Chapter II: Foreword: By the Author

Ethnology is in the sadly ludicrous, not to say tragic, position, that at the very moment when it begins to put its workshop in order, to forge its proper tools, to start ready for work on its appointed task, the material of its study melts away with hopeless rapidity. Just now, when the methods and aims of scientific field ethnology have taken shape, when men fully trained for the work have begun to travel into savage countries and study their inhabitants--these die away under our very eyes.

The research which has been done on native races by men of academic training has proved beyond doubt and cavil that scientific, methodic inquiry can give us results far more abundant and of better quality than those of even the best amateur's work. Most, though not all, of the modern scientific accounts have opened up quite new and unexpected aspects of tribal life. They have given us, in clear outline, the picture of social institutions often surprisingly vast and complex; they have brought before us the vision of the native as he is, in his religious and magical beliefs and practices. They have allowed us to penetrate into his mind far more deeply than we have ever done before. From this new material, scientifically hall-marked, students of comparative Ethnology have already drawn some very important conclusions on the origin of human customs, beliefs and institutions; on the history of cultures, and their spread and contact; on the laws of human behaviour in society, and of the human mind.

The hope of gaining a new vision of savage humanity through the labours of scientific specialists opens out like a mirage, vanishing almost as soon as perceived. For though at present, there is still a large number of native communities available for scientific study, within a generation or two, they or their cultures will have practically disappeared. The need for energetic work is urgent, and the time is short. Nor, alas, up to the present, has any adequate interest been taken by the public in these studies. The number of workers is small, the encouragement they receive scanty. I feel therefore no need to justify an ethnological contribution which is the result of specialised research in the field.

In this volume I give an account of one phase of savage life only, in describing certain forms of inter-tribal, trading relations among the natives of New Guinea. This account has been culled, as a preliminary monograph, from Ethnographic material, covering the whole extent of the tribal culture of one district. One of the first conditions of acceptable Ethnographic work certainly is that it should deal with the totality of all social, cultural and psychological aspects of the community, for they are so interwoven that not one can be understood without taking into consideration all the others. The reader of this monograph will clearly see that, though its main theme is economic--for it deals with commercial enterprise, exchange and trade--constant reference has to be made to social organisation, the power of magic, to mythology and folklore, and indeed to all other aspects as well as the main one.

The geographical area of which the book treats is limited to the Archipelagoes lying off the eastern end of New Guinea. Even within this, the main field of research was in one district, that of the Trobriand Islands. This, however, has been studied minutely. I have lived in that one archipelago for about two years, in the course of three expeditions to New Guinea, during which time I naturally acquired a thorough knowledge of the language. I did my work entirely alone, living for the greater part of the time right in the villages. I therefore had constantly the daily life of the natives before my eyes, while accidental, dramatic occurrences, deaths, quarrels, village brawls, public and ceremonial events, could not escape my notice.

In the present state of Ethnography, when so much has still to be done in paving the way for forthcoming research and in fixing its scope, each new contribution ought to justify its appearance in several Points. It ought to show some advance in method; it ought to push research beyond its previous limits in depth, in width, or in both; finally, it ought to endeavour to present its results in a manner exact, but not dry. The specialist interested in method, in reading this work, will find set out in the Introduction, Divisions II-IX and in Chapter XVIII, the exposition of my points of view and efforts in this direction. The reader who is concerned with results, rather than with the way of obtaining them, will find in Chapters IV to XXI a consecutive narrative of the Kula expeditions, and the various associated customs and beliefs. The student who is interested, not only in the narrative, but in the ethnographic background for it, and a clear definition of the institution, will find the first in Chapters I and II, and the latter in Chapter III.

To Mr. Robert Mond I tender my sincerest thanks. It is to his generous endowment that I owe the possibility of carrying on for several years the research of which the present volume is a partial result. To Mr. Atlee Hunt, C.M.G., Secretary of the Home and Territories Department of the Commonwealth of Australia, I am indebted for the financial assistance of the Department, and also for much help given on the spot. In the Trobriands, I was immensely helped in my work by Mr. B. Hancock, pearl trader, to whom I am grateful not only for assistance and services, but for many acts of friendship.

Much of the argument in this book has been greatly improved by the criticism given me by my friend, Mr. Paul Khuner, of Vienna, an expert in the practical affairs of modern industry and a highly competent thinker on economic matters. Professor L. T. Hobhouse has kindly read the proofs and given me valuable advice on several points.

Sir James Frazer, by writing his Preface, has enhanced the value of this volume beyond its merit and it is not only a great honour and advantage for me to be introduced by him, but also a special pleasure, for my first love for ethnology is associated with the reading of the "Golden Bough," then in its second edition.

Last, not least, I wish to mention Professor C. G. Seligman, to whom this book is dedicated. The initiative of my expedition was given by him and I owe him more than I can express for the encouragement and scientific counsel which he has so generously given me during the progress of my work in New Guinea.

B. M.

El Boquin, Icod de los Vinos, Tenerife. April, 1921.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is in the nature of the research, that an Ethnographer has to rely upon the assistance of others to an extent much greater than is the case with other scientific workers. I have therefore to express in this special place my obligations to the many who have helped me. As said in the Preface, financially I owe most to Mr. Robert Mond, who made my work possible by bestowing on me the Robert Mond Travelling Scholarship (University of London) of £250 per annum for five years (for 1914 and for 1917-1920). I was substantially helped by a grant of £250 from the Home and Territories Department of Australia, obtained by the good offices of Mr. Atlee Hunt, C.M.G. The London School of Economics awarded me the Constance Hutchinson Scholarship of £100 yearly for two years, 1915-1916. Professor Seligman, to whom in this, as in other matters I owe so much, besides helping me in obtaining all the other grants, gave himself £100 towards the cost of the expedition and equipped me with a camera, a phonograph, anthropometric instruments and other paraphernalia of ethnographic work. I went out to Australia with the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1914, as a guest, and at the expense, of the Commonwealth Government of Australia.

It may be interesting for intending field-workers to observe that I carried out my ethnographic research for six years--1914 to 1920--making three expeditions to the field of my work, and devoting the intervals between expeditions to the working out of my material and to the study of special literature, on little more than £250 a year. I defrayed out of this, not only all the expenses of travel and research, such as fares, wages to native servants, payments of interpreters, but I was also able to collect a fair amount of ethnographic specimens, of which part has been presented to the Melbourne Museum as the Robert Mond Collection. This would not have been possible for me, had I not received much help from residents in New Guinea. My friend, Mr. B. Hancock, of Gusaweta, Trobriand Islands, allowed me to use his house and store as base for my gear and provisions; he lent me his cutter on various occasions and provided me with a home, where I could always repair in need or sickness. He helped me in my photographic work, and gave me a good number of his own photographic plates, of which several are reproduced in this book (Plates XI, XXXVII, and L-LII).

Other pearl traders and buyers of the Trobriands were also very kind to me, especially M. and Mme. Raphael Brudo, of Paris, Messrs. C. and G. Auerbach, and the late Mr. Mick George, all of whom helped me in various ways and extended to me their kind hospitality.

In my interim studies in Melbourne, I received much help from the staff of the excellent Public Library of Victoria, for which I have to thank the Librarian, Mr. E. La Touche Armstrong, my friend Mr. E. Pitt, Mr. Cooke and others.

Two maps and two plates are reproduced by kind permission of Professor Seligman from his "Melanesians of British New Guinea." I have to thank the Editor of Man (Captain T. A. Joyce) for his permission to use here again the plates which were previously published in that paper.

Mr. William Swan Stallybrass, Senior Managing Director of Messrs. Geo. Routledge & Sons, Ltd., has spared no trouble in meeting all my wishes as to scientific details in the publication of this book, for which I wish to express my sincere thanks.

PHONETIC NOTE.

The native names and words in this book are written according to the simple rules, recommended by the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Anthropological Institute. That is, the vowels are to be pronounced as in Italian and the consonants as in English. This spelling suits the sounds of the Melanesian languages of New Guinea sufficiently well. The apostrophe placed between two vowels indicates that they should be pronounced separately and not merged into a diphthong. The accent is almost always on the penultimate, rarely on the anti-penultimate. All the syllables must be pronounced clearly and distinctly.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface by Sir James Frazer vii

Foreword by the Author xv

Introduction: The Subject, Method and Scope of This Enquiry

I--Sailing, and trading in the South Seas; the Kula. II--Method
in Ethnography. III--Starting field work. Some perplexing
difficulties. Three conditions of success. IV--Life in a
tent among the natives. Mechanism of "getting in touch" with
them. V--Active methods of research. Order and consistency
in savage cultures. Methodological consequences of this
truth. VI--Formulating the principles of tribal constitution
and of the anatomy of culture. Method of inference from
statistic accumulation of concrete data. Uses of synoptic
charts. VII--Presentation of the intimate touches of native
life; of types of behaviour. Method of systematic fixing of
impressions; of detailed, consecutive records. Importance
of personal participation in native life. VIII--Recording of
stereotyped manners of thinking and feeling. Corpus inscriptionum
Kiriwiniensium. IX--Summary of argument. The native's vision of
his world 1

I The Country and Inhabitants of the Kula District

I--Racial divisions in Eastern New Guinea. Seligman's
classification. The Kula natives. II--Sub-divisions of the Kula
district. III--Scenery at the Eastern end of New Guinea. Villages
of the S. Massim; their customs and social institutions. IV--The
d'Entrecasteaux Archipelago. The tribes of Dobu. The mythological
associations of their country. Some of their customs and
institutions. Sorcery. A vision on Sarubwoyna beach. V--Sailing
North. The Amphlett Group. Savage monopolists 27

II The Natives of the Trobriand Islands

I--Arrival in the coral Islands. First impression of
the native. Some significant appearances and their deeper
meaning. II--Position of women; their life and conduct before
and after marriage. III--Further exploration in the villages. A
cross country walk. Gardens and gardening. IV--The native's
working power; their motives and incentives to work. Magic and
work. A digression on Primitive Economics. V--Chieftainship:
power through wealth; a plutocratic community. List of the various
provinces and political divisions in the Trobriands. VI--Totemism,
the solidarity of clans and the bonds of kinship. VII--Spirits of
the dead. The overweening importance of magic. Black magic. The
prowling sorcerers and the flying witches. The malevolent visitors
from the South, and epidemics. VIII--The Eastern neighbours of
the Trobrianders. The remaining districts of the Kula 49

III The Essentials of the Kula

I--A concise definition of the Kula. II--Its economic
character. III--The articles exchanged; the conception of
vaygu'a. IV--The main rules and aspects of the Kula: the
sociological aspect (partnership); direction of movement; nature
of Kula ownership; the differential and integral effect of these
rules. V--The act of exchange; its regulations; the light it throws
on the acquisitive and "communistic" tendencies of the natives;
its concrete outlines; the sollicitory gifts. VI--The associated
activities and the secondary aspects of the Kula: construction
of canoes; subsidiary trade--their true relation to the Kula;
the ceremonial, mythology and magic associated with the Kula; the
mortuary taboos and distributions, in their relation to the Kula 81

IV Canoes and Sailing

I--The value and importance of a canoe to a native. Its
appearance, the impressions and emotions it arouses in those
who use or own it. The atmosphere of romance which surrounds
it for the native. II--Analysis of its construction, in
relation to its function. The three types of canoes in
the Trobriand Islands. III--V--Sociology of a large canoe
(masawa). III--(A)--Social organisation of labour in constructing
a canoe; the division of functions; the magical regulation of
work. IV--(B)--Sociology of canoe ownership; the toli-relationship;
the toliwaga, "master" or "owner" of a canoe; the four privileges
and functions of a toliwaga. V--(C)--The social division of
functions in manning and sailing a canoe. Statistical data about
the Trobriand shipping 105

V The Ceremonial Building of a Waga

I--Construction of canoes as part of the Kula proceedings. Magic
and mythology. The preparatory and the ceremonial stage of
construction. II--The first stage: expelling the wood-sprite
Tokway; transport of the log; the hollowing-out of the log and
the associated magic. III--The second stage: the inaugural rite
of Kula magic; the native at grips with problems of construction;
the wayugo creeper; the magical spell uttered over it; caulking;
the three magical exorcisms. IV--Some general remarks about the two
stages of canoe-building and the concomitant magic. Bulubwalata
(evil magic) of canoes. The ornamental prow-boards. The Dobuan
and the Muruwan types of overseas canoe 124

VI Launching of a Canoe and Ceremonial Visiting--Tribal Economics in the Trobriands

I--The procedure and magic at launching. The trial run
(tasasoria). Account of the launching and tasasoria seen on the
beach of Kualukuba. Reflections on the decay of customs under
European influence. II--Digression on the sociology of work:
organisation of labour; forms of communal labour; payment for
work. III--The custom of ceremonial visiting (kabigidoya);
local trade, done on such expeditions. IV--VII--Digression
on gifts, payments, and exchange. IV--Attitude of the native
towards wealth. Desire of display. Enhancement of social
prestige through wealth. The motives of accumulating food
stuffs. The vilamalya (magic of plenty). The handling of
yams. Psychology of eating. Value of manufactured goods,
psychologically analysed. V--Motives for exchange. Giving, as
satisfaction of vanity and as display of power. Fallacy of the
"economically isolated individual" or "household." Absence of
gain in exchange. VI--Exchange of gifts and barter. List of gifts,
payments and commercial transactions: 1. Pure gifts; 2. customary
payments, repaid irregularly and without strict equivalents;
3. payments for services rendered; 4. gifts returned in strictly
equivalent form; 5. exchange of material goods against privileges,
titles and non-material possessions; 6. ceremonial barter with
deferred payment; 7. trade pure and simple. VII--Economic duties
corresponding to various social ties; table of eight classes
of social relationship, characterised by definite economic
obligations 146

VII The Departure of an Overseas Expedition

Scene laid in Sinaketa. The local chiefs. Stir in the village.
The social differentiation of the sailing party. Magical rites,
associated with the preparing and loading of a canoe. The
sulumwoya rite. The magical bundle (lilava). The compartments
of a canoe and the gebobo spell. Farewells on the beach 195

VIII The First Halt of the Fleet on Muwa

I--The definition of an uvalaku (ceremonial, competitive
expedition). II--The sagali (ceremonial distribution) on
Muwa. III--The magic of sailing 207

IX Sailing on the Sea-arm of Pilolu

I--The landscape. Mythological geography of the regions
beyond. II--Sailing: the winds; navigation; technique of
sailing a canoe and its dangers. III--The customs and taboos
of sailing. Privileged position of certain sub-clans. IV--The
beliefs in dreadful monsters lurking in the sea 219

X The Story of Shipwreck

I--The flying witches, mulukwausi or yoyova: essentials of
the belief; initiation and education of a yoyova (witch);
secrecy surrounding this condition; manner of practising this
witch-craft; actual cases. II--The flying witches at sea and
in ship-wreck. Other dangerous agents. The kayga'u magic; its
modes of operation. III--Account of the preparatory rites of
kayga'u. Some incantations quoted. IV--The story of ship-wreck
and rescue. V--The spell of the rescuing giant fish. The myth
and the magical formula of Tokulubwaydoga. 237

XI In the Amphletts--Sociology of the Kula

I--Arrival in Gumasila. Example of a Kula conversation.
Trobrianders on long visits in the Amphletts. II--Sociology of
the Kula: 1. sociological limitations to participation in the
Kula; 2. relation of partnership; 3. entering the Kula
relationship; 4. participation of women in the Kula. III--The
Natives of the Amphletts: their industries and trade; pottery;
importing the clay; technology of pot-making; commercial
relations with the surrounding districts. IV--Drift of
migrations and cultural influences in this province 267

XII In Tewara and Sanaroa--Mythology of the Kula

I--Sailing under the lee of Koytabu. The cannibals of the
unexplored jungle. Trobriand traditions and legends about
them. The history and song of Gumagabu. II--Myths and reality:
significance imparted to landscape by myth; line of distinction
between the mythical and the actual occurrences; magical
power and mythical atmosphere; the three strata of Trobriand
myths. III--V--The myths of the Kula. III--Survey of Kula mythology
and its geographical distribution. The story of Gere'u of Muyuwa
(Woodlark Island). The two stories of Tokosikuna of Digumenu and
Gumasila. IV--The Kudayuri myth of the flying canoe. Commentary
and analysis of this myth. Association between the canoe and the
flying witches. Mythology and the Lukuba clan. V--The myth of
Kasabwaybwayreta and the necklace Gumakarakedakeda. Comparison of
these stories. VI--Sociological analysis of the myths. influence
of the Kula myths upon native outlook; myth and custom. VII--The
relation between myth and actuality restated. VIII--The story,
the natural monuments and the religious ceremonial of the
mythical personalities Atu'a'ine, Aturamo'a and their sister
Sinatemubadiye'i. Other rocks of similar traditional nature 290

XIII On the Beach of Sarubwoyna

I--The halt on the Beach. The beauty magic. Some incantations
quoted. The spell of the ta'uya (conch shell). II--The magical
onset on the Koya. Psychological analysis of this magic.
III--The Gwara (taboo) and the Ka'ubana'i spell 334

XIV The Kula in Dobu--Technicalities of the Exchange

I--Reception in Dobu. II--The main transactions of the Kula and
the subsidiary gifts and exchanges: some general reflections on
the driving force of the Kula; regulations of the main transaction
vaga (opening gift) and yotile (return gift); the sollicitory gifts
(pokala, kwaypolu, kaributu, korotomna); intermediary gifts (basi)
and final clinching gift (kudu); the other articles sometimes
exchanged in the main transaction of the Kula (doga, samakupa,
beku); commercial honour and ethics of the Kula. III--The Kula
proceedings in Dobu: wooing the partner; kwoygapani magic;
the subsidiary trade; roamings of the Boyowans in the Dobu
district 350

XV The Journey Home--The Fishing and Working of the Kaloma Shell

I--Visits made on the return trip. Some articles acquired. II--The
spondylus shell fishing in Sanaroa lagoon and in home waters: its
general character and magic; the Kaloma myth; consecutive account
of the technicalities, ceremonial and magic of the diving for the
shell. III--Technology, economics and sociology of the production
of the discs and necklaces from the shell. IV--Tanarere, display
of the haul. Arrival of the party home to Sinaketa 366

XVI The Return Visit of the Dobuans to Sinaketa

I--The uvalaku (ceremonial expedition) from Dobu to Southern
Boyowa: the preparations in Dobu and Sanaroa; preparations in
Gumasila; the excitement, the spreading and convergence of news;
arrival of the Dobuan fleet in Nabwageta. II--Preparations
in Sinaketa for the reception of the visiting party. The
Dobuans arrive. The scene at Kaykuyawa point. The ceremonial
reception. Speeches and gifts. The three days' sojourn of the
Dobuans in Sinaketa. Manner of living. Exchange of gifts and
barter. III--Return home. Results shown at the tanarere 376

XVII Magic and the Kula

I--The subject matter of Boyowan magic. Its association with
all the vital activities and with the unaccountable aspects of
reality. II--V--The native conception of magic. II--The methods of
arriving at its knowledge. III--Native views about the original
sources of magic. Its primeval character. Inadmissibility
to the native of spontaneous generation in magic. Magic a
power of man and not a force of nature. Magic and myth and
their super-normal atmosphere. IV--The magical acts: spell
and rite; relation between these two factors; spells uttered
directly without a concomitant rite; spells accompanied by
simple rite of impregnation; spells accompanied by a rite of
transference; spells accompanied by offerings and invocations;
summary of this survey. V--Place where magic is stored in
the human anatomy. VI--Condition of the performer. Taboos
and observances. Sociological position. Actual descent and
magical filiation. VII--Definition of systematic magic. The
"systems" of canoe magic and Kula magic. VIII--Supernormal or
supernatural character of magic; emotional reaction of the natives
to certain forms of magic; the kariyala (magical portent); rôle of
ancestral spirits; native terminology. IX--Ceremonial setting of
magic. X--Institution of taboo, supported by magic. Kaytubutabu
and kaytapaku. XI--Purchase of certain forms of magic. Payments
for magical services. XII--Brief summary 392

XVIII The Power of Words in Magic--Some Linguistic Data

I--Study of linguistic data in magic to throw light on native
ideas about the power of words. II--The text of the wayugo spell
with literal translation. III--Linguistic analysis of its u'ula
(exordium). IV--Vocal technique of reciting a spell. Analysis
of the tapwana (main part) and dogina (final part). V--The text
of the Sulumwoya spell and its analysis. VI--XII--Linguistic
data referring to the other spells mentioned in this volume and
some general inferences. VI--The tokway spell and the opening
phrases of the canoe spells. VII--The tapwana (main parts)
of the canoe spells. VIII--The end parts (dogina) of these
spells. IX--The u'ula of the mwasila spells. X--The tapwana and
the dogina of these spells. XI--The kayga'u spells. XII--Summary
of the results of this linguistic survey. XIII--Substances
used in these magical rites. XIV--XVIII--Analysis of some
non-magical linguistic texts, to illustrate ethnographic
method and native way of thinking. XIV--General remarks about
certain aspects of method. XV--Text No. 1, its literal and free
translation. XVI--Commentary. XVII--Texts No. 2 and 3 translated
and commented upon 428

XIX The Inland Kula

I--To'uluwa, the chief of Kiriwina, on a visit in Sinaketa. The
decay of his power. Some melancholy reflections about the folly
of destroying the native order of things and of undermining
native authority as now prevailing. II--The division into "Kula
communities;" the three types of Kula, with respect to this
division. The overseas Kula. III--The inland Kula between two "Kula
communities" and within such a unit. IV--The "Kula communities"
in Boyowa (Trobriand Islands) 464

XX Expeditions Between Kiriwina and Kitava

I, II--Account of an expedition from Kiriwina to Kitava. I--Fixing
dates and preparing districts. II--Preliminaries of the
journey. Departure from Kaulukuba Beach. Sailing. Analogies and
differences between these expeditions and those of the Sinaketans
to Dobu. Entering the village. The youlawada custom. Sojourn in
Kitava and return. III--The So'i (mortuary feast) in the Eastern
district (Kitava to Muyuwa) and its association with the Kula 478

XXI The Remaining Branches and Offshoots of the Kula

I--Rapid survey of the routes between Woodlark Island (Murua
or Muyuwa) and the Engineer group and between this latter
and Dobu. II--The ordinary trade carried on between these
communities. III--An offshoot of the Kula; trading expeditions
between the Western Trobriand (Kavataria and Kayleula)
and the Western d'Entrecasteaux. IV--Production of mwali
(armshells). V--Some other offshoots and leakages of the Kula
ring. Entry of the Kula vaygu'a into the Ring. 494

XXII The Meaning of the Kula 509

Index 519

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

A ceremonial act of the kula Frontispiece

Plate Facing page

I The ethnographer's tent on the beach of
Nu'agasi 6
II The chief's lisiga (personal hut) in Omarakana 6
III Street of Kasana'i (in Kiriwina, Trobriand
Island) 7
IV Scene in Yourawotu (Trobriands) 7
V Scenes on the beach of Silosilo (Southern
Massim district) 33
VI Village scenes during a so'i feast 37
VII In the Amphletts 46
VIII Group of natives in the village of Tukwa'ukwa 48
IX Men of rank from Kiriwina 49
X Fishermen from Teyava 49
XI A typical nakubukwabuya (unmarried woman) 52
XII Boyowan girls 53
XIII Kaydebu dance 56
XIV Dancers in full decoration 57
XV A family group 72
XVI Armshells 80
XVII Two men wearing armshells 81
XVIII Two necklaces, made of red spondylus discs 88
XIX Two women adorned with necklaces 89
XX A Kula gathering on the beach of Sinaketa 98
XXI A masawa canoe 106
XXII Putting a canoe into its hangar 106
XXIII Canoe under sail 107
XXIV The fishing canoe (kalipoulo) 112
XXV The dug-out in the village 124
XXVI Carving a tabuyo 125
XXVII Construction of a waga 138
XXVIII Sail making 139
XXIX Rolls of dried pandanus leaf 139
XXX Launching of a canoe 148
XXXI The tasasoria on the beach of Kaulukuba 148
XXXII A chief's yam-house in Kasana'i 149
XXXIII Filling a yam-house in Yalumugwa 149
XXIV Display of pigs and yams at a distribution
(sagali) 170
XXXV Communal cooking of mona (taro dumplings) 170
XXXVI Scene in the wasi (ceremonial exchange of
vegetables for fish) 171
XXXVII Vava, direct barter of vegetables for fish 171
XXXVIII Koutau'ya, one of the chiefs of Sinaketa 196
XXXIX A loaded canoe 197
XL A waga sailing on a Kula expedition 224
XLI The rigging of a canoe 225
XLII Scenery in the Amphletts 268
XLIII Landing in the main village of Gumasila 269
XLIV Technology of pot-making (I) 284
XLV Technology of pot-making (II) 285
XLVI Fine specimens of Amphlett pots 288
XLVII A canoe in Gumasila loading pots 289
XLVIII A Kula fleet halting to perform the final
rites of mwasila 334
XLIX The beauty magic of the mwasila 335
L (A) Working the kaloma shell (I) 370
L (B) working the kaloma shell (II) 371
LI Working the kaloma shell (III) 372
LII Working the kaloma shell (IV) 373
LIII On the beach of Nabwageta 376
LIV The Dobuan canoes pulled up on Sinaketa beach 388
LV Some canoes moored on the shallow lagoon near
the shore 388
LVI Dobuan visitors in Sinaketa 389
LVII A magical spell associated with pregnancy 406
LVIII A rite of war magic 406
LIX A rite of garden magic 407
LX Armshells brought from Kitava 470
LXI Bringing in a soulava 471
LXII Offering the soulava 471
LXIII Ceremonial destruction during a so'i feast 486
LXIV Nagega canoe 496
LXV A corpse covered with valuables 512

MAPS

I Eastern New Guinea xxxiii
II Racial distribution in Eastern New Guinea 26
III The Kula district 30
IV The Trobriand archipelago 50
V The Kula ring 82

TABLES

I Chronological list of Kula events witnessed by
the writer 16
II Time-table of the uvalaku expedition, Dobu to
Sinaketa, 1918 381
III Table of Kula magic and of the corresponding
activities 415-418

FIGURES IN TEXT

I Diagram of canoe stability and construction 109
II Diagrammatic sections of canoes 111