Chapter XVI: What Evolution Is: The Evidence upon which it Rests, etc., 345

Great vagueness regarding the meaning of evolution, 346. Causes for
this, 346. The confusion of Darwinism with organic evolution,
347. The idea that the doctrine is losing ground, 347. Scientific
controversies on evolution relate to the factors, not to the fact, of
evolution, 347. Nature of the question: not metaphysical, not
theological, but historical, 348. The historical method applied
to the study of animal life, 349. The diversity of living forms, 349.
Are species fixed in nature? 350. Wide variation among animals,
350. Evolutionary series: The shells of Slavonia and
Steinheim, 351-353. Evolution of the horse, 354. The collection
of fossil horses at the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, 355. The genealogy of the horse traced for more
than two million years, 354. Connecting forms: the archæopteryx
and pterodactyls, 358. The embryological record and its
connection with evolution, 358. Clues to the past history of
animals, 358. Rudimentary organs, 361-363. Hereditary survivals
in the human body, 363. Remains of the scaffolding for
its building, 364. Antiquity of man, 364. Pre-human types, 365.
Virtually three links: the Java man; the Neanderthal skull; the
early neolithic man of Engis, 364-366. Evidences of man's evolution
based on palæontology, embryology, and archæology, 366.
Mental evolution, 366. Sweep of the doctrine of organic evolution,
366-367.