Chapter II: Part 2

_=Cacomantis merulinus threnodes=_ Cabanis and Heine: Plaintive Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 25.0 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2891; [Female] imm., 27.0 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2892; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3382. Tenom: [Male], January 1, 1963, MCT 3563. Ulu Balung: [Female], July 15, 1963, ADG 199.

This cuckoo was common in all habitats examined at all of our
collecting stations, except the moss forest near Tenom.

_=Cacomantis variolosus sepulchralis=_ (S. Muller): Fantailed Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 30.8 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2824. Ulu Balung: [Male], July 10, 1963, ADG 183.

The specimens were collected in primary forest. There are only five
earlier records for all of Borneo (Smythies, 1960:253-254).
Probably this species nests in Borneo; it is unlikely that
specimens taken in August and July are migrants.

_=Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus=_ (Horsfield): Violet Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 1 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2964.

This species was seen twice, both times in the research station
cocoa plantings. The specimen taken was from a shade tree, _Trema
orientalis_.

_=Chalcites malayanus aheneus=_ Junge: Malaysian Green Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] definite brood patch, 17.5 gm., body molt, July 4, 1962, MCT 2587; [Male] testis 4 x 4 mm., 19.1 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2736; [Female], 17.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2737; [Male], 17.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2738; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., 18.2 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2739; [Female], August 25, 1962, MCT 2809; [Male], 21.1 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2900; [Male], October 2, 1962, MCT 2984. Tiger Estate: [Female] oviduct enlarged, brood patch, November 25, 1962, MCT 3318.

This cuckoo was common in the cocoa planting at the Cocoa Research
Station and not found in any other type of habitat. Smythies
(1960:255) thought that possibly two species of _Chalcites_ were
represented in the series of _Chalcites malayanus_ from Borneo. I
have assembled all 20 known specimens, however, including seven in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard unreported by Smythies
(1957:638) and find that the variation in the coloration of the
head and upperparts is due to the difference in sexes, the males
being darker than the females. There is much variation in the
length of the wing, but the meaning of this variation is not yet
clear.

_=Surniculus lugubris barussarum=_ (Oberholser): Drongo-cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2672, discarded; [Female] imm., 28.6 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2810.

The first specimen was taken in secondary forest; it had been
sitting in a dead tree, occasionally darting out after insects.
The second specimen was taken in cocoa; its stomach contained 50
caterpillars.

_=Eudynamys scolopacea=_ (Linnaeus): Koel.--This species was observed at Tawau and on Siamil Island, on August 30 and September 18, respectively.

_=Clamator coromandus=_ (Linnaeus): Red-winged Crested Cuckoo.--_Specimen_, 1: Telipok: [Female], February 10, 1963, TM 33.

_=Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus fuscigularis=_ (Baker): Raffles Malcoha.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], August 26, 1962, MCT 2813.

Flocks of three and four were seen in the cocoa. At Kalabakan the
species was feeding about 40 feet up in the second canopy layer of
the primary forest.

_=Phaenicophaeus diardi borneensis=_ (Salvadori): Lesser Green-billed Malcoha.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 58.2 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2636; [Female], 55.8 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2890; [Male], September 13, 1962, MCT 2918.

This malcoha was seen only three times; it was the second most
common malcoha.

_=Phaenicophaeus javanicus pallidus=_ (Robinson and Kloss): Red-billed Malcoha.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 97.0 gm., August 31, 1962, MCT 2841; [Male], 98.0 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2889.

The two specimens were taken in cocoa. On October 2, 1962, I saw
one about 100 feet up in the top canopy layer of the primary forest
at the Cocoa Research Station and, on October 3, two more hopping
from branch to branch about 150 feet up in a tree.

_=Phaenicophaeus curvirostris borneensis=_ (Blasius and Nehrkorn): Chestnut-breasted Malcoha.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] old brood patch, 121.8 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2602; [Female], September 4, 1962, MCT 2864; [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., 143.6 gm., wing molt, July 7, 1962, MCT 2611; [Male] testis 6 x 2 mm., 111.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2763; [Female], May 25, 1963, ADG 110. Ulu Balung: sex?, July 24, 1963, ADG 216. Tiger Estate: [Male], June 22, 1963, ADG 156.

This was the most numerous of the malcohas at the Cocoa Research
Station. It was observed in primary forest, secondary forest,
citrus trees, and cocoa trees. In the primary forest it ranged in
the upper canopy from 100 to 150 feet up.

As Peters has indicated (1940:56), the name _P. c. borneensis_
(Blasius and Nehrkorn) 1881 has priority over _P. c. microrhinus_
Berlepsch 1895 (used by Smythies).

_=Centropus sinensis=_ (Stephens): Common Coucal.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], May 15, 1963, ADG 108.

The finding of a coucal at the Cocoa Research Station on May 15,
1963, came as something of a surprise, since none had been seen
there earlier by our group. Coucals were seen at Tawau but were not
collected or identified to species.

_=Centropus bengalensis=_ (Gmelin): Lesser Coucal.--_Specimens_, 2: Tuaran: [Female], April 1, 1963, ADG 46; sex?, December 3, 1963, SCFC 17.

_=Carpococcyx radiceus radiceus=_ (Temminck): Ground Cuckoo.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] imm., November 7, 1962, MCT 3217.

This male was taken in a native snare in primary forest and
provides our only record. The specimen is in the postjuvenal (first
prebasic) molt.

This record is the first for this species from North Borneo
(Smythies, 1957:643); others are known from Sarawak and Indonesian
Borneo.

_=Otus bakkamoena lemurum=_ Deignan. Collared Scops Owl.--_Specimens_, 3: Tiger Estate: [Female], November 25, 1962, MCT 3319. Tenom: [Male] testis 6 x 5 mm., body molt, January 1, 1963, MCT 3552. Agricultural Oil Palm Station: [Male], October 6, 1963, ADG 299.

The specimen from Tenom was taken in a bird net set in a
grass-scrubland situation; the testes were regressing. Harrison
(Smythies, 1957:645) found this species breeding in the Kelabit
uplands in January.

_=Glaucidium brodiei borneense=_ Sharpe: Pygmy Owlet.--_Specimen_, 1: Ulu Balung: [Male], July 19, 1963, ADG 210.

The specimen taken by Garcia is the sixth known (Smythies,
1957:646) from Borneo and the first from the east coast. Specimens
were collected in 1956 in North Borneo by the Cambridge Expedition.

_=Ninox scutulata borneensis=_ (Bonaparte): Hawk-owl.--_Specimen_, 1: Tenom: [Female] largest ovum 2 mm., oviduct evident, January 6, 1963, MCT 3583.

This female, taken in a bird net in a grass-scrubland association,
was coming into breeding condition.

_=Strix leptogrammica=_ Temminck: Malaysian Wood Owl.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: sex?, July 9, 1963, ADG 182; [Male], May 25, 1963, ADG 111.

On September 7, 1962, I flushed two of these owls from a tree
beside the Apas River in primary forest. One was subsequently shot
but lost. Garcia's two specimens were not identified to subspecies.

_=Caprimulgus macrurus salvadori=_ Sharpe: Long-tailed Nightjar.--_Specimens_, 3: Tuaran: [Female], January 12, 1963, MCT 3592; [Female], March 2, 1963, ADG 6. Mt. Rumas: [Male], March 6, 1963, ADG 13.

This was an abundant bird on the Jesselton-Tuaran road but was not
seen at any of the other collecting stations in North Borneo.

_=Collocalia fuciphaga natunae=_ Stresemann: Thunberg Swiftlet.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 7 mm., oviduct enlarged, 13.1 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2570; [Female] ovary small, September 8, 1962, MCT 2887. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 20, 1962, MCT 3485.

This swiftlet was seen every day while we were at the Cocoa
Research Station and was common also in the mountains around Tenom,
where it flew in and out of the fog over our camp.

_=Collocalia esculenta=_ ssp.: White-bellied Swiftlet.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 5.5 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2591; [Male], 6.2 gm., July 5, 1962, MCT 2594; [Male], 6.2 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT 2574; [Female], 6.0 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2589; [Female], 5.7 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2590. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 4 x 2 mm., November 10, 1962, MCT 3236; [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3237.

This was the most abundant of all the swifts at the Cocoa Research
Station and in the Kalabakan area and was seen also at Semporna on
August 16, 1962, in a small coral cave near the District Officer's
house. This cave was 10 feet high at most, but averaged five to six
feet. It harbored about 1,000 birds, most of them nesting back in
the dimly lit zone but one small group of 50 nested in the entrance
in bright light. The adults were still feeding young, although the
latter could fly strongly.

_=Chaetura leucopygialis=_ (Blyth): White-rumped Spine-tailed Swift.--_Specimens_, 12: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] well-developed brood patch, June 28, 1962, MCT 2565; [Female], 12.9 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2567; [Female], June 30, 1962, heavy molt on body, head, wing, tail, MCT 2568; [Female], 14.5 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2569; [Female], 13.0 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2571; [Female], 13.0 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT 2572; [Male] testis 4 x 2 mm., 12.3 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT 2575; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 14.9 gm., July 2, 1962, MCT 2576; [Female], 15.4 gm., July 5, 1962, MCT 2595; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 15.4 gm., wing molt, July 5, 1962, MCT 2596; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 11.9 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2598; [Female], 13.0 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2599.

This species was common around the Cocoa Research Station but was
not seen elsewhere. There is some variation in color within the
populations.

_=Hemiprocne comata comata=_ (Temminck): White-whiskered Tree Swift.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 17.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2675; sex?, young in juvenal plumage, MCT 2812; [Male], April 28, 1963, ADG 76.

At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird usually was seen
sitting on a dead branch of a shade tree in the cocoa whence it
would dart out after insects. It rarely perched higher than 12
feet. Occasionally it was seen in a clearing in the primary forest.

_=Hemiprocne longipennis longipennis=_ (Rafinesque): Crested Tree Swift.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., September 4, 1962, MCT 2866; sex?, 42.8 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT 2888.

These swifts also were common at the Cocoa Research Station. Unlike
_H. comata_, these birds flew high and sat far up in trees while
resting. I never observed them in the primary forest.

The two specimens were more greenish-blue dorsally than typical _H.
l. longipennis_. Specimens from Java were paler gray ventrally and
their tertials were more nearly white. Too few specimens were
available to permit determination of the constancy of the mentioned
variation and the two from the station are referred to the nominate
subspecies until more material becomes available.

_=Harpactes diardi diardi=_ (Temminck): Diard's Trogon.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 95.9 gm., July 2, 1962, MCT 2579; 3 alcoholic naked young, July 3, 1962, presumed young of 2579, MCT 2581-83; [Female], 95.0 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2782; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., September 5, 1962, MCT 2870; [Male], September 5, 1962, MCT 2871; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3409.

This was the most numerous of the trogons at the Cocoa Research
Station. One female was taken in a live trap set for rats in the
cocoa. The next day a laborer found a young, presumably of that
female, in a nest in the same area. On August 20, a flock of 5 to
10 birds was seen moving together in a loose group through the
jungle. This species appeared to be a bird of the primary forest,
but occasionally was found in the cocoa.

_=Harpactes kasumba impavidus=_ (Chasen and Kloss): Red-naped Trogon.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 72.1 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 3730 (discarded); [Female], September 7, 1962, MCT 2883.

This species of the deep forest was not seen in any other habitat.

_=Harpactes duvauceli=_ (Temminck): Scarlet-rumped Trogon.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 30.9 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2648; [Male]?, December 1, 1962, MCT 3407; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3408. Ulu Balung: [Female], July 18, 1963, ADG 209; [Male], July 18, 1963, ADG 208. Kinabatangan Agricultural Station: [Female], October 13, 1963, ADG 305. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 10, 1962, MCT 2996.

This trogon of the primary forest was second in abundance only to
_H. diardi_.

_=Halcyon concreta=_ (Temminck): Chestnut-collared Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 2: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3222; [Female], November 8, 1962, MCT 3223.

This kingfisher was netted near a small stream in the deep primary
forest. Another individual was obtained in moss forest at an
elevation of 4,000 feet at Tenom, but was discarded.

_=Halcyon chloris chloroptera=_ (Oberholser): White-collared Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 4: 9.5 mi. E Tawau: [Female] largest ovum 3 mm., 61.7 gm., July 29, 1962, MCT 2683; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., 60.3 gm., July 29, 1962, paired with 2683. Telipok: [Female], February 9, 1963, G. R. Conway; [Female], February 10, 1963, G. R. Conway.

This is a bird of the sea coast. It was seen at Tawau, Siamil
Island, and Karindingen Island.

_=Halcyon sancta sancta=_ (Vigors and Horsfield): Sacred Kingfisher.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], June 17, 1963, ADG 147.

The specimen was taken along the Apas River in scrubland near the
river. One previously was recorded from North Borneo, this from
Labuan (Smythies, 1957:660). He (1963:278) saw another at Bauto on
the Labuk River.

_=Halcyon pileata=_ (Boddaert): Black-capped Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 3: Tenom: [Male], January 1, 1963, MCT 3564. Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Female], October 18, 1963, ADG 322; [Male], October 11, 1963, ADG 301.

The specimen from Tenom was caught in a net in the scrub-grassland
association. The others were taken along the Kinabatangan River.

_=Pelargopsis capensis fraseri=_ Sharpe: Stork-billed Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 2: Telipok: [Male], February 9, 1963, TM 30. Mt. Rumas: [Male], April 16, 1963, ADG 53.

This species was common along the lower reaches of the Kalabakan
and Brantian rivers and in the mangroves near Tawau.

_=Alcedo atthis bengalensis=_ Gmelin: Common Kingfisher.--_Specimen_, 1: Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Female], October 12, 1963, ADG 304.

I saw this kingfisher once along the Apas River at Quoin Hill and
again along the beach at Siamil Island.

_=Alcedo euryzona euryzona=_ Temminck: Blue-banded Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 7, 1962, MCT 2884. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3091; [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3099; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3101.

This species was fairly common along streams deep in the primary
forest at Quoin Hill.

_=Ceyx erithacus=_ ssp. (Linnaeus): Forest Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 13.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2924; 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 18, 1962, MCT 3075; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3163. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], September 5, 1963, ADG 273.

All specimens taken showed characters intermediate between those of
the subspecies _C. e. motleyi_ and _C. e. rufidorsus_. Voous (1951)
states that, in all the Malaysian region, the greatest number of
hybrids between these two subspecies occurred in Borneo and,
further, that he could find hybrid specimens showing practically
all imaginable character combinations. My specimens also showed
these intermediate tendencies and I am unable at present to
allocate the specimens to subspecies.

_=Merops viridis viridis=_ Linnaeus: Blue-throated Bee-eater.--_Specimens_, 9: Mt. Rumas: [Male], March 5, 1963, ADG 9; [Male], March 5, 1963, ADG 10; [Female], March 6, 1963, ADG 20; [Male], March 7, 1963, ADG 21; [Female], March 7, 1963, ADG 22; [Male], March 7, 1963, ADG 23. Telipok: [Female], March 24, 1963; ADG 39. Pintasan: [Male], October 22, 1963, ADG 302; [Female], October 12, 1963, ADG 303.

These specimens were all taken in March and October and seem to
support Smythies' (1957:664) idea that they arrive with the
northeast monsoon (October to March) and are absent the rest of the
year.

_=Nyctiornis amicta=_ (Temminck): Red-bearded Bee-eater.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 27, 1962, molting, MCT 2970.

The specimen was taken along a stream in the deep primary forest,
where it was sitting on a dead twig overlooking the stream. The
call note was much like that of a scolding squirrel. This was the
only time this species was observed in the Quoin Hill area.

_=Eurystomus orientalis cyanicollis=_ Vieillot: Broad-billed Roller.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 157.4 gm., heavy molt, July 3, 1962, MCT 2585; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 152.0 gm., heavy molt, July 21, 1962, MCT 2633; [Female], 146.4 gm., heavy molt, July 21, 1962, MCT 2634; [Female], April 29, 1963, ADG 83.

At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird perched in dead
trees in the cocoa. On several evenings in September, an individual
was seen catching insects in flight at dusk, repeatedly returning
to a stump between forays. This continued until it was so dark that
I could barely discern the bird.

_=Berenicornis comatus=_ (Raffles): White-crested Hornbill.--A pair was seen feeding about 150 feet up in a tree at the Cocoa Research Station. No other was seen in northern Borneo.

_=Annorrhinus galeritus=_ (Temminck): Bushy-crested Hornbill.--This hornbill was seen only on October 3, 1962, at the Cocoa Research Station, when a flock of five flew overhead.

_=Aceros leucocephalus=_ (Vieillot): Wrinkled Hornbill.--On October 3, 1962, a pair was seen in the primary forest at the Cocoa Research Station.

_=Aceros undulatus undulatus=_ (Shaw): Wreathed Hornbill.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 5 mm., October 2, 1962, MCT 2981; [Male] testis 10 x 11 mm., October 2, 1962, MCT 2982.

This, the most common hornbill at Quoin Hill and at Kalabakan,
occurred in primary forest.

_=Anthracoceros malayanus=_ (Raffles): Black Hornbill.--A flock of five was seen at the Cocoa Research Station rest house on September 6 and 13, 1962.

_=Buceros rhinoceros=_ Linnaeus: Rhinoceros Hornbill.--It was fairly common at the Cocoa Research Station, where several were observed in July and August.

_=Rhinoplax vigil=_ (Forster): Helmeted Hornbill.--The Helmeted Hornbill was rarely observed, but almost every day we heard its call when we were on the east coast. It was also heard in the forest on the west coast around Tenom, but is not common there owing to hunting by the natives. Skulls of this and the preceding species were on sale in a shop at Tenom, despite laws prohibiting the killing of these species.

_=Calorhamphus fuliginosus tertius=_ Chasen and Kloss: Brown Barbet.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 2 mm., 38.8 gm., brood patch, July 7, 1962, MCT 2610; [Female], 40.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2702; [Female], 44.8 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2703; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., September 25, 1962 (paired with MCT 2956), MCT 2955; [Female], September 1, 1962, MCT 2846, [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2956; [Female]?, November 30, 1962, MCT 3436.

These barbets were common at the Cocoa Research Station both in
secondary forest and cocoa, usually in groups of three or four.
They were seen also at Kalabakan where the birds fed in the top of
a 100-foot tree in the primary forest.

In describing this bird, Smythies (1960:322) said the male's bill
is black. The one male that I took had an orange bill and at no
time did I observe any black-billed birds at the Cocoa Research
Station; this black bill perhaps is a character of the subspecies
_C. f. fuliginosus_.

_=Megalaima henrici brachyrhyncha=_ Neumann: Yellow-crowned Barbet.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 72.8 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2696; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., 83.2 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2705; [Male] testis 6 x 5 mm., 73.7 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2706.

This barbet was common at the Cocoa Research Station and its call
could be heard at any time of day until dusk. Smythies (1960:324)
described this call as _took-took-took-took-trrrroook_. All birds
of this species that I watched and listened to, however, were
calling thus: _trrrroook-took-took-took-took_. The number of
_tooks_ varies, but is generally four and can be as high as seven.
This species was heard at all stations on the east coast. At
Kalabakan, one was heard calling all day long from the top of a
70-foot tree.

Comparison of my specimens with those in the U. S. National Museum
revealed that _M. h. brachyrhyncha_ was readily distinguishable
from the nominate race by measurements. The average length of bill
in my specimens was 23 mm., whereas the average length in two
specimens from Sumatra and Siam in the U. S. National Museum was 27
mm. The Bornean specimens differ also in having the blue patch on
the head larger and darker than in _M. h. henrici_. _M. h.
brachyrhyncha_ certainly seems to be a valid race on the basis of
the available specimens.

_=Megalaima chrysopogon chrysopsis=_ Goffin: Gold-whiskered Barbet.--_Specimens_, 10: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 2 mm., 164.4 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2627; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., 156.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2697; [Female], 177.2 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2701; [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., 172.6 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2717; ?, 182.2 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2718; [Female], 181.5 gm., MCT 2721; [Male] testis 10 x 8 mm., 148.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2741; [Male], June 23, 1963, ADG 155; [Female], May 25, 1963, ADG 109. Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3324.

Next to the Brown Barbet, this was perhaps the most common barbet
at the Cocoa Research Station and was often the only bird heard in
the heat of the day. On three occasions birds were observed
clinging to the side of a tree as a woodpecker might, pecking away
at dead wood. This species was seen both in the cocoa and primary
forest.

_=Megalaima mystacophanes mystacophanes=_ (Temminck): Gaudy Barbet.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 60.3 gm., July 25, 1962; [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., 79.2 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2749; [Male] testis 9 x 5 mm., September 1, 1962, MCT 2845; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2950; [Female], April 30, 1963, ADG 88. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3103. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male] testis 8 x 6 mm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3530; [Female], December 25, 1962, MCT 3537.

This common bird lived in the secondary and primary forest and
cocoa. I saw it at all localities. At least two calls were given by
this species. One was a simple _took_ with a long pause between
calls; the other was as described by Smythies (1960:323).

The birds fed from high in trees down to nearly ground level. This
species like _M. chrysopogon_, clung to the sides of trees and
pecked at dead wood.

_=Megalaima australis duvauceli=_ (Lesson): Little Barbet.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 x 5 mm., 35.2 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2692; [Male] testis 9 x 5 mm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2699; [Female] ovary granular, 33.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2704.

I was unable to make detailed observations on this species. All
specimens were taken from a high feeding tree, where it was
impossible to identify them before hand.

_=Indicator archipelagicus=_ Temminck: Malaysian Honey-guide.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] ovary minute, 29 November 1962, MCT 3394. Tenom: [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., January 5, 1963, MCT 3580.

The specimen from the Cocoa Research Station was taken in a net in
the cocoa and the Tenom bird was taken in a net in the middle of
Tenom, both in garden areas. These two specimens differ in
coloration from Bornean birds in the U. S. National Museum; I think
the difference results from "foxing" of the older specimens.
Specimens have been taken previously in North Borneo on the
Bengkoka River, Lumbidan, and on the Mengalong River (Smythies,
1957:669). Mary Norman saw this honey-guide once at the Quoin
Estate in 1962 (Smythies, 1963:279).

_=Sasia abnormis=_ (Temminck): Rufous Piculet.--_Specimens_, 13: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., molting, July 10, 1962, MCT 2612; [Female], September 24, 1962, MCT 2940; [Female], December 1, 1962, MCT 3411; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 177; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 166; [Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 135. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 17, 1962, MCT 3061. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3470; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3517; [Male], December 24, 1962, MCT 3529; [Female], December 27, 1962, MCT 3541. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 24, 1963, ADG 257; [Male], August 15, 1963, ADG 242.

The piculet was common in the secondary undergrowth near the Cocoa
Research Station, and was taken once in the primary forest. One
bird was seen sitting on a small branch about 10 feet up at a right
angle to the branch. It did not ascend the tree like a woodpecker.
This species was also taken in the moss forest near Tenom.

_=Picus puniceus observandus=_ (Hartert): Crimson-winged Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 65.8 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2671; [Male], September 27, 1962, MCT 2973.

This woodpecker was observed twice, both times in primary forest at
the Cocoa Research Station.

_=Picus mentalis humei=_ (Hargitt): Checkered-throated Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 93.3 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2642; sex?, 107.0 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2733.

I saw this bird only twice, in primary forest.

_=Picus miniaceus malaccensis=_ Latham: Banded Red Woodpecker.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., 79.5 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2722.

On August 4 I saw two birds of this species together in badly
disturbed primary forest and took the specimen listed above.

_=Micropternus brachyurus badiosus=_ (Bonaparte): Rufous Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] brood patch, 4 to 5 old collapsed follicles, 73.2 gm., July 3, 1962, MCT 2584; [Female], 65.4 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2658; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 66.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2659. Tiger Estate: [Male], June 23, 1963, ADG 158; [Female], June 23, 1963, ADG 159.

I saw this woodpecker but twice, both times at the Cocoa Research
Station. A female taken from a dead tree in the cocoa may have been
just finishing nesting activities, judging from the size of the
ova. A pair seen feeding on the ground near a brush pile in
secondary forest was collected. The stomachs contained ants.

_=Dendrocopos canicapillus aurantiiventris=_ (Salvadori): Oriental Pygmy Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: sex?, July 22, 1962, MCT 2635; [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., 23.5 gm., molting, August 25, 1962, MCT 2807.

On July 22 four individuals were feeding on dead trees in the
cocoa. They made a _cheep cheep_ sound, rattling calls, and
drummed. On August 25, 1962, two were feeding in dead trees in the
cocoa. The testes of specimen MCT 2807 were probably regressing
since it was beginning the molt.

_=Meiglyptes tristis micropternus=_ Hesse: Fulvous-rumped Barred Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 31.7 gm., July 7, 1962, MCT 2607; [Male], May 28, 1963, ADG 115.

Compared with _M. tukki_, this species was comparatively rare. I
saw two on July 7 working in a living tree some 15 feet above the
ground. The tree was only 20 feet high and had dense foliage. The
birds gave a rattling call note of about two seconds duration; it
sounded like a typical woodpecker call. The single call note can be
rendered _cheet_. They were also heard drumming, but only softly.
The stomachs contained ants, which probably are what the two
woodpeckers were feeding on in the green tree.

_=Meiglyptes tukki tukki=_ (Lesson): Buff-necked Barred Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 13: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., heavy molt, July 10, 1962, MCT 2614; [Female], 53.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2677; [Male], 51.5 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2679; [Female], 48.7 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2678; [Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3423; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3424; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3425. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3153. Telipok: [Female], March 24, 1962, ADG 37. Agriculture Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], October 4, 1963, ADG 292; [Female], August 15, 1963, ADG 238; [Female], August 14, 1963, ADG 234. Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Female], October 17, 1963, ADG 313.

This was the most common woodpecker at the Cocoa Research Station.
A flock of four was seen on July 28, 1962, and on December 2, 1962,
I took three simultaneously in one mist net. The species has
flocking tendencies. Calls heard were a typical woodpecker rattle.

_=Dinopium rafflesi dulitense=_ Delacour: Olive-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 11 x 7 mm., July 12, 1962, MCT 2620; [Male], September 6, 1962, MCT 2879. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3097. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 227.

The species was taken in both primary and secondary forest. The
specimen collected at the Cocoa Research Station on July 12
suggests that the species breeds there.

_=Dryocopus javensis javensis=_ (Horsfield): Great Black Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] old brood patch, 284.7 gm., light body and tail molt, July 6, 1962, MCT 2601; [Male] by plumage, July 19, 1962, MCT 2625; [Female], June 25, 1963, ADG 162; [Male], May 26, 1963, ADG 112.

This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station. On June 30,
1962, a flock of six was moving through secondary forest. On July
6, 1962, I saw four in dead trees in one of the cocoa fields.

_=Mulleripicus pulverulentus pulverulentus=_ (Temminck): Great Slaty Woodpecker.--_Specimen_, 1: Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3326.

I saw this species once at the Cocoa Research Station, where a
flock of four was feeding 30 feet up in secondary forest about 100
feet high on October 4, 1962.

_=Blythipicus rubiginosus parvus=_ Chasen and Kloss: Maroon Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 28, 1962, MCT 2975. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] imm., October 17, 1962, MCT 3062.

I saw this bird sporadically while I was on the east coast. It
seemed to prefer secondary forest that had some undergrowth and was
invariably flushed from the understory.

_=Chrysocolaptes validus xanthopygius=_ Finsch: Orange-backed Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], light body and wing molt, July 2, 1962, MCT 2575; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., 168.5 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2640; [Female], 176.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2641; [Male], September 28, 1962, MCT 2976.

This was one of the more common woodpeckers at the Cocoa Research
Station. I saw it throughout the period I was there, in secondary
forest and dead trees in the cocoa fields.

_=Calyptomena viridis gloriosa=_ Deignan: Green Broadbill.--_Specimens_, 10: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 67.4 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2698; [Female], 53.2 gm., September 16, 1962, MCT 2927; [Female], May 6, 1963, ADG 106; [Male], June 18, 1963, ADG 148; [Female] by plumage, June 26, 1963, ADG 164. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3015; [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3098; [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3122. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 15, 1963, ADG 240. Pintasan: [Male], October 16, 1963, ADG 310.

Sight records of this species are evidently a poor indication of
its abundance, because I saw but one in the field at the Cocoa
Research Station, a male sitting in the top of cocoa tree about
eight feet up. All the specimens were netted, and the number so
taken indicates not only that the species is common but also that
it frequents the lower levels of the forest as well as the tops of
tall trees (as noted by Smythies, 1960:339).

_=Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus=_ (Gmelin): Black-and-Red Broadbill.--_Specimens_, 2: Kalabakan: [Male], November 16, 1962, MCT 3296. Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3321.

This species was seen only at Kalabakan, where I caught two in one
net in dense secondary forest.

_=Eurylaimus ochromalus ochromalus=_ Raffles: Black-and-Yellow Broadbill.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 32.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2682; [Male], 32.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2747; [Male], 33.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2753; [Female], 34.0 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2892; [Male], 34.7 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2926; [Female], September 26, 1962, MCT 2968; [Male], April 27, 1963, ADG 71. Agricultural Station Gum-Gum: [Female], September 26, 1963, ADG 284. Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Female], October 16, 1963, ADG 311.

This broadbill was common at the Cocoa Research Station in cocoa
fields and adjacent secondary forest; it was never seen in primary
forest. On September 4, 1962, I saw 10 to 15 in the cocoa, moving
in a loose flock. The birds uttered call notes and at the same time
bowed their heads sharply, as if to emphasize the call. Frequent
supplanting, attacks, and other aggressive interactions were seen.
The species was heard and observed also at a place 12 miles north
of Kalabakan, at the edge of, but never in, primary forest.

_=Eurylaimus javanicus brookei=_ Robinson and Kloss: Banded Broadbill.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 x 4 mm., 81.8 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2660.

This broadbill was seen only on two occasions at the Cocoa Research
Station, both times at the edge of the primary forest.

_=Pitta baudi=_ Muller and Schlegel: Blue-headed Pitta.--_Specimens_, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 17, 1962, MCT 3067; [Female], October 23, 1962, MCT 3131; [Male], October 30, 1962, MCT 3182; [Female], October 30, 1962, MCT 3185; [Female], November 5, 1962, MCT 3212; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., November 6, 1962, MCT 3213.

The Blue-headed Pitta was abundant at the Kalabakan collecting
locality, in primary forest. It was seen only once at the Cocoa
Research Station.

The voice of this bird was a one-note whistle with a terminal
inflection. It reminded me of a small child crying. When one
called, it was usually in chorus with several others.

_=Pitta guajana schwaneri=_ Bonaparte: Banded Pitta.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm, 63.4 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2651; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., 81.5 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2723; [Female] imm., 71.8 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2724; [Male], June 15, 1963, ADG 145.

The specimens were taken in primary forest. This pitta was
exceedingly tame, often moving along only 20 feet ahead of the
observer. The one adult male taken hopped along the forest floor,
occasionally jumping up on a log or plant to look back. It finally
flushed and flew about 30 feet ahead of me to a log; there it gave
a call which can be rendered as _shewo_, repeated at 10- to
15-second intervals. The call was much like that of _Pitta
sordida_.

_=Pitta brachyura moluccensis=_ (P. L. S. Mueller): Blue-winged Pitta.--_Specimen_, 1: Tenom: [Female] oviduct slightly enlarged, edematized brood patch, December 31, 1962, MCT 3544.

The specimen was taken in a net stretched across a dry stream near
the Padas River in a relatively open area near a coconut grove with
some bamboo and elephant ears nearby.

_=Pitta sordida mulleri=_ Bonaparte: Green-breasted Pitta.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], May 1, 1963, ADG 96; [Female], July 15, 1963, ADG 203.

The discovery of this bird by Garcia was a surprise. I was familiar
with its habits and calls in the Philippines, and in four months I
never heard or observed it at the Cocoa Research Station. Perhaps
the specimens were migrants.

_=Hirundo tahitica abbotti=_ Oberholser: Pacific Swallow.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], April 26, 1963, ADG 58.

This species was common at most localities on the east coast. On
June 25, 1962, a pair was building a nest under the Cocoa Research
Station laboratory. On July 21 young were observed leaving the
nest, at the research station rest house.

_=Hirundo rustica gutturalis=_ Scopoli: Common Swallow.--_Specimens_, 9: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3238; [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3239; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3257; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3258; [Male], November 12, 1962, MCT 3259; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3260; [Male], November 13, 1962, MCT 3268; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3269; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3270.

I saw this migrant at Semporna on August 19, 1962; soon it was the
most common swallow at each of the localities where seen.

_=Cecropsia striolata striolata=_ Temminck and Schlegel: Striated Swallow.--While in Kalabakan on November 3, 1962, I saw a swallow that differed markedly from others in town. I could not see the breast, but the rump was conspicuously tawny, clearly indicating that the bird belonged to this species. There are but two specimens from Borneo, both from southwestern Sarawak (Smythies, 1960:353). D. M. Batchelor records the species from Kimanis Bay but gives no dates other than November-December (Smythies, 1963:280). Batchelor's observation and mine provide the first records for North Borneo.

_=Dicrurus aeneus malayensis=_ (Blyth): Bronzed Drongo.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3104.

This drongo was seen only once, when a flock of three to five was
feeding late one evening in a clearing where the trees had been cut
down the day before.

_=Dicrurus paradiseus brachyphorus=_ (Bonaparte): Large Racket-tailed Drongo.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] immature, 58.2 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2727; [Female], 65.1 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2786; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3413. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3102. Kalabakan: [Male], November 18, 1962, MCT 3303.

I seldom saw this species in the cocoa at Quoin Hill. Twelve miles
north of Kalabakan it was common in tree tops 150 feet up, foraging
in the upper canopy.

_=Oriolus xanthonotus consobrinus=_ Ramsay: Malaysian Black-headed Oriole.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 41.8 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2639; [Female], 40.7 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2644; [Male] testis 1 x 1 mm., 48.2 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2653; [Female] imm., 36.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2681; [Male] imm., 40.4 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2804; [Male], September 26, 1962; MCT 2962; [Male], November 29, 1962, MCT 3381; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3426. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3180.

This oriole was common in the cocoa and in secondary forest
surrounding the cocoa at Quoin Hill.

_=Platylophus galericulatus coronatus=_ (Raffles): Crested Jay.--_Specimens_, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 17, 1962, MCT 3068; [Female], October 21, 1962, MCT 3116; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3117; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3118.

This jay was observed several times at the forest camp at
Kalabakan. The bird utters a metallic chattering noise much like
that of other jays, except for the metallic quality. I observed it
also in moss forest 5.5 miles north of Tenom.

Comparison of my specimens with series in the U. S. National Museum
and the American Museum of Natural History indicates wide variation
within this species in Borneo. The specimens vary considerably in
depth of brown, some approaching _P. g. lemprieri_ and others _P.
g. coronatus_. Because of this wide variation I have not recognized
the subspecies _lemprieri_ and place all specimens from Borneo
under _coronatus_.

_=Platysmurus leucopterus aterrimus=_ (Temminck): Black Crested Magpie.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] brood patch refeathering, 181.6 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2628; [Female] imm., 143.4 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2629; [Female], September 4, 1962, MCT 2865; [Male], 178.0 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2880.

The Black Crested Magpie was common at Quoin Hill in secondary
forest and cocoa. At the Kalabakan forest camp, I saw a flock of 10
to 20 feeding 70 to 100 feet up in a tree in primary forest.

_=Corvus enca compilator=_ Richmond: Slender-billed Crow.--_Specimen_, 1: Pintasan Agricultural Station: [Female], October 17, 1963, ADG 315.

Small flocks in the cocoa and secondary forest were common at the
Cocoa Research Station.

_=Pityriasis gymnocephala=_ (Temminck): Bald-headed Wood Shrike.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] one testis, 115.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2987; [Female] largest ova 15 mm., well-developed brood patch, oviduct enlarged, 140.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2988; [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., 121.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2989. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3224; [Female], November 8, 1962, MCT 3225; [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3226; [Female], November 8, 1962, MCT 3227.

These birds first drew my attention at Quoin Hill by their peculiar
whistle, which Smythies (1960:491) calls a "nasal whine." They seem
not to descend lower than 30 feet above the ground. They are
exceedingly tame; I shot at them two to four times without
frightening them off. They were in badly disturbed primary forest
at Quoin Hill. At a point 12 miles north of Kalabakan, I found them
in primary forest. I took four birds from a flock of five or six.
Later in the afternoon, I heard another group in the tops of trees
150 feet high. They seemed to be fairly common, judging by the
frequency with which the calls were heard. One of the birds I shot
was only wounded and set up such a clamor that soon the rest of the
flock approached, seemingly in response to the distress calls. Some
individuals came within 20 feet of me. The noise also attracted an
accipiter.

Some of the specimens were made into skeletons, which I think show
important indications of the systematic position of this species.
The Bald-headed Wood Shrike has been placed in various families.
Gadow (1883:90) placed it with the Cracticidae, with its closest
relative being _Cracticus_. Amadon (1956) thought that it was best
left in the Prionopidae, with subfamily status. Hachisuka (1953)
concluded that its closest affinities were with _Cracticus_ of the
family Cracticidae. The latest reviser, A. L. Rand (_in_ Peters _et
al._, 1960:364-365), places it in the Laniidae. A brief comparison
of my skeletons of _Pityriasis_ tended to confirm Gadow's and
Hachisuka's conclusion that it belongs with the Cracticidae. I
think that it is best placed in this family, with subfamily status
(Pityriasinae).

_=Sitta frontalis corallipes=_ (Sharpe): Velvet-fronted Nuthatch.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., 14.0 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2646; [Male] imm., 13.0 gm., August 20, 1963, MCT 2780; [Male] imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2820.

I saw several nuthatches feeding in secondary forest at Quoin Hill
and one 12 miles north of Kalabakan. One was observed feeding about
100 feet up in a dipterocarp.

_=Pellorneum capistratum morrelli=_ Chasen and Kloss. Black-capped Jungle Babbler.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., 21.1 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2667; [Female], 21.4 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2690; [Male], September 24, 1962, MCT 2938; [Female], June 13, 1963, ADG 131; [Female] imm., June 14, 1963, ADG 140; [Female], July 7, 1963, ADG 168. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG 188.

This species was seen 12 miles north of Kalabakan and at Quoin
Hill. It was fairly common and could be seen running on the ground
ahead of the observer, occasionally hopping up on a brush pile or
branch, seemingly to make a quick survey before moving back to the
ground. It preferred primary forest but was occasionally observed
in the primary-secondary forest edge vegetation.

_=Trichastoma pyrrhogenys canicapillum=_ (Sharpe): Temminck Jungle Babbler.--_Specimens_, 13: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 17, 1962, MCT 3445; [Male], December 17, 1962, MCT 3446; [Male], December 17, 1962, MCT 3452; [Male], December 18, 1962, MCT 34554; [Female] collapsed follicles, brood patch, December 18, 1962, MCT 3455; [Male], December 18, 1962, MCT 3460; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3461; [Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3474; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3475; [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3505; [Male], December 24, 1962, MCT 3528; [Female] imm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3532; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3533.

This species was common in the moss forest near Tenom. The female
specimen with collapsed follicles indicates that some of the birds
were in breeding condition. All specimens were netted.

_=Trichastoma malaccense poliogenys=_ (Strickland): Short-tailed Jungle Babbler.--_Specimens_, 17: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 x 4 mm., 24.5 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2687; [Female], September 5, 1962, MCT 2874; [Female], September 24, 1962, MCT 2941; [Male], November 29, 1962, MCT 3387; [Female], November 29, 1962, MCT 3388; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3400; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3262. Kalabakan: [Male], November 16, 1962, MCT 3292. Cocoa Research Station: [Male], June 11, 1963, ADG 123; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 127; [Female], June 13, 1963, ADG 132. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 179; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 179 (_sic_). Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 10, 1963, ADG 219; [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 225; [Female], August 13, 1963, ADG 236; [Female], August 23, 1963, ADG 255.

This terrestrial species was common in primary forest, and
occasionally in secondary forest, in low trees or around brush
piles. On September 24, by "squeaking," I so aroused one bird that
it ran back and forth on a limb of a fallen tree in great
agitation. The specimen taken on November 12 was in heavy molt; it
lacked tail feathers and the primaries were being replaced.

_=Trichastoma bicolor=_ (Lesson): Ferruginous Jungle Babbler.--_Specimens_, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3143; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3161; [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3135; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3255. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 266; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 269.

All specimens were taken in primary forest.

_=Trichastoma sepiarium harteri=_ (Chasen and Kloss): Horsfield Jungle Babbler.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., 25.7 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2652; [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., 28.2 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2668; [Male] testis 8 x 7 mm., 28.2 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2688; [Male], June 15, 1963, ADG 142. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., November 8, 1962, MCT 3233. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], September 5, 1963, ADG 275.

This babbler tends to inhabit secondary growth more than does _T.
malaccense_ and was partly arboreal, occasionally ranging as high
as 20 feet above ground. It occurred occasionally in flocks of four
or five.

_=Malacopteron magnum magnum=_ Eyton: Greater Red-headed Babbler.--_Specimens_, 12: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 x 5 mm., September 7, 1962, MCT 2886; [Male] testis 9 x 5 mm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2990; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3437; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3340; [Female], April 30, 1963, ADG 91; [Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 136; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 178. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 11, 1963, ADG 191; [Male], July 16, 1963, ADG 205. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3124; [Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3176; [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3177.

This babbler was common at the Cocoa Research Station but uncommon
elsewhere. It seemed to prefer primary forest and was only rarely
seen in the cocoa. My series shows that this species was common at
Quoin Hill and _M. cinereum_ was rare, while the opposite obtained
12 miles north of Kalabakan. For the moment this cannot be
explained. Possibly these two species are competitive and tend
toward mutual exclusion. Since the birds were mostly netted, it is
assumed that I obtained a random sample. My observations at Quoin
Hill seem to bear out the specimen record.

The specimens in my series of _M. m. magnum_ are more nearly black
on the crown than those labelled _M. m. saba_ in the U. S. National
Museum (from the Segah River), but there was much variation in the
amount of black on the crown in all series examined. I consider _M.
m. saba_ to be synonymous with _M. m. magnum_.

_=Malacopteron cinereum cinereum=_ Eyton: Lesser Red-headed Babbler.--_Specimens_, 29: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3428; [Female], June 11, 1963, ADG 124; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 178. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3025; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3030; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3032; [Female], October 14, 1962, MCT 3042; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3043; [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3059; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3119; [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3128; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3136; [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3178; sex?, October 31, 1962, MCT 3188; [Female], November 7, 1962, MCT 3219; [Female], November 7, 1962, MCT 3220; [Male], November 12, 1962, MCT 3263; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3264. Kalabakan: [Male], November 15, 1962, MCT 3282; [Male], November 15, 1962, MCT 3284; [Female], November 15, 1962, MCT 3285. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 13, 1963, ADG 197. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 16, 1963, ADG 245; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 272. Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Male], October 17, 1963, ADG 318; [Male], October 18, 1963, ADG 319; [Male], October 18, 1963, ADG 320; [Female], October 18, 1963, ADG 321; [Female], October 18, 1963, ADG 322. See remarks under _M. magnum_.

_=Malacopteron magnirostre cinereocapillum=_ (Salvadori): Brown-headed Babbler.--_Specimens_, 20: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., 20.4 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2647; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 20.0 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2656; [Male] testis 1 x 1 mm., 20.5 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2657; [Male], 20.4 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2669. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 10, 1962, MCT 2994; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3016; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3017; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3026; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3028; [Male], October 17, 1962, MCT 3070; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3083; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3084; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., October 20, 1962, MCT 3108; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT 3158; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3159; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3253; [Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3254. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3462. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 265.

This babbler inhabits the understory of primary forest, and
occasionally is seen in secondary forest scrub. A specimen was
taken at 4,000 feet elevation in moss forest near Tenom. The
breeding season is seemingly in June and July but there is
indication of gonadal activity in males in October (MCT 3108). On
October 15, 1962, I observed an individual feeding on the rough
bark of a large dipterocarp. The bird was clinging to the bark much
as a nuthatch would, hopping along the vertical trunk upside down,
laterally and straight up. Other birds of the species were feeding
close by in small trees about 20 feet tall.

_=Pomatorhinus montanus borneensis=_ Cabanis: Chestnut-backed Scimitar Babbler.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 x 2 mm., 33.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2643; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 28.2 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2655. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3496.

This bird of the understory in primary forest was seen in only one
other situation, 12 miles north of Kalabakan it was feeding in a
clearing near our camp.

_=Ptilocichla leucogrammica=_ (Bonaparte): Bornean Wren-babbler.--_Specimens_, 3: Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 17, 1963, ADG 207: [Female] one egg in oviduct, July 19, 1963, ADG 211. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female] egg in oviduct, August 13, 1963, ADG 230.

Garcia netted three specimens in primary forest. This bird is known
from Borneo only from a few specimens (Smythies, 1960:410). In
North Borneo, it has been known previously only from Bettotan on
the east coast (Smythies, 1960:410). The additional records
published herewith also are for the east coast.

_=Kenopia striata=_ (Blyth): Striped Wren-babbler.--_Specimens_, 11: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 21.1 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2649; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., 19.6 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2640; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 18.7 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2670. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3172; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3114; [Female], October 22, 1962, MCT 3123; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT 3157; [Male], October 30, 1962, MCT 3187; [Male], November 1, 1962, MCT 3192. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 21, 1963, ADG 213. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 13, 1963, ADG 229; [Female], August 19, 1963, ADG 250.

This bird of primary forest is found occasionally in adjacent
secondary forest and spends about three-fourths of its time running
about on the ground, only occasionally ascending to the lower
branches of trees. The song may be rendered as _kittle jank_, the
first note being trilled and a bit higher than the last, which is
short and chopped off. This babbler appears to sing as it moves
along the forest floor without stopping. It was observed foraging
under leaves, and was common both at Quoin Hill and 12 miles north
of Kalabakan, in groups of two or three birds.

_=Macronous gularis=_ (Horsfield): Striped Tit-babbler.--I saw this bird at the Semporna Rest House feeding in shrubbery. It was not seen elsewhere.

_=Macronous ptilosus reclusus=_ Hartert: Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler.--_Specimens_, 2: Kalabakan: [Male], November 15, 1962, MCT 3283. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 23, 1963, ADG 254.

This bird was seen only at Kalabakan, in dense secondary growth. My
specimen was in heavy molt.

_=Stachyris nigriceps hartleyi=_ Chasen: Gray-throated Tree Babbler.--_Specimens_, 16: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 17, 1962, MCT 3451; [Female], December 18, 1962, MCT 3456; [Male] testis 7 x 5 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3457; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3458; [Female], December 18, 1962, MCT 3459; [Female] old brood patch, December 19, 1962, MCT 3471; [Male] testis 9 x 5 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3472; [Female] several collapsed follicles, December 19, 1962, MCT 3473; [Male] testis 6 x 4 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3480; [Male] testis enlarged, December 20, 1962, MCT 3481; [Female] imm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3482; [Male] testis 7 x 5 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3486; [Female], December 21, 1962, MCT 3493; [Male] testis 7 x 5 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3494; [Female] imm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3495; [Female] imm., December 22, 1962, MCT 3506.

This babbler was abundant in the moss forest above Tenom and
appeared to be at the height of its breeding season in December.