Chapter VII: Part II: , section 1). 'No wealth whatever can be produced without (2)

Starting from the premiss that profit is immoral, the philosopher of British Socialism logically concludes: "The cheapest way of obtaining goods is not to pay for them, and if a buyer can avoid payment for the goods he obtains, he has quite as much right to do so as the seller has to receive for them double or treble their cost price and call it profit."[248]

Private property being, according to the Socialist doctrines, immoral and criminal, it follows that

"PRIVATE PROPERTY OUGHT TO BE ABOLISHED"

Let us take note of an utterance in support of that doctrine: "If the life of men and women were a thing apart from that of their neighbours, there would be no need for a Socialist party nor any call for social reform. But man is not an entity; he is only part of a mighty social organism. Every act of his has a bearing upon the like of his fellow. It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine the moral title to private property in anything. Private property exists entirely on sufferance. Private property therefore cannot be justly allowed when it interferes with the law of our social life or intercepts the progress of social development."[249]

Let us now consider the doctrine

"COMPETITION SHOULD BE REPLACED BY CO-OPERATION"

Socialists teach: "Under Socialism you would have all the people working together for the good of all. Under non-Socialism you have all the persons working separately (and mostly against each other), each for the good of himself. So we find Socialism means co-operation and non-Socialism means competition."[250] "Socialism is constructive as well as revolutionary, and Socialists propose to replace competition by co-operation."[251]

The question now arises: "On what ground do capitalists defend the principle of competition? A. On the ground that it brings into play a man's best qualities.--Q. Does it effect this? A. This is occasionally its result, but it also brings out his worst qualities by stimulating him to struggle with his fellows for the relative improvement of his own position rather than for the absolute advancement of the interests of all."[252]

"Apart altogether from its injustice, competitive capitalism, regarded as a system of serving the community, is a business bungle. What the party of the Fourth Estate objects to in the existing commercial and industrial system is, not merely the stealages which go on under the guise of rent, profit, and interest, but the enormous waste arising from lack of consolidation and co-operation in the processes of production and distribution."[253] "During the last half-century we have lost more by our 'business principle' of dividing up our national work into competing one-man and one-company speculations, and insisting on every separate speculation paying its own separate way, than by all the tariffs and blockades that have been set up against us."[254] "In our age there is, as we have seen, throughout our whole economic sphere, no social order at all. There is absolute social anarchy. Against this anarchy Socialism is a protest."[255] "There is only one remedy for both the waste and the stealages, and that is the substitution of public enterprise with organisation for private enterprise with competition."[256] "Socialism means the socialising of the means and instruments of production, distribution, and exchange. For the individual capitalist it would substitute, as the director and controller of production and distribution, the community in its organised capacity. The commercial and industrial chaos and waste which are the outcome of monopolistic competition would give place to the orderliness of associated effort, and under Socialism society would for the first time in history behave like an organism."[257] Private capitalism and consequent competition are responsible not only for waste and muddle, but also for the adulteration of food and other necessaries of life. "Every man who knows anything of trade knows how general is the knavish practice of adulteration. Now all adulteration is directly due to competition. Did not Mr. John Bright once say that adulteration is only another form of competition?"[258]

There is much truth in the contention of the Socialists that co-operation is mightier, and often better, than free competition. However, that is no new discovery, and the introduction of Socialism is not needed to bring about co-operation. In Germany, Switzerland, and Denmark national and private co-operation are far more developed than in Great Britain, and waste, muddle, and stealages are rare in those countries, although none of these is ruled by a Socialist Government. Co-operation, national as well as private, is developing also in Great Britain, and it will continue to develop as its value becomes more and more understood. It is a curious fact that Socialists, though they recommend co-operation in the abstract, oppose it in the concrete for similar reasons. They fear that satisfied and prosperous co-operators will oppose Socialism.[259]

The assertion that adulteration is due to competition is not founded upon fact. Adulteration springs from many causes, and would continue to flourish even under the Socialistic _regime_. If all cowkeepers were salaried officials of the Socialist State or municipality, they might nevertheless mix water with the milk to obtain milk for their own consumption and that of their families, and to diminish the labour of milking. Adulteration may be abolished by efficient supervision and well-devised and rigorously enforced sanitary laws.

Let us now glance at the doctrine

"THE SOCIALIST STATE WILL ARISE BY NATURAL DEVELOPMENT, AND IT WILL HANDLE BUSINESS MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN DO PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS"

"The State now registers, inspects, and controls nearly all the industrial functions which it has not yet absorbed. The inspection is often detailed and rigidly enforced. The State, in most of the larger industrial operations, prescribes the age of the worker, the hours of work, the amount of air, light, cubic space, heat, lavatory accommodation, holidays, and meal-times; where, when, and how wages shall be paid; how machinery, staircases, lift-holes, mines, and quarries are to be fenced and guarded; how and when the plant shall be cleaned, repaired, and worked."[260] "Step by step political power and political organisation have been used for industrial ends, until a Minister of the Crown is the largest employer of labour in the country, and at least 200,000 men, not counting the army and navy, are directly in the service of the community, without the intervention of the profit of any middleman."[261]

From the fact that the State inspects many things and carries on some business, it does not by any means follow that the State should inspect all things and could efficiently carry on all business. Questions such as "If the State can build battleships and make swords, why not also trading ships and ploughshares,"[262] are ridiculous. One might as well ask, "If Messrs. Whiteley or Marshall Field can supply furniture, houses, dresses, and funerals, being universal providers, why not also battleships, armies, and colonies?" It is also not true that the State or municipal corporations have more business ability than private business men. As an example of successful business management Socialists are fond of pointing to the Post Office, and of asserting that no private company could work as efficiently and as cheaply. These statements are erroneous. The success of the British Post Office, as of every post office, is due not to ability but to monopoly, as the following example will prove. Private individuals in Germany discovered some years ago a flaw in the legislation regarding the Post Office which enabled them to compete with the Imperial Post Office, not in postal business between different towns, but in local delivery. Private post offices sprang up in many towns and began to deliver letters at the rate of two pfennigs (one farthing) each. Although the German Post Office is the most efficient Post Office in Europe, it could not compete with these private post offices, and, after lengthy competition, steps had to be taken to extend the postal monopoly to town deliveries. The British Post Office, like most public offices, is a most conservative institution. Every progress and every reform had to be forced upon it by outside agitation. Services such as money delivery at private residences, cash on delivery parcels, &c., which other countries have enjoyed during several decades, are stubbornly denied to England. Private competition would probably have furnished these conveniences long ago. In London the Messenger Boy Company competes with the Post Office in the carrying of express letters, and various private carriers compete with it in delivering parcels, and in both instances the private trader supplies a better and cheaper service than the Government Post Office. A comparison of the Post Office telephone in England and the private telephone in America shows the great superiority of the latter. The slow and ultra-conservative British Post Office supplies no proof that the Government would handle production and distribution better than private enterprise. On the contrary.

British Socialists claim unanimously that their theories and demands are founded upon science. "The Socialist doctrine systematises the industrial changes. It lays down a law of capitalist evolution. It describes the natural history of society. It is not, therefore, only a popular creed for the market-place, but a scientific inquiry for the study. Like every theory in Sociology, it has a political bearing, but it can be studied as much detached from politics as is Darwinism."[263] Do the fundamental doctrines of British Socialism bear out the claims of its champions? The foregoing pages prove that the scientific basis of Socialism, or rather of British Socialism, consists of a number of doctrines which cannot stand examination and which are disproved by daily experience and by common-sense.

The question now suggests itself: "How is it that the British Socialists base their demands on pseudo-scientific doctrines of obvious absurdity?"

British Socialism has been imported from Germany. Marx, Engels, Lassalle, Rodbertus, and various other Germans are the fathers of modern scientific Socialism. "To German scholars is largely due the development of Socialism from the Utopian stage to the scientific. Universality is its distinguishing feature."[264] "Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in 1847 laid, through the 'Communist Manifesto,' the scientific foundation of modern Socialism."[265] "And 'Capital,' Karl Marx's great work, has become the loadstar of modern economic science."[266] Karl Marx's "Manifesto" appeared in 1847; the first volume of his "Capital" was published in 1867. Since the appearance of the former sixty years, and since the publication of the latter forty years, have passed by. Much has changed in the world, but the Marxian doctrines have remained unchanged.

The worst about speculative doctrines is that time is apt to disprove them.

Whilst the German Socialists have thinkers in their ranks who have adapted the older Communist theories to present conditions, leaving out those theories which are palpably false, English Socialists have stood still and are satisfied to repeat those ancient doctrines which the Germans have abandoned long ago. English Socialists try to impose upon an uncritical public by parading the worn-out stage properties of the forties. Marx is to the vast majority of British Socialists still an oracle and the fountain head of all wisdom. "Marx is the Darwin of modern sociology."[267] "All over the world his brain is put on pretty much the same level as Aristotle's."[268] "Modern Socialism is based, nationally and internationally, theoretically and to a large extent practically, on the writings of Karl Marx. These writings have been expounded, and where necessary applied, extended, and amplified, to meet conditions which have developed since his death nearly a quarter of a century ago, in every civilised country. It is safe to say that no one who does not understand and accept in the main the views set forth by Marx, comprehends the real position of capitalist Society, nor, what is even more important, can fully master the problems of the coming time."[269] "The Social-Democratic Federation, which is by far the oldest and still the most active Socialist organisation in this country, bases its teaching to-day, as it has always done, upon the words of Karl Marx."[270]

Most active Socialists in Great Britain think Marx and Lassalle infallible. It is true that the Fabian Society has pointed out "the necessity of maintaining as critical an attitude towards Marx and Lassalle, some of whose views must by this time be discarded as erroneous or obsolete,"[271] but that protest appears to have been left unheeded by most British Socialists. In fact, the abandonment of revolutionary Marxianism has caused the Fabians to be treated with open hostility by the other Socialist sections. The reasons for that hostility are obvious. The doctrines of Marx and Lassalle, though they are, to say the least, erroneous and obsolete, are admirably fitted to inflame the passions of the masses. Their doctrines may not be true, but they are useful to professional agitators. Independent Socialists in all countries have not disguised their opinion of Marx's "Capital," which, in the words of an English Socialist, "is not a treatise on Socialism; it is a jeremiad against the bourgeoisie, supported by such a mass of evidence and such a relentless Jewish genius for denunciation as had never been brought to bear before."[272]

British Socialism is neither scientific nor sincere. Its leaders know that the Iron Law of Wages (see p. 53), the Law of Increasing Misery (see p. 56), and other doctrines, which are exceedingly useful to the agitator who wishes to poison the mind of the masses, have been thrown into the lumber room in Germany and most other countries (see the writings of Bernstein, Jaures, and others), but they do not abandon them. Apparently it is their policy rather to create strife and confusion than to alleviate existing misery. That attitude must have covered English Socialists with ignominy in the eyes of foreign Socialists. The very humiliating treatment which the English Socialists received at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart of 1907 from their Continental comrades suggests that the curious attitude and the not very estimable tactics of British Socialists have not found the approval of their Continental colleagues.

The doctrines of the English Socialists with regard to property are identical with those of most Anarchists (see Eltzbacher, "Der Anarchismus"). For instance, Proudhon taught: "We rob (1) by murder on the highway; (2) alone, or in a band; (3) by breaking into buildings, or scaling walls; (4) by abstraction; (5) by fraudulent bankruptcy; (6) by forgery of the handwriting of public officials, or private individuals; (7) by manufacture of counterfeit money; (8) by cheating; (9) by swindling; (10) by abuse of trust; (11) by games and lotteries; (12) by usury; (13) by farm rent, house rent, and leases of all kinds; (14) by commerce, when the profit of the merchant exceeds his legitimate salary; (15) by making profit on our product, by accepting sinecures, and by exacting exorbitant wages."[273] "What is property? It is robbery."[274] "Property, after having robbed the labourer by usury, murders him slowly by starvation."[275] Practically the identical doctrines are propounded by British Socialists. Further instances of the resemblance between Socialism and Anarchism will be found in Chapter XXX, "Socialism and Anarchism."

Society is at present based upon individualism. In their anxiety to prove the failure of modern civilisation British Socialists deny that the world has progressed under individualism. "Not by individual selfishness, or national selfishness, has the progress of the human race been advanced."[276] And they boldly declare that all history, having been written by men of the dominant class, is a deception. "Are we then to understand that the whole of history, so far, has been written from the point of view of the dominant class of every age? Most assuredly so; and this applies to well-nigh the whole of the sources of past history."[277]

The foregoing should suffice to make it clear that the Socialist agitation is not based on irrefutable scientific doctrines, as Socialists pretend, but on deception. It may be said that no agitation is free from deception, that the end justifies the means, that Socialism means for the best. We have been told "Socialism is a religion of humanity. Socialism is the only hope of the race. Socialism is the remedy--the only remedy--which Lord Salisbury could not find."[278] We must look into the practical proposals of British Socialism in order to be able to judge its character.

FOOTNOTES:

[151] _Facts for Socialists_, p. 3.

[152] Hazell, _Summary of Marx's "Capital,"_ p. 1; Macdonald, _Socialism_, p. 54.

[153] _Socialism made Plain_, p. 8.

[154] Hobart, _Social-Democracy_, p. 7.

[155] _Manifesto_, Socialist Party of Great Britain, p. 8.

[156] _What Socialism Means_: Independent Labour Party Leaflet, No. 8, p. 3.

[157] Debs, _Industrial Unionism_, p. 20.

[158] Bliss, _Encyclopedia of Social Reform_, 1368.

[159] _Ibid._ 807.

[160] _Manifesto of the Communist Party_, p. 17.

[161] Bax and Quelch, _A New Catechism of Socialism_, p. 15.

[162] Blatchford, _Merrie England_, p. 163.

[163] Quelch, _Economics of Labour_, p. 13.

[164] Davidson, _The Old Order and the New_, p. 107.

[165] Bax, _Outlooks from the New Standpoint_, p. 99.

[166] _Socialist Standard_, December 1907.

[167] Davidson, _The Old Order and the New_, p. 32.

[168] Stegman und Hugo, _Handbuch_, p. 473.

[169] _Christliche Arbeiterpflichten_, p. 15.

[170] Webb, _Industrial Democracy_, p. 548.

[171] Councillor Glyde, _A Peep behind the Scenes on a Board of Guardians_, p. 5.

[172] Marx and Engels, _Manifesto of the Communist Party_, p. 12.

[173] Marx, _Wage, Labour, and Capital_, pp. 23, 24.

[174] Marx, _Wage, Labour, and Capital_, p. 22.

[175] _English Progress towards Social-Democracy_, p. 12.

[176] Keir Hardie, _From Serfdom to Socialism_, p. 99.

[177] Marx and Engels, _Manifesto of the Communist Party_, p. 8.

[178] _Ibid._ p. 16.

[179] Hyndman, _Socialism and Slavery_, p. 12.

[180] Sidney Webb, _The Difficulties of Individualism_, p. 9.

[181] Ellis Barker, _Modern Germany_, p. 528.

[182] Quelch, _Economics of Labour_, p. 18.

[183] Davidson, _The Old Order and the New_, p. 3.

[184] Bax and Quelch, _A New Catechism_, p. 15.

[185] Sidney Webb, _The Difficulties of Individualism_, p. 19.

[186] _Clarion_, November 29, 1907.

[187] Hall, _The Old and New Unionism_, p. 5.

[188] _Socialism and the Single Tax_, p. 6.

[189] Blatchford, _Merrie England_, p. 189.

[190] Gronlund, _Co-operative Commonwealth_, p. 86.

[191] Kautsky, _The Social Revolution_, pp. 7, 8.

[192] See _ante_ p. 10.

[193] _Report on Fabian Policy_, p. 8.

[194] See Chapter XXXIII.

[195] Hall, _Land, Labour, and Liberty_, p. 5.

[196] Jowett, _The Socialist and the City_, p. 66.

[197] Gronlund, _Co-operative Commonwealth_, p. 86.

[198] _Rich and Poor_, Introd.

[199] Martyn, _Co-operation_, p. 3.

[200] Lister, _Riches and Poverty_, p. 12.

[201] Fisher, _The Babies' Tribute_, p. 16.

[202] _Socialism and the Single Tax_, p. 7.

[203] Kessack, _The Capitalist Wilderness and the Way Out_, p. 9.

[204] Lafargue, _Right to Leisure_, p. 11.

[205] Tillett, _Trades Unionism and Socialism_, p. 14.

[206] Fisher, _The Babies' Tribute_, p. 16.

[207] Davidson, _The Old Order and the New_, p. 67.

[208] Gronlund, _Co-operative Commonwealth_, pp. 32, 33.

[209] Social-Democratic Federation, _The Unemployed_, leaflet.

[210] Smart, _The Right to Work_, p. 3.

[211] Washington, _A Corner in Flesh and Blood_, p. 12.

[212] _The Socialist Standard_, December 1907.

[213] _Why Labour Men should be on Town Councils_, p. 2.

[214] Marx, _Wage-Labour and Capital_, p. 12.

[215] L'Auton, _The Nationalisation of Society_, p. 4.

[216] Jaures, _Studies in Socialism_, p. 1.

[217] _Handbuch fuer Sozialdemokratische Waehler_, 1903, p. 233.

[218] _Manifesto of the Socialist Party of Great Britain_, p. 7.

[219] _The Socialist Standard_, December 1907.

[220] Debs, _Industrial Unionism_, p. 4.

[221] Morris, _Useful Work_ versus _Useless Toil_, pp. 22, 25.

[222] _The Class War_, p. 1.

[223] _Programme and Rules, Social-Democratic Federation._

[224] _Socialist Standard_, October 1, 1907.

[225] Davidson, _The New Book of Kings_, p. 115.

[226] Macdonald, _Socialism and Society_, pp. 111, 112.

[227] _What Socialism Means_, p. 3.

[228] _Wealth Makers and Wealth Takers_, p. 2.

[229] _After Bread, Education_, p. 12.

[230] _Capital and Land_, p. 13.

[231] Morris, _Useful Work versus Useless Toil_, p. 26.

[232] Sidney Webb, _The Difficulties of Individualism_, p. 8.

[233] Leatham, _Was Jesus a Socialist?_ p. 4.

[234] _The Socialist_, October 1907.

[235] _The Socialist Annual_, 1907, p. 42.

[236] Marx and Engels, _Manifesto_, pp. 30, 31.

[237] Quelch, _The Social-Democratic Federation_, p. 1.

[238] Leatham, _The Class War_, p. 10.

[239] Hall, _The Old and the New Unionism_, p. 4.

[240] Leatham, _The Class War_, p. 11.

[241] Blatchford, _The Pope's Socialism_, p. 2.

[242] _What Socialism Means_, p. 3.

[243] _Forward_, November 23, 1907.

[244] Blatchford, _Merrie England_, p. 58.

[245] Gronlund, _Co-operative Commonwealth_, p. 166.

[246] Davidson, _The Old Order and the New_, p. 4.

[247] McClure, _Socialism_, p. 16.

[248] Bax, _Outlooks from the New Standpoint_, p. 98.

[249] Williams, _The Difficulties of Socialism_, pp. 3, 4.

[250] Blatchford, _Real Socialism_, p. 11.

[251] Hyndman, _Social-Democracy_, p. 24.

[252] Joynes, _The Socialists' Catechism_, p. 13.

[253] Leatham, _The Evolution of the Fourth Estate_, p. 3.

[254] _Fabianism and the Fiscal Question_, p. 19.

[255] Gronlund, _Co-operative Commonwealth_, p. 41.

[256] Leatham, _The Evolution of the Fourth Estate_, p. 3.

[257] Leatham, _Was Jesus a Socialist?_ p. 4.

[258] Blatchford, _Competition_, p. 15.

[259] See Chapters VII & XXIII.

[260] _English Progress towards Social-Democracy_, p. 14.

[261] _Ibid._ p. 13.

[262] Keir Hardie, _From Serfdom to Socialism_, p. 15.

[263] Macdonald, _Socialism_, p. 3.

[264] McClure, _Socialism_, p. 13.

[265] Kautsky, _The Class Struggle_, p. 24.

[266] Kautsky, _The Socialist Republic_, p. 21.

[267] Hyndman, _Historic Basis of Socialism_, p. 435.

[268] _Justice_, October 12, 1907.

[269] _Justice_, October 12, 1907.

[270] _The Social Democrat_, November 1907, p. 676.

[271] _Report on Fabian Policy_, 1896, p. 6.

[272] G.B. Shaw, quoted in Jackson, _Bernard Shaw_, p. 100.

[273] Proudhon, _What is Property?_ pp. 252-256.

[274] _Ibid._ p. 37.

[275] _Ibid._ p. 184.

[276] Snowden, _The Christ that is to be_, p. 6.

[277] Bax and Quelch, _A New Catechism of Socialism_, p. 32.

[278] Blatchford, _What is this Socialism?_ p. 11.