Chapter XXV: America’s Debt to Scotland

It is a tradition, rather than a fact, that we Americans--not of Canada--of the United States of America are an English people. The burden of popular and uncritical historiography is responsible for this notion. Because of the overpowering influence of law and language, and because our most direct relations, in war and in peace, have been with Great Britain, it is assumed that we are both an English people and an English nation.

The result has been confusion at home, prolonged misunderstanding in Europe, and injustice to those who have contributed generously their blood and energies to the making and the saving of the nation.

Without the initial and formative elements, now absorbed into our national composite, from the Dutch, Huguenot, German, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, and Iroquois, the existence and history of the United States are, to the unprejudiced mind, inconceivable. In this chapter we propose to glance at the debt we owe to Scotland.

In point of time, in the unshackling of the human spirit, and in the attainment of mental and spiritual freedom, we have shown how Scotland led Europe; first in revolt against kings and prelates, and then in the initiative of the constructive principles of democracy. The spirit of Scottish history, of which Robert Burns’s poem, “A man’s a man for a’ that,” is the epitome, and the general education of the common people do in themselves alone show how different were and are the Scottish from the English people.

This early Scottish influence, conveyed through both theory and example, was especially potent with the founders of New England, the Puritans in Old England, and the Pilgrims who, in the Dutch Republic, received tremendous reinforcement.

In philosophy--which is greater than armies or navies--to no other land or people were the beginners of the American nation more indebted than to the Scotch. This may be said, not only in the departments of political and ecclesiastical science, but equally so in the domain of pure thought. The Scottish philosophy of realism and common sense dominated largely our infant colleges. It swayed the thinking and shaped the conduct of our public men in bar and pulpit. It was translated into action by the leaders of the Revolution.

So long as the Scots were able to hold their own against the tyrannical Stuart kings of England, and even while they were pouring by the tens of thousands into Ulster, making a new nation in northern Ireland,--the old land of the Scots,--there were but few emigrants, from Scotland direct, to the Atlantic Coast colonies. Even these were sporadic and mostly by way of Holland; but when the oppressive economic measures of Parliament ruined the Scotch-Irish industries, there began an emigration of people of Scottish birth or descent which numerically excelled any previous colonial accession to America.

Whereas, the emigration from England to New England, mostly between 1630 and 1650, had added but twenty thousand souls to the northeastern seacoast region, the Scotch-Irish migration, lasting fifty years, added fifty thousand hardy, intelligent, thrifty people who settled in the interior and on the frontiers. They not only served as a barrier against the savages, but they developed the soil of the valleys and built their towns on the highlands and the watersheds.

After the accession of the Hanoverian dynasty and the breaking-up of the old economic and social conditions in Scotland, there poured into America a flood of Scottish islanders, Lowlanders, and Highlanders from Scotland direct, numbering tens of thousands. From this multitude of the Scots and Scotch-Irish, scattering widely and settling mostly on the frontiers and developing virgin land, came forth, at the call of the Continental Congress, one third of the American army of freedom in the Revolution.

Throughout our history none have excelled these lovers of ordered freedom in safeguarding human rights and in illustrating loyalty to moral convictions and public duty. The number of able men of Scottish descent who have filled the highest offices of honor and trust in the learned professions, in pulpit, bar, bench, in chairs of science, or as governors, presidents, officers of the army and navy, and in every line of human achievement, is not excelled, if equalled, by those of any other stock in the American blend of nationalities.

Yet the total value of such an addition to the resources of manhood, for the making of the future American commonwealth, cannot be estimated in mathematics only. In education almost every classical school and colonial college in the South was established by these people. In character and abilities--trained and nourished by education, morals, and religion--the Scotch-Irish were excelled by no other people.

In our land--new birth of the ages--the names of the clans and of individuals who bear Caledonian names do not only call up scenes in Scotland’s history, but do forcibly emphasize our blessings of peace after long strife. One of the earliest Scottish stories I remember was of a Grant and a Macpherson, who met one day upon a log spanning a chasm. As neither would give way to the other, their dirks settled the controversy by subtracting two from the population of the Highlands. In our soldier days, it was delightful to see, under the same flag and battling for the same Union, two generals--the ever-victorious James Macpherson and “Unconditional Surrender” Grant. Was it the Inverness-born Macpherson, or the Kentuckian MacClernand, who uttered the prophecy concerning the then closed Mississippi Valley, that “the men of the West would, with their swords, hew their way to the Gulf”? In any event, what would the North have done had all the men of Scottish descent been subtracted from the hosts under Grant? Indeed, what would American history and the reality of to-day be if all the Scotsmen who took part were eliminated from the story? Even in Civil War days it was largely the descendants of Scots who made the Union sentiment in East Tennessee and created West Virginia.

The long discipline of the Scotsmen, resulting in the gifts and graces of Highlander, Lowlander, and Ulsterman, helped grandly on American soil to make the great Republic possible. As we have seen, the tens of thousands of Scots, emigrating beyond the Atlantic, located themselves largely along the line and at the post of danger--among the mountains they loved, on the frontier and the great American highlands, the Appalachian chain, from Maine to Alabama. In the infant days of our nation, when the vital struggle was between savagery and civilization, the Scottish-American frontiersman, alert, brave, tenacious, was the man for the era. He would never say “die” nor give up, while life remained in him. His record, both with the Continentals, in the War of Independence, and in the Union army during the conflict between the States, is a shining one. In the Confederate forces, from 1861 to 1865, the one body of men, selected by that best judge of humanity, Professor N. S. Shaler, of Harvard, as embodying the finer human qualities that shine brightest in adversity, was a regiment composed almost wholly of descendants of men of Scottish stock.

Even to hear casually some of these Scottish names, so interesting to us in history, sets ringing the bells of memory, as when Joseph Henry, at Albany, first sent a thrill through miles of wire to make sound--which Morse, without electrical research or profound knowledge, turned into writing, and thus won the world’s glory. Even the commonplace names of neighbors, as our Scottish hosts in Dundee, Invergowrie, or Newport-on-Tay mentioned them offhand, set our imagination on the dance or to rambling to the ends of the earth.

At home, too, do we not meet at school, in business, at garden parties, or in church, girls and boys, friends and acquaintances, or do we not hear of or see eminent men and women who bear these their ancestral names most modestly? Immediately, a carillon of associations, usually sweet, with “auld lang syne” sounds, fills the secret chambers of memory. “Cochrane” may bring up a rosy face and the laughing eyes of a pretty Vassar girl; “Macfarland” limns in imagination a schoolmate or army comrade; “Cameron” pictures a fellow of infinite wit; “MacIntosh” suggests eloquence in the pulpit. Others recall the halls of Congress, or the seats of executives, or the council board, business experiences, or clerical scenes, or pageants. It has the sensation almost of a shower bath, or crash towel friction, to see in court or pulpit, at clinic, or amid scenes of gentleness, people who bear ancestral names of once slashing swordsmen, or fellows of old famous for lifting cattle, or for defying the king’s writ, of whom we have read often in poetry and romance. How the centuries soften sharp outlines in the enchantment of distance!

It is invidious, if not mildly dangerous, to single out names. Yet with one we close our sketch of “Bonnie Scotland,” choosing for praise the dead, with no living line of descendants. Hepburn, for example, instead of being associated in our minds with dirks and poison, caste squabbles, or pitched battles,--after which “the turf looked red,”--calls up the mild face of a saintly soul who illustrated the Scripture promise of long life because of lips that refrained from speaking guile and of hands that ever healed. Who that is at home in Scottish history but has not infrequently run across the name of Hepburn--which reproduces in its vocables, not only a Scottish streamlet, but a line of mighty men? Who, also, that knows the story of the making of modern Japan but has heard of the beloved physician of Yokohama, known among the native-born as Kun-shi--the sage, super-man, gentleman by eminence, who spent his life in unselfish devotion to his fellow men, as a Christian healer, scholar, lexicographer, and philanthropist. In the midst of fame and fortune won by medical practice in the metropolitan city of New York, James Curtis Hepburn turned his back on these, to uplift in body and spirit the people of Japan, when just opened from hermitage to modern life. In the days of sailing ships and at the seaport where the selvages of two civilizations met, I saw him, day by day for years, with his healing touch dispensing medicine and cheer. He lived to make the dictionary which bridged the linguistic gulf between Orient and Occident, to translate the Eternal Word, to raise up hundreds of effective physicians, and, at ninety, to be honored by His Imperial Majesty the Mikado with a decoration, and to live, in serene old age, a benediction to his neighbors, until within five years of a century. In him I saw America honored and the nobler Scotland incarnated.

THE END

CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF SCOTLAND’S HISTORY

PREHISTORIC

Britain, “north of the Tweed.” Picts and various tribes.

THE ROMAN PERIOD

B.C.

55. Julius Cæsar lands in southern Britain.

A.D.

50. Romans in Britain learn of the Caledonii in the north.

81. Agricola’s frontier between the Firths of Forth and
Clyde.

82. The Ninth Legion at the Tay River.

84. Great battle between the Romans and northern natives.

84. Caledonia circumnavigated.

120. Hadrian erects the Roman Wall.

139. Wall of Antoninus Pius.

181. Revolt of the Tribes. Commodus.

208. Uprising of the Tribes. Severus.

210. Roman road made through the Forth Forests.

364. Highland host invades the South.

368. Roman slaughter of the “Scots” (Irish invaders).

406. Revolt of the northern tribes.

410. The Romans leave Britain.

PERIOD OF ANARCHY--FIFTH TO SEVENTH CENTURY

Migration of the “Scots” (Irish) to the peninsula.

Fergus, first “Scots” Prince.

Entrance of the Germanic, Continental tribes into
Britain.

Four kingdoms: Pictish (Pictland); Irish (Dalriada);
Brython (Strathclyde); and “English” (Benicia).

CHRISTIAN SCOTLAND

563. St. Columba (521–592), Christian missionary at Iona.

573. St. Kentigern at Glasgow.

651. St. Cuthbert at Melrose.

710. The Pict Christians conform to the Roman Church rules.

717. The Columba monks expelled.

730–761. The Pict, Angus MacFergus, paramount.

802. Iona burnt by the Norsemen. Desolate for two hundred
years.

802–839. The Scandinavian sea-rovers settle on the northern
coasts.

844–860. Kenneth MacAlpine, King of the Picts.

Blending of the Picts and Scots into one people.

904. St. Andrews: religious centre. Stone of Scone.

945. Malcolm acquires northern Strathclyde.

1018. Lothian part of the Celto-Pict realm.

1005–1034. King Malcolm II.

FEUDAL SCOTLAND

1039–1056. Macbeth flourishes.

Ireland, “the Land of the Scots,” is known by its modern
name. “Scotland” refers to northern Britain.

1057. Macbeth defeated and slain by Malcolm Canmore.

1066. Normans invade England.

1058–1093. Malcolm Canmore and Queen Margaret.

Great social and political changes in Scotland.

The Celtic Church gives way to Western uniformity.

Dunfermline, capital of the realm.

1124. Alexander, King of Scotland.

Planting of Norman, Flemish, and Anglican colonies on
east coast.

Anglo-Norman feudalism in Scotland.

David I, “The Maker of Scotland,” builder of abbeys and
bishoprics.

1153–1165. Malcolm the Maiden. Great Clan of Macdonalds formed.

Ascendancy of Anglican influence. Inverness granted a
royal charter.

1165–1214. William the Lion. Dundee granted a royal charter.

Chimneys introduced into Scotland.

1249–1286. Alexander III. Treaty with Norway.

Islands incorporated in the Scottish realm.

1292. John Baliol crowned on the Stone of Scone.

FIVE HUNDRED YEARS OF HOSTILITY TO ENGLAND AND
FRIENDSHIP WITH FRANCE

1297–1305. Edward of England. Intervention in Scotland.

1298. William Wallace.

1274–1329. Robert the Bruce.

1334–1346. Battle of Bannockburn.

Scotland independent.

Scottish Parliament at Cambuskenneth.

1333–1361. Struggle with Edward III of England.

King David in Captivity. Ransom. Scheme of Union.

Struggles between Scottish kings and nobles looking to
centralization of royal power.

Partisan warfare. The House of Douglas.

1364. Proposal of Union with England rejected by the Scottish
Parliament.

THE SCOTTISH KINGS

1371–1390. Robert II. The Stuart line of kings founded.

Policy of Scotland shaped by Earls Douglas, Mar, March,
and Moray.

English invasions of Scotland.

1390–1406. Robert III. Beginning of nearly two centuries of royal
minority, regencies, and nobles’ power. Decline of
kingly authority. Great power of the nobles.

1395. The Lollards in Scotland: forerunners of the Reformation.

1406–1437. James I. His reign a struggle against anarchy.

Attempts to Anglicize Scotland.

Parliament of Highlanders at Inverness. Several chiefs
seized and executed.

1437–1460. James II marries Mary of Gelderland: kills Douglas at
Stirling. Earls still powerful.

THE RENAISSANCE

1460–1488. James III marries Anne of Denmark.

The thistle, the national badge of Scotland.

Witchcraft. King imprisoned by the nobles and
assassinated.

1465–1536. Hector Boece writes the “History of Scotland.”

1488–1513. James IV. Modern History of Scotland begins.

1494. Grey Friars’ Church in Edinburgh built.

Ayala, Spanish envoy and writer on Scotland.

Music and poetry cultivated.

1495. University of Aberdeen founded.

1496. Parliament decrees compulsory education.

University of St. Andrews. Hepburn founds St. Leonard’s
College.

1503. Marriage of James IV with Margaret of England, at
Holyrood.

First Peace with England since 1332. An era of
prosperity.

1505. Royal College of Surgeons founded at Edinburgh.

1507. Printing introduced into Scotland.

1513. Battle of Flodden Field.

THE REFORMATION

Rise of the burgesses and middle classes.

1513–1542. James V: minority. Angus rules. James escapes to France.

1537. James marries Mary of Guise, and on her decease, Mary of
Lorraine.

1540. Lordship of the Isles annexed to the Crown.

1542. Invasion of Scotland by Henry VIII.

King and clergy on the Roman, nobles on the Reformed,
side.

1542–1587. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots.

Close relations with France.

1505–1572. John Knox.

Destruction of monasteries and abbeys.

1557. Last Protestant martyr burned.

1565. Queen Mary marries Lord Darnley.

1566. Murder of Rizzio in Holyrood.

1567. Murder of Lord Darnley.

Marriage of Mary with Bothwell.

1567–1625. George Buchanan, scholar, reformer, author of _De Jure
Regni apud Scotos_.

James VI educated by George Buchanan.

PRESBYTERIAN SCOTLAND

1560. Foundation of the National Church.

First General Assembly of Scotland.

1578. Andrew Melville the Reformer. Second Book of Discipline.

Divine Right of Presbytery taught. Nobles debarred from
spoiling the Church.

1587. Execution of Mary Queen of Scots.

1592. James gives Presbyterianism his sanction.

1603. Union of the crowns of England and Scotland.

James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England.

1605. The Border region pacified and civilized.

1606. The Union Jack flag, uniting crosses of St. George and
St. Andrew.

STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE

1584–1688. Scotland’s fight against prelacy.

1610. King James changes his mind. Attempts assimilation of
Church of Scotland with the Anglican Establishment.

1618. The Perth Synod accepts episcopacy.

1600–1649. Charles I asserts the royal prerogative.

1625. Attempts to fasten the liturgy and bishops upon Scotland.

1637. Jenny Geddes. Uproar in St. Giles’s Cathedral.

Signing of the National Covenant.

1638. Episcopacy cast out.

1645. Covenanters compel Charles I to sign the Covenant.

1649. Charles Stuart, King of England, executed.

1650. Cromwell in Scotland.

1649–1685. Restoration of the Stuarts. Charles II crowned, 1660.

Prelacy established in Scotland. The dragonnades.

Archbishop Sharp assassinated.

Drowning of the martyrs at Wigtown.

John Graham of Claverhouse. Battle of Bothwell Bridge.

1633–1701. James II of Great Britain.

1680. James, Duke of Albany, in Scotland.

1685. Coronation. The Roman ritual in Westminster Abbey.

MODERN SCOTLAND

1688. Landing of William III.

1690. Restoration of the Kirk in Scotland.

1689. Battle of Killiecrankie.

1692. Massacre at Glencoe.

1695–1701. The Darien Scheme.

1686–1758. Allan Ramsay, poet and musician.

1707. Union of Scotland and England.

1715. The Old Pretender.

1725. General Wade opens the Highlands: road-building.

The Black Watch Regiment formed from loyal Highland
clans.

1730–1740. Large number of Scottish students in English schools and
universities.

1745. “Bonnie Prince Charlie.”

1746. Culloden. Scottish feudalism ended.

Scottish history merged with that of Great Britain.

1746–1770. The Highlanders assimilated, enrolled in the British
army, or emigrate to America.

1751–1773. Robert Fergusson, poet.

1773. Dr. Samuel Johnson visits the Hebrides and Highlands.
His book an epoch-maker.

1773. Fingal’s cave first described.

1759–1796. Robert Burns.

1802. The _Edinburgh Review_ started.

1771–1832. Sir Walter Scott: poetry, 1805–1815; prose, 1814–1830.

1822. Caledonian Canal opened.

1795–1881. Thomas Carlyle.

1843. Disruption. Formation of the Free Church of Scotland.

1830. Railway system inaugurated.

1846. Large emigration to America.

1819–1901. Queen Victoria. In the Highlands often, from 1852.

The Highlands become game preserves.

1915. The 225th meeting of the General Assembly in Edinburgh.

INDEX

Abbeys, 18, 53, 146.

Abbotsford, 41–43.

Abercrombie, 145.

Aberdeen, 191–96.

Agricola, 15, 51, 202, 279.

Alexander I, 264.

Alexander III, 281.

Allan, Mr. Robert, 133.

Alloway Kirk, 224.

America, 10, 25, 183, 184, 240, 262, 267.

America’s debt to Scotland, 270–77.

American Civil War, 80, 227.

American drinks, 141.

American influences in Scotland, 25, 148, 265.

American officers, 176, 197.

Americans in Scotland, 25, 202, 259.

Anachronisms, 48, 49.

Ancestors, 33, 60, 61.

Anchor Line, 6.

Animals, 35–37, 110.

Appalachian chain, 274.

Archery, 151.

Architects, 40.

Architecture, 39–42, 67, 106, 127, 191, 225, 244.

Armstrongs, 60.

Arran, 9, 13.

Art, ii, 36, 67, 102, 187, 233, 239.

Artillery, 104, 159.

Asquith, Mr., 198.

Assembly, General, 243, 284, 286.

August 12th, 183, 184.

Auld Reekie, 30.

Auroch, 220.

Australia, 86, 123.

Automobile, 164.

Ayr, 223, 224, 229, 231.

Azoic rock, 164, 165.

Baalam, 98.

Bagpipes, 222.

Ballaculish, 110.

Ballads, 56, 225.

Ban, 59, 186.

Bannerman, Sir Campbell, 198.

Bannockburn, 100, 199, 239, 281.

Banns, 45.

Barnum, P. T., 98.

Bayonets, 158–63, 172.

Bazaars, 261.

Beaton, Cardinal, 78, 79, 105.

Beds, 91, 153, 180.

Bees, 182.

Bell, Henry, 16, 25.

Bell Rock, 192.

Ben Nevis, 133, 136.

Ben Venue, 216.

Bible, 106, 224, 225, 239, 247, 249, 262, 277.

Birds, 7, 183.

Birnam Wood, 92.

Bishops, 243, 248, 284.

Black Watch, 285.

Blaikie, Professor, 192.

Blood, 198.

Bloody Mary, 249, 250.

Boece, Hector, 89, 282.

Boethius, 182.

Bonnie Prince Charlie, 132, 148, 153, 156–62, 192, 285.

Border Land, 47, 50–64, 284.

Boston, 61, 110, 244.

Bothwell Bridge, 285.

Bowen, Marjorie, 115.

Branksome Hall, 38, 41, 55.

Breakfast, 262, 263.

British army, 267, 286.

British Empire, 266–68, 286.

Brooks, Phillips, 244.

Brooms, 180.

Brown, Dr. John, 230, 231.

Bruce, George, 197, 198.

Bruce, Robert, 9, 10, 15, 40, 41, 70, 77, 192, 281.

Bruce, Thomas, 196.

Buccleughs, 60.

Buchanan, George, 240, 247, 258, 284.

Burns, Robert, 3, 28, 70, 130, 223–33, 242, 271, 286.

Burr, Prof. George, 265.

Byron, 46.

Cæsar, 278.

Cairn, 148.

Caithness, 31, 65, 210.

Caledonia, 51, 53.

Caledonian Canal, 131, 132, 141, 164, 210, 286.

Calvinists, 114, 228, 230, 249.

Cambuskenneth, 281.

Cameron, 276.

Cameronian Regiment, 268, 269.

Campbell, 117.

Canada, 122, 123.

Canals, 108, 110, 131, 132.

Canmore, Malcolm, 69, 70, 73, 146.

Canon Gate, 30.

Cape Club, 230.

Cardross Castle, 15.

Carlyle, Thomas, 123, 223, 252–54, 286.

Carnegie, Andrew, 68, 71–73.

Carse, 83.

“Castle Dangerous,” 209.

Castles, 15, 34, 55, 92, 99, 133, 168.

Cathedrals, 19, 199, 200.

Cattle, 219, 220, 276.

Cattle-lifting, 166, 169, 218.

Cavalry, 139, 148, 149.

Caves, 125.

Cayuga Lake, 226.

Celtic Scotland, 52, 65–67, 156, 280.

Celts, 67, 166, 210.

Cemeteries, 146, 224.

Chambers, 152.

Characteristics, 221, 261.

Charles I, 284, 285.

Charles II, 71, 167, 258.

Cheviot Hills, 52, 54.

Chillingham cattle, 219, 220.

Chimneys, 21, 98, 173, 174, 281.

China, 47, 107, 197.

Choate, Rufus, 248.

Christianity, 11, 53, 126, 129, 186, 244–46, 256.

Churchill, Winston, 198.

Churchman, 244.

Cities, 26, 67.

Civilization, 210, 246.

Clans, 170–72, 175, 189.

Claverhouse, 81, 115, 116, 241, 285.

Claymores, 149–51.

Cleveland, President, 260, 265.

Clyde, Firth of, 14, 119.

Clyde River, 14, 16.

Cochrane, 276.

Cockades, 162.

Coilantogle Ford, 216.

Collies, 36.

Colors, 178–83, 186, 208, 245.

Colquhon, 214.

Columba, St., 23, 24, 125, 126, 146, 280.

Confederate Scots, 275.

Constance, 56.

Cornell University, 73, 205.

Coronach, 215.

Costume, 185–90.

“Cotter’s Saturday Night,” 130, 231, 261, 262.

Covenants, 71, 254, 255, 284, 285.

Cowboys, 61.

Crafts and Guilds, 81, 195, 196.

Cranmer, 257.

Cranstoun, Sir William, 59, 63.

Crieff, 164.

Cromwell, Oliver, 146, 167, 285.

Crops, 121, 174, 235.

Crosses, 58, 128, 200.

Crusades, 41, 187, 191.

Culdees, 71.

Culloden, 147–54, 168, 189, 285.

Cumberland, Duke of, 152, 176.

Cumbria, 24.

Cuyler, Theodore, 223.

Dalrymple, 115.

Dances, 135, 139, 140, 145.

Danes, 125, 127, 128, 206.

Dante, 38.

Dargie Church, 264.

Darien Scheme, 285.

Darnley, 282.

David I, 281.

Declaration of Independence, 227, 241, 258.

Deer, 213.

Democracy, 26, 67, 257, 262, 271.

Denmark, 202, 203, 282.

Deserted villages, 94.

Dick Deadeye, 224.

Dies iræ, 42, 43.

Dissenters, 244.

Distilleries, 133, 141, 181.

Dogs, 35–37.

Dokkum, 264.

Doon Valley, 226.

Douglas, 41, 102, 103, 191.

Dragonades, 285.

Dragons, 85, 86.

Dress, 135, 143, 153, 162, 185–88, 210, 269.

Drinks. _See_ Tea, Whiskey.

Druids, 71, 126.

Drumclog, 116.

Drummossie Moor, 147–54, 158–62.

Dryburgh, 43, 44.

Dulwich Galleries, 208.

Dumbarton Castle, 15, 65.

Duncan, 91.

Dundee, 67, 68, 76–87, 116, 263.

Dunfermline, 65, 68–74, 281.

Dunkeld, 53, 91, 92.

Dunoon, 225.

Dunottar Castle, 192.

Dunsinane, 90–94.

Dutch, 191, 208.

Earthquakes, 146.

Economics, 189.

Edinburgh, 26–37, 158, 230, 263, 268, 269.

Edinburgh Castle, 74.

“Edinburgh Review,” 286.

Education, 235, 283.

Edward I, 100, 199, 281.

Edward III, 281.

Edward VI, 248.

Edward VII, 203.

Electricity, 26.

Elgin, 196–201.

Elizabeth, Queen, 236, 249, 258.

Ellen, 216.

Ellen’s Isle, 214, 217.

Elliots, 60.

Ellislan, 225.

Emigrants, 122, 139, 140.

Empire, British, 190.

Engineering, 272, 286.

England, 266–68.

English in Scotland, 66, 165, 237.

English language, 249.

Episcopacy, 225, 284.
_See_ Bishops.

Erskine, Ralph, 71.

Ethnic elements, 210.

Fair Island, 207.

Family worship, 262.

Faroe Islands, 207.

Fergus, 280.

Fergusson, Robert, 230, 231, 286.

Feudalism, 55, 56, 84, 98, 122, 156, 168–72, 245, 258, 281, 282, 285.

Field, Eugene, 86, 87.

Fiery Cross, 218.

Fife, 68, 69.

Fillmore, Millard, 196, 197.

Fingal, 125.

Fingal’s Cave, 123, 124, 286.

Firearms, 150, 159, 172.

Firth of Forth, 54.

Fisheries, 34, 194, 195, 208.

Fitful Head, 205.

Fitz-James, 62, 166, 216, 217.

Flags, 157, 284.

Flodden Field, 283.

Flora MacDonald, 149.

Flowers, 148, 152.

Food, 121, 122, 194.

Football, 58, 59.

Forbes of Culloden, 189.

Foreign missions, 269.

Fort Augustus, 138.

Fort William, 132.

Foyers, 138.

France, 32, 106, 107, 153, 247, 248, 283.

Free Churchmen, 44, 46.

Free Church of Scotland, 286.

French Revolution, 227.

Friesland, 264.

Frontiers, 50–64, 141.

Froude, J. A., 262.

Fuing land. _See_ Feudalism.

Gaelic speech, 12, 53, 125, 133, 153, 165.

Gaels, 12, 165.

Gallows Hill, 205.

Games, 133–36, 146.

“Gardeloo,” 32.

Garden parties, 261.

Geddes, Jenny, 284.

Geikie, Archibald, 212.

Gelderland, 203.

Geology, 14, 119, 123, 131, 164, 203.

George III, 233.

German Ocean, 131, 192–95.

Germany, 202, 260, 264–66.

Giant’s Causeway, 9.

Gillespie, Thomas, 71.

Glaciers, 33, 208.

Gladstone, Mr., 196.

Glamis, 90.

Glasgow, 16–26, 216, 267.

Glencoe, 110–12, 285.

Glen Fruin, 214.

Glens, 221, 222.

Goats, 174, 218, 219.

Goblin’s Cave, 218.

Golf, 234.

Gordon Highlanders, 144.

Gothic architecture, 107.

Gowrie, 84.

Gows, 84.

Grampian Hills, 51, 98, 120, 164.

Granite, 193.

Grant, 273, 274.

Greek, 192, 225.

Greenock, 14, 225.

Gretna Green, 44–46.

Grey Friars’ Church, 105, 282.

Griffins, 76, 77.

Grouse, 183, 184.

Hamerton, 239.

Hamilton, 10.

Hanoverian dynasty, 157, 272.

Harris, Townsend, 197.

Hawthorne, 251.

Heath bell, 182, 185.

Heather, 177–85.

Hebrides, 117, 119, 120.

Henry, Joseph, 275.

Hepburn, 283.

Hepburn, J. C., 276, 277.

Heraldry, 187.

Hessians, 162.

Highland costume, 33, 260.

Highlanders, 53, 117, 221, 222.

Highland Mary, 14, 225.

Highlands, 65–67, 141, 164–76, 211, 220, 286.

High Street, 32, 199.

History, 64, 67, 74, 80.

Holland, 36, 106, 191, 206, 237.

Holmes, Dr. O. W., 95.

Holy Isle, 55.

Holy Pool, 214.

Holyrood, 283.

Homes, 259–66.

Honey, 174–75, 182.

Hooker, 241.

Hospitality, 68, 80, 259–61.

Hotels, 164, 259, 260.

Houses, 31, 173–75.

Hume, David, 235.

Huts, 173–75, 180.

Hydros, 259.

Hygiene, 31.

Inch Caillaich, 213.

Inch Cruin, 213.

Inch Fad, 213.

Inch Loanig, 213.

Inch Tarranach, 213.

Inch Vroin, 216.

Independents, 255.
_See_ Pilgrim Fathers.

India, 200.

Indian Ladder, 215.

Indian, 159.
_See_ Iroquois.

Inns. _See_ Hotels.

Insane people, 214, 231.

Invasions, 51–54, 157, 282, 283.

Invergowrie, 83, 84, 259–67.

Inverness, 142–47, 281.

Iona, 119, 244, 280.

Ireland, 7, 11, 14, 74, 75, 113, 140, 188, 280.

Irishmen, 139, 140, 221, 222, 279, 280.

Irish missionaries, 205.

Iroquois, 35, 63, 150, 167, 205.

Irving, Washington, 42, 88.

Islands, 213, 216.

Ithaca, 139, 226, 265.

Ivanhoe, 42.

Jacobites, 132, 147, 154, 192.

James I, 103, 106, 146, 282.

James II, 282, 285.

James III, 101, 203.

James IV, 283.

James V, 101, 105, 283.

James VI, 34, 59, 60, 101, 106, 236, 240, 252, 258, 284.

Japan, 20, 35, 47, 57, 58, 96, 127, 135, 171, 197, 219.

Jardines, 60.

Job, 269.

“John Anderson, My Jo John,” 229.

John o’ Groat’s House, 56.

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 65, 109, 122, 128, 167, 173, 259, 286.

Jougs, 84, 85.

Jute, 80.

Kail, 167.

Kenneth, 11, 96.

Kentigern, St., 23, 280.

Kerns, 170–72, 189.

Kerr, Sir Robert, 58.

Kerrs, 60.

Khaki, 269.

Killiecrankie, 116, 168, 285.

Kingdoms, 280.

Kings, 236, 239, 240.

Kirk, 234, 254, 255, 284, 285.

Kirkwall, 203.

Kitchener, Lord, 29.

Knitting, 206.

Knox, John, 18, 20, 78, 106, 228, 237, 238, 247–54, 283.

Kyloe, 219, 220.

“Lady of the Lake,” 214, 217.

Lakes, 131, 141, 213–15.

Lamberton, 45.

Landlords, 66.

Landscape, 13, 20, 47, 54, 98, 186, 212, 245.

Land tenure, 169–72.

Lang, Andrew, 65–96.

Language, 3, 56, 67, 69, 121, 128, 249, 266.

Lanrick Mead, 216.

Law, 44–46.

“Lay of the Last Minstrel,” 38–41, 55.

Lee, Joseph, 81, 82.

Leighton, 259, 260.

Leisler, Jacob, 112, 248.

Leith, 34.

Lemprière, 52.

Lerwick, 205, 208.

Libraries, 43, 67, 72, 201.

“Limited,” 117.

Lincoln, Abraham, 29, 95, 227, 237, 242.

Lindisfarne, 56.

Ling, 177.

Loch, 214.

Lochaber, 134.

Loch Achray, 214, 216.

Loch Katrine, 214, 217.

Loch Lomond, 213–16.

Loch Nenacar, 216.

Locke, John, 241.

Lollards, 234, 282.

London, 184, 194, 248, 262.

Lord of the Isles, 121, 146, 200, 283.

Lowlands, 24, 47, 65, 67, 166.

Macaulay, 112.

Macbeth, 5, 88–94, 146, 280, 281.

MacClernand, 274.

Macdonalds, 112, 121, 151, 281.

Macdougalls, 112, 113.

Macduff, 84.

Macfarland, 276.

Macgregors, 214.

MacIntoshes, 159.

MacMurtrie, 142.

Macpherson, 273, 274.

Mahomet, 235.

Makars, 232.

Malcolm Canmore, 69, 70, 73, 146, 280.

Malcolms, 90, 91, 280, 281.

Map, 65.

Margaret of Denmark, 203.

Margaret, Queen, 34, 69, 70, 73–75, 264, 281.

Marmalade, 174.

Marmion, 56, 117, 198.

Marriage, 44–46.

Mary, Highland, 14, 225.

Mary of Gelderland, 282.

Mary, Queen of Scots, 34, 81, 156, 248, 250–54, 258, 283, 284.

Mascots, 35.

Mather, Bailie, 79.

Maxwells, 60.

Mayflower, 255.

Medieval institutions, 244–46.

Meg, 226.

Melrose Abbey, 38–43, 244.

Melville, Andrew, 20, 192, 240.

Middle Ages, 47–48.

Mikado, 223.

Miller, Hugh, 3.

Milton, 258.

Misprints, 130.

Missionary interest, 269, 276, 277.

Monasteries, 18, 53.

Monk, General, 132.

Monks, 22, 69, 86, 127.

Monroe Doctrine, 260, 265.

Montrose, 191, 192.

Monuments, 28, 56, 116, 224, 225.

Moorish art, 207, 208.

Moors, 178.

Moray Firth, 147.

Morse, 275.

Moss troopers, 57–60, 63.

Mountains, 103, 104, 215.

Mungo, 22.

Murillo, 208.

Music, 116–20, 162, 163, 211, 222, 283.

Names, 22, 60.

National League and Covenant, 71.

Navy, 268, 269.

Necropolis, 19, 20.

Netherlands, 23, 157, 191.

Nevilles, 60.

Newport-on-Tay, 275.

New York, 14.

Nobles, 238.

Normans, 237, 281.

Norsemen, 7, 205.

North Sea, 194, 195.

Northumbria, 54.

Norway, 203, 206, 211, 281.

Oatmeal, 174.

Oban, 108, 109.

Orcades, 202.

Order of the Thistle (St. Andrews), 206.

Orkneys, 96, 202–04, 210.

Ossian, 111, 212.

Oxen, 218–20.

Oxford, 241, 258.

Pageants, 195.

Parks, 72, 201.

Parliament, 183, 202, 255, 272, 281, 282, 283.

Peat, 7, 182.

Pebbles, 137, 138.

Pei-ho, 197.

Pennsylvania, 10, 60, 72, 118.

Pentland Firth, 131, 203.

People, the, 130, 237, 238, 240.

Percy’s “Reliques,” 233.

Perry, Commodore, 197.

Philadelphia, 23, 42, 72, 139, 155.

Philosophy, 4, 20, 234, 236, 271.

Picts, 95, 96, 146, 182, 280.

Pilgrim Fathers, 255, 264, 271.

“Pirate, The,” 208.

Pittencrieff, 71, 72.

Pladda, 10.

Plaids, 109, 153, 186.

Poetry, 227–33.

Police, 60, 62.

Pomona, 203.

Ponies, 204.

Portraits, 251, 252.

Prayer, 261, 262, 268, 269.

Preachers, 224.

Prelates, 242, 284, 285.

Presbyterians, 71, 171, 237, 255, 256, 261, 284.

Prescott, 61.

Prestonpans, 168.

Pretenders, 157.

Princes Street, 28.

Princeton, 4, 58.

Printing, 283.

Proverbs, 180, 198, 201.

Public schools, 226.

Puritans, 235, 241, 242, 255, 271.

Quandril, 6, 43, 97, 115.

Races, 65–68, 165, 221, 222, 249.

Railways, 27, 62, 286.

Rain, 121, 134, 136, 137, 222.

Ramsay, Allan, 28, 232, 233, 285.

Ramsay, Allan, 2d, 233.

Rathlin Island, 9, 119.

Reformation, 127, 171, 228, 236, 238, 283.

Religion, 21, 71, 121, 129, 168, 249, 256, 262.

Renaissance, 258.

Renwix, Port, 226.

Republicanism, 237, 258.

Revolution, American, 271, 272.

Rivers, 14, 99, 226.

Rizzio, 283.

Roads, 172, 173.

Rob Roy, 38, 98, 213.

Roderick Dhu, 62, 166, 215, 216.

Roman Wall, 15, 51.

Romans, 51–53, 279.

Rome, 15, 264.

“Roslyn Castle,” 163.

Roslyn Chapel, 43.

Rous, 258, 262.

Ruins, 39–42, 47, 70, 71, 192, 200, 205.

Ruskin, 128, 133.

Russia, 256.

Russian fleet, 194.

Rutgers College, 58.

Sabbath, 17, 37.

St. Andrews, 80, 244, 247, 280.

St. Giles, 268, 284.

St. Kentigern, 21.

St. Martin, 128.

St. Modan, 43.

St. Nicholas, 206.

St. Winifred, 264.

Saints, 21.

Santa Claus, 206.

Sassenach, or Saxons, 152.

Saxe, John G., 60.

Scandinavians, 121, 127, 280.

Scenery, 55, 103–04, 205, 212.

Schaff, Philip, 250, 251, 255.

Schools, 199.

Scone, 265, 281.

Scotch-Irish, 272–74.

Scotland, 7, 9, 51–54, 257, 280.

Scots in America, 63, 72, 122, 123, 128, 148, 218, 223, 236, 272.

Scots in England, 241, 248, 252, 254, 255, 258, 285.

Scott, Michael, 38, 41, 42.

Scott, Sir Walter, 18, 28, 41–44, 46–49, 96, 219, 246, 286.

Scrooby, 264.

Serfs, 170.

Servants, 262, 263.

Shakespeare, 45, 89.

Shaler, Prof. N. S., 275.

Sharp, Archbishop, 285.

Shaving, 43.

Sheep, 181, 207, 208.

Shenstone, William, 259.

Shetlands, 204, 210.

Shields, 172.
_See_ Targets.

Shoes, 145, 167.

Skye, 210.

Snobs, 143, 144.

Snowdon, 99, 216, 217.

Soap, 26, 33, 140.

Songs, 105, 116–18, 139, 140, 154, 156, 164, 184, 185, 228, 232.

Spain, 206, 236, 248, 283.

Spaniards, 206–08.

Spearman, 151.

Speech, 3, 12, 56.

Spurs, 62.

Staffa, 123–25.

Stage, 63.

Stage-riding, 111, 215.

Stars and Stripes, 14, 163.

Stirling, 97–107.

Stone Haven, 65, 192.

Strathclyde, 56, 280.

Strathmore, 97, 100.

Streets, 31, 32, 199.

Stuarts, 101, 155, 157, 160, 167, 168, 271, 282, 285.

Suffragettes, 250.

Sullivan, General John, 63.

Sutherland, 210.

Switzerland, 33.

Swords, 15, 20, 149–52, 172, 219, 274.

Tam o’ Shanter, 226.

Targets, 150, 151, 172.

Tartans, 109, 110, 187, 188, 190.

Tatnall, Commodore, 197.

Tay River, 68, 77, 279.

Tea, 154, 261.

Temperament, 221, 222.

Teutonic tribes, 24, 257, 280.

Thackeray, 143.

Thistle, 101, 206, 282.

Ticonderoga, 167.

Tobacco, 25.

Togo, Admiral, 194.

Towers, 50, 55, 205, 209, 210.

Trawlers, 194, 195.

Trees, 93.

Tron, 84.

Trossachs, 214–16.

Tulchan Bishops, 242, 243.

Turner, 217.

Tweed River, 41–43, 54.

Ulster, 271, 272–74.

Ultima Thule, 205.

Union Jack, 284.

Union of England and Scotland, 100, 282, 284, 285.

United States, 196, 276–77.

United States of the World, 62, 227.

Unst, 205.

Vassar College, 276.

Venezuela, 260, 265.

Vengeance, 166, 167.

Victoria, Queen, 70, 83, 286.

Vikings, 121.

Wade, General, 172–76, 285.

Wales, 24.

Wallace, William, 15, 77, 281.

Ward Chapel, 80.

Wardens, 58.

War of 1914, 140, 165, 190, 194, 195, 202, 265, 266, 268, 269.

Washerwomen, 145.

Waterfalls, 138.

Water-power, 213, 216.

Watt, James, 131.

Waves, 7, 192, 203.

Weather, 132, 135–37, 203.

Western Islands, 120.

Whales, 205.

Whiskey, 140, 181.

White, Andrew D., 73.

White Cockade, 156.

Whittier, 243.

Wigtown, 285.

William III, 110–16, 122, 132, 285.

William of Deloraine, 38, 40.

William of Orange, 237, 238, 241.

William the Lion, 146, 281.

Wishart, George, 78, 79.

Witchcraft, 226, 282.

Wolfe, 160.

Women and John Knox, 250–54.

Wordsworth, 1.

Wynds, 30.

Yew Isle, 213.

Yew trees, 213.

The Riverside Press
CAMBRIDGE . MASSACHUSETTS
U . S . A

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.