Chapter III: Part 3

The specimens were compared with material at the American Museum of
Natural History and proved to be _S. n. hartleyi_, which has not
previously been reported from North Borneo.

_=Stachyris poliocephala=_ (Temminck): Gray-headed Tree Babbler.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., 24.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2674; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3414; [Female], December 1, 1962, MCT 3415. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 18, 1962, MCT 3072; sex?, October 29, 1962, MCT 3181; [Female], November 2, 1962, MCT 3202. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 16, 1963, ADG 248; [Female], August 15, 1962, ADG 239.

This species of the secondary forest usually was associated with
piles of brush or heavy growth of fern. I never saw it higher than
three feet above the ground.

_=Stachyris nigricollis=_ (Temminck): Black-necked Tree Babbler.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], June 15, 1963, ADG 144. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 15, 1963, ADG 201. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 224; [Female], August 19, 1963, ADG 251.

Although I worked in the same area and at the same time of year as
did Garcia, I did not see this species.

_=Stachyris leucotis obscurata=_ Mayr: White-necked Tree Babbler.--_Specimen_, 1: Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], September 5, 1963, ADG 274.

Garcia's specimen was taken in primary forest. Smythies (1960:418)
states that most records come from submontane localities, except
for those from Bettotan; the specimen is from an altitude of 40
feet, near Bettotan.

_=Stachyris maculata maculata=_ (Temminck): Red-rumped Tree Babbler.--_Specimens_, 12: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ova 2 mm., brood patch, July 10, 1962, MCT 2613; [Male], 25.8 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2731; [Male], 28.0 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2732. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 3 x 3 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3006; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3007; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3008; [Male], October 12, 1962, MCT 3009. Cocoa Research Station: [Female], June 11, 1963, ADG 121; [Female], June 13, 1963, ADG 133; [Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 134. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 14, 1963, ADG 235; [Female], August 15, 1963, ADG 237.

This babbler was common in small groups at Quoin Hill. Whitehead
(1893:227) states that the species "frequents the true forest near
the ground." I observed these babblers only in sub-canopy trees, at
least 30 feet above the ground. Smythies (1960:419) stated that he
had never seen this species in the forest undergrowth.

_=Stachyris erythroptera bicolor=_ (Blyth): Red-winged Tree Babbler.--_Specimens_, 11: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 13.4 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2654; [Female] imm., 13.0 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2832; [Female], 12.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2833; [Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3432; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3433. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 10, 1962, MCT 2995; [Male], November 6, 1962, MCT 3215; [Male], November 7, 1962, MCT 3218. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male] testis 3 x 1 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3463. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 10, 1963, ADG 184; [Male], July 17, 1963, ADG 206.

This species was seen most often in primary forest undergrowth, but
occasionally as high as 10 feet up in small trees. I saw it also in
and around brush piles in secondary forest. The one specimen from
5.5 mi. SW Tenom was taken in the moss forest. MCT 2833 was in
heavy molt on the wings, head, and body.

_=Stachyris rufifrons sarawacensis=_ Chasen: Hume's Tree Babbler.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., November 28, 1962, MCT 3358.

There was no comparative material in the U. S. National Museum
where I studied the specimen but it fits Chasen's original
description of _S. r. sarawacensis_. H. G. Deignan (_in_ Peters _et
al._, 1964:303) considered this subspecies doubtfully distinct from
_S. r. poliogaster_.

The specimen was taken at a height of one and one-half feet in a
mist net set along a path. The bird was caught when it attempted to
cross the path from a patch of heavy undergrowth to a patch on the
other side. Mary Norman observed them at Kalabakan (Smythies,
1963:281) in saplings. They should probably be considered birds of
the understory.

_=Alcippe brunneicauda=_ (Salvadori): Brown Quaker Babbler.--_Specimens_, 22: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 14.4 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2781; [Female], 14.9 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2877; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2957; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3361; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3362; [Male], November 28, 1962, MCT 3376; [Male], November 28, 1962, MCT 3378; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., December 1, 1962, MCT 3410; [Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3435; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3440; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3441. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3194; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3243; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3245; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3247; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3248; [Male], November 12, 1962, MCT 3261; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3267; [Female], November 10, 1962, MCT 3306. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 22, 1962, MCT 3501; [Female], December 22, 1962, MCT 3502; [Female], December 22, 1962, MCT 3503.

Birds of this species were common in primary forest at the three
localities listed under "specimens." They travel in small, loose
flocks, calling as they move through the forest. Periodic calling,
interspersed with periods of silence, was characteristic of the
species; vocalization of this sort may function in maintaining the
unity of the well spaced flock.

_=Yuhina castaniceps everetti=_ (Sharpe): Chestnut-headed Yuhina.--_Specimens_, 14: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 19, 1962, MCT 3468; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3512; [Male] testis 7 x 3 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3513; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3520; [Female], December 24, 1962, MCT 3521; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3523; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3524; [Female], December 24, 1962, MCT 3525; [Female], December 24, 1962, MCT 3526; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3527; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 28, 1962, MCT 3542; [Male] testis 6 x 3 mm., December 28, 1962, MCT 3543.

I saw several flocks of this species in moss forest at a point 5.5
miles southwest of Tenom. Some were observed going into cavities in
the moss, where they apparently caught insects. They sometimes did
this simultaneously, in several places on the same tree.

_=Yuhina zantholeuca brunnescens=_ (Sharpe): White-bellied Yuhina.--_Specimens_, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3010; sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3193; sex?, December 22, 1962, MCT 3500; [Male] testis 7 x 4 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3519.

One flock of about five of these yuhinas was seen in primary forest
at Kalabakan. Another small group was observed in the moss forest
near Tenom.

_=Tephrodornis gularis frenatus=_ Buettikofer: Hook-billed Graybird.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 25, 1962, wing molt, MCT 2946; [Female], September 25, 1962, wing molt, MCT 2947; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2948.

I observed this species twice in six months on the east coast. The
three collected at the research station in the cocoa were in a
family group. On November 9, 1962, I saw three birds feeding at the
edge of the primary forest.

_=Coracina striata sumatrensis=_ (S. Mueller): Barred Graybird.--_Specimens_, 2: Tiger Estate: [Female], December 30, 1962; [Male], December 30, 1962.

_=Coracina fimbriata schierbrandi=_ (Pelzeln): Lesser Graybird.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 25.7 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2637; sex?, 29.5 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2676; [Male], 28.4 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2729; [Female], 30.0 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2917. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 25, 1962, MCT 3147. Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3317.

This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station, most common
in the cocoa, and an occasional bird was observed in the primary
forest.

The adult male (MCT 3317) from Tiger Estate was darker than any in
the series of _C. f. schierbrandi_ in The American Museum of
Natural History, and closely approached a series _C. f. culminata_
from Malaya in the same museum.

_=Hemipus hirundinaceus=_ (Temminck): Black-winged Flycatcher Shrike.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 10.2 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2632.

The specimen was taken in the cocoa where it was sitting on a dead
limb, occasionally darting out after insects, and provides the only
record from this locality. At the collecting site 12 miles north of
Kalabakan, however, it was seen several times feeding in small
flocks in a clearing near a trail.

_=Hemipus picatus intermedius=_ Salvadori: Bar-winged Flycatcher Shrike.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2815; [Male] imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2816; [Female], August 27, 1962, MCT 2817; [Female], 9.8 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2906; [Female], 10.2 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2907; [Male] imm., 8.7 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2908.

Smythies (1960:362) lists this species as a montane resident.
However, the elevation of the Cocoa Research Station is only 750
feet, which is clearly submontane (Smythies, 1960:693). I saw the
birds in a flock of three or four, feeding in shade trees in the
cocoa fields. They acted like typical flycatchers, sitting on twigs
and darting out after insects. On September 12, a flock of 10 was
seen in the same area. Whitehead (1893:208) described the habits of
the species as being like those of _Tephrodornis gularis_ and not
at all like those of a flycatcher.

_=Lalage nigra=_ (Forster): Pied Triller.--Common in the lowlands near Tawau and Tuaran. On September 19, 1962, I saw an adult feeding one young on Siamil Island.

_=Pericrocotus igneus igneus=_ Blyth: Fiery Minivet.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 15.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2764; [Male], 14.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2766; [Female], 15.2 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2767.

I saw this species only on August 11, 1962, when a flock of eight
was seen feeding in a cocoa tree.

The female is somewhat darker than comparative material from
Borneo, possibly owing to fresh plumage in my specimen and foxing
in the older comparative material.

_=Pericrocotus flammeus insulanus=_ Deignan: Scarlet Minivet.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 20.0 gm., July 7, 1962, MCT 2608; [Female], 19.7 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2728; [Male], 19.0 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2802. Tiger Estate: [Female], June 23, 1963, ADG 160; [Male], June 23, 1963, ADG 161.

This minivet was common at the Cocoa Research Station, where it
usually inhabited the shade trees in the cocoa groves. The birds
seen and the one taken on July 7 were all in heavy molt.

_=Pycnonotus eutilotus=_ (Jardine and Selby): Crested Brown Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3421; [Male], June 19, 1963, ADG 152.

The species was netted twice in much disturbed primary forest.

_=Pycnonotus melanoleucos=_ (Eyton): Black and White Bulbul.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], November 5, 1962, MCT 3211.

The specimen was caught in a mist net in primary forest. It was
aberrant; the two outer tail feathers were white and it had a few
white under tail coverts.

_=Pycnonotus squamatus borneensis=_ Chasen: Scaly-breasted Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] 24.0 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2708; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., 22.2 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2802.

Both specimens were taken from a feeding tree, _Trema orientalis_,
in which they were eating berries. This species of tree was used
for shade in the cocoa.

_=Pycnonotus cyaniventris paroticalis=_ (Sharpe): Gray-bellied Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 2 mm., 21.6 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2808; [Male] testis 7 x 4 mm., 20.5 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2916.

On August 23, 1962, I saw four in the cocoa but they took flight
into the forest. I later collected two specimens from a shade tree,
_Trema orientalis_, in which they were feeding upon the berries.

_=Pycnonotus atriceps atriceps=_ (Temminck): Black-headed Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], April 29, 1963, ADG 85; [Female], April 27, 1963, ADG 72; [Female], April 20, 1963, ADG 90; [Male], April 27, 1963, ADG 69; [Male], April 28, 1963, ADG 79; [Male], April 26, 1963, ADG 61; [Male], April 28, 1963, ADG 81; [Male] juv., April 28, 1963, ADG 82; [Male], May 1, 1963, ADG 97.

I did not see this species in my stay at the Cocoa Research
Station, and the specimens taken by Garcia constitute the only
record. The juvenal plumage in one specimen indicates that the
species breeds at Quoin Hill.

_=Pycnonotus zeylanicus=_ (Gmelin): Yellow-crowned Bulbul.--It was common at Tuaran.

_=Pycnonotus goiavier gourdini=_ Gray 1847: Yellow-vented Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 17: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT 3547; [Male] testis 9 x 6 mm., December 31, 1962, MCT 3548; [Female] oviduct regressing, old brood patch, December 31, 1962, MCT 3549; [Male], December 31, 1962, MCT 3550; [Female] oviduct nearly regressed, January 1, 1963, MCT 3556; [Female], January 1, 1963, MCT 3557; [Male] testis 9 x 7 mm., December 31, 1963, MCT 3558; [Male] testis enlarged, January 1, 1963, MCT 3559; [Female], January 1, 1963, MCT 3560; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3562; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3566; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3567; [Male] testis 9 x 7 mm., January 2, 1963, MCT 3568; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3569; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3570; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3571; [Male] testis 9 x 7 mm., January 2, 1963, MCT 3572.

Although this species was observed by me at the Cocoa Research
Station, I was unable to obtain any specimens. It was also seen
commonly at Semporna, Siamil Island, Kalabakan, Brantian Estate,
and at Tuaran, always associated with cultivated areas. The birds
obviously were breeding at Tenom in December, and several young
were taken. In some, the molt of the wings, body, and tail had
begun.

_=Pycnonotus plumosus hutzi=_ Stresemann: Large Olive Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 8: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT 3551; [Male] testis 6 x 5 mm., January 1, 1963, MCT 3553; [Male] testis small, January 1, 1963, MCT 3554; [Male] testis 6 x 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3577; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3578. Mt. Rumas: [Male], March 6, 1963, ADG 16; [Female], March 6, 1963, ADG 17; sex?, March 6, 1963, ADG 15.

The specimens were netted in scrub-grassland at Tenom. The size of
the testes of the Tenom specimens indicated that the birds were
breeding.

_=Pycnonotus brunneus brunneus=_ Blyth: Red-eyed Brown Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 17: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638; [Male] testis minute, 37.3 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2709; [Male] testis minute, 36.0 gm., August 3, 1962, MCT 2720; [Female] ovary granular, September 4, 1962, MCT 2867; [Male] testis 6 x 4 mm., September 4, 1962, MCT 2868; [Female] egg in oviduct, largest ovum 9 mm., 1 collapsed follicle, 30.0 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2894; [Male] testis small, September 25, 1962, MCT 2953; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2954; [Male] testis small, November 27, 1962, MCT 3346; [Male] testis 4 x 2 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3380; [Male] testis small, November 29, 1962 MCT 3393; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3402; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3403; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3404; [Female] ovary minute, December 1, 1962, MCT 3416; [Male] testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT 3438. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 27, 1963, ADG 260.

This most common of the "brown" bulbuls at the Cocoa Research
Station frequented shade trees (_Trema orientalis_). One bird fed
on small red peppers, Capsicum sp. Some of the September-taken
specimens were in breeding condition.

_=Pycnonotus simplex perplexus=_ Chasen and Kloss: White-eyed Brown Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 3: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female] ovary granular, December 19, 1962, MCT 3469; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3478; [Female] ovary granular, December 22, 1962, MCT 3499.

This bird was taken only in the moss forest at 4,000 feet elevation
near Tenom. Smythies (1960:382) considered the species to be
characteristic of the lowlands. Specimens were taken by Harrison in
the Kelabit Uplands (Smythies, 1957:704) at 4,200 feet.

_=Pycnonotus erythrophthalmos salvadori=_ (Sharpe): Lesser Olive-brown Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 15: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 6 x 4 mm., 20.2 gm., August 12, 1962, MCT 2778; [Male] testis 6 x 5 mm., 19.8 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2830; [Female] ovary granular, 20.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2831; [Female] imm., 20.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2925; [Male] testis 7 x 5 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2928; [Male]?, October 2, 1962, MCT 2983; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3357; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3405; [Male] testis minute, December 2, 1962, MCT 3420; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3434; [Male] testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT 3439; [Female], April 26, 1962, ADG 63; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 170; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 171; [Male], July 8, 1963, ADG 176.

This species commonly fed in the shade trees (_Trema orientalis_),
along with other species of bulbuls. I occasionally saw individuals
in primary forest.

_=Criniger bres gutturalis=_ (Bonaparte): Olive White-throated Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 25: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] ovary regressed, 41.4 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2666; [Female], 46.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2672; [Male], 51.2 gm., July 31, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 2685; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., 52.6 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2710; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3353; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3354; [Female], June 14, 1963, ADG 138; [Female], July 8, 1963, ADG 172; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 173; sex?, July 11, 1963, ADG 190. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3052; [Male] testis small, October 22, 1962, MCT 3127; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3137; sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3190; [Female], November 2, 1962, MCT 3201; [Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3250; [Male] testis small, November 13, 1962, MCT 3271; [Female], November 17, 1962, MCT 3301. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 16, 1963, ADG 246; [Female] juvenal, August 19, 1963, ADG 253; [Female], August 23, 1963, ADG 256; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 264; [Male], August 28, 1963, ADG 270; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 271; [Female], October 4, 1963, ADG 293.

At the Cocoa Research Station this species was common and inhabited
the cocoa and surrounding secondary forest. I found it to be common
12 miles north of Kalabakan.

_=Criniger ochraceous ruficrissus=_ Sharpe: Brown White-throated Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 5: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 21, 1962, MCT 3489; [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3490; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3491; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3518; [Female], December 25, 1962, MCT 3535.

This bird was seen only in the moss forest above Tenom. It was not
taken in nets the first four days they were erected, nor did we see
individuals in the forest. Then, on December 21, three were taken
in widely separated nets, and the species was then seen nearly
every day for a week. Such sporadic and unpredictable local
occurrences may indicate wide separation of the loosely-organized
foraging groups of this species. The call is a harsh, jaylike note.

_=Criniger phaeocephalus connectens=_ (Chasen and Kloss): Crestless White-throated Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 31: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], December 1, 1962, MCT 3406; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., 35.0 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2689; [Male], May 2, 1963, ADG 104; [Male], June 22, 1963, ADG 122. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 6 x 4 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3002; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3003; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3004; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3037; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3038; [Female], October 14, 1962, MCT 3039; [Female], October 17, 1962, MCT 3063; [Male], October 17, 1962, MCT 3071; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3080; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3106; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3110; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3115; [Female], October 22, 1962, MCT 3125; [Female] October 23, 1962, MCT 3135; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3142; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3155; [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3175; sex?, October 30, 1962, MCT 3186; [Female], November 1, 1962, MCT 3191; [Male], November 8, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3234. Kalabakan: [Female], November 15, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3288. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 17, 1962, MCT 3453. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 15, 1963, ADG 241; [Male], August 27, 1963, ADG 259; [Male], September 5, 1963, ADG 276. Gum-Gum: [Male], September 4, 1963, ADG 283. Lamag: [Male], October 15, 1963, ADG 308.

This species of the primary forest was common both at Cocoa
Research Station and 12 miles north of Kalabakan. Although not
frequently seen, it was caught in mist nets with regularity.
Specimens taken near Kalabakan on November 8 and 15, 1962, were in
heavy molt.

_=Criniger finschii=_ Salvadori: Finsch's Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., 23.1 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2798; [Female], 24.4 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2799; [Male] testis 6 x 4 mm., 24.5 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2914; [Female], 24.0 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2915; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., September 24, 1962, MCT 2942; [Male] testis, 6 x 5 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2969; [Female], September 27, 1962, MCT 2972; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3341. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 19, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3077.

This bulbul was common in the cocoa at the Cocoa Research Station.
It fed in the company of other bulbuls in shade trees (_Trema
orientalis_). The size of the testes of the males taken is
characteristic of the beginning or ending of the breeding season,
but ovaries of the females showed no signs of being in breeding
condition.

According to Smythies (1960:385), this species had never been taken
in North Borneo. These specimens, therefore, are the first recorded
from there. Specimens previously were saved from Sarawak and
Indonesian Borneo.

_=Hypsipetes criniger viridis=_ (Bonaparte): Hairy-backed Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 26: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 26, 1962, MCT 2963; [Female], September 27, 1962, MCT 2971; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3337; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3356; [Female], July 7, 1963, ADG 169; [Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 139; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 125. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3022; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3023; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3029; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3033; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3040; [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3054; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3055; [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3081; [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3082; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3109; [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3129; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT 3162; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3251; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3273; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3274; [Male], November 13, 1962, MCT 3275. Gum-Gum: [Female], October 3, 1963, ADG 288; [Male], October 3, 1963, ADG 289; [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 228.

These bulbuls regularly feed on berries of _Trema orientalis_. I
saw these bulbuls darting out after insects from branches, much as
flycatchers would do, and have noticed a tendency toward
flycatching in other bulbuls, but not so commonly as in this
species. In using the name _Hypsipetes_ instead of _Microscelis_ I
follow Rand and Rabor (1959:102).

_=Hypsipetes malaccensis=_ Blyth: Streaked Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., 41.0 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2787. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3092. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3497; [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3498.

I did not find this species common at any collecting locality.
Smythies (1957:707) considered it a lowland species, but its
occasional occurrence in the highlands is indicated by the specimen
from Tenom.

Deignan (_in_ Peters, 1960:291) regards _Hypsipetes virescens_ and
_Hypsipetes malaccensis_ as specifically distinct.

_=Hypsipetes charlottae perplexus=_ (Riley): Crested Olive Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2818; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2951; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2952; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3333; [Female] imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638.

This species was occasionally observed in the cocoa, where it fed
on berries of _Trema orientalis_. The size of the testes in males
taken in August suggests that the species had been breeding
earlier.

_=Hypsipetes flavalus connectens=_ (Sharpe): Ashy Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 7: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3508; [Female] largest ova 1 mm., December 17, 1962, MCT 3447; [Male], December 17, 1962, MCT 3448; [Male] testis 4 x 3 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3466; [Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3467; [Male] testis 6 x 6 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3476; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3477.

This was a common and conspicuous bird in the moss forest. Males
called and sang there. The call note sounds like the mew of a cat.
The Ashy Bulbul could easily be "squeaked in," at which time it
approached silently. When observed in the forest it was noisy and
gregarious.

_=Aegithina viridissima viridissima=_ (Bonaparte): Green Iora.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 1 mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2755; [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., 14.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2756; sex?, 13.2 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2805; [Male], 12.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2895; [Female] 13.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2921; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3345. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 20, 1962, MCT 3479.

In the cocoa this abundant bird usually occurred in flocks of five
to 10 and fed 10 to 15 feet up in shade trees. On December 17, I
saw singing males in the moss forest at 4,000 feet, 5.5 miles
southwest of Tenom. This is considered a lowland species by
Smythies (1957:698).

_=Aegithina tiphia aequanimis=_ Bangs: Common Iora.--_Specimens_, 2: Tenom: [Male], January 5, 1963, MCT 3581; [Male], January 5, 1963, MCT 3582.

Two were netted in secondary forest near Tenom.

_=Chloropsis cyanopogon cyanopogon=_ (Temminck): Lesser Green Leafbird.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 19.8 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2630; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 25.3 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2631; [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2819; [Female], 22.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2923; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3342; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3352; [Female], April 28, 1963, ADG 77; [Female], May 28, 1963, ADG 116.

It was seen regularly in the cocoa at the research station and was
the most common leafbird.

_=Chloropsis sonnerati zosterops=_ Vigors: Greater Green Leafbird.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., 45.8 gm., MCT 2707; [Male], 46.0 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2740.

It was seen many times in the cocoa.

_=Irena puella criniger=_ Sharpe: Fairy Bluebird.--_Specimens_, 10: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 x 1 mm., 63.6 gm., July 4, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 2588; [Female], 70.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2680; [Female], 69.8 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2711; [Male] testis 13 x 10 mm., 65.0 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2714; sex?, August 2, 1962, MCT 2715; sex?, 64.5 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2716; [Female], June 15, 1963, ADG 143; [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG 189; [Female], June 27, 1963, ADG 163. Tiger Estate: [Male], June 23, 1963, ADG 157.

This was a common species around the Research Station in the cocoa
and much-disturbed primary forest.

_=Erithacus cyane=_ (Pallas): Siberian Blue Robin.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 4, 1962, MCT 3208 (netted in primary forest).

_=Copsychus pyrrhopygus=_ (Lesson): Orange-tailed Shama.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2617; [Male], September 7, 1962, MCT 2885; [Female], October 3, 1962, MCT 2985; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3401; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3444. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., October 14, 1962 MCT 3044; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3272. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], June 20, 1963, ADG 154; [Female], August 11, 1963, ADG 222.

This bird of the primary forest was only rarely seen in secondary
forest. The specimen taken on July 11, 1962, was in heavy molt with
only two outermost tail feathers in evidence; there was also molt
of the wing and body feathers.

_=Copsychus saularis pluto=_ Bonaparte: Magpie-Robin.--_Specimens_, 3: Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Male], October 18, 1963, ADG 323. Tuaran: [Female], December 14, 1963, SCFC 219. Telipok: [Female], March 9, 1963, TM 68.

This species was recorded at Tawau in cultivated areas but no
specimens were collected there. Those collected by Garcia, Chung,
and Conway tended to be morphologically intermediate between _C. s.
adamsi_ and _C. s. pluto_.

_=Copsychus stricklandi stricklandi=_ Motley and Dillwyn: White-rumped Shama.--_Specimens_, 14. Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 x 5 mm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2826; [Male] testis 11 x 6 mm., September 5, 1962, MCT 2873; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3359; [Female], November 29, 1962, MCT 3389. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 12, 1962, MCT 3012; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3013; [Female] brood patch, oviduct enlarged, October 17, 1962, MCT 3069; [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3078; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3154. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 23, 1962, MCT 3514. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 15, 1963, ADG 200. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 27, 1963, ADG 263; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 268; [Female], October 4, 1963, ADG 291.

This species was common in the cocoa and surrounding secondary
forest at Quoin Hill, but I saw it only once in the moss forest on
the mountains near Tenom.

No specimen taken showed characters of or tendencies toward _C.
malabaricus suavis_. Perhaps the zone of intergradation on the east
coast is farther south than Darvel Bay, where it was placed by
Smythies (1960:390).

S. D. Ripley (_in_ Peters _et al._, 1964:72) considered _C.
stricklandi_ to be specifically distinct from _C. malabaricus_, and
his opinion is accepted here.

_=Enicurus leschenaulti borneensis=_ Sharpe: White-crowned Forktail. _Specimens_, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female] imm., October 21, 1962, MCT 3112; [Female] largest ovum 2 mm., October 27, 1962, MCT 3167; [Male], November 1, 1962, MCT 3195. Gum-Gum: [Female], September 24, 1963, ADG 282.

I saw this species only once in life, along a small, wet-weather
stream. The specimens, however, were all netted in primary forest,
some distance away from any stream.

Judging from measurements, these specimens are _E. l. borneensis_,
although one would expect to find only _E. l. frontalis_ at
elevations of 600 feet. The specimen taken by Garcia at Gum-Gum was
not identified to subspecies.

_=Enicurus ruficapillus=_ Temminck: Chestnut-naped Forktail.--_Specimens_, 3: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3113; [Male], November 4, 1962, MCT 3207; [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3231.

This bird was common along the upper Apas River at Quoin Hill. All
specimens were taken in nets stretched across streams.

_=Zoothera interpres interpres=_ (Temminck): Chestnut-headed Ground Thrush.--_Specimens_, 9: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3171; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3138. Kalabakan: [Female], November 17, 1962, MCT 3300. Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., June 10, 1963, ADG 120; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 130; [Female] imm., June 15, 1963, ADG 141. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 15, 1963, ADG 233; [Male], August 9, 1963, ADG 217; [Male], August 27, 1963, ADG 261.

The many specimens of this species taken indicate the effectiveness
of mist nets in collecting birds in tropical forest. Although
Smythies (1960:398) considered this bird to be rare in Borneo, I
think that it is merely shy and retiring. We never saw the species
in the field and the specimens were all netted. The habitat was in
primary forest, except for that of MCT 3300, which was taken in
dense secondary forest. The two birds from 12 miles north of
Kalabakan were taken in a net stretched across a surveyor's
transect. The net was set on a hilltop and the birds hit it
approximately three feet above the ground. Two of the specimens
from the Cocoa Research Station are in juvenal plumage, indicating
that this species probably breeds in the area.

_=Cettia whiteheadi=_ (Sharpe): Short-tailed Bush Warbler.--_Specimen_, 1: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3488.

The specimen was netted in the moss forest, in fairly heavy
secondary undergrowth.

_=Prinia flaviventris=_ (Delessert): Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler.--On September 2, 1962, I saw several of these wren-warblers in a grassy area near the golf course at Tawau.

_=Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis=_ (Temminck and Schlegel): Great Reed Warbler.--_Specimens_, 6: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT 3546; [Male], January 1, 1963, MCT 3555; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3565; [Female], January 4, 1963, MCT 3575; [Female], January 3, 1963, MCT 3574; [Male], January 4, 1963, MCT 3579.

This species was common in the old paddy near Tenom, which has now
grown up to grass and shrubs. I saw one individual also in
shrubbery in Jesselton.

_=Phylloscopus borealis=_ (Blasius): Arctic Leaf Warbler.--I saw this leaf warbler once in dense scrub in the moss forest near Tenom.

_=Seicercus superciliaris schwaneri=_ (Blyth): White-throated Flycatcher Warbler.--_Specimens_, 2: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male] testis 4 x 2 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3510; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3511.

In the moss forest this was a common bird that hopped about in the
climbing bamboo and scrub.

_=Orthotomus atrogularis humphreysi=_ Chasen and Kloss: Black-necked Tailorbird.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 4 x 2 mm., 6.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2827; [Female] oviduct enlarged, brood patch, 5.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2828; [Male] testis 4 x 2 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2967; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3336; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3375.

These birds lived in the secondary forest-edge in dense shrubbery.
They were breeding at a time when most other birds seemed to have
completed breeding activities; most had begun the post-breeding
(prealternate) molt. On October 3, 1962, I saw two adults with two
young in nondescript juvenal plumage with virtually no markings and
a pale yellow color, unlike that of the adults.

_=Orthotomus sericeus sericeus=_ Temminck: Red-headed Tailorbird.--_Specimens_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] with large ovum, 10.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2770.

The bird was uncommon at the research station. The one specimen was
from the cocoa. I saw two others in secondary growth on the edge of
the forest. Possibly this species, like the preceding one, was
approaching full breeding activity.

_=Orthotomus sepium borneonensis=_ Salvadori: Ashy Tailorbird.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] vascular brood patch, oviduct enlarged with one possible collapsed follicle, 7.8 gm., August 22, 1962, MCT 2797; [Female] imm., 8.0 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2829; [Male], 8.8 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2896; [Male], 8.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2897; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., 8.5 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2901; [Female] largest ova 3 mm., 8.5 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2902. Tiger Estate: [Female], October 11, 1962, MCT 3000. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 20, 1962, MCT 3486.

This was the most common tailorbird in the Quoin Hill area.
Indications were that the species was also breeding (see _O.
sericeus_). Besides the above localities, I observed it 12 miles
north of Kalabakan. A male was heard singing on September 11, 1962;
the song was simple and on an ascending scale. The specimen taken
near Tenom was growing new tail feathers.

_=Rhipidura perlata=_ S. Mueller: Spotted Fantail Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 19: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ova 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2618; [Male] testis 6 x 5 mm., 15.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2645; [Female], 13.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2776; [Female], 12.4 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2785; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 129. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3021; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3056; [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3057; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3111; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3141; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3146; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3148; sex?, October 26, 1962, MCT 3165; [Male], October 27, 1962, MCT 3168; [Male], October 27, 1962, MCT 3169; sex?, October 30, 1962, MCT 3197. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 13, 1963, ADG 198; [Female], July 24, 1963, ADG 214. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 15, 1963, ADG 243.

This bird was one of the most common in the lower story of the
primary forest. On July 23, 1962, many males were performing
courtship displays at Quoin Hill.

_=Rhipidura javanica longicauda=_ Wallace: Pied Fan-tailed Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 3: Tawau: sex?, September 2, 1962, MCT 2863. Telipok: [Female], February 9, 1963, TM 28. Tuaran: sex?, December 14, 1963, SCFC 19.

On Karindingen Island this was the only passerine bird seen. It was
confined to the lowlands and never was seen in localities more than
a few feet above sea level.

_=Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis=_ (Swainson): Gray-headed Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 8.0 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2726; sex?, August 20, 1962, 8.6 gm., MCT 2784. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female]?, October 12, 1962, MCT 3018; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3024; [Male] testis 4 x 4 mm., October 28, 1962, MCT 3179. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 20, 1962, MCT 3483.

This bird of the primary forest and primary-secondary forest
ecotone was common at all three principal collecting stations.

_=Muscicapa sibirica=_ Gmelin: Sooty Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 10.0 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2811; [Male], July 8, 1963, ADG 174.

Several small "brown" flycatchers which could not be assigned to
species were observed at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan. The specimen
taken by Garcia is of interest as it was taken on a date extremely
early for a migrant. Garcia's specimen (not the other) also
presented problems of identification and its assignment to this
species is tentative.

_=Muscicapa latirostris latirostris=_ Raffles: Brown Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], September 26, 1962, MCT 2965.

_=Muscicapa cyanomelana cyanomelana=_ Temminck: Blue and White Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3335.

The specimen, netted in the cocoa, apparently provides the only
record from the east coast of Borneo (see Smythies, 1957:742).

_=Muscicapa concreta everetti=_ (Sharpe): White-tailed Blue Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 15, 1962, MCT 3045; [Male], November 1, 1962, MCT 3199; [Female], November 8, 1962, MCT 3229; [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3230. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3465; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3516.

This species seems to be confined to the primary forest, and was
common at both localities listed. Smythies (1960:444) thought it
resided primarily at elevations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet,
occasionally occurring near sea level. This flycatcher seems to
prefer the understory of the forest, where it was observed sitting
on bare limbs and darting out after insects.

_=Muscicapa unicolor infuscata=_ (Hartert): Pale Blue Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 2: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] by plumage, October 31, 1962, MCT 3189; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3556.

This flycatcher was seen only in primary forest, on the above
dates. The birds collected appear to provide the only definitive
records for North Borneo (_cf._ Smythies, 1960:445), although Mary
Norman observed the species once at Quoin Cocoa Estate on an
unspecified date (Smythies, 1963:281).

_=Muscicapa turcosa rupatensis=_ Oberholser: Malaysian Blue Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Tiger Estate: [Female], November 25, 1962, MCT 3320.

_=Muscicapa caerulata caerulata=_ (Bonaparte): Large-billed Blue Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 10: Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 10, 1963, ADG 185. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3076; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3144; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT 3160; [Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3170; [Female], November 8, 1962, MCT 3232; [Male], November 13, 1962, MCT 3266. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 12, 1963, ADG 223; [Female], August 16, 1963, ADG 244; [Male], August 19, 1963, ADG 252.

This was the most common "blue" flycatcher at Kalabakan. It was
recorded at Quoin Hill only by Garcia. The record by Smythies
(1963:281) seems open to question as no specimen was preserved.

_=Muscicapa venusta=_ Deignan: Bornean Blue Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 24, 1962, MCT 2939; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 128. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 12, 1962, MCT 3014; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3089. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 10, 1963, ADG 218. Kinabatangan: sex?, October 15, 1963, ADG 309.

The "blue" flycatcher of the Quoin Hill area was observed several
times in the primary forest and primary forest edge. On July 14,
1962, I saw a male and a female of _M. venusta_ bathing in a
shallow stream in the deep forest. They fluttered their wings in
the water and then flew to a nearby fallen log and preened for
several minutes.

_=Muscicapa rufigastra rufigastra=_ Raffles: Mangrove Blue Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Tuaran: [Male], December 14, 1963, SCFC 33.

_=Muscicapa dumetoria mulleri=_ Blyth: Orange-breasted Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 11.8 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2661; [Female], November 1, 1962, MCT 3198; [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., November 11, 1962, MCT 3246; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., November 28, 1962, MCT 3384. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 25, 1962, MCT 3531.

This species was seen only in the understory of primary forest. On
November 10, I watched a male and female feeding about three feet
above the ground in the undergrowth. They sat on small vines and
plants and darted out after insects. I never observed this species
more than 20 feet above the ground.

_=Muscicapa narcissina=_ Temminck: Black and Yellow Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3331. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 20, 1962, MCT 3484.

The two specimens were taken in nets in the primary forest. They
cannot presently be assigned with certainty to subspecies.

_=Rhinomyias umbratilis=_ (Strickland): White-throated Jungle Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 19: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 16.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2662; [Male] testis 6 x 5 mm., 20.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2663; [Female], 17.9 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2686; [Female], September 29, 1962, MCT 2974; [Male], July 8, 1963, ADG 175. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 10, 1962, MCT 2993; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3027; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3031; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3036; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3053; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3058; [Male], October 18, 1962, MCT 3074; [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3107; [Male], October 23, 1962, MCT 3132; [Male], October 25, 1962, MCT 3149; [Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3174. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG 195; [Female], July 12, 1963, ADG 196; [Female], July 19, 1963, ADG 212.

This abundant species at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan was chiefly an
inhabitant of primary forest.

On July 31, I observed this species singing at Quoin Hill. One sang
with its mouth closed and sounded much farther away than it
actually was. The song has seven notes on a descending scale. Birds
observed on September 27 were in heavy molt and one specimen lacked
tail feathers.

_=Philentoma pyrrhoptera pyrrhoptera=_ (Temminck): Chestnut-winged Monarch Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 10: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 10, 1962, MCT 2992; [Female], October 15, 1962, MCT 3048; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3100; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3105; [Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3244; [Female], November 16, 1962, MCT 3291. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 180; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 181; [Male], July 24, 1963, ADG 215; [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG 192.

The species was common at Kalabakan. Garcia took a few at Quoin
Hill, but I observed the species there only once.

_=Philentoma velata caesia=_ (Lesson): Maroon-breasted Monarch Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 25.0 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2725; [Male], 27.2 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2783; [Male], September 5, 1962, MCT 2872. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 22, 1962, MCT 3126; sex? ([Female] by plumage), October 29, 1962, MCT 3182; [Female], November 3, 1962, MCT 3205. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 26, 1962, MCT 3536.

At Quoin Hill this was a bird of the primary forest. The species
was common in the moss forest above Tenom.

_=Hypothymis azurea prophata=_ Oberholser: Black-naped Blue Monarch Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 18: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 10.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2754; [Male], 15.2 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2834; [Male] testis 6 x 4 mm., 11.1 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2876; sex? September 14, 1962, MCT 2922; [Male], November 1, 1962, MCT 3200; [Male], November 7, 1962, MCT 3221; [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3242; [Male], November 20, 1962, MCT 3373; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3374; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., December 1, 1962, MCT 3412; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3427. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3504; [Male], December 23, 1962, MCT 3509. Cocoa Research Station: [Female], April 30, 1963, ADG 95; [Female], June 19, 1963, ADG 1551. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 11, 1963, ADG 194; Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 10, 1963, ADG 220; [Female], August 13, 1963, ADG 232.

This seemingly ubiquitous bird occurred in primary forest and
cocoa. A specimen taken on September 14, 1962, was still in heavy
molt.

_=Terpsiphone paradisi borneensis=_ (Hartert): Paradise Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 9 x 5 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2616; [Male] testis 2 x 1 mm., 21.2 gm., August 3, 1962, MCT 2719; [Female], June 10, 1963, ADG 119. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3090; [Female], November 10, 1962, MCT 3240. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 24, 1963, ADG 258.

At Quoin Hill this species was common in primary forest. One of the
males (MCT 2719) was rust-colored. It and similar rufous males may
be immature (see Owen, 1963:235).

_=Pachycephala whiteheadi homeyeri=_ (Blasius): Whitehead's Thick-head.--_Specimens_, 2: Siamil Island: [Female], September 19, 1962, MCT 2931; [Male], September 19, 1962, MCT 2932.

The thick-heads were by far the most common passerine bird in the
relict forest on Siamil Island, being quite tame and easily
approached. They generally spent most of their time sitting on
branches of forest vines and bushes in the understory and were
never observed in the upper story. McGregor (1910:604) describes
the species as: "Common on Tawi Tawi, less so in Sulu. A deep woods
bird; tame and easily shot. Feeds on insects, and usually keeps
some distance above the ground."

The two specimens recorded above provide the first record of this
species from Borneo, the previously known range being confined to
the Philippine Islands. My material closely resembled the
subspecies found on Tawi-Tawi and here is assigned to _P. w.
homeyeri_.

_=Motacilla caspica melanope=_ Pallas: Gray Wagtail.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], October 4, 1962, MCT 2991.

I saw this migrant first at the research station on August 25,
1962, along a dirt road, and it was subsequently seen many times
along logging roads in secondary forest.

_=Artamus leucorhynchus leucorhynchus=_ Linnaeus: White-breasted Swallow Shrike.--_Specimens_, 2: Tuaran: sex?, December 6, 1963, SCFC F13; [Female], December 7, 1963, SCFC F15.

_=Lanius cristatus lucionensis=_ Linnaeus: Brown Shrike.--_Specimen_, 1: Tuaran: [Male], January 12, 1963, MCT 3593.

One bird was observed near our sulap 12 miles north of Kalabakan on
October 22 and 26, 1962. The specimen was netted in a paddy field
and others were seen at Tuaran.

_=Lanius tigrinus=_ Drapiez: Thick-billed Shrike.--_Specimens_, 2: Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3316. Cocoa Research Station: [Female], November 29, 1962, MCT 3383.

The specimen taken on November 29, was netted in a small clearing
in primary forest.

_=Aplonis panayensis strigatus=_ (Horsfield): Glossy Starling.--_Specimens_, 2: Tiger Estate: [Female], October 11, 1962, MCT 3001; [Female], November 25, 1962, MCT 3322. Tuaran: [Female], March 21, 1963, ADG 35; sex?, December 1, 1963, EJHB 616.

This species was in the lowlands around Semporna, Siamil Island,
Brantian Estate, and Tawau.

_=Gracula religiosa religiosa=_ Linnaeus: Talking Myna.--_Specimens_, 3: Tiger Estate: [Female], October 11, 1962, MCT 3020. Cocoa Research Station: [Male], May 28, 1963, ADG 114. Gum-Gum: [Female], September 9, 1963, ADG 277.

This was a common bird at Quoin Hill but was not seen elsewhere by
me. It frequented the dead trees in the cocoa.

_=Anthreptes simplex=_ (S. Mueller): Plain-colored Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., 8.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2768; [Male] imm., 10.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2769; [Male], 7.0 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2878; [Male], September 25, 1962, MCT 2959; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3332; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3343.

This common bird at Quoin Hill frequented flowers of the Tree
Cassava. Trees of that species were shade trees in the cocoa.

_=Anthreptes malacensis=_ ssp. (Scopoli): Brown-throated Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 2: Tenom: [Male], January 3, 1963, MCT 3573; [Male] testis 5 x 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3576.

One of the specimens (MCT 3576) was molting into adult male
plumage; the size of its testes suggests that this bird was also
coming into breeding condition, all of which seemingly lends
support to Chasen's (1939:401) suspicion that the species has an
eclipse plumage. Lacking specimens in breeding plumage, I was
unable to determine the subspecific affinities of the population at
Tenom.

This species was observed also on Siamil Island.

_=Anthreptes rhodolaema=_ Shelley: Rufous-throated Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 14: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 x 3 mm., 12.5 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2742; [Male] testis 5 x 3 mm., 15.0 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2743; [Female], 13.5 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2744; [Female] imm., 12.7 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2745; [Male] testis 3 x 2 mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2749; [Male], 13.0 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2750; [Female], 12.0 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2751; [Female] imm., 10.8 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2775; [Male], September 4, 1962, MCT 2869; [Female] largest ova 3 mm., oviduct enlarged, 12.0 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2905; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3350; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3351; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3355.

The Rufous-throated Sunbirds were the most common sunbirds at the
Cocoa Research Station. They seemed to prefer foraging about
flowers of the Tree Cassava. The stomachs of those examined
contained insects. The absence of _A. malacensis_ suggests that
these two species are mutually exclusive.

_=Anthreptes singalensis borneana=_ (Kloss): Ruby-cheeked Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 8.0 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2801; [Male], November 29, 1962, MCT 3385; [Female], 8.4 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2752.

This species seemed to prefer secondary forest or cocoa as a
habitat and was an uncommon bird at Quoin Hill.

_=Nectarinia sperata=_ (Linnaeus): Van Hasselt's Sunbird.--Fred Dunn saw a male in secondary forest near the Cocoa Research Station.

_=Nectarinia jugularis=_ (Linnaeus): Yellow-breasted Sunbird.--This sunbird was abundant in the coconut palms at Siamil Island. The species was observed also at exotic flowering plants in Tawau.

_=Nectarinia hypogrammica hypogrammica=_ S. Mueller: Purple-naped Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 10: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3334: [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 167. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 3 x 5 mm., October 14, 1962, MCT 3035; [Male], October 15, 1962, MCT 3047; [Male], October 23, 1962, MCT 3133; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3145; [Male], November 2, 1962, MCT 3203; [Female], November 15, 1962, MCT 3287. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 16, 1963, ADG 247; [Male], August 27, 1963, ADG 262.

This common species of secondary forest at Quoin Hill seems to
prefer spiders and various insects for food. I saw one bird
removing dead leaves from a tree and picking out the spiders that
had taken over the curled leaves as shelters. I also saw birds of
this species hover before spiderwebs and remove the spiders.

A specimen taken on November 15, 1962, was in heavy molt.

_=Aethopyga mystacalis=_ (Temminck): Scarlet Sunbird.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 6.0 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2903.

This specimen was molting from a drab to an adult type male
plumage. I saw this species only one other time at Quoin Hill, but
on December 26 I saw two males feeding among epiphytic plants in
the moss forest above Tenom. The condition of the specimen's
plumage prevented its identification to subspecies (presumably _A.
m. temmincki_).

_=Aethopyga siparaja=_ (Raffles): Yellow-backed Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 3: Tawau: [Male] testis 5 x 5 mm., September 2, 1962, MCT 2861. Tiger Estate: [Male], October 11, 1962, MCT 2999. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 13, 1963, ADG 231.

This sunbird was common around flowers at Kalabakan and Brantian
Estate.

Unfortunately, I lack enough specimens to make a subspecific
identification. The specimen from Tawau differs from _A. s.
siparaja_, however, only in having darker wings; it closely
resembles the type and the series that Oberholser used when
describing _A. s. ochrapyrrha_.