Chapter IV

The Introduction of the Microscope and the Progress of Independent
Observation, 54

The pioneer microscopists: Hooke and Grew in England; Malpighi
in Italy and Swammerdam and Leeuwenhoek in Holland, 54.
Robert Hooke, 55. His microscope and the micrographia (1665),
56. Grew one of the founders of vegetable histology, 56. Malpighi,
1628-1694, 58. Personal qualities, 58. Education, 60.
University positions, 60, 61. Honors at home and abroad, 61.
Activity in research, 62. His principal writings: Monograph
on the silkworm, 63; anatomy of plants, 66; work in embryology,
66. Jan Swammerdam, 1637-1680, 67. His temperament,
67. Early interest in natural history, 68. Studies medicine, 68.
Important observations, 68. Devotes himself to minute anatomy,
70. Method of working, 71. Great intensity, 70. High
quality of his work, 72. The _Biblia Naturæ_, 73. Its publication
delayed until fifty-seven years after his death, 73. Illustrations
of his anatomical work, 74-76. Antony van Leeuwenhoek,
1632-1723, 77. A composed and better-balanced man, 77. Self-taught
in science, the effect of this showing in the desultory character
of his observations, 77, 87. Physiognomy, 78. New biographical
facts, 78. His love of microscopic observation, 80.
His microscopes, 81. His scientific letters, 83. Observes the
capillary circulation in 1686, 84. His other discoveries, 86.
Comparison of the three men: the two university-trained men
left coherent pieces of work, that of Leeuwenhoek was discursive,
87. The combined force of their labors marks an epoch, 88.
The new intellectual movement now well under way, 88.