Chapter XIX: Section 1: Solitary (2)

It is difficult to assign a reason for the name of this genus, or to trace an applicable derivation from _ἐπίαλος_, for the insect in no way suits, either directly or by anti-phrase, any of the significations of this word. It is one of the prettiest of our little bees, and is parasitical upon the _Colletes Daviesiana_, and it may be found in abundance wherever the metropolis of this species occurs. There is one special locality near Bexley, in Kent, a vertical sandbank within a few hundred yards of the village, where I have always found it in the spring months, and have there taken it as numerously as I wished. I have already alluded, in another part of this work, to the uniformly greater beauty of the parasitical bees, to those which they infest, and their exceedingly different appearance in every case excepting in that of the genus _Apathus_. We might have expected that they would have been disguised like these, the better to carry on their nefarious practices, but what can well be more dissimilar than _Epeolus_ and _Colletes_, or than _Nomada_ and all its supporters, and the same of _Melecta_, _Cœlioxys_, and _Stelis_. These facts puzzle investigation for a reason; nor will the perplexity be speedily solved. All that we can surmise is that there must be a motive for it, for wherever we successfully elicit her secret from the veiled goddess, we invariably find the reason founded in profound wisdom. In some cases the mystery seems devised to test our sagacity, but it cannot be so here, for the most palpable and plausible cause that would suggest itself in the supposition of its being for the guardianship and apprisal of the sitos is often contravened, as in this instance, by it and its parasite living in great harmony together, again by the desertion of its nidus by _Eucera_ in favour of the parasite, although itself is a very much more powerful insect; but in the cases of _Panurgus_, _Halictus_, and _Andrena_, they all live well reconciled to the intrusion of the stranger’s young, and this, without their enumeration, may be adopted as nearly the universal case. The hostility of _Anthophora_, previously noticed, is an almost insulated case of the contrary. The form of these insects does not promise much activity, and we accordingly find that they are slow, heavy, and indolent; yet they must be cautiously handled, for they sting acutely; but indeed it is not well ever to handle insects whose markings, as we find them in these, consist of a close nap, as evanescent as the down upon a plum, and of course the fingers carry it readily off, and disfigure the beauty of the little specimen. When their special habitat is not known they may often be found upon the blossoming Ragwort in the vicinity, or upon the Mouse-ear Hawkweed (_Hieracium murorum_) within whose flowers they are frequently observed enjoying their siesta.

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b. _With two submarginal cells._
Genus 17. STELIS, _Panzer_.
(Plate XI. fig. 3 ♂ ♀.)
APIS ** _c_, 1 _β_, Kirby.

_Gen. Char._: BODY glabrous, much punctured. HEAD transverse, curving posteriorly to the thorax, where it is angulated laterally; _ocelli_ in a triangle at the summit of the vertex; _antennæ_ short, slender, filiform, scarcely geniculated, the scape about as long as the three first joints of the flagellum, all the joints of which are subequal but slightly increasing in length towards the apical one, which is a little compressed laterally; _face_ entirely flat; _clypeus_ transverse, rather convex; _labrum_ elongate, convex; _mandibles_ robust, tridentate, the external tooth considerably the stoutest; _cibarial apparatus_ long, tongue three times as long as the labium, slightly inflated in the centre, and terminating in a small knob; _paraglossæ_ very short, not more than one-sixth the length of the tongue and acuminate; _labial palpi_ about two-thirds the length of the tongue, the two first joints membranous, the basal one the most robust, and both tapering to an acute apex, shortly before which the two very short subclavate terminal joints articulate; _labium_ about one-third the length of the tongue, its inosculation trifid, the central division considerably the longest and truncated at its extremity; _maxillæ_ subhastate, nearly as long as the tongue, acutely acuminated towards their apex; _maxillary palpi_ very short, two-jointed, the basal joint subclavate and slightly the longest, and inserted in a circular cavity, the terminal joint short ovate. THORAX subglobose; _prothorax_ inconspicuous; _mesothorax_ very convex; _scutellum_ lunulate, very gibbous, and impending over the post-scutellum and metathorax, mucronated laterally; _metathorax_ abruptly truncated; _wings_ with two submarginal cells, and a third very slightly commenced, the two subequal, the second being the largest and receiving the first submarginal cell near its commencement and the second at the inosculation of the terminal transverso-cubital nervure; _legs_ short, moderately stout, the _tibiæ_ very slightly setose externally; _claws_ short, bifid, the internal tooth near the external. ABDOMEN oblong, truncated at its base, very convex above and flat beneath, deflexed towards its extremity, and the terminal segment almost rounded, being very slightly produced in the centre and margined.

The MALE scarcely differs, excepting in the usual male characteristics, and by the apical segment being obsoletely tridentate.

NATIVE SPECIES.

1. _aterrima_, Panzer, ♂ ♀. 4-4½ lines.
_punctulatissima_, Kirby,
2. _phæoptera_, Kirby, ♂ ♀. 4-4½ lines. (Plate XI. fig. 3 ♂ ♀.)
3. _octomaculata_, Smith, ♂ ♀. 3 lines.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The name of this genus may be derived from _στελὶς_, _a sort of parasitical plant_, perhaps _mistletoe_, if we could be sure that Panzer imposed it after being aware of the parasitical nature of these bees. It is true his book (the ‘Revision’) was published in 1805, and Kirby, who first intimated a suspicion of such cuckoo-like habits in some of the bees, published his in 1802; therefore it might have been given in allusion to that peculiarity of their economy, but it may also be from _στηλὶς_, _a little column_, in application to their cylindrical form. In but few of the parasitical bees do we know the precise nature of their transformations, I have therefore been obliged to be silent upon this point of their natural history, and I have nothing to state of its nature in these, although I expect there is much uniformity with but slight modifications in all. The species of this genus are parasitical upon the _Osmiæ_; thus the _S. phæoptera_ is found to infest the _O. fulviventris_, and the _S. octomaculata_ intrudes itself into the nests of _O. leucomelana_, both of which occur tolerably abundantly near Bristol. I have no doubt that the south-west and west of England, if well searched, would yield many choice insects.

It is singular that bee-parasitism does not prevail throughout all the genera of bees, some being subject to it and others not. Thus the genera _Colletes_, _Andrena_, _Halictus_, _Panurgus_, _Eucera_, _Anthophora_, _Saropoda_, _Megachile_, _Osmia_, and _Bombus_ have all parasites, whereas the genera _Cilissa_, _Macropis_, _Dasypoda_, _Ceratina_, _Anthidium_, _Chelostoma_, _Heriades_, _Anthocopa_, and _Apis_ have none, as far as we yet know; and some of the genera of parasites frequent two or more genera indifferently, whilst others are restricted to a single one; also some of the species of the parasitical genera infest indifferently several of the species of the genus to which their parasitism is mainly limited; other species have a more circumscribed range and do not visit the nests of more than a single species. What law may control all these seeming anomalies we cannot discover,—it may possibly be scent that guides them, and this may control their parasitism by indicating the species they are taught by their instinct to be most suitable from the quality of the pollen with which it supplies its own nest, to be that which is best adapted for the nurture of their young. It is not likely that we shall very speedily lift the veil from these mysteries, but they are suggestive of observation which in seeking one thing may fall upon another equally interesting.

I have usually caught these insects settled upon the leaves of shrubs, especially of fruit bushes, particularly that of the black currant, upon which, in a favourable locality, many bees, as well as numerous small fossorial _Hymenoptera_ may be found in genial weather. I have never caught them upon flowers, nor do I know what flowers they frequent. The end of May, if warm, and throughout June, they are usually found most abundantly.

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Genus 18. CŒLIOXYS, _Latreille_.
(Plate XII. fig. 1 ♂ ♀.)
APIS ** _c_ 1 _α_, _Kirby_.

_Gen. Char._: BODY subglabrous. HEAD transverse, concave posteriorly to fit the anterior portion of the thorax; _ocelli_ in a triangle on the vertex; _antennæ_ filiform, short, subgeniculated, the basal joint of the flagellum globose, the second subclavate, and all from the second subequal, the terminal joint compressed laterally; _face_ flat, very pubescent; _clypeus_ ovate, concavely truncated in front, its surface convex; _labrum_ oblong, with its sides parallel, but with lateral processes at its articulation; _mandibles_ broad, quadridentate; _cibarial apparatus_ long, the _tongue_ very long, nearly three times the length of the labium, linear but slightly inflated in the centre, and thence tapering to its extremity, and slightly covered with a very short down; _paraglossæ_ wholly wanting; _labial palpi_ membranous, the two first joints long, the second slightly the longest, and both tapering to the extremity of the second, which is acute, and has the third joint, which is very short and subclavate, articulated before the extremity, with the terminal one of equal length, and rounded at the apex, appended to it; _labium_ about one-third the length of the tongue, its inosculation trifid and equal, and the central division acute; _maxillæ_ subhastate and acuminate, not quite so long as the tongue; _maxillary palpi_ very short, three-jointed, the basal joint the smallest, the second the most robust, and the terminal one ovate. THORAX subglobose; _prothorax_ inconspicuous; _mesothorax_ convex; _wing-scales_ large; _scutellum_ produced horizontally, and impending over the post-scutellum and metathorax, and having at each lateral extremity an acute, slightly-curved tooth projecting backwards; _metathorax_ abruptly truncated; _wings_ with two submarginal cells and a third commenced, the first slightly the longest, the second receiving both the recurrent nervures, the first near its commencement, and the second close to its termination; _legs_ slender, spinulose externally on the tibiæ; _claws_ rather long, slender, and simple. ABDOMEN very conical, truncated at the base, its segments slightly constricted, the apical one long, superficially carinated longitudinally in the centre, and much deflexed.

The MALE scarcely differs, excepting that the whole of the front of the head is more densely pubescent; the mandibles are deeply, acutely, and nearly equally tridentate, the terminal segment of the abdomen is variously mucronated or toothed at its apex, these processes pointing backwards, and the penultimate segment is more or less produced laterally.

NATIVE SPECIES.

1. _conica_, Linnæus, ♂ ♀. 4-5 lines.
_quadridentata_, Linnæus, ♂.
_quadridentata_, Kirby, ♂.
2. _simplex_, Nyland, ♂ ♀. 5 lines.
_conica_, Kirby.
_conica_, Curtis, viii. 349.
_Sponsa_, Smith, ♂.
3. _umbrina_, Smith, ♂ ♀.
4. _rufescens_, St. Fargeau, ♂. 4-6 lines.
5. _vectis_, Curtis, ♂ ♀. 5-6 lines. (Plate XII. fig. 1 ♂ ♀)
6. _inermis_, Kirby.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

This genus is named from _κοιλία_, _belly_, _ὀξὺς_, _acute_, in application to the conical abdomen of the female. The insects of this genus are parasitical upon the genera _Megachile_ and _Saropoda_. Thus, _C. simplex_ infests _M. circumcincta_; _C. rufescens_, _M. Willughbiella_; _C. vectis_, _M. maritima_; and _C. umbrina_ is parasitical on _Saropoda bimaculata_. Linnæus, from the different appearance of the two sexes made two species of them, and from the circumstance of his having described first the male as _Apis quadridentata_, this, by the law of priority, supersedes the name of _C. conica_ as the name of the species, which is its female, and which he next described, and thus that sex, whose form Latreille adopted as typical of the genus, is in the series of species totally superseded and reduced to a synonym. The species of this genus are extremely difficult to separate from each other, no tangible character presenting itself conspicuously, although the Swedish entomologist Nylander supposes he has found one in the plates of the apical segment of the abdomen, especially those of the venter, in which he detects both a difference of form and a difference of relative length to that of the superior plates, and in the males he assumes that the teeth of the apical segment are constant characters. Not having had sufficient opportunity since this supposed discovery was made, for the examination of a great multitude of specimens, for it is only upon such an investigation that it can be firmly based, I cannot speak corroboratively upon the point, but it is very possibly a correct solution of the difficulty.

The peculiarity of these spines at the apical segments of the abdomen of the males is remarkable, they being straight projecting processes, or they have even a slight upward bearing. In the males of _Anthidium_ and _Osmia_ we observe spines also arming the apex of the last segment, but in these we can trace an evident use, both from the downward curvature of the abdomen itself, and that same tendency also in the spines. But in the insects of this genus they have not the same conspicuously apparent object, the abdomen itself even having an upward curvature, or rather a greater facility for turning upwards than downwards. These insects appear to be most abundant in the midland and southern counties, and, according to Curtis, they are numerously found at the back of the Isle of Wight. I have usually taken them on the wing and never on a flower, and I do not know the plants which they may prefer.

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Subsection 3. DASYGASTERS (convey pollen on the belly).
_All with two submarginal cells to the wings._
Genus 19. MEGACHILE, _Latreille_. (Leaf-cutters.)
APIS ** _c_ 2 _α_, Kirby.
(Plate XII. fig. 2 and 3 ♂♀.)

_Gen. Char._: HEAD as wide as the thorax, flat and broad on the _vertex_, where, on the anterior edge, the _ocelli_ are disposed in a triangle; _antennæ_ shortish, filiform, geniculated; _scape_ about as long as two first joints of flagellum, which increases both in length of joints and their substance from base to apex, the terminal one being the longest, and longitudinally compressed; _face_ and clypeus very pubescent, concealing their divisions; _clypeus_ transversely lunulate, scarcely convex; _labrum_ longitudinally slightly convex and oblong, with the sides parallel; _mandibles_ broad, widening outwardly, irregularly quadridental, the two inner teeth obtuse; _cibarial apparatus_ moderately long; _tongue_ more than twice the length of the labium, tapering from the base to the apex, where it terminates in a minute knob; _paraglossæ_ very short, scarcely one-sixth the length of the tongue, coadunate at the base and acuminate at the apex, where, in repose, they lap round the base of the tongue; _labial palpi_ three-fourths the length of the tongue, the two basal joints long, subequal, membranous, linear, slightly tapering to the acute apex of the second, where the third subclavate joint articulates just before its termination, and conterminous with which is the fourth, shorter than the third, but also subclavate; _labium_ not quite half the length of the tongue, with a long subobtuse process in the centre of its inosculation; _maxillæ_ subhastate, and very acuminate, nearly as long as the tongue; _maxillary palpi_ very short, two-jointed, the basal joint the shortest, and the terminal one obtuse at its apex, where it is furnished with brief setæ. THORAX subglobose, pubescent, the pubescence almost concealing its divisions; _prothorax_ inconspicuous; _mesothorax_ convex, subglabrous on the disk; _scutellum_, lunulate, convex; _metathorax_ truncated; wings with two submarginal cells, the commencement of a third slightly indicated, the two complete ones nearly equal, the second of which receives both the recurrent nervures, one towards each extremity; _legs_ robust, very setose; the posterior _tibiæ_ slightly curved longitudinally, concavo-convex, broad at the extremity; all the _plantæ_ as long as their tibiæ and as broad at the base but decreasing at the apex to the width of the following tarsal joints, the anterior pair fimbriated externally, and the posterior pair clothed, on the inner surface, with a dense, short brush, the three following joints short, subequal, the claw-joint as long as the three, and the _claws_ with a broad basal inner tooth. ABDOMEN ovate, with parallel sides, convex above, truncated and concave at its base to fit the metathorax, distended horizontally in length, or with an upward curve, the four first segments slightly constricted, and their edges usually clothed with decumbent down; the terminal segment obtusely pointed and slightly depressed transversely towards its extremity; the _ventral segments_ commencing with the second, clothed with parallel layers of moderately long, straight setæ, which in each parallel are of equal length, but those on the fifth segment are the shortest, upon all of which the insect conveys the pollen it collects.

The FEMALES of the second division of the genus scarcely differ.

The MALES of the first division differ in having the _head_ slightly larger and squarer above; the _antennæ_ very slightly longer; the _mandibles_ more acutely tridentate, with a distinct powerful basal tooth beneath, terminating the concavity of the organ; the anterior _femora_, _tibiæ_, and joints of their _tarsi_, excepting the terminal one, concavo-convex, the four first joints of the latter distended laterally, and edged with a dense fringe of setæ, the distension of these joints is widest at their articulation with the tibiæ and they decline in length to the claw-joint which is long; the _claws_ bifid; the interior claw acute, but remote from the apical one; the posterior _femora_ are very robust, their _tibiæ_, much curved, robust, almost triangular, and externally very convex; their _plantæ_, almost glabrous, not so long as the three following joints, externally rather twisted, and beneath furnished with a dense brush of long stiff hair.

In the second division of the genus the males are destitute of the distension of the anterior tarsi, these being instead densely fimbriated externally; the legs in them are much less robust, and more closely resemble those of their females.

NATIVE SPECIES.

§ _Anterior tarsi of males much dilated._

1. _Willughbiella_, Kirby, ♂♀. 5-7 lines.
2. _maritima_, Kirby, ♂♀. 6-7 lines. (Plate XII. fig. 2 ♂♀.)
3. _circumcincta_, Kirby, ♂♀. 4½-5½ lines.

§§ _Anterior tarsi of males not dilated._

1. _ligniseca_, Kirby, ♂♀. 5-7 lines.
2. _centuncularis_, Linnæus, ♂♀. 4-6 lines.
_centuncularis_, Kirby.
3. _argentata_, Fabricius, ♂♀. 3-4½ lines. (Plate XII. fig. 3 ♂♀.)
_Leachella_, Kirby.
_Leachella_, Curtis.
4. _odontura_, Smith, ♂. 4½ lines.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

Named from the great development of the labrum, _μέγα_ _large_, _χεῖλος_ _lip_, which is characteristic of all the _Dasygasters_, and also of some of the proximate _Nudipedes_, those parasitical upon them, _Stelis_ and _Cœlioxys_, and which, too, resemble the sitos in the expansion and dentated formation of their mandibles, although they do not use them for the same purposes; this again exhibits an analogy of structure, that appears in the parasite to be merely corroborative of identity of existence.

These are more essentially summer insects than the majority of the preceding genera, although some of them present themselves with genial spring weather. The genus may be separated into two distinct divisions by the peculiar dilatation of the tarsi of the males of some of the species, but such division is not indicative of a difference of habits, as is distinctly the case in the genus _Anthophora_, and in which these combined circumstances Mr. Kirby suggested as acceptable for generic division, or, as he called it, the institution of another _family_. But in these we find in both divisions both wood-borers and earth-tunnelers, and some species are indifferently either as suits their accidental convenience. The general appearance of the insects is more that of ordinary bees, and the sexes are more approximate in their habit than is usually the case.

With this genus commences essentially those designated as artisan bees, although _Colletes_ might very suitably come under that denomination. The species themselves of the genus are called leaf-cutters, from the habit they have of cutting pieces from the leaves of various shrubs and trees, for the purpose of lining their nests. The description of the operations of one species will apply precisely to that carried on by all, the occasional difference between them being the selection of the leaves of distinct plants; and it will exhibit the patient industry and perseverance with which these little upholsterers carry on their labours.

Thus _M. centuncularis_, the type of the genus, burrows in decaying wood or in brick walls, and sometimes also in the ground, and makes use of the cuttings of rose leaves,—not the petals,—and the leaves of the annual and perennial Mercury (_Mercurialis annua_ and _M. perennis_). The _M. ligniseca_ bores into sound Oak and the Mountain Ash, as well as into putrescent Elm, and uses Elm leaves to line its nests, sometimes called _centunculi_ from their being as it were patched together. This is the largest of all our species, and is found very abundantly everywhere around London frequenting the flowers of the Thistle. The _M. argentata_, Fab., or _Leachella_ of Kirby, is perhaps the prettiest of all the species, and forms its tunnels in sandbanks. I do not know what leaves this species selects, which used to be extremely rare, indeed for a long time only known by the specimen in the British Museum, until that ardent entomologist the Rev. F. W. Hope, to whom the University of Oxford owes its superb entomological collection, brought it in abundance from Southend, where, during his brief annual stay at his residence there, he used to find it in the grove which runs under the cliff edging the terrace of the village; it is extremely local, as that and Weybridge, in Surrey, are the only two spots where I have known it to be found. It is one of the most vivid fliers among the bees, and darts about, especially during brilliant sunshine in June, with the velocity of a sand-martin, and its note is shrill, but harmonious; it is not often caught upon flowers, being so extremely alert, but has been seen to visit the common Viper’s Bugloss (_Echium vulgare_). The _M. odontura_, the last of the second division, which is known only in a single male specimen in the cabinets of the British Museum, is one of Dr. Leach’s west country captures, of which nothing precise is known, and it is only noticed here on account of the singular peculiarity of the armature of the apex of its abdomen, which brings it closer to the genus _Osmia_ in that particular, although the majority of the males of the genus have the terminal segment slightly furcated.

In these observations I have commenced with the division which contains the type, and to which the present name of the genus would attach from that circumstance, were it ever thought desirable to separate those species, which have dilated anterior tarsi in the males, into a distinct genus, but which I could scarcely recommend. In the arrangement of the species in the preceding list, I have placed these latter first, from their more symmetrical appearance in the cabinet, by leading down to the terminal smaller species in due order, from these larger and more conspicuous ones.

The _M. Willughbiella_ and _maritima_ prefer decaying wood, and they have been found upon decaying Willows in the Midland Counties in extreme abundance; they might be called gregarious were the material within which they burrow connected in a continuous plane. The _M. Willughbiella_ makes use of the leaves of the Rose and of the Laburnum, but the _M. maritima_ seems to prefer the leaves of the Sallow. The _M. circumcincta_ invariably burrows in banks, confirming the semi-gregarious habits of the genus, where it forms large colonies, and it is only by accident that it constructs secluded and solitary nests; it also makes use of rose leaves for lining its apartments. The insects are subject to the molestation of bee-parasites of the genus _Cœlioxys_, the _C. quadridentata_ having been bred from the cells of this latter species,—that parasite also frequenting the _M. Willughbiella_, and the _C. vectis_ is well known to infest the _M. maritima_. Thus, it appears to be only the species of this division with the dilated tarsi that are exposed to such incursions, there being no record of parasites frequenting the division in which the males have simple anterior tarsi. Besides this bee-parasite, they are also subject to the attacks of some dipterous insect, whose larvæ destroy the larvæ of the _Megachile_. Much difficulty exists in separating the females of some of the species from each other; in others the specific character is sufficiently noticeable. It is a singular concomitant that those males with the dilated anterior tarsi have the apical joint of the flagellum of the antennæ considerably compressed and also dilated laterally.

The proceedings of these bees are very curious. Although the tubes they usually form are long, they are so constructed as not to branch far away from the exterior of the material into which they bore,—sound or putrescent wood or earth, or old mortar joining the bricks of walls,—if in the second material, they usually follow the putrescent vein, and their tunnel in every case is rarely further than an inch or an inch and a half from the external surface. Both the sides of the tube, and the cells they form within them, will necessarily vary in diameter and length with the size of the species, but in the larger species they are about an inch and a quarter long and half an inch in diameter. Some entomologists have surmised that different species use the leaves of different plants for lining their cells; this, however, is not strictly the case, as shown in the preceding remarks; but, although not so, the series of nests in the same tube are always lined with cuttings from the same plant; perhaps a varying caprice operates upon each day’s labours and changes the plant, influenced by the drift of the wind or some casual freak.

The cylindrical tube being prepared, which is done very similarly to the way in which it is practised by all the labouring genera, by the gradual removal of the particles of the wood, or sand, or earth of which it consists, the insect’s instinct prompts it to fly forth to obtain the requisite lining, that the lateral earth may not fall in, or the wood taint the store to be accumulated for the young, for it is before this is done that the upholstery is commenced. Having fixed upon the preferred plant, Rose-bush or Laburnum or Sallow, or whatever it may be, it alights upon the leaf, and fixing itself upon the edge, it holds it with three legs on each side, then using its mandibles as the cutter of silhouettes would his scissors, and, just as rapidly as he cuts out a profile, does this ingenious little creature ply the tools it is furnished with by nature. The oval or semicircular cutting being thus speedily dispatched, with the legs still clinging to the surfaces, the insect biting its way backwards, the piece cut off necessarily remains within the clutch of the legs, and, when about falling, the rejoicing labourer expands her wings and flies off with it with a hum of delightful triumph, the cutting being carried perpendicularly to her body. In a direct line she wings her way to the receptacle, and arrived at the mouth of the aperture within which she has to convey it, she rolls it to its requisite tubular form and thrusts it forward to the bottom of the cavity. The first piece for the lining of each cell is always oval and larger in proportion than the succeeding ones, which, to the number of three or four, are semicircular, the first piece having an extra use to serve in forming a concave bottom to the cavity. Having completed the requisite manipulation, for adjusting it to shape the external lining of the bottom and sides of the first cell, she withdraws backwards, again flies off, and, as if she had traced a trail in the air, or had marked its limpidity with a frothy surge, like that left in the wake of a ship, to note the road for her return, back she wends to the same plant, and proximately to the spot of her recent triumphant exploit renews the operation, but the result of which, this time, is to be semicircular. Home she flies again, and the arrangement within of this piece is different to that of the first, for this is simply tubular, and so placed that it imbricates with its cut margin within the serrated edge of the first and the third, and in case of a fourth the fourth also is similarly placed, so that one laps within the other, the edges of two of these cuttings never being conterminous. The number of the coatings is apparently regulated by the drier or moister condition of the substance in which the tunnel is drilled. Another duty has now to be performed, indeed, that for which all the preceding labours were undertaken,—the provision for its young, wherein it perpetuates its kind,—and thus on and on flows the wonderful stream of life, whose origin who shall estimate through the millennia it has hitherto so placidly and uniformly traversed, and whose termination who shall predict? Having completed the requisite store of honey mixed with pollen, this is carried to the brush with which the under side of the abdomen is furnished, by means of the posterior legs. The honey and pollen are gathered from different kinds of thistles, whence it acquires a reddish hue and looks almost like conserve of roses, and the nest is filled with it to within a line of its top; the egg is then deposited, but the coating of leaves, which enclose the cell completely, secures the store from lateral absorption, although the mixture is rather more fluid, consisting of a relatively greater quantity of honey than is usual, excepting perhaps in the case of _Ceratina_, and although no viscous secretion is used to bind the leaves together, which retain their position from merely lateral pressure. The cell has now to be closed, and the artificer knowing that the transverse section of the cylinder is circular, again flies forth, and without compass, but with all the accuracy with which Leonardo da Vinci struck a circle with his pencil, to testify his mastery, cuts the leaf again in that form, and as surely: and, three or four, or five or six times, repeats this operation, returning each time with each piece, so many having been variously observed. The separation between the cells being thus consolidated, it is further thickened by the lateral, spare, protruding edge of the leaf first introduced lapping over it. The whole process is again renewed in the same manner as at first, the bottom edge of the cutting of the external leaf is again curved to form a concave bottom to the next cell, and the sides are similarly formed, and each cell fits the preceding like the top of one thimble placed in the mouth of another. The repetition of all this is continued until the completion of the five or six cells necessary to fill the tube, when another is formed with the same routine, if her store of eggs is not exhausted; and the orifice of the tube, upon the completion of the last cell, which is closed in the usual way, is filled up with earth. Should any casualty interfere with her labours or temporarily derange their utility, without the obstruction being one that would permanently affect it, the remarkable patience and rapidity with which the repairs are effected, or the obstructions removed, is worthy of all admiration,—the _στοργὴ_, or love of offspring, being the predominant passion which overthrows and controls every difficulty.

When full fed, the larva spins a thick cocoon of silk, which is attached to the sides of the cell; the outer coating of this cocoon is of a coarser and browner silk than the interior, which is formed of very delicate threads of a slaty-whitish colour and of a close texture, and which is as lustrous as satin. The exact period of their evolution from this state is not recorded, but it is probable that they pass the winter enveloped in their cocoon as pupæ, and in their season come forth the following year.

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Genus 20. ANTHIDIUM, _Fabricius_.
(Plate XIII. fig. 1 ♂♀.)
_Apis_ ** _c_ 2 _β_, Kirby.

_Gen. Char._: BODY subglabrous. HEAD transverse, as wide as the thorax; _ocelli_ in a triangle on the vertex, which is flat; _antennæ_ shortish, slender, filiform, subgeniculated; the _scape_ stouter than the flagellum, subclavate, first joint of flagellum globose, the remainder subequal; _face_ flat; _clypeus_ triangular, truncated at its base, slightly rounded in front and convex; _labrum_ longitudinally oblong, the sides parallel and concavo-convex; _mandibles_ dilated at the apex, where they are quinque-dentate; the _alternate teeth_ smallest; _cibarial apparatus_ long; _tongue_ very long, tapering to its extremity; _paraglossæ_ very short, one-sixth the length of the tongue, coadunate at the base and subhastate; _labial palpi_ more than half the length of the tongue, the two first joints very long, the second the longest, and both tapering to the acute extremity of this, where, just before its apex, the third very short subclavate joint articulates with the still shorter terminal joint conterminous with it; _labium_ one-third the length of the tongue, its inosculation with an acute projection in the centre; _maxillæ_ as long as the tongue, subhastate and acuminate; _maxillary palpi_ springing from a deep sinus at its base, very short, two-jointed, the basal joint the shortest, and the second obtuse one terminating with a few rigid setæ. THORAX subglobose; _prothorax_ inconspicuous; _mesathorax_ slightly convex, wing-scales large; _scutellum_ lunulate, projecting and impending over the metathorax, which is truncated; _wings_ with two submarginal cells, and a third indistinctly commenced, the second slightly the longest, and receiving the two recurrent nervures one at each extremity; _legs_ moderate, subsetose, the tibiæ fimbriated along the edges, the anterior _spurs_ slightly palmated; the _plantæ_ of the four anterior pairs longer than their tibiæ, but those of the posterior not quite so long, and all densely clothed all round with a brush of short close hair; the _claws_ distinctly bifid. ABDOMEN semicircular, very convex; the base truncated and hollowed to fit the metathorax; the _segments_ slightly constricted, the _terminal segment_ transversely concave, and its apex terminating in three slight angles; the _venter_, which is flat, is densely clothed from the second segment with parallel layers of equal, moderately long, shining hair, the segment being distinctly indicated by these layers.

The MALE differs in being considerably larger; the _mandibles_ merely tridentate; the _legs_ longer and more robust; the _tibiæ_ and _tarsi_ more densely fimbriated externally, and the tarsi relatively much longer; the _abdomen_ densely edged laterally with short curled hair, the terminal segment with three processes, the lateral ones strong and curved internally, the central one shorter and straight, and the penultimate segment transversely concave, with a strong tooth on each side curved externally, and the venter glabrous beneath.

NATIVE SPECIES.

1. _manicatum_, Linnæus. 5-8 lines. (Plate XIII. fig. 1 ♂♀.)
_manicatum_, Kirby.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The generic name in this instance seems to be manufactured from the root _ἄνθος_, _a flower_. I cannot trace any other derivation as it may not be attributed merely to the habits of the species in frequenting flowers, for is not this the prime function of all the bees, wherein they fulfil a most important office in the economy of nature? How easy might it have been to regulate that flowers should fertilize themselves, as many do without any extraneous intervention, but by this wise and benevolent ordination a tribe of sensitive creatures is introduced to be perpetuated by the perpetuation they supply to that which supports them, and in this circle of reciprocal good offices lend an additional charm to the genial seasons, by the animation which they give to the face of nature, in embellishing the plants they visit with their vivacity and music.

These bees are gay insects, for both sexes are richly spotted with yellow, and they present the single instance which occurs amongst our bees of the male being considerably the largest, and so boisterous is he in his amours that he forcibly conveys his partner to the upper regions of the air, where she is compelled to yield to his solicitations. His whole structure is fully adapted to carry out this violent abduction, as well in the length and power of his limbs as in the prehensile teeth with which the apex of his abdomen is armed.

We have but one species of the genus, although the southern parts of the Continent abound in them. The habits of ours differ very considerably from those of the preceding genus. First, in the peculiarity just described, and then in the formation of their nests. They do not, like the majority of the wild bees, excavate or bore a cavity for themselves, but take one already formed by the xylophagous larva of some considerable insect, such as _Cerambyx moschatus_, or _Cossus ligniperda_. This they line, to the depth suitable to them, with cottony down which they scrape from the leaves or stalk of the Woolly Hedge-nettle (_Stachys Germanica_), the Wild Lychnis (_Agrostemma_), and other woolly-leaved plants. In collecting this wool the insect is very active, scraping it off rapidly with its broad mandibles, and as this is doing she gradually rolls it up into a little ball, making with the vibration of her wings a considerable hum all the time she is gathering it, and when the ball is sufficiently large she flies off with it to her nidus; this operation she continues until sufficient is accumulated for her purpose, which consists in lining the cavity with the material; she then forms cells within it in succession, gluing the same material together to resist the escape of the mixed store of pollen and honey she intends to fill it with, having in the operation smoothed the sides of the cell which is closed after the deposit of the egg, and another similar cell is then proceeded with, and this is repeated until the selected cavity is filled, or that she has exhausted her store. Having completed her labours, she wanders away. Sometimes the cavity is large and admits of the conjunction of many of these cells together; in that case they are all collectively covered with the same envelope of downy substance. The larva, having consumed its entire store of food, spins a cocoon of brown silk wherein it remains throughout the winter, and with the evolution of spring, feeling its propulsive energy, it changes into the pupa. In June and July, but earlier if the weather be continuously warm, the imago comes forth in its maturity, to live its little life of labour intermingled with pleasure, and in its pleasing hum to give cheerful notification of its perfect satisfaction.

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Genus 21. CHELOSTOMA, _Latreille_.
(Plate XIII. fig. 2, ♂♀.)
APIS ** _c_ 2 _γ_ partly, Kirby.

_Gen. Char._: BODY nearly glabrous and coarsely punctured. HEAD subglobose, rather wider than the thorax; _ocelli_ in a triangle in the centre of the vertex, which is broad and slightly convex; _antennæ_ short, subclavate, geniculated, the scape nearly one-half the length of the flagellum and more robust; the first and second joint of the flagellum subclavate, the basal one the longest and most robust, the remainder short, subequal, and gradually enlarging to the apical one, which is obtuse and as long as the basal joint; _face_ flat, slightly convex between the insertion of the antennæ; _cheeks_ large and protuberant; _clypeus_ concave, projecting, lobated in front, where it is slightly emarginate in the centre; _labrum_ elongate at its articulation, broader than beyond, and from this expansion immediately and abruptly contracting, from the inner angles of the contraction waving to about three-fourths its length, whence it is produced into an equal truncated oblong; _mandibles_ bidentate, external tooth acute, inner one obtuse; _cibarial apparatus_ long; the _tongue_ twice the length of the labium, narrowest at its base and obtuse at the extremity, and clothed with short setæ; _paraglossæ_ very short, coadunate at the base and acuminate; _labial palpi_ two-thirds the length of the tongue, with the three first joints membranous and flat, conterminous and tapering to their extremity, the first joint about one-half the length of the second, the third twice the length of the fourth, which is clavate and articulated within the apex of the third; _maxillæ_ subhastate and acuminate, as long as the tongue; _maxillary palpi_ very short, rather stout, the joints subequal and the terminal one acute. THORAX oval, convex; _prothorax_ inconspicuous _wing-scales_ rather large; _scutellum_ transversely quadrate, convex; _post-scutellum_ transverse, linear; _metathorax_ gradually declining, with a glabrous triangular space at its base; _wings_ with two submarginal cells nearly equal and a third commenced; the second receives both the recurrent nervures, the first beyond its commencement and the second before its termination; _legs_ shortish, subsetose, the anterior spurs short, broad, and emarginate at the apex; the _posterior plantæ_ with a compact dense brush within; _claw-joint_ long; _claws_ simple. ABDOMEN longer than head and thorax, subclavate, convex above, retuse at the base, and the apical segment obtuse at its extremity, the venter flat, its segments clothed from the second with dense parallel brushes of longish hair for the conveyance of pollen.

The MALE differs in having the _head_ less conspicuously globose; the _cheeks_ less protuberant; the whole body more pilose, the anterior _spurs_ robust, short, and abruptly obliquely truncated; the _antennæ_ slender, filiform, much longer than in the female, but not much longer than the head, and from the fourth to the ninth joints serratulate within, adapting it to a sharp curve; the _abdomen_ being equal, cylindrical, retuse at its base, convex above, and flat on the venter, where it has a longitudinal deeply concave mucro in the centre of the second segment, which concavity runs along all the subsequent segments, and it is densely pilose on the fourth; the terminal dorsal segment being deeply emarginate in the centre and produced on each side into a broad obtuse process; the _claws_ are more robust than in the female and bidentate; the posterior pair being subclavate, and their single tooth abruptly reflected.

NATIVE SPECIES.

1. _florisomne_, Linnæus, ♂♀. 3-5 lines. (Plate XIII. fig. 2 ♂♀.)
_maxillosa_, Linnæus.
_maxillosa_, Kirby.
2. _campanularum_, Kirby, ♂♀. 2-2½ lines.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

These insects are named from _χηλὴ_, _a forceps_, and _στόμα_, _a mouth_,—in allusion to the forcipate form of the mandibles, which are strong, and cross each other in inaction.

They and the next genus are styled _carpenter bees_, but they are not more consistently thus called than might be _Anthophora furcata_ and the genus _Ceratina_; they, in fact, like the latter, just as often avail themselves of an empty straw to form their cells in, or the cylinder that has been drilled by some xylophagous beetle of their own size, as they themselves drill into palings and solid wood for the purpose, but when they do this, it is facilitated to them by their powerful mandibles and their square and strong head. They are certainly very compactly formed, their structure being indicative of great power, of course relatively to their size. When they drill their cylinders themselves they are extremely persevering in its execution, and in the process, the material they extract, which is like fine sawdust, they withdraw from the depth of the cavity by passing it beneath them, and pushing it out at the orifice by means of their posterior legs and the apex of the abdomen, for they are too long to be able to turn within the cavity they have formed, its capacity not being sufficient to permit this, as it is very little larger in diameter than themselves. I have repeatedly watched them in these operations.

Having found or drilled a suitable cylindrical tube, they do nothing further to it but collect a sufficient store of provender for the nutriment of the young one, upon which they deposit the egg which is to produce it. The insect then flies away to collect a small quantity of clay intermingled with sand, and this they knead together by means of a viscous secretion which they disgorge, and this forms a concrete that hardens firmly and rapidly; to anticipate its rapid drying they speedily fly back, carrying this small ball within their mandibles, and with it they cover over the provision they have collected, and which, adhering to the sides of the cavity, forms a firm and hard division, effectually separating it from the next store of provision that is to be accumulated for the supply of the larva that will be hatched from the egg that is to be deposited, and the same process is repeated again and again until all the eggs are laid. In their development, which takes place near midsummer, the males precede the females by about ten days. They associate sometimes in colonies, often using the tubes of the straw thatch which covers cottages for their nidus.

These bees are subject to the parasitical intrusion of _Fœnus jaculator_ and _assectator_, which I have repeatedly caught at Battersea, hovering opposite the cells of these insects bored in the shingles forming the enclosure of an old garden outhouse. These parasites are themselves peculiar creatures, forming a type distinct from the Ichneumons, and belonging to the group _Aulacus_, upon which see my paper in the ‘Entomologist,’ June, 1841. In these insects, the abdomen springs from immediately beneath the scutellum. _Chrysis cyanea_ and _ignita_ are also bred at the expense of these bees, neither of the species of which are uncommon; the smaller one, the _C. campanularum_, which is the smallest of our true bees, excepting perhaps one or two of the _Nomadæ_, I used to find in abundance upon the railings of the fields that skirt Hampstead Heath, on the right-hand going from London, parallel with the Vale of Health, and thence rising to the Holly enclosure of the Earl of Mansfield’s mansion. This spot has been productive to me of many very choice aculeate _Hymenoptera_, and supplied me with them in abundance at a time when even the chief metropolitan collections were bare of them. It has also furnished me with several very desirable _Diptera_ of extremely rare genera. The male of the larger species of this genus Linnæus called _florisomne_, from its habit of curling up its abdomen and antennæ, and passing the night in flowers. Those which they chiefly frequent are the species of Wallflower, and the _Campanula_, especially the round-leaved Throatwort.

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Genus 22. HERIADES, _Spinola_.
(Plate XIII. fig. 3 ♂♀.)
APIS ** c 2 _γ_ partly, Kirby.

_Gen. Char._: BODY glabrous and much punctured. HEAD globose and curving to the thorax posteriorly; _ocelli_ in a triangle far forward on the vertex; _antennæ_ slightly subclavate, the scape not half so long as the flagellum, the first joint of which is robust, subclavate, and twice the length of the second, which, with the rest, are subequal, very slightly lengthening to the terminal one, which is as long as the basal one and laterally compressed; _face_ slightly convex, cheeks large and convex; _clypeus_ lunulate, convex, and with two minute central teeth on its front margin; _labrum_ longitudinally oblong, rather broadest at the base and slightly waved laterally, concavo-convex and subemarginate at the apex; _mandibles_ subequal, tridentate at the apex, and the central tooth obtuse; _cibarial apparatus_ moderately long, _tongue_ twice the length of the labium, with a small knob at its apex; _paraglossæ_ very short, almost obsolete, coadunate at the base; _labial palpi_ two-thirds the length of the tongue, the two first joints membranous and long, the first one-third the length of the second, which tapers to its acute extremity, before the end of which the two terminal, subclavate, very short, subequal joints are inserted; _labium_ half the length of the tongue, slightly produced in the centre of its inosculation; _maxillæ_ subhastate, two-thirds the length of the tongue; _maxillary palpi_ three-jointed, short, robust, equal, and collectively subfusiform, the terminal one rather acute. THORAX globose; _prothorax_ inconspicuous; _scutellum_ lunulate; _post-scutellum_ linear, transverse; _metathorax_ declining; _wings_ with two submarginal cells, and the commencement of a third indicated, the second larger than the first, subtriangular, and receiving both the recurrent nervures, one at each of its extremities; _legs_ short, rather robust, subsetose and spinulose; _posterior tibiæ_ convex externally and with their plantæ rugose, the latter covered beneath with a dense brush of short hair; _claws_ simple. ABDOMEN cylindrical, convex above, retuse at the base, and the first and second segments slightly constricted at their extremity, obtuse, and from the end of the third segment sensibly declining to the apex; plane on the venter, where, from the second segment, the plate of each, excepting the glabrous terminal one, is covered with a dense brush of short hair for the conveyance of pollen.

The MALE differs in the _antennæ_ being rather longer, more distinctly filiform, the seventh segment of the _abdomen_ concealed under the extremity of the sixth, and the _venter_ from the third segment longitudinally deeply concave, the plate of the third itself covered with hair; the _claws_ more robust and each equally bifid, not bidentate.

NATIVE SPECIES.

1. _truncorum_, Linnæus, ♂♀. 3-3½ lines. (Plate XIII. fig. 3 ♂♀.)
_truncorum_, Kirby.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

The names of insects are not always very aptly given, for the only available derivation of this appears to be from _ἔπιον_, _wool_; in allusion to the clothing of its venter; but, if so, it should be spelt without the H, for the first letter is without an aspiration. The habits of these closely resemble those of the preceding genus, to which they have a great personal likeness, and therefore their natural history would be but its reiteration. Our solitary species is a rare insect, but I expect western England would produce it. It is like those of the preceding genus, of a uniform black colour, punctured, but it approximates more closely than they do to the type of form exhibited in the genus _Osmia_. They visit the same flowers as the preceding genus.

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Genus 23. ANTHOCOPA, _St. Fargeau_.
(Plate XIV. fig. 2 ♂♀.)

_Gen. Char._: BODY glabrous, subpubescent, shining. HEAD subglobose, as wide as the thorax; _ocelli_ placed in a slight curve on the summit of the vertex; _antennæ_ short, geniculated, the _flagellum_ subclavate seen in front, but seen from above, owing to the compression of the terminal joint, subfusiform, the first joint of the flagellum globose, rather robust, the second short, subclavate and subequal with the rest, which increase gradually in length and substance to the terminal one, which is the longest, and laterally compressed; _face_ flattish; _clypeus_ subquadrate, very convex and very pubescent; “_labrum_ oblong, quadrate; _mandibles_ strong, tridentate; _labium_ (tongue) long, filiform; _labial palpi_ having the third joint articulated externally on the outer side of the second; _maxillary palpi_ four-jointed.” THORAX globose; _scutellum_ lunate; _post-scutellum_ transverse, linear; _metathorax_ rounded; _wings_ with two submarginal cells and the commencement of a third just indicated, the second very slightly larger than the first, and receiving both the recurrent nervures, the first just beyond its commencement and the second close to its termination; _legs_ short, rather robust, subsetose; the _posterior tibiæ_ externally convex and the _posterior plantæ_ with a dense, short brush beneath; the _claws_ simple. ABDOMEN cylindrical, retuse at the base, convex above, declining from the base of the fourth segment to the extremity, the first and second segments very slightly constricted, the margin of the posterior one, at the apex, slightly crenulated, the ventral segments plane and from the second covered with a dense brush of parallel hair, excepting the sixth, which is reflected laterally and longitudinally, convex down the centre.

The MALE differs in having “the sixth segment of the _abdomen_ emarginate, and with a strong tooth on each side; the terminal segment emarginate, thus producing two strong, lateral, obtuse teeth, the ventral plates of these same segments emarginate at the extremity, and the emargination fringed with hair; the claws bifid.”

NATIVE SPECIES.

1. _papaveris_, Latreille. (Plate XIV. fig. 2 ♂♀.)

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

Named by St. Fargeau from _ανθος_, a _flower_, and _κοπὴ_, a _cutting_ or _incision_, from its habit of cutting sections out of the petals of the common scarlet poppy with which to line the cells it forms within the cylinder it excavates, just as _Megachile_ does with the leaves of various plants. It is noticed as British upon the faith of the specimens introduced by Leach into the cabinets of the British Museum and presumptively caught in the west or south-west of England, a region rich in rarities. Rennie in fact tells us that he has found it at Largs, in Scotland. One of Leach’s specimens I received in exchange from that establishment in 1842, and which is now in the possession of Mr. Desvignes, to whom my collections passed in the following year. This genus forms a sort of combination between the genera _Megachile_ and _Osmia_, it having the upholstering habits of the former in the mode with which it lines its nest, and the general habit of the latter. At a first glance, before its habits were known or its structure examined, even an experienced entomologist might have placed it under _Osmia_, as an unrecognised species, for it very strongly resembles the _Osmia leucomelana_. This proves how very inconclusive habit is as an index to habits, the latter of these insects drilling into the pith of brambles, and the _Anthocopa_ tunnelling cylinders into the hardest trodden roads or pathways and lining them with its crimson hangings.