Chapter I: Part 1

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 11, No. 8, pp. 443-516 August 1, 1959

Birds From Coahuila, Mexico

BY EMIL K. URBAN

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1959

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.

* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:

Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.

*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp.
1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.

Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures
in text. June 12, 1951.

*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds.
By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text.
June 29, 1951.

3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale
Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October
10, 1951.

4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H.
Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7
figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951.

Index. Pp. 651-681.

*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41
plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.

Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.

*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_.
By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30
tables. August 10, 1952.

Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73
figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.

2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern
Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp.
305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, 1953.

3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By
Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February
15, 1954.

4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H.
Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April
21, 1954.

5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and
James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.

6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones,
Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954.

7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse. Microtus
montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp.
489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, 1954.

8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern
California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512.
July 23, 1954.

9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By
Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12
tables. November 15, 1954.

10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico.
By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.

11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E.
Raymond Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954.

12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys
castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and
Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955.

13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from
northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612.
April 8, 1955.

14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By
James S. Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.

15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and
systematic position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H.
Baker. Pp. 619-624, 2 figures in text. June 10, 1955.

Index. Pp. 625-651.

(Continued on inside of back cover)

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 11, No. 8, pp. 443-516 August 1, 1959

Birds From Coahuila, Mexico

BY

EMIL K. URBAN

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1959

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson

Volume 11, No. 8, pp. 443-516 Published August 1, 1959

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED IN THE STATE PRINTING PLANT TOPEKA, KANSAS 1959

Birds From Coahuila, Mexico

BY EMIL K. URBAN

INTRODUCTION

The following account is a summary of the present knowledge of the birds of Coahuila. Some 500 specimens from Coahuila in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas are the basis for this report; these are supplemented by records of birds previously listed from the State.

In Coahuila, habitats vary from those characteristic near tree-line to those of the floors of the low deserts. Because of the variety of habitats, many kinds of birds are present in the State; at least 312 living named kinds of 249 species have been recorded. Possibly another 100 species will be reported after further studies have been made there. At least 154 of the species listed in this paper probably breed in Coahuila. The bird fauna in the State includes species characteristic of eastern North America and of western North America, species that range from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and species found only, or mostly, in Mexico.

I thank Professor E. Raymond Hall, Doctor Richard F. Johnston and Doctor Robert M. Mengel for their kind help, and Doctor Harrison B. Tordoff for first suggesting this study to me. Unless otherwise stated, the nomenclature in this paper is that of the A.O.U. Check-list Committee (1957). Catalogue numbers are those of the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas. In so far as known to me, all birds recorded in the literature from Coahuila are listed below. In a few instances the only support for occurrence is the ascription of a given kind to Coahuila (without mention of date, catalogue number, or precise locality) by Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950), and/or the A.O.U. Check-list Committee (1957); when this is so the entire entry is inclosed within brackets. In the accounts beyond, an asterisk indicates that the kind breeds in Coahuila; two asterisks indicate probable breeding in the State.

LIST OF COLLECTORS

Persons who have obtained specimens of birds from Coahuila for the Museum of Natural History are as follows:

Albert A. Alcorn Joseph Raymond Alcorn Sydney Anderson Rollin Harold Baker James Sheldon Carey Peter Stanley Chrapliwy W. Kim Clark Robert William Dickerman John R. Esther James Smith Findley John Keever Greer John William Hardy Gerd H. Heinrich William McKee Lynn Jack M. Mohler Roger O. Olmstead Robert Lewis Packard Robert Julian Russell William J. Schaldach, Jr. Harrison Bruce Tordoff South Van Hoose, Jr. Olin Lawrence Webb

GAZETTEER OF LOCALITIES IN COAHUILA

The following place-names were used to record the localities of Coahuilan birds now specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Each place-name is followed by its location in degrees and minutes of latitude and longitude, respectively.

Acebuches.--28 deg.17', 102 deg.56'. Americanos.--27 deg.12', 103 deg.14'. Australia.--26 deg.18', 102 deg.18'. Bella Union.--25 deg.26', 100 deg.51'. Boquillas.--29 deg.11', 102 deg.55'. Castillon.--28 deg.21', 103 deg.33'. Cuatro Cienegas.--26 deg.58', 102 deg.04'. Diamante.--25 deg.22', 100 deg.54'. Don Martin.--27 deg.32', 100 deg.37'. Fortin.--28 deg.48', 101 deg.41'. General Cepeda.--25 deg.22', 101 deg.28'. Gomez Farias.--24 deg.58', 101 deg.02'. Hermanas.--27 deg.13', 101 deg.13'. Iglesias.--27 deg.34', 101 deg.20'. Jaco.--27 deg.50', 103 deg.55'. Jimenez.--29 deg.04', 100 deg.42'. La Babia.--28 deg.33', 102 deg.03'. La Gacha.--28 deg.09', 101 deg.31'. La Mariposa.--28 deg.12', 101 deg.49'. La Ventura.--24 deg.48', 100 deg.38'. Las Delicias.--26 deg.10', 102 deg.49'. Las Margaritas.--28 deg.42', 101 deg.14'. Mesa de Tablas.--25 deg.14', 100 deg.24'. Muzquiz.--27 deg.53', 101 deg.32'. Nava.--28 deg.25', 100 deg.46'. Ocampo.--27 deg.22', 102 deg.26'. Paila.--25 deg.38', 102 deg.09'. Parras.--25 deg.25', 102 deg.12'. Piedras Blanca.--29 deg.02', 102 deg.33'. Piedras Negras.--28 deg.43', 100 deg.32'. Sabinas.--27 deg.52', 101 deg.07'. Saltillo.--25 deg.26', 101 deg.00'. San Antonio de las Alazanas.--25 deg.16', 100 deg.37'. San Buenaventura.--27 deg.06', 101 deg.32'. San Francisco.--27 deg.37', 102 deg.37'. San Geronimo.--28 deg.30', 101 deg.48'. San Isidro.--27 deg.33', 102 deg.27'. San Juan de Sabinas.--27 deg.55', 101 deg.17'. San Lorenzo.--25 deg.28', 102 deg.12'. San Marcos.--26 deg.41', 102 deg.07'. San Miguel.--29 deg.14', 101 deg.22'. San Pedro de las Colonias (San Pedro).--25 deg.45', 102 deg.58'. Santa Teresa.--26 deg.27', 101 deg.21'. Tanque Alvarez.--27 deg.56', 102 deg.38'. Torreon.--25 deg.33', 103 deg.27'. Villa Acuna.--29 deg.19', 100 deg.56'.

For mountain ranges, the approximate center of the highland of each range is used as the point of reference.

Pico de Jimulco.--25 deg.08', 103 deg.16'. Sierra del Carmen.--29 deg.00', 102 deg.30'. Sierra de la Encantada.--28 deg.25', 102 deg.30'. Sierra de Guadalupe.--25 deg.13', 101 deg.32'. Sierra del Pino.--28 deg.15', 103 deg.03'. Sierra de la Madera.--27 deg.03', 102 deg.30'.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE KNOWN BREEDING BIRDS OF COAHUILA

Topography and Climate

Coahuila lies in the broad northern end of Mexico, immediately east of the center of the continental mass. The mountains of Coahuila, which are part of the Rocky Mountain-Sierra Madre Oriental Axis, extend in a north-south direction and divide the lower lands into two areas, a larger one, a part of the Central Plateau, to the westward and a smaller one, a part of the Gulf Coastal Plain, to the northeastward. Most of the mountains of Coahuila do not exceed 6000 feet in elevation. A few peaks such as in the Sierra del Carmen, Sierra del Pino, Sierra de la Madera, Sierra Encarnacion, and Sierra de Guadalupe, are more than 9000 feet high, and some more than 10,000 feet in elevation occur near the southeastern border of the State in the Sierra Madre Oriental. The Gulf Coastal Plain of northeastern Coahuila ranges from 700 feet to 1800 feet. The desert plains of the Mesa del Norte to the west of the Sierra Madre Oriental Axis are higher, more rugged, and more dissected than those of the Coastal Plain and are marked by scattered desert ranges, buttes, low hills, and knobs.

Most of Coahuila is arid. Rainfall is moderate on the Coastal Plain and is low west of the central mountains. Baker (1956:128-132) and Muller (1947:35-38) give good summary discussions of the topography and climate of Coahuila, and the reader is referred to these for further details.

Biotic Communities

Baker (1956:132) stated that "the biotic communities of Coahuila might be divided in accordance with the three physiographic areas of the State: the Gulf Coastal Plain, the mountains, and the desert plains of the Mesa del Norte." Goldman and Moore (1945:348-349) listed three biotic provinces in Coahuila: the Chihuahua-Zacatecas Biotic Province, in the western half of the State; the Tamaulipas Biotic Province, in the northeastern part of the State; and the Sierra Madre Oriental Biotic Province, in the southeastern part of the State. Merriam (1898) noted that definable portions of the Lower Sonoran Life-zone, the Upper Sonoran Life-zone, the Transition Life-zone, and the Canadian Life-zone can be distinguished in Coahuila. In my study of the distribution of the avifauna of Coahuila, I found that the three biotic provinces listed by Goldman and Moore (_op. cit._) as major headings and Merriam's life-zones as supplements are the most satisfactory divisions.

_The Tamaulipas Biotic Province._--This province consists of lowland plains and a few isolated ranges of low mountains. The average rainfall is 23 inches (Baker, 1956:130), considerably more than the 10 inches falling in the western part of the State. In the northeastern section of the State, the moderate amount of rain, mesic vegetation, and close proximity to the eastern migration pathway importantly influence the types of birds found.

In Coahuila, the Coastal Plain and the Rio Grande Plain lie in the path of the northernmost trade winds; they account for the more humid eastern slopes of the mountains of the northeastern part of the State (Muller, 1947:38). Nevertheless, the northeastern section of the State is semi-arid and can be placed in the Lower Sonoran Life-zone. The vegetation consists mainly of thorny shrubs and small trees with a liberal admixture of yuccas, agaves, and cacti, and closely resembles that of southern Texas, northern Nuevo Leon, and northern Tamaulipas (Goldman and Moore, 1945:354).

Migrant birds from the eastern flyway and less commonly migrants from western North America pass through northeastern Coahuila. The following breeding birds seem to be associated with this province: Harris' Hawk, Bobwhite (_C. v. texanus_), Scaled Quail (_C. s. castanogastris_), Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Groove-billed Ani, Green Kingfisher, Golden-fronted Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker (_D. v. intermedius_), Ladder-backed Woodpecker (_D. s. symplectus_), Vermilion Flycatcher (_P. r. mexicanus_), Cave Swallow, Gray-breasted Martin, Black-crested Titmouse (_P. a. atricristatus_), Carolina Wren, Long-billed Thrasher, Curve-billed Thrasher (_T. c. oberholseri_), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (_P. c. caerulea_), Hutton's Vireo (_V. h. carolinae_), Bell's Vireo (_V. b. medius_), Yellow-throated Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Summer Tanager (_P. r. rubra_), Olive Sparrow, Cassin's Sparrow, and Black-throated Sparrow (_A. b. bilineata_).

_The Sierra Madre Oriental Biotic Province._--Southeastern Coahuila is in this province that includes mountains in southern Nuevo Leon, southwestern Tamaulipas, and eastern San Luis Potosi. Areas classifiable as Canadian, Transition, Upper Sonoran, and Lower Sonoran in life-zone are found in this province. This region of Coahuila receives the highest rainfall; this is evidenced by the luxuriant growth of boreal plants living in the higher places there (Baker, 1956:131). Spruce, pine, and aspen occur at higher elevations and oaks, thorny shrubs, and grasslands are present lower down.

Birds of central or southern Mexico reach the southern part of Coahuila; the Thick-billed Parrot, Hooded Yellowthroat, and Rufous-capped Atlapetes are examples. A boreal forest on the higher slopes of the mountains of southeastern Coahuila is suitable for certain northern birds such as Goshawks, Pine Siskins, and Brown Creepers. Some species of birds ordinarily associated with western North America are present in Coahuila only in its southeastern part; striking examples of disjunction in range thus occur. Probably sometime in the past these birds were distributed throughout most of Coahuila. When this area became arid, these species disappeared from all of Coahuila except from the high mountains in the southeastern part. For example, Steller's Jay and the Scrub Jay are absent in the Sierra del Carmen of northwestern Coahuila but do occur in southeastern Coahuila.

Migrants of the eastern flyway as well as migrants associated with western North America pass through this section of Coahuila. The following breeding birds are associated with this province: Goshawk, Band-tailed Pigeon, Thick-billed Parrot, Golden-fronted Woodpecker, Ladder-backed Woodpecker (_D. s. giraudi_), Pine Flycatcher, Buff-breasted Flycatcher, Vermilion Flycatcher (_P. r. mexicanus_), Steller's Jay, Scrub Jay, Mexican Chickadee, Black-crested Titmouse (_P. a. atricristatus_), Cactus Wren (_C. b. guttatus_), Robin, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (_P. c. amoenissima_), Hutton's Vireo (_V. h. stephensi_), Bell's Vireo (_V. b. medius_), Hartlaub's Warbler, Summer Tanager (_P. r. cooperi_), Pine Siskin, Rufous-capped Atlaptes, and Black-throated Sparrow (_A. b. grisea_).

_The Chihuahua-Zacatecas Biotic Province._--This province in Coahuila covers the arid, interior, western desert area; it consists of rolling plains with mountains that rise islandlike above the general surface. Some of the mountains, such as in the Sierra del Carmen and the Sierra del Pino, are more than 9000 feet high. The major part of this biotic area lies within the Lower Sonoran Life-zone. Areas of the Transition and Canadian life-zones are present on some of the higher mountains; their discontinuity results in a discontinuous distribution of the conifer-dependent avifauna.

The large desert restricts the movement of birds considerably. Major results of this include isolation of certain populations and absence of others in the boreal islands. For example, Miller (1955a:157) noted that the "dispersal of conifer-belt birds to and from the Sierra del Carmen, although not as difficult as to well separated islands [such as off the coast of Baja California], is nevertheless a formidable matter to accomplish across the great deserts of Texas, Chihuahua, and Coahuila." Miller (_loc. cit._) noted also that the avifauna of the Sierra del Carmen, due to its insularity, is unbalanced and stated that "as a consequence of unbalance, species that are present show ecologic extension and unusual numerical relations." At least in this type of environment, an extension or expansion of the ecologic habits of the related types takes place when some species are absent.

This isolation influences local variation among some of the birds found in Coahuila. Niches elsewhere usually occupied by certain species, absent here, are occupied by other species. These other species thus enjoy an ecologic freedom and can expand their niches in the absence of related types of similar ecologic scope. For example, Miller (1955a:158-159) reported that Hairy Woodpeckers occurred only casually in the Sierra del Carmen and that the Ladder-backed Woodpecker has spread out and seems to occupy the niche or niches usually characteristic of the Hairy Woodpecker. Changes usually thought of as of subspecific character seem to be taking place between the Ladder-backed Woodpeckers of the Sierra del Carmen and of other areas, possibly because the Ladder-backed Woodpecker in the Sierra del Carmen is extending its ecologic sphere more than in areas where the Hairy Woodpecker exists. Restriction in dispersal due to geographic isolation has probably hindered gene flow, thus allowing rapid local adaptation, recognizable in variation at the infraspecific level. Miller (_loc. cit._) listed other birds that have expanded their ecologic scope; his work should be referred to for further details.

The following birds are associated with this province: Black Vulture, Scaled Quail (_C. s. pallida_), Turkey, Elf Owl, Green Kingfisher, Hairy Woodpecker (_D. v. icastus_), Ladder-backed Woodpecker (_D. s. cactophilus_), Wied's Crested Flycatcher, Buff-breasted Flycatcher, Vermilion Flycatcher (_P. r. flammeus_), Black-crested Titmouse (_P. a. dysleptus_), Cactus Wren (_C. b. couesi_), Curve-billed Thrasher (_T. c. celsum_), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (_P. c. amoenissima_), Hutton's Vireo (_V. h. carolinae_), Summer Tanager (_P. r. cooperi_), and Black-throated Sparrow (_A. b. opuntia_). Several kinds of birds, such as the Band-tailed Pigeon, occur in the "pine islands" in this province rather than on the desert floor.

There remain several kinds of birds that are not especially associated with any one or two of the above-named provinces. These birds are widely distributed and vary geographically without corresponding to the Biotic Provinces. Examples of these species are: Black Phoebe (_S. n. semiatra_ in northern Coahuila; _S. n. nigricans_ in southern Coahuila), Violet-green Swallow (_T. t. lepida_ in northwestern Coahuila; _T. t. thalassina_ in southeastern Coahuila), Black-eared Bushtit (_P. m. lloydi_ in northern Coahuila; _P. m. iulus_ in southeastern Coahuila), White-breasted Nuthatch (_S. c. nelsoni_ in northern Coahuila; _S. c. mexicana_ in southern Coahuila), Brown-throated Wren (_T. b. cahooni_ in northern Coahuila; _T. b. compositus_ in southern Coahuila), Crissal Thrasher (_T. d. dorsale_ in northern Coahuila; _T. d. dumosum_ in southern Coahuila), and Rufous-crowned Sparrow (_A. r. tenuirostris_ in northern Coahuila; _A. r. boucardi_ in southern Coahuila).

Some representatives of the avifauna of the central and southern sections of the Central Plateau reach southwestern Coahuila. The subspecies _squamata_ of the Scaled Quail and _eurhyncha_ of the Blue Grosbeak are examples. Each in Coahuila seems to be at the northern limit of its range.

In summary, there are three associations of vegetation in Coahuila and each has characteristic birds. Gross climate and topography, through their influence on vegetation, are the prime factors in the distribution and kinds of birds in the State. Some birds of central and southern Mexico reach southeastern and southwestern Coahuila. Representatives of the Gulf Coastal Plain in Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon as well as migrants of the eastern flyway occur in northeastern Coahuila. Most of the species that occur in Coahuila seem to be associated with western North America. The aridity of western Coahuila restricts, to a large extent, the diversity of the breeding populations of its avifauna. Xeric conditions surrounding some of the higher mountains are barriers to movement of some species.

ORIGIN OF BREEDING BIRDS OF COAHUILA

Probably beginning in the late Pliocene and ending in the Ice Age (Griscom, 1950:379) the refrigeration of climate in the Northern Hemisphere initiated a period of southward withdrawal of birds from the northern part of North America. Some members of the avifauna of Coahuila probably reached the State in this time. When the continental deserts were formed, or reformed, many tropical and subtropical Middle American species were forced to leave Coahuila. Species associated with arid conditions found their way there. Many representatives of the Old World element also seem to have found their way to the State during the refrigeration of climate in the Northern Hemisphere. The separation of North and South America in the greater part of the Tertiary (Mayr, 1946:9) that deterred mammals from intercontinental colonization seemingly did not hinder birds. Some South American species moved northward into Mexico, all the way north to Coahuila.

The avifauna of Coahuila today is a mixture of the several mentioned elements. Of the breeding populations, 43 per cent breed in the western rather than the eastern United States, 6 per cent breed in the eastern rather than the western United States, 30 per cent breed in both the eastern and western United States, 20 per cent are restricted to the Republic of Mexico, and the southern parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and 1 per cent (Aztec Thrush and Rufous-capped Atlapetes) is endemic to the Republic of Mexico.

It is instructive to consider also the origin of avifaunal elements at the level of Family. According to Mayr (1946:11) most North American families and subfamilies clearly originated in the Old World, in South America, or from a North American element that developed in the partial isolation of North America in the Tertiary. Three other elements, the Panboreal, the Pan-American, and the Pantropical are represented by some North American families and subfamilies. Because of the obscurity of the place of origin of certain groups, an additional unanalyzed element must be recognized.

The Caprimulgidae and Picidae probably originated in North America (Mayr, 1946:26). Although the Psittacidae are Pantropical in distribution, indications are that they probably originated in the Old World (Mayr, 1946:17). The Phasianidae, Turdidae (_Myadestes-Hylocichla_ group), and Sylviidae (Polioptilinae) seem to have originated in the Old World (Mayr, 1946:27). However, Mayr considered these groups to have had a secondary center of proliferation in North America, and I thus consider these groups to have a North American origin. Mayr (1946:27) considered the Trochilidae, Tyrannidae, and Icteridae Pan-American in distribution; however, he suggested that they probably originated in South America, and I here treat them as South American in origin. No representatives of the Pan-American element that probably originated in North America have been recorded from Coahuila nor have members of the Panboreal element (Mayr, 1946:11) been recorded in the State. According to my analysis, representatives of families of birds known to breed in Coahuila and those that probably breed there thus seem to have been derived historically from the following sources:

Old World 24.7%
North America 37.0%
South America 24.0%
Unanalyzed 14.3%

Mayr (1946:28-29) gave examples of analysis by geographic origin of the breeding species of several districts of North America. For instance, at Yakutat Bay in southeastern Alaska the South American element of breeding passerine species was 3 per cent, the North American element 39 per cent, and the Old World element 58 per cent whereas at Sonora, Mexico, the South American element of breeding passerine species was 27 per cent, the North American element 52 per cent, and the Old World element 21 per cent. The breeding avifauna of Coahuila is thus in line with Mayr's analysis, resembling that of Sonora to a considerable degree at the taxonomic level of Family.

ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES

**_Podiceps caspicus_ (Hablizl).--On March 31, 1952, Olmstead saw "many Eared Grebes" on a pond 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa. This is the first record of the Eared Grebe in Coahuila.

[_Pelecanus erythrorhynchos_ Gmelin.--The White Pelican is uncommon, if not rare; Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:21) list it.]

_Anhinga anhinga_ (Linnaeus).--On March 31, 1952, Olmstead noted an Anhinga perched on a submerged fence post in a lake 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa. This is the first record of the Anhinga in Coahuila.

**_Ardea herodias_ Linnaeus.--Two subspecies of the Great Blue Heron, _treganzai_ and _wardi_, have been recorded from Coahuila. Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:27) listed _A. h. treganzai_ from the State; presumably this subspecies occurs widely in low density. They (_loc. cit._) remarked also that a record of _A. h. wardi_ from Coahuila "cannot be allocated subspecifically."

Dickerman saw two Great Blue Herons in a marshy area at San Marcos (=20 mi. S Cuatro Cienegas) on May 4, 1954. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:12) noted the Great Blue Heron "near Boquillas [Texas], along the Rio Grande, on May 10 and 15...."

**_Butorides virescens_ (Linnaeus).--Olmstead saw a Green Heron at Boquillas, 700 feet, on March 10, 1952. Findley reported seeing Green Herons 2 mi. W Jimenez, 850 feet, on June 19, 1952, and 2 mi. S and 3 mi. E San Juan de Sabinas on June 22, 1952.

**_Casmerodius albus egretta_ (Gmelin).--The Common Egret is an uncommon migrant in Coahuila. Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:30) recorded _C. a. egretta_ from the "extreme northern part" of Coahuila. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:12) saw the Common Egret "along the Rio Grande on the Graham ranch just west of Boquillas," Texas, on May 16, which might well be the locality to which Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore referred. Olmstead saw a Common Egret at Don Martin on March 22, 1952.

**_Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli_ (Gmelin).--This subspecies of the Black-crowned Night Heron was listed from the "extreme north" section of Coahuila by Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:32). Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:14) saw three Black-crowned Night Herons along the Rio Grande about two miles west of Boquillas, Texas, on May 16. This record probably represents the locality to which Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (_op. cit._) referred.

_Nyctanassa violacea violacea_ (Linnaeus).--A Yellow-crowned Night Heron in immediate post-juvenile plumage, No. 36413, was obtained on September 7, 1958, 16 km. south of Cuatro Cienegas, by W. L. Minckley. According to him the bird was accompanied by "several" other herons seemingly of the same species and condition of plumage. The species seems not to have been recorded previously from Coahuila [Eds.].

_Botaurus lentiginosus_ (Rackett).--Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:34) listed the American Bittern from the "extreme northern part" of Coahuila. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:14) saw two representatives of this bittern "along the Rio Grande not far from Hot Springs," Texas, on May 15. I suspect that this is the locality to which Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (_loc. cit._) referred.

[_Branta canadensis leucopareia_ (Brandt).--Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:38) listed _B. c. leucopareia_ from "northern Coahuila."]

**_Dendrocygna autumnalis_ (Linnaeus).--Evenden (1952:112) reported a Black-bellied Tree Duck standing beside a reservoir in southern Coahuila along the railroad between Saltillo, Coahuila, and Avalos, Zacatecas.

**_Anas platyrhynchos_ Linnaeus.--On March 30, 1952, Olmstead recorded a Mallard from 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 feet.

_Anas strepera_ Linnaeus.--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 31016, from 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa, 2000 ft., March 30, 1952.

The Gadwell is not an uncommon spring migrant; Olmstead saw it 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa on March 30, 1952, and Baker observed it 8 mi. N and 4 mi. W Muzquiz on March 30, 1952. Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:42) recorded the Gadwell from Coahuila.

_Anas acuta_ Linnaeus.--Miller (1955a:161) took a Pintail on September 10 in the Sierra del Carmen.

_Anas carolinensis_ Gmelin.--The Green-winged Teal has been recorded from northern Coahuila. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:15) recorded two mated pairs along the Rio Grande at Lajitas, Texas, on May 10. Miller (1955a:161) remarked that a male of the year was taken in the Sierra del Carmen on September 4.

_Anas discors discors_ Linnaeus.--_Specimens examined:_ total 2: sex ? 31646 and sex ? 31647 from .5 mi. S Las Margaritas, 2800 ft., September 28, 1953.

The Blue-winged Teal is a fairly common spring and fall migrant in Coahuila. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:15) noted the Blue-winged Teal at several different localities along the Rio Grande: "on May 8, four males and several females resting on a mud bar along the Rio Grande near Hot Springs [Texas]; ... on May 7, three pairs in a flock, along the Rio Grande, Castalon [Texas]; ... and on May 20, three pairs, along the Rio Grande, San Vicente [Texas]." Miller (1955a:161) reported that Marsh took a male of the year in the Sierra del Carmen on September 10. Dickerman observed Blue-winged Teal 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos on May 18, 1954. Olmstead listed Blue-winged Teal from 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa on March 30, 1952. Nos. 31646-31647, which are probably females, represent the subspecies _discors_ because the light edgings of their crowns are definitely present; the areas of their backs are brownish, not more intensively black, and their underparts are brownish, less blackish.

**_Anas cyanoptera septentrionalium_ Snyder and Lumsden.--Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:15) listed several localities along the Rio Grande in Brewster County, Texas, where Cinnamon Teal were seen. I suspect that Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:41) referred to those localities. Dickerman saw four pairs of Cinnamon Teal 14 mi. E and 16 mi. N Ocampo on May 9, 1954, and also saw Cinnamon Teal 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos on May 18, 1954.

_Mareca americana_ (Gmelin).--The American Widgeon is a fairly common spring migrant in Coahuila. Olmstead observed this duck 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa on March 30, 1952. Dickerman saw five to seven American Widgeons 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos on May 18, 1954.

_Spatula clypeata_ (Linnaeus).--The Shoveler is a spring and probably fall migrant in Coahuila, and has been observed at several localities. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:16) saw two pairs along the Rio Grande at Castalon, Texas, On May 7 and saw "a fair-sized flock along the Rio Grande on the Johnson ranch [in Texas] on May 13 and 14." Dickerman saw 12 pairs of Shovelers on two ponds 14 mi. E and 16 mi. N Ocampo on May 9, 1954, and 10 more 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos on May 18.

_Aythya affinis_ (Eyton).--Olmstead observed Lesser Scaup 10 mi. E Hacienda La Mariposa on March 30, 1952.

[_Bucephala albeola_ (Linnaeus).--Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:44) listed the Bufflehead from the State.]

*_Cathartes aura aura_ (Linnaeus).--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 31017 (skeleton only), from 4 mi. W Hacienda La Mariposa, 2300 ft., March 26, 1952.

Miller (1955a:161) took a female Turkey Vulture, which was in breeding condition, in the Sierra del Carmen on April 17 and stated that "until more statistics are available on breeding birds of northern Coahuila, they must be considered _C. a. aura_...." Amadon and Phillips (1947:577) took a Turkey Vulture at Las Delicias which represented _C. a. aura_. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:188) stated that this species was not uncommon, and was noted each day soaring overhead both in the valleys and over the tops of the ridges of southeastern Coahuila.

Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:47) listed _C. a. teter_ from Coahuila. Miller (1955a:161) remarked that the subspecies _aura_ and _teter_ might intergrade in the Sierra del Carmen. At the present time it is possible to say only that _teter_ is present in Coahuila in migrant and wintering populations, but the extent to which _teter_ remains in northeastern Mexico is undetermined. However, all indications point to this area as being the region where _aura_ and _teter_ intergrade.

**_Coragyps atratus_ (Bechstein).--The Black Vulture is locally common throughout most of eastern Coahuila but is uncommon in the western part of the State. Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:25) noted the Black Vulture "regularly east of Saltillo in low country," but did not see Black Vultures at San Pedro or elsewhere in southwestern Coahuila. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:188) stated that "the Black Vulture apparently avoids to a large extent the higher altitudes, and only rarely was it observed at all, even about Saltillo." Olmstead saw Black Vultures 8 mi. N and 4 mi. W Muzquiz, 1800 feet, on March 31, 1952, and Dickerman observed a flock at La Gacha (=Rancho La Coucha), 1600 feet, on December 2, 1953.

**_Accipiter gentilis_ (Linnaeus).--On July 6, 1955, Hardy saw a Goshawk 13 mi. E San Antonio de las Alazanas; this is the first record of occurrence of this species from northeastern Mexico.

*_Accipiter striatus velox_ (Wilson).--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Female] 31018, from along the Rio Grande (=Boquillas), 700 ft., March 10, 1952, measurements: wing, 207 mm.; tail, 171 mm.; tarsus, 53 mm.; culmen, 12 mm.

Our specimen of the Sharp-shinned Hawk is referred to _velox_ on the basis of the reddish, maculated breast, sides, and thighs. The collector's field notes recorded the iris as blood-red. Marsh and Stevenson (1938:286) thought that this subspecies was resident in the pine and Douglas-fir forest of upper Vivoras Canyon of the Sierra del Carmen at 8500 feet, where Marsh observed a family group including three immature birds. Friedmann (1950:196) indicated that the immature male obtained by Marsh and Stevenson is _A. s. suttoni_; Miller (1955a:161), nevertheless, remarked that this male has well barred feathers and thus is _velox_. Miller (_loc. cit._) obtained also an adult male of _A. s. velox_ in the Sierra del Carmen at 7000 feet on April 18.

**_Accipiter striatus suttoni_ van Rossem.--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 32626, from 13 mi. E San Antonio, 9950 ft., July 6, 1955, measurements: wing, 186 mm.; tail, 144 mm.; tarsus, 49 mm.; culmen, 11 mm.; weight, 103 gms.

The recording of _A. s. suttoni_ in Coahuila by Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:52), seems to have been based on their knowledge of the specimen earlier mentioned by Friedmann (1950:196) and later identified by Miller (1955a:161) as _A. s. velox_. Therefore the KU specimen seems to be the first record of _A. s. suttoni_ in Coahuila. The size of its testes (right, 2.5x4 mm.; left, 3x4 mm.) does not indicate breeding; however, the time of the year in which it was obtained suggests that it may have been a resident.

*_Accipiter cooperii_ (Bonaparte).--Miller (1955a:161) found Cooper's Hawk breeding in the Sierra del Carmen on April 26.

_Buteo jamaicensis borealis_ (Gmelin).--The Red-tailed Hawk is common in Coahuila. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:188) noted the Red-tailed Hawk on the higher ridges above an elevation of 6000 feet in southeastern Coahuila. On April 17, Burleigh and Lowery (_loc. cit._) saw two Red-tailed Hawks "in the open valley south of Diamante Pass" and on April 20, "just outside of Saltillo," these workers obtained an immature male that was referred to _B. j. borealis_.

**_Buteo jamaicensis fuertesi_ Sutton and Van Tyne.--Miller (1955a:161) took a male Red-tailed Hawk, on April 14 at 7000 feet in the Sierra del Carmen, that was referred to as _B. j. fuertesi_. To my knowledge, there are no other records of this subspecies from Coahuila, but this must be the resident form over the bulk of western Coahuila.

There are several sight records of the Red-tailed Hawk. Olmstead saw one 16 mi. S Boquillas, 1600 feet, on March 6, 1952; Dickerman saw a Red-tailed Hawk 16 mi. E and 18 mi. N Ocampo on May 7, 1954, one 20 mi. S Ocampo on April 4, 1954; and an immature at Saltillo on January 17, 1954.

_Buteo platypterus platypterus_ (Vieillot).--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 32628, from 13 mi. E San Antonio de las Alazanas, 9950 ft., July 6, 1955.

The Broad-winged Hawk is rare in Coahuila. No. 32628, if a migrant, was retarded from moving northward by the loss of its right foot and distal one-third of its tarsus. Packard (1957:371) reported this specimen as the first record of the species in Coahuila.

*_Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte._--_Specimens examined:_ total 2: [Male] 32022 from 2 mi. W Jimenez, 850 ft., June 20, 1952; and [Male] 29555 from Iglesias (=15 mi. SW Sabinas), 1000 ft., August 22, 1949.

Swainson's Hawk is not common in Coahuila. The size of the testes (6x4 mm.) of No. 32022, the adult plumage, and the date (June 20) on which it was obtained suggest that it was a breeding bird. Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:55) reported that this species breeds as far east as Durango and Chihuahua. Findley saw a Swainson's Hawk 2 mi. S and 3 mi. E San Juan de Sabinas on June 22, 1952.

**_Buteo albonotatus Kaup._--The Zone-tailed Hawk is uncommon in Coahuila. Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:26) noted the species "a few miles west of Saltillo ... on January 30."

_Buteo regalis_ (Gray).--The Ferruginous Hawk is uncommon in Coahuila. Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:26) noted a single bird "not far from Parras, on January 30."

_Buteo nitidus_ (Latham).--Evenden (1952:112) saw a Gray Hawk one mile northeast of Saltillo, at Ramos Arizpe on March 4. Although there are no other records of the Gray Hawk from Coahuila, its occurrence in the State would be expected because this species has been recorded from Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico (Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore, 1950:57).

**_Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi_ (Audubon).--Harris' Hawk is fairly common in southern Coahuila. Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:26) stated that Harris' Hawk "was one of the few birds noted repeatedly in ... southern Coahuila...."

_Circus cyaneus_ (Linnaeus).--The Marsh Hawk is a common migrant and winter visitant in Coahuila. Miller (1955a:161) remarked that the Marsh Hawk was "seen in northward migratory flight across the desert east of the Sierra del Carmen on March 31 and on April 11 along the west face of Loomis Peak at 8800 feet." Olmstead saw a female Marsh Hawk 1 mi. W San Buenaventura on April 2, 1952. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:188) noted the Marsh Hawk "about Saltillo" and "above the summit of Diamante Pass at about 8,000 feet" on April 14. Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:26) noted wintering Marsh Hawks "near San Pedro."

_Pandion haliaetus_ (Linnaeus).--Miller (1955a:161) reported seeing an Osprey on April 9 in Corte Madera Canyon, "apparently in migration;" this is the only record from Coahuila.

**_Caracara cheriway_ (Jacquin).--From the few records in the literature, I judge that the Caracara is uncommon in Coahuila. Evenden (1952:113) saw three Caracaras "south of Saltillo" on March 5. Baker saw a Caracara in the Sierra del Pino (=6 mi. NW Tanque Alvarez), 3400 feet, on July 6, 1953. No specimens of the Caracara have been taken from Coahuila.

_Falco mexicanus_ Schlegel.--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 31596, from Saltillo, January 10, 1954.

The Prairie Falcon is an uncommon winter visitant in Coahuila. Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:65) indicated that _Falco mexicanus_ winters south to Sonora, Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Auguascalientes, Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas.

No. 31596 is the first recorded specimen of the Prairie Falcon from Coahuila. The bird was heavily parasitized by worms in the mesenteries and seems to be an adult. Although its nuchal collar, as in immatures, is washed with pale cinnamon-buff, its thighs are not heavily marked with dark brown spots. The superciliary lines have blackish rather than brownish streaks, and the scapulars do not have four or five dark bars (Friedmann, 1950:624).

_Falco columbarius bendirei_ Swann.--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 31634, from Don Martin Dam (=Rio Salado), November 27, 1953, measurements: wing, 191 mm.; tail, 111 mm.; tarsus, 37 mm.; culmen, 12 mm.; testes, 3x1 mm.

The Pigeon Hawk seems to be uncommon in Coahuila. No. 31634, the first record of this species in Coahuila, has pale gray interspaces on the rectrices of its tail that are definitely wider than the three black bands, indicating affinity with _bendirei_ (Friedmann, 1950:702). Our bird was obtained near the base of the Don Martin Dam of the Rio Salado, and was observed hunting dragonflies over the water.

_Falco sparverius sparverius_ Linnaeus.--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 31648, from the north foot of Sierra Guadalupe (=10 mi. S, 5 mi. W General Cepeda), 6400 ft., April 17, 1953, weight, 104 gms.

The Sparrow Hawk is locally common in Coahuila. Miller (1955a:162) noted the species occasionally in the lower canyon areas of the Sierra del Carmen at 5000 feet from April 20 to 28. Dickerman saw two Sparrow Hawks in the Sierra del Pino on May 12, 1954. Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:27) took a male at La Rosa on January 30 that was typical for _F. s. sparverius_. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:188) noted Sparrow Hawks almost daily about Saltillo and infrequently in the open valley south of Diamante Pass; they took a female at Saltillo on April 22 that was assigned to _F. s. sparverius_.

*_Colinus virginianus texanus_ (Lawrence).--_Specimens examined:_ total 9: [Male] 29408 and [Female] 29409 from 1 mi. S, 9 mi. W Villa Acuna, April 2, 1950, weights, 169.5 and 174.7 gms., [Male] 29410 and [Female] [Female] 29411-29413 from 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S San Geronimo, April 9, 1950, weights, 152.6, 158.6, 158.2, 159.0, and 152.8 gms.; and [Male] [Male] 32032-32034 from 9 mi. S, 11 mi. E Sabinas, 1050 ft., June 13 and 14, 1952.

The Bobwhite is locally common in northeastern Coahuila. Aldrich and Duvall (1955:18) indicated that _C. v. texanus_ has been recorded from two separate localities in northeastern Coahuila and from several localities in Texas along the Rio Grande. Findley saw Bobwhites 2 mi. S and 3 mi. E San Juan de Sabinas on June 22, 1952. The specimens of Bobwhite from 3 mi. W and 1 mi. S San Geronimo seem to extend the known range of _texanus_ nearly 100 miles west. The sizes of the testes (11, 16, 15, 15 mm.) of Nos. 29408, 32032-32034, respectively, indicates breeding by the Bobwhite in Coahuila.

*_Callipepla squamata pallida_ Brewster.--_Specimens examined:_ total 16: [Male] 29414 from 1 mi. S, 13 mi. W Villa Acuna, April 4, 1950; [Male] [Male] 29415-29417 from 11 mi. W Hacienda San Miguel, 2200 ft., April 4, 1950, weights, 205.3, 198.6, and 182.7 gms.; [Female] [Female] 31019-31021 from 10 mi. S, 5 mi. E Boquillas, 1500 ft., March 2 and 4, 1952, weights, 184.4, 180 and 154.2 gms.; [Male] 34454 from 2 mi. SSE Castillon, 4050 ft., June 29, 1953, weight, 169 gms.; [Male] 29418 and [Female] 29419 from 8 mi. N, 2 mi. E La Babia, April 8, 1950; [Male] [Male] 32023-32024, [Male] 32026, [Female] 32025, and [Female] 32027 from 5 mi. N, 19 mi. W Cuatro Cienegas, 3250 ft., July 6, 1952; and [Male] 32640 from 2 mi. W Paila, July 3, 1955.

The Scaled Quail is common in Coahuila. The subspecies _pallida_ occurs in northwestern Coahuila south to Sierra de los Alamitos. Intergrades of _pallida_, _castanogastris_, and _squamata_ are present in the central part of the State. No. 32640, obtained 2 mi. W Paila, has some resemblance to _squamata_. Five specimens of _pallida_ from the central part of Coahuila (5 mi. N and 19 mi. W Cuatro Cienegas), show little or no approach toward _squamata_. Miller (1955a:162) stated that two of the Scaled Quail collected in the Sierra del Carmen show no approach to the race _castanogastris_ of eastern Coahuila nor to _C. s. squamata_ of southern Coahuila. From the specimens that I have examined, I judge that the range of _pallida_ extends as far south as the Sierra de los Alamitos rather than only to the northwestern part of Coahuila as reported by Aldrich and Duvall (1955:17). In northeastern Coahuila _pallida_ seems to intergrade with _castanogastris_; No. 29414 has an indistinct rusty chestnut patch on its abdomen, thus resembling _castanogastris_.

The sizes of the testes (9-12 mm.) and of the largest ova (14 mm. in diameter and an egg 23 mm. long) of birds labeled with reference to Cuatro Cienegas indicate breeding activity.

**_Callipepla squamata castanogastris_ Brewster.--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 32028, from 9 mi. S, 11 mi. E Sabinas, June 14, 1952.

Typical representatives of _C. s. castanogastris_ in Coahuila occur only in the extreme northeastern section of the State, and most specimens of the Scaled Quail from northeastern Coahuila are intergrades between _pallida_ and _castanogastris_.

No. 32028 is identified as _C. s. castanogastris_ because there is a distinct rusty chestnut patch on its abdomen. This patch, nevertheless, is not so large as in a more nearly typical male _C. s. castanogastris_ from 15 mi. NNW Anahuac, Nuevo Leon.

**_Callipepla squamata squamata_ (Vigors).--_Specimens examined:_ total 2: [Male] 30231 and [Female] 30232 from 10 mi. NW San Lorenzo, 4200 ft., February 3, 1951.

The subspecies _squamata_ occurs in southern Coahuila. Amadon and Phillips (1947:577) took a Scaled Quail at Las Delicias on August 18 that "was only two-thirds grown, though well able to fly" and obtained an adult 19 mi. W Saltillo that was typical _squamata_. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:188) stated that _C. s. squamata_ was one of the characteristic birds of the open desert country of southeastern Coahuila. Scaled Quail were seen by Burleigh and Lowery (_loc. cit._) "about Saltillo and in the open valley south of Diamante Pass."

The breast and upper back of both specimens from 10 mi. NW San Lorenzo, are plumbeous-gray rather than pale dull gray. Also the lower back, rump, abdomen, forehead, and crown more closely resemble the subspecies _squamata_ rather than _C. s. pallida_. However, the upper backs of both specimens are not so plumbeous-gray as on a male (32030) and a female (32031) of the subspecies _squamata_ from 1 mi. N Chorro, Durango, 6450 ft., July 11, 1952. The two birds from Durango appear to be slightly darker than the Coahuilan specimens that approach the subspecies _pallida_.

Burleigh and Lowery (1942:188-189) stated that one of their specimens of _C. s. squamata_ obtained at Saltillo seems to be "very close to _castanogastris_, suggesting that southeastern Coahuila is in the region of intergradation between the two races." Aldrich and Duvall (1955:17) indicated that _squamata_ and _castanogastris_ intergrade near Sabinas. The two specimens that I have examined show no sign of approach toward _castanogastris_. More specimens of Scaled Quail from Coahuila are needed to permit accurate definition of the distribution of the subspecies.

*_Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi_ Nelson.--The Harlequin Quail is locally common in Coahuila; _C. m. mearnsi_ is present in northwestern Coahuila (Aldrich and Duvall, 1955:20). Miller (1955a:162) stated that an area in the head of Corte Madera Canyon of the Sierra del Carmen at 7500 feet was the principal location for _C. m. mearnsi_. He further suggested that the Harlequin Quail breeds in the Sierra del Carmen and remarked that Marsh took a male on September 7 at Jardin del Sur. He added that the occurrence of _C. m. montezumae_ in northern Coahuila as reported by Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:79) is "possibly an error or was based on individual dark variants...." Baker noted the Harlequin Quail (unidentified to subspecies) 9 mi. W and 1 mi. S Villa Acuna, 1120 feet, on April 4, 1950.

*_Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae_ (Vigors).--This subspecies of the Harlequin Quail has been recorded from southeastern Coahuila. Ridgway and Friedmann (1946:396) listed _C. m. montezumae_ from Saltillo. Baker saw a pair of Harlequin Quail (unidentified to subspecies) at San Antonio de las Alazanas on March 25, 1950. More collecting is necessary for an understanding of the distribution and intergradation of these subspecies in Coahuila.

*_Meleagris gallopavo intermedia_ Sennett.--_Specimens examined:_ total 4: [Female] 31022 from Fortin (=33 mi. N, 8 mi. W San Geronimo), 3300 ft., March 28, 1952, weight, 9 lbs.; [Female] 29420 from 3 mi. W, 1 mi. S San Geronimo, April 9, 1950, weight, 7 lbs.; and [Male] 29421 and [Female] 29422 from 3 mi. W, 2 mi. S San Geronimo, April 9, 1950, weights, 11.5 and 8.5 lbs.

The Turkey in Coahuila is restricted to the northern section of the State. Miller (1955a:162) remarked that the population of Turkeys in the Sierra del Carmen was sparse and did not range above 7500 feet into the highest pine-oak and Douglas fir areas. Baker saw Turkeys 4 mi. W Hacienda La Mariposa, 2300 feet, on March 23, 1952. William Schaldach, Jr., noted 30 Turkeys "just west of Rancho San Geronimo" on April 9, 1950. Aldrich and Duvall (1955:22) indicated several localities in northern Coahuila where the Turkey occurs or occurred.

_Grus canadensis_ (Linnaeus).--Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:28) remarked that a flock of Sandhill Cranes was heard "near Mayran ... on January 30."

_Porzana carolina_ (Linnaeus).--The Sora is an uncommon spring and fall migrant in Coahuila. Amadon and Phillips (1947:577) obtained an adult male Sora at Las Delicias on August 15.

_Fulica americana_ Gmelin.--The American Coot probably occurs in the State as a spring and fall migrant. Dickerman saw two coots 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos on May 18, 1954.

*_Charadrius vociferus vociferus_ Linnaeus.--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Male] 31023, from the Rio Grande (=17 mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, in Coahuila), 600 ft., March 19, 1952, weight, 82.7 gms.

In Coahuila the Killdeer seems to be uncommon. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:28) remarked that it nested in Brewster County, Texas. The species probably nests in northern Coahuila as well; the lengths of the testes (left, 9 mm.; right, 4 mm.) of No. 31023 support this view.

_Eupoda montana_ (Townsend).--Pitelka (1948:118) recorded one female Mountain Plover from Hipolito on February 23. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:28) reported that the Mountain Plover nested in Brewster County, Texas. Possibly _Eupoda montana_ nests in northern Coahuila as well.

_Numenius americanus parvus_ Bishop.--_Specimens examined:_ total 3: [Male] 31434 and [Female] 35406 (skeleton only) from 8 mi. E, 2 mi. S Americanos, May 19, 1954, measurements: wing, 250, 258 mm.; tail, 96, 100 mm.; tarsus, 74, 81.5 mm.; culmen, 11.2, 16.5 mm.; [Male] gonad, 6x2 mm.; and [Female] 35400 (skeleton only) from 7 mi. W San Antonio de las Alazanas, January 11, 1954.

The Long-billed Curlew is not common in Coahuila. Dickerman obtained both the specimens from 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos out of a flock of 35. Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:28) noted the Long-billed Curlew "near San Pedro ... [on] January 29."

_Actitis macularia_ (Linnaeus).--The Spotted Sandpiper has been obtained from two localities in Coahuila. Miller (1955a:162) stated that an immature in fall migration was taken "at the tank in the western hills" of the Sierra del Carmen on September 4. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:189) found the Spotted Sandpiper "at the Chorro del Agua near Arteaga" on April 17 and 19.

_Totanus melanoleucus_ (Gmelin).--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Female] 31024, from the Rio Grande (=17 mi. S Dryden, Terrell Co., Texas, in Coahuila), 600 ft., March 18, 1952, weight, 224 gms.

The Greater Yellowlegs is an uncommon spring and probably fall migrant in Coahuila. No. 31024 is the first record of this species in Coahuila.

_Totanus flavipes_ (Gmelin).--Miller (1955a:162) reported that Marsh took a Lesser Yellowlegs "at the tank in the western hills" of the Sierra del Carmen on September 4.

_Erolia melanotos_ (Vieillot).--Miller (1955a:162) reported taking a Pectoral Sandpiper on September 4 "at the tank in the western hills" of the Sierra del Carmen.

[_Erolia minutilla_ (Vieillot).--Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:99) listed the Least Sandpiper from Coahuila.]

*_Recurvirostra americana_ Gmelin.--_Specimens examined:_ total 2: [Male] 31433 and [Female] 31432 from 8 mi. E, 2 mi. S Americanos, May 19, 1954.

Van Hoose (1955:302) reported a small breeding colony of American Avocets 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos "on a large grassy playa traversed by rows of creosote (_Larrea tridentata_)." No. 31432 was taken from a nest containing four partly-incubated eggs. Van Hoose (_loc. cit._) also reported that four eggs in a second nest contained well-developed, downy young.

_Steganopus tricolor_ Vieillot.--Wilson's Phalarope occurs in Coahuila as a spring and probably fall migrant. Van Tyne and Sutton (1937:31) saw the species several times along the Rio Grande. Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:102) listed _Steganopus tricolor_ from the Rio Grande along the borders of Chihuahua and Coahuila on May 10-16.

[_Larus argentatus smithsonianus_ Coues.--Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:104) listed this subspecies of the Herring Gull from the State.]

[_Larus delawarensis_ Ord.--Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:103) stated that the Ring-billed Gull occurs in Coahuila.]

*_Columba fasciata fasciata_ Say.--_Specimens examined:_ total 3: [Male] 35401 (skeleton only) from 22 mi. S and 5 mi. W Ocampo, 7000 ft., April 6, 1954; and [Male] 32035 and [Female] 32036 from 4 mi. N, 21 mi. W Cuatro Cienegas, 6200 ft., July 2, 1952.

The Band-tailed Pigeon is locally common in Coahuila. Miller (1955a:162) remarked that the Band-tailed Pigeon "was unaccountably rare in 1953" in the Sierra del Carmen, and said that a specimen was taken on August 7 in Vivoras Canyon. Burleigh and Lowery (1942:189) wrote that "small flocks were seen each day ... on the summit of Diamante Pass, but only on one occasion was a pair noted." Dickerman saw 10 Band-tailed Pigeons 20 mi. S Ocampo, 6000 feet, on April 4, 1954. The enlarged testes (17 mm.) of No. 32035, and an egg (38 mm. long) in No. 32036 show that the species breeds in central Coahuila.

*_Zenaida asiatica asiatica_ (Linnaeus).--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Female] 31025 (skeleton only), from 10 mi. S and 5 mi. E Boquillas, 1500 ft., March 4, 1952.

Miller (1955a:163) took a male White-winged Dove on April 23 "at the mouth of Boquillas Canyon at about 4900 feet" and remarked that this bird might either be a straggler or a representative of a normal breeding population (_Z. a. asiatica_). On January 29 and 30, Sutton and Burleigh (1939a:29) saw White-winged Doves several times in southern Coahuila along the highway from Saltillo to San Pedro.

**_Zenaida asiatica mearnsi_ (Ridgway).--Amadon and Phillips (1947:577) obtained an adult White-winged Dove of this subspecies at Delicias on August 14.

_Zenaidura macroura carolinensis_ (Linnaeus).--Friedmann, Griscom, and Moore (1950:117) listed this subspecies of the Mourning Dove as a spring and fall migrant on the "Central Plateau" (Coahuila is part of the "Central Plateau,"), "as proven by banding records not indicated in literature."

*_Zenaidura macroura marginella_ (Woodhouse).--_Specimen examined:_ one, [Female] 34455, from 1 mi. W Jaco, June 27, 1953.