Chapter XXIV: Section IV: Economic

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_Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Socialiste Romania, 1970._
(Statistical Yearbook of the Socialist Republic of Romania, 1970).
Bucharest: Directia Centrala de Statistica, 1970.

Montias, John Michael. _Economic Development in Communist Romania._
Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1967.

U.S. Congress. 91st, 2d Session. Joint Economic Committee. _Economic
Developments in Countries of Eastern Europe._ Washington: GPO, 1970.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. _The
Agricultural Economy and Trade of Romania._ (ERS-Foreign 320.)
Washington: GPO, 1971.

U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Technical Services. Joint
Publications Research Service--JPRS Series (Washington). The
following items are from the JPRS Series _Translations on Eastern
Europe: Economic and Scientific Affairs_.

"Activities of Romanian Foreign Trade Banks Noted," _Finante si
Credit_, Bucharest, August 1971. (JPRS: 54,541, Series No.
568, 1971.)

"Antiquated Methods Hinder Conclusion of Economic Contracts,"
_Scinteia_, Bucharest, June 13, 1971. (JPRS: 53,695, Series
No. 506, 1971.)

"Better Use of Economic Potential," _Probleme Economice_,
Bucharest, April 1971. (JPRS: 53,416, Series No. 485, 1971.)

"Development of National Income Discussed," _Probleme
Economice_, Bucharest, April 1971. (JPRS: 53,521, Series No.
491, 1971.)

"Development of Trade with Socialist Countries Detailed," _Viata
Economica_, Bucharest, March 12, 1971. (JPRS: 53,001, Series
No. 459, 1971.)

"Economic Planning Process Described," _Lupta de Clasa_,
Bucharest, July 1971. (JPRS: 53,945, Series No. 524, 1971.)

"Foreign Trade, 1966-1970 Reviewed," _Viata Economica_,
Bucharest, February 12, 1971. (JPRS: 52,736, Series No. 441,
1971.)

"Foreign Trade Reform Analyzed," _Vierteljahresshefte zur
Wirtschaftsvorschung_, West Berlin, July-September 1971.
(JPRS: 54,691, Series No. 580, 1971.)

"Improvement of Wholesale Prices Discussed by Specialists,"
_Viata Economica_, Bucharest, September 11, 1970. (JPRS:
51,680, Series No. 368, 1970.)

"Improvement of Wholesale Price System," _Viata Economica_,
Bucharest, September 18 and 25, 1970; October 2 and 16, 1970.
(JPRS: 52,117, Series No. 398, 1970.)

"Interest Rates in New Credit System," _Viata Economica_,
Bucharest, October 9, 1970. (JPRS: 52,001, Series No. 389,
1970.)

"Local Budgetary Problems, Proposed Measures Cited," _Finante si
Credit_, September 1971. (JPRS: 54,748, Series No. 584, 1971.)

"Manpower Distribution Analyzed," _Revista de Statistica_,
Bucharest, November 1970. (JPRS: 52,236, Series No. 407,
1970.)

"Measures for Increasing Foreign Trade Efficiency," _Gazeta
Finantelor_, Bucharest, December 22, 1970. (JPRS: 52,510,
Series No. 426, 1970.)

"Modernization of Planning Advocated," _Probleme Economice_,
Bucharest, December 1970. (JPRS: 52,614, Series No. 434,
1970.)

"National Income in 1966-1970, 1971-1975," _Probleme Economice_,
Bucharest, May 1971. (JPRS: 53,755, Series No. 510, 1971.)

"New Methods for Planning Agriculture Discussed," _Agricultura_,
Bucharest, December 10, 1970. (JPRS: 52,324, Series No. 413,
1970.)

"Profits Termed Essential Indicator of Economic Efficiency,"
_Scinteia_, Bucharest, November 27, 1971. (JPRS: 54,748,
Series No. 584, 1971.)

"Relationship of Domestic, Foreign Prices Influences Export
Efficiency," _Finante si Credit_, Bucharest, June 1971. (JPRS:
54,056, Series No. 531, 1971.)

"Significance of Accumulation Rate Analyzed," _Probleme
Economice_, Bucharest, October 1971. (JPRS: 54,558, Series No.
570, 1971.)

"Socialist Planning in Light of World Planning," _Probleme
Economice_, Bucharest, April 1971. (JPRS: 53,392, Series No.
484, 1971.)

"Structural Changes in Manpower Distribution in 1966-1970,"
_Viata Economica_, Bucharest, March 12, 1971. (JPRS: 52,942,
Series No. 454, 1971.)

GLOSSARY

centrals--Industrial associations that group enterprises engaged in
the same or similar lines of production or enterprises at
successive stages of production as, for example, iron mines and
steel mills.

COMECON--Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Founded in 1949;
headquartered in Moscow. Members are Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
Purpose is to further economic cooperation among members.

_judet_ (pl., _judete_)--Local administrative division corresponding
to county or district. There are thirty-nine such counties plus the
municipality of Bucharest, which is administered as a judet. There
is no intermediate level between the central government and the
_judet_ government.

leu (pl., lei)--Standard unit of currency. Officially rated at the
level of 1 leu to US$0.18, the actual exchange rate varies according
to specific transactions, such as tourist exchange, foreign trade
exchange, hard currency purchase, or black-market transaction.

PCR--Partidul Comunist Roman (Romanian Communist Party). Founded in
1921. Declared illegal in 1924; operated underground until 1944.
Known as Romanian Workers' Party from 1948 until 1965.

UGSR--Uniunea Generala a Sindicatelr din Romania (General Union of
Trade Unions). Official organization incorporating all labor unions
of blue- and white-collar workers. Estimated membership in 1972 was
4.6 million.

UTC--Uniunea Tineretului Comunist (Union of Communist Youth). Official
organization that functions as the youth branch of the PCR (_q.v._).
Membership open to young people between ages fifteen and twenty-six.
Membership estimated in early 1972 at 2.5 million.

Warsaw Treaty Organization--Formal name for Warsaw Pact. Military
alliance of communist countries founded in 1955, with headquarters
in Moscow. The Soviet minister of defense is traditionally the
supreme commander of Warsaw Pact forces. Members are Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the
Soviet Union.

INDEX

abortion: 39, 57

administrative divisions: viii, 38

adult education: 7, 86-87

Africa: 156, 163, 168, 171, 172, 182, 183

Agerpres. _See_ Romanian Press Agency

Agricultural Bank: 261, 267

Agricultural Mechanization Enterprises: 262-264, 267

agriculture (_see also_ collective farms; livestock): v, viii, 8, 30, 31,
36, 41, 227, 229, 231, 232, 233, 236, 237, 241;
Commission, 117;
education, 76, 85, 87, 145;
labor, viii, 61, 233, 253, 262, 264-266;
production, 269-273, 274

aid foreign (_see also_ Council for Mutual Economic Assistance): 26, 103,
167, 169, 279;
military, 211-212, 216, 223

air forces: ix, 7, 211, 213, 214, 215-216, 219, 221, 224

air transport: ix, 45, 46-47, 196, 216

Albania: 27, 39, 42, 158, 166, 167, 172

Alecsandri, Vasile: 105

Alexandrescu, Grigore: 104

Allied Control Commission: 21, 24

Allies. _See_ World War I; World War II

Aman, Theodor: 97

Anti-Comintern Pact: 21

anti-Semitism: 17, 19, 56

anti-subversion. _See_ counter-subversion

Antonescu, Ion: 21, 175

Apostol, Gheorghe: 130, 131, 134, 136

Arad: 44, 193

archaeology: 94, 95, 99

architecture: 76, 99-100

Arghezi, Tudor: 106

aristocracy: 6, 12, 56, 75

armed forces (_see also_ military): ix, 7, 15, 16, 119, 120, 121, 133,
161, 200, 203, 211-216, 221-227;
command, 112, 116, 173, 213;
training, 220-221, 223

army (_see also_ ground force): ix, 7

arts and the artists: 7, 91, 92-94, 135, 152, 180;
education, 76, 81, 84, 85, 97;
union, 135

Asachi, Gheorghe: 104

Asia: 156, 163, 168, 171, 182, 183, 219

Aslan, Ana: 107

atheism: 5

Aurelian, Emperor: 11, 50

Austria (_see also_ Austro-Hungarian Empire): 20, 24, 33, 46, 54

Austro-Hungarian Empire (_see also_ Habsburgs; Hungary): 9, 13, 14, 18,
33, 37

automobiles (_see also_ traffic): 42, 203-204, 288

Avars: 11

Baia-Mare: 44, 52

Balaga, Lucian: 106

Balcescu, Nicolae: 104

Balkans: 22, 29, 163, 167, 170, 171, 185, 211;
history, 3, 9, 10

Banat: 10, 11, 32, 254;
population, 52, 53, 55

Banks for Agriculture and the Food Industry: 242, 243, 244, 267-268

banks and banking (_see also_ individual banks): 110, 242-246

Bessarabia: 18, 20, 37, 54, 55, 212

Bihor Massif: 30, 31

birth control: 39

birth rate: 39-40, 57

Black Forest: 34

Black Sea: vii, xiv, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 46, 47, 48, 216, 217, 218,
224, 276;
history, 10

Bokassa, Jean Bebel, president of the Central African Republic: 172

Book Central: 187, 188

Boris, Tsar: 11

boundaries, national (_see also_ individual neighboring countries):
vii, xiv, 9, 29, 32, 37-38, 211

Braila: 48

Brancusi, Constantin: 98

Brasov: 38, 44, 53, 102, 182

Brezhnev, Leonid: 165;
doctrine, 28, 159, 160, 164, 165

Brincoveanu, Constantin, Prince: 100

Bucharest: viii, xiv, 10, 15, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 67, 70, 147, 148, 155,
163, 207, 214, 221, 254, 263;
cultural, 67, 91, 96, 97, 98, 104, 107;
government, 122, 123, 125;
history, 16, 18, 19, 21;
information, 177, 181, 182, 186, 188, 189;
politics, 139, 141, 142, 147;
population, 38, 41, 54;
security, 195, 213, 216;
transport, 43, 44, 47

Bucharest Declaration: 168, 218

budget: 41, 112, 116, 120, 240-241, 248, 286;
local, 126

Bukovina: 10, 18, 20, 33, 37, 71, 72, 212

Bulgaria: 7, 37, 165-166, 167, 172, 182, 218, 219, 276, 278, 279;
border, vii, xiv, 10, 29, 32, 48, 216, 217;
history, 11, 20, 212

canals: ix, 29, 31, 46

Cantemir, Dimitrie: 104

capital punishment: 205

Carol I, King: 16, 17, 18

Carol II, King: 19, 20, 21, 175

Carpathian Mountains: vii, 29, 30, 31, 47, 94;
history, 11, 50

Ceausescu, Nicolae: 1, 2, 3, 27, 28, 93, 109, 113, 118, 119, 124-125,
127, 129, 130, 131-134, 136, 139, 140, 142, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151,
152, 153, 154, 184, 206, 213;
foreign relations, 7-8, 28, 132, 155, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165,
166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172-173

censorship (_see also_ freedom of expression): 176

census: 54, 55;
(1930), 79;
(1956), 54, 79;
(1966), 39, 49, 52, 143

Central European System: 185

cereals: 254, 255, 256, 272, 273, 274

Cernavoda: 43, 44

Cernavoda-Silistra: 279

Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. _See_ Carol I

chernozem: 35, 254

children (_see also_ students): 6, 14, 40, 57, 58, 183, 187, 199, 200;
care, 80, 82-83;
education, 74, 75, 76, 79, 82

Christianity (_see also_ Protestants; Roman Catholicism; Romanian
Orthodox Church): introduction of, 11, 67

church-state relations: viii, 4, 5, 66-67, 68, 69, 70

civil rights (_see also_ freedom of expression; ownership; religion;
suffrage): 3, 16, 66, 111-112, 113, 146, 150, 151, 176, 194, 201, 206

clergy: 5, 14, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70;
training, 66, 69, 72, 112

climate: vii, 29, 33, 34-35, 36, 253, 254

Cluj: 44, 52, 71, 72, 91, 102, 182, 186, 189, 213

coal: 238, 276-277, 288

_cobza_: 100

Codreanu, Corneliu: 20

collective farms: 24, 41, 58, 87, 194, 230, 236, 244, 257-261, 262, 263,
266, 267, 273, 280;
labor, vii, 264

College of Saint Sava: 104

commerce (_see also_ trade): 15

Communists and communism (_see also_ Romanian Communist Party): v, 3,
56, 127, 157;
and culture, 91, 92-94, 98, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107;
and economy, 8, 24, 49, 132, 133, 149-150, 229, 234, 275;
and education, 73-74, 76-77, 78;
government, 2-3, 24-28, 38, 110;
and information, 176, 183, 185, 189;
and religion, 4, 5, 65, 68, 70;
rise to power, 9, 22-24;
and social structure, 6, 49, 58-62

Concordat (1927): 69

Congress of Paris: 16

conscripts and conscription (_see also_ military): 7, 212, 219, 220,
221, 223

Constanta: 4, 44, 47, 182, 216, 217, 276

Constitution: 3, 5, 116;
(1866), 16, 17;
(1923), 18; (1938), 20;
(1948), 5, 110, 111;
(1952), 5, 110, 112, 119, 150;
(1965), vii, 5, 28, 66, 109, 110, 113-114, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122,
124, 125, 126, 146, 160, 161, 163, 206;
Commission, 116, 117;
development, 110-113

construction: 227, 232, 256, 257, 279, 280, 283, 287;
private, 242, 245;
youth, 201
consumer goods: 149, 229, 232, 235, 237, 239, 241, 251, 287-288;
export, viii;
production, 8, 30, 42

cooperatives: 82, 85, 114, 126, 127;
agricultural, 59, 153

Council of Ministers: 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119-121, 123,
124, 133, 140, 147, 161, 162, 176, 195, 198, 200, 214, 230, 240,
241, 243, 244, 256

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON): iv, 1, 2, 8, 26, 27,
150, 156, 157-158, 159, 161, 164, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 247,
249-250, 275

Council of Romanian Radio and Television: 182, 184

Council on Socialist Culture and Education: 94, 120, 176, 181, 186, 189

Council of State: vii, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117-119, 121, 122, 124,
125, 133, 140, 161, 162, 230, 240, 256, 289

Council of State Security: 119, 120, 121

counter-subversion: ix, 194, 202, 205

county. _See judet_

courts: viii, 115, 122-124, 194, 200, 205, 206-207;
military, 223

credit policies: 242, 245-246, 260, 266, 267-269

crime (_see also_ penal system): 193, 194, 196, 199, 201-203, 205, 206,
223, 257

Crimean War: 16

_Crisana_: 10, 32, 179

cultural activity (_see also_ architecture; arts and the artists; folk
culture; literature; music; painting; sculpture): 4, 7, 12, 14, 41,
52, 53, 54, 85, 87, 91, 92, 152

cultural influences: 4, 7, 12, 14-15, 50, 51, 62, 63, 69, 76, 93, 95,
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106;
nationalism, 7, 92, 97, 102, 104

currency (_see also_ exchange): 246-247

Cuza, Alexander: 16

Cyrillic alphabet: 14

Czechoslovakia: xiv, 20, 21, 30, 46, 163, 165, 172, 182, 190, 218, 224,
250, 278;
invasion of, 7, 9, 28, 119, 135, 150, 154, 159, 164, 165, 166, 170,
172, 211, 218

Dacia (_see also_ Dacians): 3, 11, 50, 67, 99

_Dacia Literata_: 104

Dacians (_see also_ Dacia; Daco-Romans): 2, 10, 11, 14, 50

Daco-Romans: 3

Danube River: 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45-46, 47, 48, 55,
167, 216, 217, 254, 279;
history, 10, 11, 12, 99

death rate: 39

defense (_see also_ armed forces; security): 116, 195, 241;
Commission, 117

Defence Council: 115, 118, 121, 133, 135, 140, 173, 213, 214

Densus: 99

Department of Cults: 5, 66

_Description of Moldavia_: 104

divorce: 57, 58

Dobruja: vii, 31, 32, 33, 34, 72, 99, 253;
history, 10, 20, 37;
population, 41, 55

Dogmatic Period: 92, 93

Dragan, Mircea: 103

Draghici, Alexandru: 130, 131, 134

droughts: 254

Dubcek, Alexander: 165

Eastern Europe: v, 8, 68, 94, 110, 155, 156, 158, 165, 166, 169, 172,
173, 182, 216, 218, 262;
economic relations, viii, 26, 170, 248

Eastern Orthodox Church (_see also_ Romanian Orthodox Church): 11, 13,
14, 53, 67, 99

Economic Council: 115, 119

economic development (_see also_ Five Year Plan): viii, 6, 8, 17, 61,
73, 119, 149-150, 156, 161, 242;
plans, 234-237, 242

economy (_see also_ agriculture; economic development; finance;
industry): v, viii, 8, 24, 25, 26, 42, 112, 113, 116, 120, 132,
133, 149, 158, 174, 226-227, 229-237;
Commission, 117

education (_see also_ adult education; indoctrination; schools;
technical/vocational education; universities): viii, 4, 6-7, 14, 15,
16, 60, 61, 62, 66, 73-83, 126, 200;
Act (1964), 74;
Commission, 117;
curricula, viii, 7, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82;
higher, 6, 59, 61, 73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 84, 85-86, 107-108;
law (1948), 77;
law (1968), 78, 87;
traffic, 204

Eforie Nord: 100

elections: vii, 23, 116, 117, 126-127;
(1937), 19;
(1948), 24;
(1969), 127, 135

electricity: ix, 277, 278-279, 288;
hydro, 29, 36, 167, 278, 279

elite class: 6, 60

emigration: 40-41, 53, 71;
illegal, 203;
Jews, 4, 72

Eminescu, Mihail: 105, 106

employment (_see also_ labor; wages): 41, 59, 84, 154, 195, 233-234,
253, 265, 266, 280, 284-286

Enescu, Georghe: 101

English language: 83, 181, 183

ethnic groups (_see also_ individual groups; minority ethnic groups):
vii, 3, 49-50, 55-56

European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan): 26, 157

Everac, Paul: 102

exchange, foreign: ix, 187, 230, 242, 244, 247

expenditure: 241

export: 236, 239, 244, 248-249, 251, 253, 286;
agricultural, viii, 36, 230, 273

Export-Import Bank: 251

family: 49, 56-58, 226, 257, 259

fauna. _See_ wildlife

Federal Republic of Germany: 28, 34, 43, 53, 159, 164, 165, 168-170,
190, 288

Ferdinand, King: 18, 19

films: 103, 175, 177, 189-190

finance (_see also_ budget; foreign exchange; investment; taxation;
trade): viii-ix

fishing and fisheries: 33

Five-Year Plan: viii, 8;
(1960-65), 26;
(1971-75), 8, 149-150, 229, 230, 245, 266, 275

floods: 43, 173, 208, 222, 227, 255, 270

folk culture: 65, 91, 94-96, 98, 100-101, 105

foodstuffs: 42-43; export, viii, 30

foreign exchange. _See_ exchange

foreign relations: 1, 2, 7, 25, 27, 28, 63, 118, 134, 136, 139, 154,
155, 162-174;
Commission, 117;
diplomatic representation, 118, 155, 159, 162, 163, 164-172;
economic. _See_ trade;
policy, 116, 120, 133, 152, 156-162, 175

forests and forestry: 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 85, 233, 255, 277-278, 284;
Commission, 117

France: 16, 20, 103, 168, 171, 212, 250;
cultural influence, 15, 62, 63, 76, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 190;
language, 83, 181, 183

freedom of expression (_see also_ press): 91-92, 111, 113, 175, 176

frontier troops: ix, 7, 211, 213, 214, 217, 221

fruit (_see also_ orchards and vineyards): 254, 272

Galati: 44, 48

gems: 243, 247

General Military Academy, Bucharest: 214, 221

General Regulation for Religious Cults (1948): 66, 70

General Union of Trade Unions: 120, 121, 133, 134, 136, 147, 148-149,
178, 198, 237, 243

geology: 30-32

Georgescu, Ion: 98

German Democratic Republic: 165, 172, 182, 190, 250

German ethnic group (_see also_ German language): vii, viii, 3, 4, 18,
49, 51, 53-54, 55, 56, 57, 69, 71, 102, 127, 135, 143, 151;
history, 11, 99

German language: vii, 51, 53, 54, 69, 83, 89, 180, 181, 183

Germany (_see also_ Federal Republic of Germany; German Democratic
Republic; Nazis): 18, 71, 101, 107, 212

Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe: 3, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 47, 110, 112, 130, 131,
134, 168;
foreign relations, 156, 157, 158, 159, 165

Giurgiu: 43, 44

gold: 277

Goths: 50

government (_see also_ Constitution; local government): vii, 17,
109-110, 115,
central, 114-124, 126

Grand National Assembly: 88, 109, 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121,
122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 133, 140, 151, 161, 162, 173, 237, 240, 241

Great Britain: 20, 23, 158, 171, 190, 212

Greater Romania: 18

Greece: 170-171

Grigorescu, Nicolae: 97

gross national product (GNP): 227, 233

ground force: 215, 224

Groza Petru: 23

Habsburgs (_see also_ Austro-Hungarian Empire): 14

handcrafts: 94-96

health: 42, 126;
Commission, 117;
education, 85

Heinemann, Gustav, president of the federal Republic of Germany: 170

Higher Political Council: 213

_History of the Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire_: 104

Hitler, Adolf: 20

Holy See. _See_ Vatican

housing: 40, 41, 42, 57, 58, 59, 61, 99, 195, 201, 233, 245, 256

Hungarian Autonomous Region (Mures-Magyar): 52, 111, 114, 150

Hungarian ethnic group (Magyars) (_see also_ Hungarian language): vii,
viii, 3, 4, 18, 49, 51, 52-53, 55, 56, 57, 69, 71, 72, 102, 111,
127, 135, 143, 151, 166;
history, 3, 11, 13, 37, 52, 63, 99

Hungarian language: vii, 51, 53, 69, 83, 89, 180, 181, 183

Hungarian People's Union: 23

Hungary (_see also_ Austro-Hungarian Empire): 37, 43, 46, 54, 163, 165,
166, 167, 172, 182;
border, vii, xiv, 10, 29, 38, 52, 203, 217;
history, 11, 19, 20, 21, 52, 53, 55, 67;
revolt, 26, 157

Iasi: 15, 105, 182, 186, 189, 213

ideological campaign: 152, 153, 154, 175, 178, 184

imports: 229, 239, 248, 249, 251, 253, 277, 284, 287;
substitute, 244

income: 40, 41, 59, 60, 61, 153, 240, 260, 264;
church, 66;
national, 231, 232, 253;
per capita, 230

independence: 15-17, 113, 135, 160;
'declaration of', 1, 2, 27

indoctrination, political (_see also_ propaganda): viii, ix, 132, 133,
139, 141, 144, 145, 146, 175, 176, 178, 183, 191, 201;
armed forces, 211, 221-222;
youth, 7, 73, 76, 77, 78-79, 80, 83, 84, 87, 132, 148, 180

industrialization (_see also_ industry): v, 6, 8, 15, 17, 18, 26, 41,
43, 49, 77, 85, 150, 161, 229, 247, 251, 253

industry (_see also_ construction; electricity; industrialization;
investment; nationalization): viii, 25, 110, 149, 157, 229-230, 232,
233, 275-283, 287-289;
commission, 117;
labor, vii-viii, 61, 264, 275, 283-286

information (_see also_ newspapers; periodicals; press; radio;
television): ix, 65, 175-177, 190-191;
foreign, 132, 152, 175, 181-182, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190

Institute of Historical and Social-Political Studies: 139, 145

intelligentsia (_see also_ arts and the artists; professionals): 59, 60,
62, 142, 148

international commitments (_see also_ individual pacts): v, ix, 121,
160, 172-174, 218-219

Intervision: 185

Investment Bank: 242, 243-244

investment, capital: 30, 42, 229, 233, 243, 268;
in agriculture, viii, 266-267; foreign, 18;
in industry, viii, 232, 275, 286-287

Ionescu, Eugene: 102

iron: 277, 288

Iron Gate: 31, 34, 55;
hydroelectricity, 167, 279

Iron Guard: 19, 20, 21

irrigation: 201, 227, 254

Islam: 4, 72

Israel: 4, 28, 41, 72, 159, 164, 171

Italy: 20, 21, 101, 168, 171, 190, 250

Jalea, Ion: 98

Japan: 21

Jews and Judaism: 3, 4, 17, 18, 19, 41, 54, 56, 72, 199

Jiu Valley: 276

journalists: 7

_judet_: 109, 110, 114, 124, 148;
courts, 122, 123, 124, 207;
political, 137, 141, 142;
security, 195

judges: 122, 206, 223

judiciary (_see also_ courts; military): 122-124, 194, 202, 206

Junimea: 105

justice (_see also_ courts; judiciary; military; penal system): viii

Justinian, patriarch: 70

Khrushchev, Nikita, premier of the Soviet Union: 2, 25, 26, 156, 157, 166

Kingdom of Romania: v, vii, 16, 18, 19

Kiselev, Pavel, Count: 15

Koenig, Cardinal: 70

Kogalniceanu, Mihail: 104, 105

labor force (_see also_ labor unions): vii-viii, 43, 57, 73, 149, 211,
226, 230, 233, 253, 262, 264-266, 269, 280, 282, 283-286;
code, 197;
conditions of, 111;
disputes, 123

labor unions (_see also_ General Union of Trade Unions): 5, 22, 80, 87,
123, 126, 127, 132, 135, 144, 176, 180, 199, 243

lakes: 32, 33-34

land (_see also_ forests and forestry; marshland; reform): viii, 237;
agricultural, 33, 36, 254-257;
conservation, 256, 257;
ownership, 230

languages (_see also_ individual languages): vii, 4, 83, 87, 88, 177,
181, 183

_lautari_: 100

leu: viii, 246, 305

Liberal Party: 18, 19, 23

libraries: 188-189

life expectancy: 39, 42

Lipatti, Dinu: 101

literacy: 6, 68, 73, 76, 79, 219

literature: 7, 14, 93, 103-107, 152, 187

livestock: 260;
products, 253, 254, 268, 269-270, 271, 272, 273, 274

living standards: 17, 30, 41-43, 57, 59, 60, 61, 88, 149, 153, 202, 239,
240, 264

local government: viii, 6, 38, 109, 110, 111, 114, 124-126, 198

_Luceafarul_: 105

Luchian, Stefan: 97

Lupescu, Magda: 19

Magyars. _See_ Hungarian ethnic group

Mairescu, Titu: 105

Mamaia: 100

Manescu, Corneliu: 162

Manescu, Manea: 140

Mangalia: 48, 100, 216

Maniu, Iuliu: 19

Maramures: 10, 32

marriage: 57, 195

Marshall Plan. _See_ European Recovery Program

marshland: 31, 32, 34, 35, 41, 43

Marxism-Leninism: v, 5, 76, 83, 107, 146, 147, 148, 151, 155, 160, 184,
187, 189

mass organization (_see also_ labor unions; women; youth): 145, 146-149,
178, 198-201

Maurer, Ion Gheorghe: 112, 127, 130, 131, 134, 135, 158, 162, 169

medical services: 42;
military, 222

merchant marine: ix, 30, 47-48

metallurgy: 283, 286

Michael the Brave (1593-1601): 12, 13

Michael, King (son of Carol II): 19, 21, 23, 176

Middle East (_see also_ Israel): 46, 171, 276

migration, historical: 3, 11, 13, 50

military (_see also_ aid; armed forces): 7, 8, 118-119, 134, 198;
foreign, 167, 171, 173;
honours, 226;
justice, viii, 122, 123, 205, 207-208, 222-223;
personnel, 195, 213, 219-220;
service, 7, 112, 211, 212;
volunteers, 220

Military Achievement Exhibit: 224

militia: 194, 195-197, 200, 203, 204, 206, 221

minerals (_see also_ coal; iron; natural gas; oil): 36-37, 275

ministries and ministers (_see also_ Council of Ministers; individual
ministries): 115, 119, 120, 133;
economic, 231, 234, 282, 283

Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Industry and Waters: 243, 244, 259, 261,
262

Ministry of the Armed Forces: 7, 121, 145, 195, 208, 212, 213, 214,
215, 217;
minister, 119, 121, 213-214

Ministry of Defense: 211

Ministry of Education: 75, 80-82, 84, 86

Ministry of Finance: 237, 241, 242, 243, 247

Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 162, 163;
minister, 119

Ministry of Foreign Trade: 162, 163, 248

Ministry of Internal Affairs: ix, 145, 195, 196, 208, 217, 221;
minister, 119, 121, 195

Ministry of Justice: 122, 123, 203, 207;
minister, 122

Ministry of Technical Material Supply and Control of the Management of
Fixed Assets: 236

Ministry of Transportation: 43, 46

Ministry of Youth Problems: 147;
minister, 200

minority ethnic groups (_see also_ individual ethnic groups): vii, 3-4,
49-50, 54-55, 91, 135, 139, 149, 150-151, 166;
education, 78, 88-89;
rights, 111

missiles: 216

Mobutu, Joseph, president of Zaire: 172

Moldavia: vii, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 254;
cultural, 95, 96, 99, 103, 104;
history, 3, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 33, 37, 67, 74;
population, 41, 54

monarchy, constitutional: 19, 23

mountains (_see also_ individual ranges): ix, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36,
41, 253, 254

_Munca_: 178

Muntenia: 31

music: 100-101, 184;
education, 75, 83

Muslims (_see also_ Islam): 4

Mures-Magyar. _See_ Hungarian Autonomous Region

National Bank of the Romanian Socialist Republic: viii, 242, 243, 245, 246

National Center for Cinematography: 189

National Democratic Front: 22, 23

National Peasant Party: 19, 22, 23

National Popular Party: 23

National Renaissance Party: 20

National Union of Agricultural Production Cooperatives: 133, 259

nationalism: 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 25, 56, 67, 92, 97, 102, 104, 129, 130,
132, 154

nationalization: 24, 55, 58, 110, 244

natural gas: ix, 29, 30, 36, 37, 47, 275, 276, 278, 288

navy: ix, 7, 48, 211, 213, 214, 216, 221

Nazis: 9, 19, 20-21, 37, 54, 157, 168

Negruzzi, Constantine: 104, 105

news agencies: 175, 181-182

newspapers: 53, 54, 104, 175, 176, 177-180, 182

Niculescu-Mizil, Paul: 140

Nixon, Richard M., president of the U.S.A.: 159, 170

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): 8, 161, 171, 218

nuclear free zone: 167, 171

nuclear power: 279

Official Bulletin of the Socialist Republic of Romania: 117

oil: ix, 29, 36, 47, 275-276, 288

Old Catholics: 72

Old Church Slavonic: 67, 103

Old Kingdom. _See_ Kingdom of Romania

Olt River: 31

Oltenia: 10, 11, 31, 95, 276

Oradea: 52

orchards and vineyards: 31, 32, 36, 254, 255, 257, 268

Ottoman Empire and the Turks: 9, 12, 13, 16, 32, 55, 63, 67, 72, 91

ownership (_see also_ private sector): 110, 113-114, 259, 260

PCR. _See_ Romanian Communist Party

Paciurea, Dimitrie: 98

painting (_see also_ arts and the artists): 95-98

Pana, Gheorghe: 140

Pann, Anton: 101

party politics (_see also_ individual parties): 14, 17, 20, 22, 175;
single party, 2, 5

pasture: 32, 33, 36, 254, 255, 257

Patrascanu, Lucretiu: 131, 134

Pauker, Ana: 22, 24, 25

peasantry (_see also_ folk culture, working class): 53, 58, 61, 62, 68,
74, 148, 153;
history, 12, 13;
revolt, 17

penal system: 201-202, 257;
code, 194, 205-206, 222;
institutions, 207-209

people's councils: 111, 114, 115, 116, 124, 125, 126, 196;
Commission, 117

People's Democratic Front: 24, 127, 135

People's Republic of China (_see also_ Sino-Soviet issue): 1, 27, 157,
158, 164, 167, 168, 250

periodicals: 53, 176, 180-181, 182;
library, 105, 107, 152

Peter, tsar of Russia: 2

petroleum: ix, 17, 20, 29, 37, 47, 276, 278

Petrosani: 276

Phanariots: 12-13, 15

Pioneers Organization: 77, 80, 198, 199, 201

pipelines: ix, 29, 47

Ploiesti: 37, 41, 44, 47, 216

Plowmans Front: 22, 23

Poland: xiv, 165, 172, 182, 224

police (_see also_ militia): ix, 24, 195, 196, 197, 198, 202, 203;
secret, 3, 25, 193, 197

pope: 14, 67, 68, 70, 71

Popescu-Gopo: 103

population: vii, 3, 30, 35, 38-41, 74

ports (_see also_ individual ports): ix, 17, 48, 196, 217

president, office and functions: 117, 118, 161, 214

Presidium: 110, 112

press: ix, 23, 93, 139, 176;
freedom, 16, 113, 153, 176

prices: 237-240, 249, 283

prime minister, office and functions: 110, 119, 120

private sector: 113-114, 230, 258, 268-269, 273, 280

professionals (_see also_ intelligentsia): 6;
unions, 94

propaganda (_see also_ indoctrination): v, 92, 139, 141, 153, 175, 176,
184, 190

Prosecutor General: 112, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123-124, 202

Protestants (_see also_ religion): viii, 4, 5, 13, 53, 71-72

Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
(VietCong): 163, 171

Prut River: 29, 30, 31, 33, 38, 46

publishing: 147, 175, 176, 177, 185-187

purges, political: 3, 24, 25, 77, 142, 156

Radescu, Nicolae, General: 22, 23

radio: ix, 54, 101, 175, 176, 177, 182-184, 191, 288

Radulescu, Ehade: 104

railways: ix, 16, 29, 43-45, 194, 196, 227

reform: 14, 16, 19, 132, 133, 153;
economic, 8, 19, 231, 237, 248, 285;
education, 73, 77-79;
land, 16, 17, 18, 55, 58

religion (_see also_ church-state relations; clergy; Protestants; Roman
Catholicism; Romanian Orthodox Church): viii, 4, 5, 62, 65-66, 127;
education, 4, 14, 66, 69, 72, 75, 76, 112;
freedom of, viii, 5, 65, 68, 111;
persecution of, 4, 65, 68, 70

Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam): 170, 171

research: 107-108

revenue (_see also_ taxation): 241, 269

riparian rights: vii

rivers (_see also_ individual rivers; riparian rights; waterways): ix,
29, 31, 33-34, 36

roads and highways: ix, 29, 43, 44, 99, 203, 227

Rodin, Auguste: 98

Roman Catholicism (_see also_ church-state relations; religion): viii,
4, 13, 53, 67, 69-71

_Romania Libera_: 178, 179

Romanian Academy of Social and Political Sciences: 82

Romanian Air Transport (TAROM): ix, 46

Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Roman, PCR): vi, vii, 1, 3,
5, 6, 7, 8, 19, 22, 27, 55, 84, 92, 94, 98, 101, 109, 110, 111,
114, 118, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132-134, 135, 136-146, 147,
149, 153, 160, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169, 171, 174, 176, 177, 196,
198, 211, 226, 229, 234, 235, 237, 248, 275, 280;
Central Auditing Committee, 133, 137, 140;
Central Collegium, 140;
Central Committee, 26, 27, 118, 119, 121, 125, 131, 132, 133, 134,
136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 145, 153, 158, 162, 176, 178, 180,
181, 182, 213, 268;
Executive Committee, 120, 121, 131, 138, 139, 140, 152, 198;
membership, 61, 129, 142-144, 153, 281;
organization, 137-142;
policies, 149-153;
Secretariat, 119, 138, 139, 140, 152;
Standing Presidium, 8, 119, 131, 133, 138, 139, 155, 160, 162, 230

Romanian ethnic group: 3, 17, 18, 33, 49, 50-52, 52-53, 55, 57, 143;
history, 13-14

Romanian Foreign Trade Bank: 242, 243, 244, 247

Romanian language: vii, 2, 4, 11, 14, 51, 54, 67, 75, 83, 103, 104, 209

Romanian Orthodox Church (_see also_ church-state relations; clergy
religion): viii, 4, 65, 67-69

Romanian People's Army. See armed forces

Romanian People's Republic: v, vii, 5, 24, 110, 111, 131

Romanian Press Agency (Agentia Romana de Presa, Agerpres): 181, 182

Romanian Workers' Party: 23, 27, 111, 112, 130, 137, 142

Romans and the Roman Empire: 3, 10-11, 14, 50, 67, 91, 99

rural society (_see also_ villages): 38, 41, 57, 62, 65, 68, 79, 87,
153, 154, 183, 187, 264;
population, 17, 52, 53

Russia (_see also_ Soviet Union): history, 2, 9, 15, 16, 18, 37, 54;
revolution, 19, 37

Russian language: 2, 27, 83, 181

Sadoveanu, Mihail: 106

sanitation: 42

Sarmizegetusa: 99

Savings and Loan Bank: 242, 244, 245

schools (_see also_ education; religion; students; universities): 2, 14,
27, 53, 54, 57, 65, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83-88, 89, 97, 104,
148, 200, 201, 204

_Scinteia_: 178, 179

_Scinteia Tineretului_: 178-180

sculpture: 98

security (_see also_ crime; defence; police): 133, 139;
internal, 116, 120, 193-201;
national, ix, 20

security troops: 193, 194, 197-198, 203, 206, 219

services: 232, 239

Sibu: 53

Sighisoara: 53

Sino-Soviet issue: v, 1, 27, 158, 164, 166, 167

Siretul River: 30, 31, 41

size and location (_see also_ boundaries): vii, xiv, 3, 29, 32

Slavs: 2, 4, 9, 11, 12, 49, 51, 55, 127, 151;
language and culture, 50, 51, 67

social benefits: 88, 260, 262

Social Democratic Party: 19, 22, 23, 137, 142

social structure: 6, 17, 58-62

socialism (_see also_ collective farms; nationalization; Socialist
Realism): v, 5, 73, 105, 151-153, 154, 198, 207, 230, 240

Socialist Party: 142

Socialist Realism: 7, 92, 93, 106

Socialist Republic of Romania: v, vii, 1, 3, 5, 28, 66, 113, 131

Socialist Unity Front: 126, 127, 135, 151, 177, 198

soils: 29, 35-36, 253, 254

Soviet Union (_see also_ Czechoslovakia; Sino-Soviet issue): 22, 23, 33,
34, 37, 54, 131, 159, 163, 164-165, 167, 172, 182, 199, 212, 216,
218, 223, 224, 275, 279;
border, vii, xiv, 10, 29, 46, 217;
Communist Party, 137, 156, 166;
Constitution (1936), 5, 111;
independence of, 1-2, 3, 5, 8, 25, 26, 27, 28, 63, 113, 129, 134, 136,
154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 169, 211, 227, 248;
influence over Romania, v, viii, 1, 5, 7, 9, 24, 76, 92, 110, 111,
137, 152, 156, 158, 198;
trade, viii, 190, 250, 276, 277;
World War II, 9, 20, 21

Stalin, Joseph (_see also_ Stalinism): 2, 7, 9, 25, 156

Stalinism: 2, 25, 156;
de-Stalinization, 7, 92, 134-136, 157

State Committee for Prices: 115,120, 237, 239, 240

state enterprises: 80, 82, 87, 119, 120, 126, 141, 188, 194, 230, 231,
234-237, 238, 239, 242, 243, 246, 248, 281, 283;
farms, 257, 258, 261-262, 267, 273;
industry, 280, 283

State Inspectorate General for Product Quality: 289

State Planning Committee: 119, 120, 121, 237, 242, 243

State Security Council: 195, 197, 198

Stephan Gheorghiu Academy of Social-Political Education and the
Training of Leading Cadres: 139, 144

Stephen the Great (1457-1504): 12

Stoica, Chivu: 130, 131, 133, 136

Storck, Carol: 98

Storck, Karl: 98

students (_see also_ schools): 73, 80, 86, 87, 148;
organizations, 77, 78, 80, 87, 199, 200

suffrage: 126

sugar beet: 255, 256, 272

Superior Council of Agriculture: 256, 257

Supreme Court: viii, 109, 112, 116, 118, 122, 124, 201, 223

Szeklers: 13, 52, 53

Szekelys. _See_ Szeklers

_tambal_: 100

TAROM. _See_ Romanian Air Transport

Tatars: 3, 4, 11, 12, 50, 51, 72

Tattarescu, Gheorghe: 97

taxation: 233, 239, 241, 245

teachers: 78, 79, 82, 83, 88, 154;
training, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 87-88, 89, 144

technical/vocational education: viii, 6, 7, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81,
84, 85, 87, 145, 284

television: ix, 54, 101, 152, 175, 176, 177, 182, 184-185, 288

text books: 2, 78, 80, 82

textiles: 95, 284, 288

theater: 53, 101-102, 105, 152

Thracians. _See_ Dacians

timber: 277-278, 288

Timisoara: 44, 193

Tirgu Mures: 44, 52

Tisza River: 31, 33, 46

Tonitza, Nicolae: 97

topography (_see also_ mountains; rivers): vii, 31, 253

tourists and tourism: 33, 217, 252;
exchange rate, ix, 247

trade (_see also_ export; import; individual countries): 232;
balance, viii, 8, 169, 173, 229, 242-243, 248, 251-252;
domestic, 236;
foreign, viii, 27, 155, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173,
217, 229, 230, 237, 246, 247-252

traffic, vehicular: 203-204

Trajan, Column of: 14

Trajan, Emperor: 11, 50, 99

transport (_see also_ air transport; pipelines; railways; roads and
highways; traffic; waterways): 43-48, 110, 216, 232

Transylvania (_see also_ Transylvanian Alps): vii, 3, 4, 32, 34, 35, 37,
47, 68, 99, 166, 254, 276;
cultural, 94, 95, 99, 103;
history, 3, 10, 11, 13-14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 37, 50, 55, 67, 70;
population, 41, 52, 53, 54, 56;
transport, 43, 47

Transylvanian Alps: vii, 30, 31-32, 33, 35, 47, 276

travel: 61

Treaty of Berlin (1878): 16

'Tudor Vladimirescu': 21

Turkey (_see also_ Ottoman Empire and the Turks; Turks): vii, 15, 16,
170, 171

Turks (_see also_ Ottoman Empire and the Turks): 3, 4, 15, 50, 53, 55

Turnu Severin: 44, 99

UTC. _See_ Union of Communist Youth

underemployment: 233, 253, 264, 265

Uniate Church: 4, 13, 67, 68, 69

Union of Communist Youth (Uniunea Tineretului Comunist, UTC): 77, 78,
80, 87, 120, 133, 147-148, 178, 181, 198-199, 200, 201, 213

Union of Student Associations: 77, 80, 198, 200

Unitarians: 4, 5, 13, 53, 73

United Nations: ix, 155, 168, 170, 172

United Principalities: 16

United States: 23, 167, 170, 190;
trade, 158, 246, 250-251

universities (_see also_ University of Bucharest): 75, 76, 80, 81, 84,
85-86, 88, 199, 200, 221;
foreign, 15;
teachers, 116;
workers, 87

University of Bucharest: 107

uranium: 277

urban society: 4, 15, 17, 38, 41, 49, 54, 57, 62, 75, 87, 102, 141,
255, 264;
government, 124, 125, 126

Vacarescu, Iancu: 104

Valbudea, Stefan Ionescu: 98

values and traditions: political, 153-154;
social, 49, 62-63, 65

Vatican (_see also_ pope): 69, 71

vegetables: 254, 256, 261, 268, 270, 272, 273

vegetation (_see also_ forests and forestry): 36

Vietnam (_see also_ Provisional Revolutionary Government of South
Vietnam; Republic of Vietnam): 158

villages: 38, 41, 91, 100;
justice, 194

Vlachs: 11, 12, 50

Vyshinsky, Andrei: 23

wages (_see also_ income): 88, 149, 260-261, 263-264, 285;
prisoners, 208

Walachia: vii, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 43, 47, 254;
cultural, 96, 97, 99, 103;
history, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 37, 67, 74;
population, 41, 54

Warsaw Pact. _See_ Warsaw Treaty Organization

Warsaw Treaty Organization (_see also_ Czechoslovakia): ix, 1, 2, 7, 8,
28, 46, 135, 136, 156, 159, 161, 164, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 203,
211, 212, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227

waterways: ix, 29, 44, 45-46, 48

West Germany. _See_ Federal Republic of Germany

Western nations (_see also_ individual nations): 163, 164, 169, 171, 182;
cultural influence (_see also_ France), 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101,
104, 105, 107, 132, 152, 168, 187, 189, 190;
economic relations, 8, 25, 27, 158, 168, 229, 230, 246, 247, 248,
250, 251, 275

wildlife: 32-33

women: viii, 39, 40, 57, 79, 141, 143, 180, 181, 208, 209;
labor, 56-57, 58, 264, 283;
organizations, 5, 126, 127, 135, 147, 199

working class (_see also_ peasantry): 6, 17, 58, 59-60, 61, 86, 92,
126, 142, 143, 148, 149, 152

World Council of Churches: 72

World War I: 3, 4, 9, 17-18, 32, 37, 40, 74, 212

World War II: 9, 20-21, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 54, 72, 113, 226, 277

youth (_see also_ students; Union of Communist Youth): 7, 73, 76, 78,
82, 141, 152, 180, 193, 199-201, 203, 219;
organizations, 5, 57, 77, 78, 105, 126, 127, 132, 135, 144, 147, 152,
198, 199, 200, 201, 281

Yugoslavia: 3, 33, 39, 46, 164, 166, 167, 182, 219, 278, 279;
border, vii, xiv, 10, 29, 34, 37, 216, 217

Zhivkov, Todor: 166

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Comments

Area Handbook for RomaniaChapter XXIV: Section IV: Economic

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