Chapter VII (6)

We apply this last topic specially to our conclusion:--In pointing to the yet unappreciated difference between our own feuds with popery and those of other nations--which foreign feuds, at the very best, (if they rose at all to the grandeur of civil strife,) moved through butchery and violence, as in France, not through laws and scaffolds--moved like the uproars of Afghans, not like the grand tribunitial contests of ancient Rome--we could only indicate a feature or two of the inexhaustible case. And naturally it was to England that we pointed. But now--but by this Maynooth revolution, it is not England that is primarily menaced. Ireland it is upon which that evil will descend, which, by the wisdom of Parliament, backed by the protesting tumults of the people, did _not_ descend on England. For England, Parliament was cautious and retarding in all its steps. The "return of the Heracleidae" was by graduated movements; and, had it even been abrupt, a thousandfold greater were the resources for combined resistance of Protestants against combined reaction of Papists. But in Ireland, deeper are the vindictive remembrances, more recent are the deductions of claims to property, and louder the clamours for wide resumption; from massacre and counter massacre, from Cromwell, from Limerick, from Londondery, from Boyne, from Aughrim, the wounds are yet green and angry; and the hostile factions have never dissolved their array. This is the land into which a Moorish recoil is now threatened. The reader understands us to speak of a return--not for the physical men--but for the restored character of supremacy in which they will be able to act with power.

_Edinburgh: Printed by Ballantyne and Hughes, Paul's Work._

Footnotes:

[1] _Etudes des Sciences Sociales._ Par J. C. SIMONDE DE SISMONDI. 3 vols. Paris, 1837.

[2] Viz.:--

In Ireland, 2,300,000
... England, 1,500,000
... Scotland, 200,000
----------
4,000,000

just a seventh of the whole inhabitants, who are now about 28,000,000.

[3] Committals for serious crime, in--

Population of Great
England. Scotland. Ireland. Total. Britain and Ireland.

1805, 4,605 89 3,600 8,284 15,800,000
1819, 14,254 1,380 13,251 28,885 20,600,000
1842, 31,369 3,884 21,352 56,605 27,300,000

--PORTER'S _Parl. Tables and Prog. of the Nation_, iii. 172, 227.

From this table it appears, that from 1805 to 1842 the population of the empire has advanced from 158 to 273--that is, increased about 70 _per cent_; while serious crime has increased from 8 to 56--that is, 700 per cent. Crime, therefore, has augmented ten times as fast as the number of the people.

[4] From [Greek: chrema]--"money, riches."

[5] NICOLAI, _dell' Agro Romano_, iii. 167-171. SISMONDI'S _Etudes Sociales_, ii. 46.

[6] _Ibid_, iii. 153. _Ib._, ii. 44. This part of Sismondi's work, which will be found Vol. ii, pp. 1-74, is highly interesting. We may perhaps, at a future period, give a detached account of it, under the title of "The Campagna of Rome."

[7] The canal by which the waters of the river Guautitlan are carried through the mountains into the valley of Tula.

[8] The Mexican Ceres, goddess of maize.

[9] Tatli is an Aztec word, signifying father.

[10] Monkish legend.

[11] The dry season.

[12] The best pulque is that of Tacotitlan. Frijolos are a species of bean which grows in great perfection in the Chinampas, or swimming gardens upon the lake of Chalco.

[13] Tenochtitlan is the ancient name of the valley of Mexico. It is here used to designate the capital city.

[14] The _pique_ or _nigua_ is a small but exceedingly noxious insect that abounds in some parts of Mexico, especially in the low grounds of Vera Cruz and Acapulco. It bores holes in the skin and lays its eggs there, causing a violent irritation and sometimes dangerous sores.

[15] A term used in mining operations. A rich vein of silver, or, generally, success in mining.

[16] In Mexican houses of the more opulent class, a woman-servant is kept for the sole purpose of preparing and baking the tortillas or maize cakes. She is called a tortillera.

[17] _Que se tenga por blanco._ Let him consider himself white. The usual form of the emancipation certificates which the Mexican Audiencia was accustomed to sell at high prices to the coloured races. These certificates were originally confined to the quadroons and quinteroons, and other castes that had only a small admixture of Indian blood.

[18] To dine with St Antonio--on bread and water.

[19] La Virgen de los Remedios was the especial patroness of the Spaniards in Mexico. Her picture was found by one of Cortes' soldiers, and she proved herself on various occasions a warm partisan of the Spaniards. During the fight of Otumba, she was seen to hover over the Spanish troops and scatter dust in the eyes of the Indians. In other battles she also fought against the Mexicans. The Spaniards, out of gratitude, built her a chapel. Suddenly, however, to their exceeding sorrow, her portrait disappeared. Half a year elapsed, and then an Indian, in stripping an aloe plant, found the picture between leaf and stem. It was carried in triumph, and so grateful did the Virgin show herself for this attention, that she sent an abundant rain, which happened just then to be greatly needed. In consideration of the innumerable miracles she had wrought in their favour, the Spaniards chose her for their patroness, and gave her the command of their armies. She struggled valiantly against the Virgin of Guadalupe, whom the Mexicans had elected to be their leader.

The original and miraculously discovered picture of the Virgin of Guadalupe is preserved in her magnificent church, two leagues from Mexico. It is on coarse bast, canvass made up of the fibres of the agave, but in a magnificent frame, and was found soon after the conquest of Mexico on a barren hill, by an Indian whom strains of heavenly music attracted thither. The Indian related the circumstance to the archbishop, who refused to credit it; whereupon the discoverer repaired to the hill a second time, and saw the harmonious picture lying amongst a heap of roses. It spoke to him, and commanded him to return to the archbishop, which he did, and now found him as eager to believe as he had before been incredulous. The prelate greeted the picture with the title of Our Lady of Guadalupe; a chapel was built, and this Virgin was finally promoted to be patroness of Mexico. Her complexion being of a brown colour, she was considered to watch more particularly over the aborigines.

When Hidalgo, after raising the standard of revolt, was excommunicated by the archbishop, and in danger of being abandoned by his followers, he had the fortunate idea of placing himself and his army under the guardianship of the Virgin of Guadalupe. An enormous banner was got ready, with a painting of that Virgin upon it; she was declared field-marshal and general-in-chief, pay allotted, and obedience sworn to her. She held her appointment for fourteen years--till 1824.

[20] White and blue were the colours of the ancient Mexicans and of the patriots. The Spaniards adopted them for the clothing of their executioners.

[21] The blue cloak was worn by the nobility, the brown by the lower and middling classes in Spain and Mexico.

[22] _Curly_--diminutive of Cornelius.

[23] The commencement of a common Irish benediction, _God and Mary and St Patrick be with (or bless) you!_

[24] A man concealing himself on arrest for debt is, in Ireland, familiarly said to be _on his keeping_, probably from his keeping or confining himself to the house when there is danger of the writ being executed.

[25] Abbrev. for Larry or Laurence.

[26] The length of a spade's-handle of ground. _Over a man's head_--i.e.--out-bidding the tenant in possession, by offering generally a larger rent for the land out of which he is about to be ejected.

[27] _Spell_--very short space of time, as long as it would take to spell a word.

[28] An achievement similar to that here described actually took place about the same period nearly on the same spot. It was planned and executed by two persons living at a town mentioned in the tale, and terminated in the instant death of the unlucky highwayman, whose body they placed in their vehicle, and brought back with them in an hour or two from the time they set out. In the present day, such a deed (thus premeditated) would be deservedly termed a rash and cruel act--the lawless and unprotected state of that country, however, at the time, led it to be considered--we believe--a laudable one.

[29] _Revelations of Spain._ By an ENGLISH RESIDENT.

[30] The Monk, too, has this characteristic, which is of dubious exposition. Tyrwhitt thinks that the meaning _may be_--"Eyes sunk deep in the head." Certainly a feature giving force and distinction to the physiognomy has been intended.

Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.

Punctuation has been corrected without note.

The following misprints have been corrected:
"on" corrected to "or" (page 537)
"und" corrected to "and" (page 566)
"sevesal" corrected to "several" (page 580)
"Tyrrell's" standardized to "Tyrrel's" (page 587)
"Tyrrell" standardized to "Tyrrel" (page 582)
"would'nt" corrected to "wouldn't" (page 585)
"ununhonoured" corrected to "unhonoured" (page 586)
"Tyrell" standardized to "Tyrrel" (page 587)
"hir" corrected to "his" (page 589)
"aparment" corrected to "apartment" (page 590)
"O'Connel" corrected to "O'Connell" (page 651)
"n" corrected to "in" (page 654)

Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation usage have been retained from the original text.