79-80;
physicians, 81, 82;
polyclinics, 80-82;
Public Health Service, 80-83

history (_see also_ Turkish rule): 9-36;
Balkan wars--1912 and 1913, 21, 22-23, 288;
Byzantine Empire, 9, 10, 11, 12-14, 17;
early, 9-15;
early migrations, 10;
feudalism, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16;
First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms, 1, 9, 10, 11-15;
Golden Age, 7, 12, 121, 126, 131, 134;
independence, 21;
interwar years, 25-27;
monarchy abolished in 1946, 32;
postliberation, 20-21;
Slavs, 2, 9, 10, 11, 52

Holy Roman Empire: 14

housekeeping: 70, 91

housing: 85, 87-89, 211;
conveniences, 53, 79, 89;
rural, 88;
shortage, 71, 87-88, 213, 250

Hungary: 28, 172, 175; historic, 15, 17

Huns: 10, 11

hydroelectricity: 41, 42, 252, 255;
Danube River cooperative project, 176, 180, 255

industry: viii, 3, 5, 24, 161, 222-223, 249-261;
civil defense teams, 276;
economic crime, 281;
forced labor camps, 273;
growth, 6, 21, 34, 264;
investment, 211, 253, 260-261;
labor, _see_ labor;
organization, 249-252;
production, 263, 264-265;
programs for improvement, viii, 5, 154, 160, 249, 250, 264;
quality, 264-265;
raw materials, 175, 252, 257-260;
raw materials, fuels and power shortages, 203, 249, 252, 257, 259,
260, 261;
Soviet aid, 6, 175, 223, 249, 254, 255, 260;
State Inspectorate for Industrial Power and Power Control, 256;
state ownership, viii, 3, 32-33, 69, 249;
supply system, 251-252;
textile, 208, 264, 267;
trusts, 5-6, 203, 213, 249, 250, 251

Institute for the Improvement of Teachers: 118-119

Institute for Political Instruction: 121

international organizations: vii

irredentism: 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 20, 21-22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 176

Iskur River: 41, 42, 49

Italy: 9, 27, 28, 179, 222

Ivan Asen II: 14

Ivan Vazov State Library: 199

Jews: 2, 28, 34, 55, 58, 67, 106;
emigration, 34, 58;
World War II, 28

Johnson, Lyndon B.: 177

judicial system: viii, 7, 138, 144, 148-149, 269, 283-284;
Chief Prosecutor, 138, 141, 144, 148-149;
district courts, 148;
military courts, viii, 148, 297-298;
party control, 149;
penal institutions, 7, 269, 284-286;
special courts, viii;
Supreme Court, viii, 141, 144, 148, 149, 297

Kalarov, Vasil: 25, 32

Kaloyan: 14

Kamchiya River: 46

Karavelov, Lyuben: 126

Khristov, Boris: 129

Khrushchev, Nikita: 3, 34, 35, 102-103, 161, 173, 192

Komsomol. _See_ Dimitrov Communist Youth Union

Kostov, Traicho: 34, 35

Koulekov, Pencho: 133

Kozloduy: 255

Kremikovtsi: 257

Krumovo: 257

Kurdzhali: 259

Kyustendil: 196

labor: viii, 58, 207-210, 252, 261, 262-264, 300;
agricultural, viii, 207, 225, 232, 237-238, 246;
BKP membership, 159;
Construction Troops, 269, 273-275;
employment, 207, 264;
Labor Army, 274;
lack of incentive, 204;
preferential treatment of workers, 6, 73, 74, 76, 93-94, 99, 162;
shortage of skilled workers, viii, 203, 207-208, 225, 237, 244, 245,
246, 256, 263, 300;
sickness and disability benefits, 89-90;
wages, 84, 208-210, 237-238, 262-263;
workweek, 91

language: vii, 97, 102;
Cyrillic alphabet, 12, 126;
foreign, education in, 113;
minorities, vii;
Russian, compulsory education, 109, 110

Lasarov, Ivan: 133

Levski, Vasil: 19

liberation, 1878: 1-2, 19-21, 52, 287, 288;
Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, 19;
Congress (Treaty) of Berlin, 2, 22;
growth of nationalism, 17-20;
Internal Secret Revolutionary Organization, 19;
"moderates"-"radicals", 19;
revolution of 1876, 19-20, 288;
Russian role in, 1, 19, 20, 172;
Treaty of San Stefano, 1878, 2, 20, 22;
Turnovo Constitution, 21, 32, 138-139

libraries: 183-184, 199-200;
Cyril and Methodius Library, 187

literature: 125-128, 187;
historic, 12, 14, 15;
periodicals, 126, 128;
_Slav-Bulgarian History_, 18, 95, 126;
writers' revolt, 127-128;
Writers' Union, 125

living conditions (_see also_ health; housing): 79-91, 300;
Commission on the Living Standard, 84, 205;
consumer goods, shortage, 83, 84, 86;
cost of living, 83-84, 85;
leisure, 91;
rural, 53, 88;
special plenum on, viii, 83-84, 87, 203, 205, 209-210;
workers and peasants, 84, 85

local government: vii, 50-52, 137, 138, 140, 141, 147-148;
budget, 213;
cities and towns (_rayoni_), 50, 147, 271;
civil defense, 276;
districts (_okruzi_), vii, 50, 52, 107, 144, 147, 159, 236;
elections, 149;
legal departments, 284;
police, 148, 271;
townships (_obshtini_), vii, 50, 52, 147, 271

Lovech: 254

Lulchev, Kosta: 32, 33

Macedonia: Bulgarian territorial claims, 1, 9, 13-14, 21-23, 24, 26,
27, 28, 49, 176;
historic, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20-23, 29;
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 22, 25, 26;
People's Republic of, 66

Macedonians: vii, 55, 58, 65, 66

Macedonian terrorism: 23, 25, 26

Madan: 55, 259

Magyars: 12, 13

Manov, Emil: 128

Maritsa-Iztok coalfield: 253

Maritsa River: 40, 42, 45, 49, 55, 59, 60, 226, 227, 255

Marxism-Leninism (_see also_ ideological indoctrination _under_
education): 141, 167, 175

mass communications (_see also_ films; press; publishing; radio and
television): viii, 183-202;
administration, 187-188;
local groups, 185;
objectives, 183, 184-185;
party control, 183, 186;
pro-Soviet themes, 183, 188, 189, 191;
public opinion, 184;
relative popularity, 185;
state ownership and regulation, viii, 183;
themes, 183, 188-189, 191

mass organizations (_see also_ Dimitrov Communist Youth Group;
Fatherland Front): 7, 65, 76, 77, 164-169;
BKP control through, 7, 153, 164, 165, 166;
civil defense, 276;
ideological training, 169;
memberships, importance, 76;
public order role, ix, 276;
social pressure by, 269;
sources of popular opinion, 7;
trade unions, 89, 166, 185, 193, 276, 277;
youth groups, 8, 76, 167-168, 277-279

merchant marine: 62

Mesta River: 42, 49, 226

Methodius: 11, 126

Mihailov, Ivan: 161

Milev, Ivan: 132

mineral resources: 37, 47-48, 252-257

mineral waters: 48

Ministry of: Agriculture (and Food Industry), 193, 205, 228, 233, 235,
236, 240;
Chemical Industry and Power Generation, 204;
Culture, 106, 195;
Education, 106;
Finance, viii, 89, 204, 213, 219, 221;
Foreign Affairs, 173-174;
Foreign Trade, viii, 173-175, 204, 219, 221;
Information and Communications, 187;
Interior, 32, 35, 154;
Internal Affairs, ix, 7, 148, 167, 269, 271, 273, 284;
Justice, viii, 7, 32, 283-284, 285;
National Defense, ix, 7, 8, 167, 193, 273, 275, 287, 288, 289-290, 294;
National Education, 106-107, 116, 167, 198, 208, 263;
Public Education, 96;
Public Health, 80;
Supply and State Reserves, 251-252;
Transport, 63

Montenegro: 22, 28

motor vehicles: 59

Murad I: 15

Murkvichka, Ivan: 132

music: 129-130

National Assembly. (_See also_ State Council): vii, 4, 137, 138, 142,
144, 147;
elections, 139, 147, 149, 150;
establishment, 139;
functions, 4, 5, 32, 139-140, 145, 147, 148, 149, 173, 213-214;
presidium, 139, 141, 143

National Liberation Army: 31

National School of Choreography: 113

national security (_see also_ armed forces; border troops; civil
defense; police): ix, 154, 269-286;
organization, 270;
police state period, 159, 270-271;
state security police, 7, 269, 270

nationalism: 189; historic, 16

naval base (Varna): 54

navy: ix, 7, 287, 289, 291, 295, 298, 299

Nedkova, Maria: 133

Nicephorus: 11

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 290

opera: 123, 129-130

_Otechestven Front_: 191, 192-193

Ottoman Turks (_see also_ Turkish rule): 15-16

Panagyurishte: 259

_Partisan Song_: 132

Pavlov, Todor: 161, 187

Pavlovich, Nikola: 132

Peasant Union Party: 32

peasants (_see also_ Bulgarian Agrarian Union): 6, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74;
BKP membership, 159;
populism movement, 25;
postliberation period, 21;
preferential treatment for education, 6, 73, 74, 76;
Turkish rule, 16-17, 131

Pelin, Elin: 127

penal institutions: 7, 269, 284-286

pensions: 89, 90

Pernik coalfields: 253, 254

Peter, rebellion against Byzantine Empire: 13

Petkov, Nikolai: 32

Petrov, Ilia: 132

Philip of Macedon: 10, 54

Pioneers (Young Septembrists): 167-168

Pirdop: 259

Pirin range: 40, 42, 46, 57, 227

Pleven oil refinery: 254-255

Pliska: 11

Plovdiv: 45, 54, 226, 250, 255, 259;
libraries, 199;
railroads, 59, 60;
universities, 115

Poland: 172, 175

police: ix, 7, 269; People's Militia, 148, 269, 270, 271-273;
registration of weapons, etc., 272;
secret police (police state period), 159, 270-271;
voluntary paramilitary auxiliaries, 269

Politburo: vii, 3, 4, 5, 143, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 187;
composition, 154, 156, 162-163;
foreign policy role, 171

Pomaks: 16, 55, 67

Popov, Lyuben: 194

population (_see also_ ethnic groups): vii, 37, 55-58;
by age and sex, 55, 56;
exchanges, 57-58;
growth rate, vii, 57;
minorities,
percent, 37, 55, 65;
rural, 56, 57

ports: Black Sea (_see also_ Burgas; Varna): 54, 62

Preslav: 12

press: 183, 184, 190-193; BTA, 187, 188, 189;
circulation, 193;
foreign language, 188;
party control, 186-187, 190-191, 192;
periodicals, 193;
provincial, 192, 193;
public attitude, 185;
Sofia Press Agency, 187-188;
Soviet pattern, 191-192;
Union of Bulgarian Journalists, 186, 191

private ownership: 33, 140, 142, 204;
Law on Citizens' Property, 142

propaganda: 183, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191, 194;
anti-Western (_see also_ Western influence), 155, 169, 188-189, 190,
191;
Soviet Press Agency, 187-188

publishing: viii, 183, 187, 197-199;
ideological content, 198-199;
party control, 187, 197, 198;
promotion of books abroad, 199;
textbooks, 197-198, 199;
translations, 197

_Rabotnichesko Delo_: 191, 192

radio and television: 125, 183, 184, 193-196, 267;
color TV, 183, 196;
foreign language, 195, 196;
Intervision, 196;
party control and use, 187, 194, 195;
popularity, 185;
programming, 195, 196;
radio relay ties, 195;
TV subscribers, 196

railroads: viii, 59-61;
Orient Express, 59

rainfall: 43-44, 226

Rakovsky, Georgi: 19

religion: vii, 33, 65, 66-67, 189;
Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 15, 19, 33, 66, 95, 98, 99, 121;
Christianity, early, 12, 13, 14;
church schools, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 121;
Committee for Religious Affairs, 33;
freedom of, vii, 66-67, 142;
government control, 67;
Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church, 12, 16, 95;
Jews, vii, 34, 67;
Moslem, vii, 16, 33, 67;
Protestants, vii, 33-34, 67;
religious art, 131;
Roman Catholics, vii, 14, 33, 67;
Russian Orthodox Church, 33;
Turkish era, 16, 66

Rila Monastery: 134

Rila mountains: 40, 41, 42, 46, 57, 226, 227;
mineral resources, 253;
Mount Musala, 40

Rilska River: 42

roads: 61

Rodopi (Rhodope) Mountains: 25, 39-40 _passim_, 55, 226, 227;
as boundary, 49;
mineral resources, 48, 257, 259;
Pomaks in, 67;
population density, 57

Romania: 26-27, 35, 172, 175, 176, 256, 287;
Balkan War--1913, 22-23;
border crossing, 50;
cooperative hydroelectric power complex, 176, 180, 255;
World War I, 24

Romanians: vii, 2, 55, 58, 65

Romans: 9-10, 11, 12, 54

Rositsa River: 42

Rumili (Rumelia): 16, 20

Ruse: 54, 115, 199, 232, 250;
railroads, 59, 60

Russia: 9, 17, 19, 22, 106, 172;
Revolution--1917, 24

Saint Sophia church: 54

Saint Theodor of Plateina: 131

Sakar mountains: 40

Samuel, King: 13

Scientific and Technical Union: 277

sculpture: 133

Serbia: 12, 15, 17, 22, 23, 28

settlement patterns: 52-55

shipbuilding: 62

Shumen: 199

Simeon, regency for: 28

size: vii, 37

Slaveikov, Pencho: 127

Slaveikov, Petko: 126

Slavs: 2, 9, 10, 11, 52

Sliven: 253

Slunchev Bryag: 196

smuggling: 273

Smyrnenski, Khristo: 127

social benefits: 89-91, 142

Social Democratic Party: 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 159, 191

social system: 6, 65-77;
BKP membership, 6, 75;
Communists, effect of, 65, 69, 73-77;
feudal, 11;
party elite, 6, 73-74, 75;
peasants (_see also_ peasants), 6, 71,72, 74;
rural-urban differences, 71-73;
social mobility, 6, 7, 75-76;
traditional, 6, 65, 72-73, 76-77;
urban intelligentsia, 72, 73

Socialist patriotism: 189

Sofia: 40, 53-54, 250;
Academy of Fine Arts, 132;
administrative district, 50;
Bulgarian National Library, 199;
climate, 44, 53;
education in, 107, 115, 117;
Higher Institute of Construction and Engineering, 275;
hot springs, 48, 53-54;
industry, 259;
libraries, 199;
media administrative center, 187;
mineral resources, 47, 48;
Radio Sofia, 195;
television, 196;
theaters, 128, 129;
transportation, ix, 59, 60, 63;
Turkish period, 16, 17;
University of, 96, 97, 113, 135;
World War II, 28, 29

Sofia Basin: 38, 41, 227

soils: 44-45, 226-227

Soviet Union: Bulgarian students, 116;
Bulgarian timber workers, 260, 263;
electricity imports from, 256;
influence, 3, 9, 10, 29-30, 155;
relations, 153-154, 156, 162, 171, 172, 175, 296;
trade, viii, 175, 180, 222, 244, 257;
World War II, 27, 28-29, 30-31, 288

sports: 91

Sredna Gora: 38, 42, 45, 259

Stalin, Joseph: 3, 34, 159, 172-173, 191-192, 270

Stambolisky, Alexander: 25, 163

Stara Planina: 38-46 _passim_, 226, 227;
Botev Peak, 38;
mineral resources, 47, 48, 253, 257, 259;
population density, 57

Stara Zagora: 194, 199, 255

State Committee for Education and Technical Progress: 116, 140

State Council: vii, 137, 147;
BKP membership, 143;
establishment, 156, 162;
executive council of Council of Ministers, 145, 174;
Fatherland Front, relationship, 164;
functions, 4-5, 143-145, 149, 173, 174;
legislative initiative, 138, 141, 144;
president, 143

Strandzha mountains: 40, 47, 227, 257

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: 181

Struma River: 42, 49, 226, 227, 253

suffrage: 21, 138, 139, 149

Suleiman the Magnificent: 17

Svishtov: 97, 115

Tarabanov, Milko: 180

Tatars: 15, 17

taxes: 84, 214

Tenth Party Congress: 140-141, 154, 156, 157, 161-163, 211, 212;
Soviet-Bulgarian relations, 173;
theme, 162

theater: 123, 125, 128-129

Thrace: 10, 14, 15, 20, 29;
Bulgarian territorial claims, 1, 9, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 49

Thracian Plain: 38-45 _passim_, 226, 227
agriculture, viii, 45-46;
population density, 57

timber: 260, 266

Timok River: 49

Todorov, Stanko: 143, 161

topography: vii, 37-41

tourism: 133, 134;
laws on stay of foreigners, 272-273;
official currency exchange rate, 219;
special problems, 282;
television programs, 196

trade (_see also_ Council for Mutual Economic Assistance): 27, 179,
207, 220-223, 259;
Arab countries, 179, 222;
balance of trade, 223;
foreign trade organizations, 220, 221;
historic, 14, 17, 18, 27;
imports of minerals, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260;
incentives and subsidies, 220-221;
Soviet Union, viii, 175, 180, 222, 244, 257;
state monopoly, viii, 220; U.S., 177-178

transportation: viii, 59-63, 86;
airways, ix, 62-63;
Berlin-to-Baghdad route, 59;
cargo, viii, 59, 61-62;
merchant marine, 59;
passenger, viii, 61;
railroads, viii, 59-61;
roads, viii, 61;
waterways, viii, 61-62

Traykov, Georgi: 164

Treaty of San Stefano: 2, 20, 22

Tsar Ivailo: 14

Tsar Simeon: 12

Tundzha River: 42, 45, 227

Turkey (_see also_ Turkish rule; Turks): 26-27, 177, 290, 296;
Balkan Wars, 22;
radio relay lines with Bulgaria, 195

Turkish rule (_see also_ liberation): 9, 13, 15-20, 52;
administration, 16;
culture, 15, 17, 123, 126, 130, 131, 134;
education, 16, 93;
reforms, 18-19;
religion, 16, 66;
rise of nationalism, 17-20

Turks: vii, 2, 55, 65-66, 106, 177;
emigration, 57-58, 66

Turnovo: 15, 199; Balkantourist Hotel, 134

Tyulenovo: 254

Union of Working Youth: 277

United Nations: Committee on Disarmament, 181, 292;
membership, vii, 34, 172, 180;
participation, 180-181

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: 181

United States relations: 34, 35, 177-178, 222

urban development: 53

Ustashi: 26

Valley of Roses: 38, 45

Vaptsarov, Nikola: 127

Varna: 54, 57, 62, 199, 250;
radio and television, 195, 196;
railroads, 59, 60;
universities, 97, 115

Vazov, Ivan: 126-127

vegetation: 45-46

Velev, Angel: 150

Veliko Turnovo: 54

Velsko: 199

Vidin Kingdom: 15

Vietnam, North: 117, 222

Visigoths and Ostrogoths: 10

Vitosha mountains: 40

Vladigerov, Pancho: 130

Vratsa: 254

Vucha River: 42

Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact): vii, 7, 171, 175, 179, 287,
290, 292, 293-294, 298

Western influence: 18, 34, 176, 185, 294

wildlife: 47

women: 69-70;
alcoholism, 281;
BKP membership, 160;
Committee of Bulgarian Women, 168-169;
labor, 237, 262;
maternity leave, 90;
penal institutions, 285;
rights of, 142, 168;
traditional role, 68

Workers Party: 30

World War I: 23-25

World War II: 1, 9, 10, 23-25, 288;
declaration of war against Germany, 29;
effect, 29-30;
partisans, 30-31, 132, 277, 287;
relations with Soviet Union, 27, 30-31, 288;
Soviet occupation, 28-29, 31

youth: crime, 280, 285, 294;
films on, 202;
ideological training, viii, 6, 97-99, 100, 115, 121, 159, 169, 284,
285;
labor, 237;
news organization, 193;
nihilist attitude, 155-156, 167, 278-279, 295;
sources of information, 185

youth organizations (_see also_ Dimitrov Communist Youth Union): 8, 76,
167-168, 277-279

Yovkov, Yordan: 127

Yugoslavia: 26, 35, 172, 256;
Macedonians, treatment of, 66;
relations, 26-27, 34-35, 176, 192, 296;
World War II, 28

Yugov, Anton: 35, 161

Zakhariev, Vasil: 133

Zemen Monastery: 131

Zhivkov, Todor: 1, 3, 35-36;
agricultural policy, 230, 231-232, 233;
attempted coup against in 1965, 35-36, 153, 154, 156, 271;
Committee of Bulgarian Women, 168-169;
cultural policy, 124, 132;
economic reforms, 160, 206;
foreign policy, 35, 178;
head-of-state, 4-5, 143, 153, 158, 160, 161;
loyalty to Soviet Union, 1, 35, 153, 156, 171, 173, 175;
media restrictions, 186;
on education, 98, 103, 104;
on Politburo
membership, 162-163;
pension system, criticism of, 90;
reforms, 83, 154-155;
Tenth Party Congress, 162;
wage system reform, 208-209;
"Youth Theses", 155, 167

Zlatni Pyassutsi (Golden Sands): 55

Zveno (link) group: 26, 32

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Comments

Area Handbook for BulgariaChapter XXVII: Section IV: National Security

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