Chapter I: Preface

It might have been expected that the attempt to trace to their origin in the past the institutions and customs in common use upon the sea would from an early date occupy the attention of a seafaring people, but for some obscure reason the British nation has always been indifferent to the history of its activities upon that element on which its greatness was founded, and to which it has become more and more dependent for its daily bread and its very existence. To those who are alive to this fact it will hardly come as a surprise, therefore, to learn that the first sustained attempt at a detailed investigation into the history of the flag at sea was made under the patronage of the German Admiralty by a German Admiral. Vice-Admiral Siegel's _Die Flagge_, published in 1912, was the first book to deal with the development of the flag at sea in a scientific spirit, and although the earlier chapters contain some mistakes due to his employment of translations of early works instead of original texts, and the accounts of the British flags in the later chapters suffer because he had no access to original records, it is a worthy piece of work.

The present book is an attempt to remove the reproach to the British nation which this implies. Its plan is somewhat different from that of the work referred to above. Instead of dealing with the flags of all maritime nations of the world--a task that (if it was to be more than a mere copying or compilation) would entail much work in foreign archives--it seemed more profitable to concentrate upon the history of British Naval Flags, for researches made so far back as 1908 had taught me how much that is inaccurate about their history had received acceptance. But first it seemed necessary to devote some time and space to the inquiry into the origin of the flag and how it became the honoured symbol of nationality that it now is, and for this a general view had to be taken in order that a firm foundation might be laid for the early history of our own flags.

In the first chapter the ground worked over by Admiral Siegel has been solidified by examination of the original authorities, with the result that a few errors have been detected and some new facts brought to light, and the investigation has also been extended further; the most important of the additions being those relating to the standards in the Phoenician and Greek ships of war, forms of the early "standard" and "gonfanon," and the Genoese Standard of St George and the Dragon. For the deduction that the use of a national flag arose in the Italian city states I take the entire responsibility, well aware that further investigations may possibly bring to light fresh facts which will overthrow it.

The chapter on early English, Scottish and Irish flags serves as an introduction to the history of our national flag, which was invented for the use of the mercantile marine, though it was very soon appropriated by the Royal Navy for its sole use. It is very improbable that further research will enable the gap left by the unfortunate destruction of the early 17th century records to be filled, so that the story of the Union Flag may be taken as being substantially complete, but there is still room for further work upon the history of its component crosses. It will be seen that I have been unable to find any solid ground for the common belief that the cross of St George was introduced as the national emblem of England by Richard I, and am of opinion that it did not begin to attain that position until the first years of the reign of Edward I.

The chapters on the flags used to indicate distinctions of command and service at sea give an account of the use (now obsolete) of the Royal Standard at sea by naval commanders-in-chief; of the history of the Admiralty anchor-flag; and of the steps by which the present Admirals' flags were evolved. The history of the ensigns from their first adoption at sea about the end of Elizabeth's reign has been set out in some detail, but further research may bring to light more details of interest in the years between 1574 and 1653. The causes which led to the adoption of a red ensign as the most important British ensign and the steps which led to its appropriation to the Mercantile Marine, and not the Royal Navy, are stated as far as the records availed, though here again further research is needed in the late Elizabethan and early Stuart periods among records that may still survive in private ownership. These chapters may, perhaps, appeal rather to the seaman and the student of naval history than to the general reader, but it is hoped that they may also prove of service to artists who wish to avoid the anachronisms into which some of their brethren have been betrayed.

In order that the development of flag signals may be properly appreciated it has been necessary, when dealing with the earlier years, to take into account what had happened outside the narrow circuit of British waters. The earlier matter, though here examined solely from the point of view of the flags used, offers considerable interest to the student of naval tactics, with which indeed the art of signalling is inseparably connected.

The last chapter, on Ceremonial and other usages, is, from the author's point of view, the least satisfactory. From the nature of the subject, the official records contain very little information about it. It is only by the slow and laborious process of examining contemporary journals, diaries, accounts of voyages, and similar material that facts can be found for any exhaustive treatment of these matters. Something of this has been done, but more remains to do.

In concluding the work which has occupied a large portion of the leisure hours of many years, it is my pleasant duty to express my gratitude to the numerous friends whose encouragement and assistance have enabled me to persevere in what has proved a somewhat arduous task; especially to Sir Julian Corbett, who has read the proofs and given me the benefit of his criticisms; to the officials of the Pepysian Library, Public Record Office, British Museum and London Library for the facilities afforded me; and not least to my friend Mr Vaughan who has spared no pains in the preparation of the coloured plates.

W. G. PERRIN.

_January 1922_

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. THE ORIGIN OF THE FLAG AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
UP TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH
CENTURY 1

II. EARLY ENGLISH, SCOTTISH AND IRISH FLAGS

(i) ENGLAND 30
(ii) SCOTLAND 46
(iii) IRELAND 50

III. THE UNION FLAGS AND JACKS 54

IV. FLAGS OF COMMAND

(i) THE ROYAL STANDARD 74
(ii) THE ADMIRALTY FLAG 81
(iii) ADMIRALS' FLAGS 85
(iv) PENDANTS OF COMMAND 102

V. COLOURS OF DISTINCTION

(i) PUBLIC SHIPS OF WAR 110
(ii) PRIVATE MEN-OF-WAR 124
(iii) PUBLIC SHIPS FOR USES OTHER THAN WAR 126
(iv) MERCHANT SHIPS 129
(v) PLEASURE CRAFT 136

VI. FLAG SIGNALS

(i) EARLY SIGNALS 140
(ii) THE FIRST ENGLISH CODES 161
(iii) THE INVENTION OF NUMERARY SIGNALS 166
(iv) THE VOCABULARY SIGNAL BOOK 175
(v) COMMERCIAL CODES 183

VII. CEREMONIAL AND OTHER USAGES 189

INDEX 205

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

A SHIP OF HENRY VIII FRONTISPIECE
(From a MS. plan of Calais in the British Museum, _c._ 1545)

PLATE PAGE

I. EARLY FLAGS FACING 2

1. Vexillum
2. Harold's Dragon
3. William's Gonfanon
4. Knights Templars' Bauçan
5. Knights Hospitallers
6. St Edward
7. St Edmund
8. St George
9. St Andrew
10. Irish Saltire
11. Baucan
12. Holy Trinity
13. Cinque Ports
14. Yarmouth

II. COINS FACING 6

1. Sidon, _c._ 370 B.C.
2. " _c._ 380 B.C.
3. " _c._ 360 B.C.
4. " _c._ 90 B.C.
5. " _c._ 400 B.C.
6. Aradus, _c._ 350 B.C.
7 and 8. Histiaea, _c._ 300 B.C.
9. Rome (Hadrian)
10. Northumbria, _c._ 925 A.D.
11. Northumbria, _c._ 940 A.D.

III. SEALS FACING 46

1. Lyme Regis, 13th cent.
2. Yarmouth, 15th cent.
3. Dover, 1305
4. Sandwich, 13th cent.
5. Faversham, 13th cent.
6. Hastings, 13th cent.
7. Tenterden, 15th cent.
8. King's Lynn, late 16th cent.

IV. UNION FLAG FACING 54

1. Union of 1606 and 1707
2. Union of 1801

V. UNION FLAGS AND JACKS FACING 58

1. Quartered Union
2. Union Pendant
3. Commonwealth Jack
4. Protectorate Jack
5. Budgee Jack
6. Privateer Jack
7. Public Office Jack
8. Admiralty Pattern (modern)

VI. ROYAL STANDARDS FACING 74

1. Royal Standard, early
2. " " 1340
3. " " 1411
4. " " Stuart
5. Commonwealth Standard
6. Cromwell's Standard
7. Royal Standard, 1689
8. " " 1707

VII. ROYAL STANDARDS FACING 76

1. Royal Standard, 1714
2. " " 1801
3. " " 1837

VIII. ADMIRALS' FLAGS FACING 84

1. Admiralty Flag
2. Distinction Pendant
3. Commonwealth Admiral
4. Rear Admiral of Blue, 1702
5. Rear Admiral of White, 1702
6. Budgee Pendant
7. Rear Admiral of White, 1824
8. Vice Admiral, 1889
9. Rear Admiral, 1889
10. Broad Pendant (modern)

IX. EARLY ENSIGNS, ETC. FACING 92

1. Levant Co., 1581
2. Streamer of Royal Arms
3, 4, and 5. Elizabethan Ensigns
6. Jacobean Ensign
7. Green and White Pendant
8. Jacobean Ensign, 1615
9. Jacobean Ensign, 1618
10. Red Ensign, early 17th cent.
11. White Ensign, early 17th cent.
12. Blue Ensign, early 17th cent.

X. ENSIGNS, ETC. FACING 98

1. Scots Ensign, 1686
2. White Pendant
3. Irish Ensign, 1686
4. Scottish East India Co.
5. Guinea Jack
6. White Ensign, 1702
7. Red Ensign, 1707
8. White Ensign, 1707
9. Blue Ensign, 1707
10. White (St George) Ensign, 1707
11. East India Co., 1822

XI. MODERN ENSIGNS, ETC. FACING 118

1. White Ensign, 1801
2. Blue Ensign, 1801
3. Red Ensign, 1801
4. Admiralty, Blue Ensign
5. Naval Ordnance, Blue Ensign
6. Blue Pendant
7. War Office Badge
8. Military Auth. Afloat
9. Post Office
10. Royal Mail
11. North Sea Fishery

XII. MODERN ENSIGNS, ETC. FACING 134

1. New Zealand Ensign, 1831
2. New Zealand Blue Ensign
3. Australian Blue Ensign
4. Trinity House
5. Cinque Ports
6. Red Pendant
7. Canada Badge
8. South Africa Badge
9. Indian Marine Badge
10. Lloyds Badge

XIII. NUMERARY SIGNAL FLAGS (1790-1810) FACING 170