Chapter XXVIII: Appendix: II
_THE LEPIDOPTERIST'S CALENDAR_
The success of the country rambles of an expert lepidopterist depends greatly on his knowledge of the times at which the various butterflies and moths generally appear, and of the localities which they are known to frequent. The experiences he has gained in the past enable him to calculate on the probabilities of the future, and he chooses both time and locality according to his requirements.
As he makes his way to the hunting ground he counts over the chances of meeting with a certain insect that is wanted to fill a long-standing blank in his cabinet; and we hear him discussing the probabilities as to whether this species is yet 'out,' or whether the larvae of that species are feeding.
How different it is with the young and unguided entomologist! He rambles promiscuously here and there, having only the faintest idea as to what he is likely to see, and perhaps meeting with only four or five species when an experienced collector, without covering a larger area of ground, would take scores in the same time.
In order to afford some little help to the beginner, I have thought it advisable to introduce a calendar of operations to guide him in his work. The space at our command would not allow this to be carried out in detail, but the general instructions will undoubtedly assist most of my readers until the practical experience gained by a few years' work has enabled them to run on their own legs.
Of course, in making reference to the monthly lists of insects on the wing, allowance must be made for the forwardness or backwardness of the seasons. Thus, an insect entered in the April list _may_ appear in March in an exceptionally warm season, but may not emerge till the early part of May if the spring has been unusually severe.
It will be observed that in cases where all the species of a certain genus or family appear on the wing in the same month, the name of that genus or family is entered on the list instead of the names of the individual species; but the latter can easily be obtained by reference to Appendix I.
JANUARY
There is not much field work to be done during this month. If the weather is very severe, hardly an insect will be found on the wing; but a mild January will sometimes entice the Brimstone Butterfly (_Rhamni_) and some of the hybernating Vanessas from their winter quarters.
Hybernating moths may also be met with, on the wing if the weather is mild, or sleeping in their sheltered nooks during the frosts. These include several _Noctuae_--_Auricoma_, _Lithargyria_, _Suffusa_, _Vaccinii_, _Spadicea_, _Erythrocephala_, _Satellitia_, _Rubiginea_, _Croceago_, _Vetusta_, _Exoleta_, _Ornithopus_, _Furcifera_, _Semibrunnea_, _Socia_, and _Libatrix_; and also a few _Geometrae_--_Zonaria_, _Fluviata_, _Dubitata_, _Siterata_, and _Miata_.
In addition to these hybernating insects, the collector may examine tree trunks and fences for the Early Moth (_Rupicapraria_), and late specimens of the Winter Moth (_Brumata_); and towards the end of the month he may expect to meet with fresh specimens of the Pale Brindled Beauty (_Pedaria_) and the Spring Usher (_Leucophaearia_). A few of the _Tineae_ may also be seen.
The net need not be used at all during the colder months of the year, as the moths are easily taken in pill boxes from the trunks and fences on which they rest.
Pupa digging may be carried on throughout the month if the weather is sufficiently mild, but it is of no use attempting this during a frost. Hybernating larvae may also be searched out of their winter quarters if the collector does not mind giving them the attention they require; but, as a rule, it is better to wait till they themselves start out to feed in the spring, at which time all their food plants are showing leaf.
FEBRUARY
Our remarks under 'January' concerning pupa digging and other work apply equally well to this month. The same hybernating butterflies and moths may be looked for; and, in addition to _Pedaria_, _Leucophaearia_, and _Rupicapraria_, which now appear more plentifully, the following species will probably be seen:
Small Eggar (_Lanestris_)
Small Brindled Beauty (_Hispidaria_)
Oak Beauty (_Strataria_)
Dotted Border (_Marginaria_)
March Moth (_AEscularia_)
About half a dozen species of the _Tineae_ will also have made their appearance before the end of the month.
MARCH
Many of the hybernating larvae will come out during March if the weather is mild, and commence to feed; and the young caterpillars will begin to appear from the eggs of the early moths already named. This is consequently a good time to commence the search for larvae if you intend to go in for rearing. During the daytime some may be beaten from the boughs of trees and shrubs; and those which feed on low plants, being generally nocturnal in their habits, should be searched for in the evening, after dark, with the aid of a lantern.
The hybernating butterflies are now flying more freely than before, and, if the weather is bright and warm for the time of year, a few freshly emerged species may be seen. These may possibly include:
Large White (_Brassicae_)
Small White (_Rapae_)
Green-veined White (_Napi_)
Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
As regards moths, several fresh species may be expected to appear, while those named as appearing in February are still to be found. The new-comers may include:
=Bombyces.=
Kentish Glory (_Versicolor_)
Yellow-horned (_Flavicornis_)
=Noctuae.=
Pine Beauty (_Piniperda_)
White-marked Rustic (_Leucographa_)
Red Chestnut (_Rubricosa_)
All species of the genus _Taeniocampa_
Early Grey (_Areola_)
Green-brindled Dot (_Oleagina_)
Orange Underwing (_Parthenias_)
Light Orange Underwing (_Notha_)
=Geometrae.=
Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_)
Engrailed (_Biundularia_)
Mottled Grey (_Multistrigaria_)
Sugaring may be commenced towards the end of March, and sallow blossom may be searched in the evening, but it is probable that only a few species will be taken by these means.
A few more species of the _Tineae_ appear in March, and four or five of the _Tortrices_ are out before the end of the month.
APRIL
This is really a busy month with the entomologist, and it will be necessary to put all apparatus and appliances into perfect order early. The cyanide bottle should be freshly charged, nets examined and repaired if necessary, and all setting boards, breeding cages &c. put in perfect trim for the new season's work.
Larvae are now feeding freely, and a few hours spent in beating, sweeping, and searching will enable you to stock your cages liberally.
Sugaring may be continued throughout the month, and the sallow blossom may be searched as long as it proves attractive. Moths may also be attracted by light at night.
The following butterflies are generally out during April, in addition to the hybernated species already named:
Large White (_Brassicae_)
Small White (_Rapae_)
Green-veined White (_Napi_)
Orange Tip (_Cardamines_)
Wood White (_Sinapis_)
Pearl-bordered Fritillary (_Euphrosyne_)
Speckled Wood (_Egeria_)
Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_)
Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_)
Dingy Skipper (_Tages_)
The following is a list of the principal moths for April:
=Bombyces.=
Small Lappet (_Ilicifolia_)
Kentish Glory (_Versicolor_)
Yellow Horned (_Flavicornis_)
Frosted Green (_Ridens_)
=Noctuae.=
Pine Beauty (_Piniperda_)
White-marked Rustic (_Leucographa_)
Red Chestnut (_Rubricosa_)
All species of the genus _Taeniocampa_
Early Grey (_Areola_)
Mullein Shark (_Verbasci_)
Orange Underwing (_Parthenias_)
Light Orange Underwing (_Notha_)
=Geometrae.=
Brimstone (_Luteolata_)
Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_)
Belted Beauty (_Zonaria_)
Brindled Beauty (_Hirtaria_)
Waved Umber (_Abruptaria_)
Small Engrailed (_Crepuscularia_)
Engrailed (_Biundularia_)
Sloe Carpet (_Pictaria_)
Netted Mountain (_Carbonaria_)
Mottled Grey (_Multistrigaria_)
Satyr Pug (_Satyrata_)
Marbled Pug (_Irriguata_)
Campanula Pug (_Campanulata_)
Brindled Pug (_Abbreviata_)
Oak-tree Pug (_Dodoneata_)
Double-striped Pug (_Pumilata_)
Early Tooth-striped (_Carpinata_)
Shoulder Stripe (_Badiata_)
Many-lined (_Polygrammata_)
Tissue (_Dubitata_)
In addition to the above, a few species of the _Tortrices_, several of the _Tineae_, and one or two of the Plume Moths (_Pterophori_) are out during April.
MAY
Little or nothing will be obtained by digging during May, yet a number of pupae may be found among grass and leaves under trees, and also attached to the leaves and stems of low plants. These pupae include those of several of the butterflies, among which may be mentioned _Machaon_, _Selene_, _Euphrosyne_, _Aurinia_, _Megaera_, _Ianira_, _Rubi_, _Astrarche_, _Icarus_, _Bellargus_, _Corydon_, _Lucina_, and _Sylvanus_.
Larvae may now be taken in abundance by beating the boughs of oaks and other trees, and also by examining low plants.
The hybernating butterflies are still on the wing, and the following are also out:
Swallow Tail (_Machaon_)
Large White (_Brassicae_)
Small White (_Rapae_)
Green-veined White (_Napi_)
Bath White (_Daplidice_)
Orange Tip (_Cardamines_)
Wood White (_Sinapis_)
Small Pearl-bordered (_Selene_)
Pearl-bordered (_Euphrosyne_)
Greasy Fritillary (_Aurinia_)
Glanville Fritillary (_Cinxia_)
Speckled Wood (_Egeria_)
Wall (_Megaera_)
Marsh Ringlet (_Typhon_)
Small Heath (_Pamphilus_)
Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_)
Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
Brown Argus (_Astrarche_)
Common Blue (_Icarus_)
Clifden Blue (_Bellargus_)
Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
Mazarine Blue (_Semiargus_)
Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_)
Chequered Skipper (_Palaemon_)
There is a great increase in the number of moths this month, and much good work may be done by means of light traps and by the examination of fences. Many moths are driven from their resting places early in the morning by the direct rays of the rising sun, and then seek out a spot where they are better sheltered, and where they are consequently less easily found. Hence the advantage of searching fences early in the morning.
The May list includes:
=Sphinges.=
Small Elephant (_Porcellus_)
All species of the genera _Smerinthus_ and _Macroglossa_
Some of the Clearwings (_Apiformis_, _Sphegiformis_, and
_Culiciformis_)
Cream-bordered Green (_Chlorana_)
Green Silver-lined (_Prasinana_)
=Bombyces.=
Wood Tiger (_Plantaginis_)
Muslin Moth (_Mendica_)
Common Swift (_Lupulinus_)
Pale Tussock (_Pudibunda_)
Small Lappet (_Ilicifolia_)
Emperor (_Pavonia_)
All species of family _Drepanulidae_
Alder Kitten (_Bicuspis_)
Puss (_Vinula_)
Several of the 'Prominents' (_Cuculla_, _Carmelita_, _Dictaea_,
_Dictaeoides_, _Trilophus_, _Ziczac_, _Trepida_, _Chaonia_,
_Trimacula_)
Chocolate Tip (_Curtula_)
Small Chocolate Tip (_Pigra_)
=Noctuae.=
Knot Grass (_Rumicis_)
Sweet Gale (_Myricae_)
White Colon (_Albicolon_)
Cabbage (_Brassicae_)
Treble Lines (_Trigrammica_)
Marsh Moth (_Palustris_)
Light Brocade (_Genistae_)
Mullein Shark (_Verbasci_)
Betony Shark (_Scrophulariae_)
Starwort Shark (_Asteris_)
Camomile Shark (_Chamomillae_)
Small Dark Yellow Underwing (_Cordigera_)
Small Yellow Underwing (_Tenebrata_)
Bordered Sallow (_Umbra_)
Lunar Double Stripe (_Lunaris_)
=Geometrae.=
Brimstone (_Luteolata_)
Speckled Yellow (_Macularia_)
Purple Thorn (_Tetralunaria_)
Scalloped Hazel (_Bidentata_)
Brindled Beauty (_Hirtaria_)
Peppered (_Betularia_)
Waved Umber (_Abruptaria_)
Ringed Carpet (_Cinctaria_)
Square Spot (_Consonaria_)
Small Engrailed (_Crepuscularia_)
Engrailed (_Biundularia_)
Grey Birch (_Punctularia_)
Small Grass Emerald (_Viridata_)
All species of family _Ephyridae_
Cream Wave (_Remutaria_)
White Wave (_Pusaria_)
Round-winged Wave (_Rotundaria_)
Common Wave (_Exanthemata_)
Clouded Silver (_Temerata_)
White-pinion Spotted (_Bimaculata_)
Latticed Heath (_Clathrata_)
Brown Silver-line (_Petraria_)
Barred Umber (_Pulveraria_)
Netted Mountain (_Carbonaria_)
Common Heath (_Atomaria_)
Bordered White (_Piniaria_)
Rest Harrow (_Ononaria_)
Yellow Belle (_Ochrearia_)
Clouded Border (_Marginata_)
Horse Chestnut (_Hippocastanaria_)
Pretty Pinion (_Adaequata_)
Pugs (_Venosata_, _Consignata_, _Pulchellata_, _Plumbeolata_,
_Satyrata_, _Castigata_, _Pusillata_, _Irriguata_, _Indigata_,
_Nanata_, _Vulgata_, _Assimilata_, _Exiguata_, _Coronata_)
Yellow-barred Brindle (_Viretata_)
Ruddy High-flier (_Ruberata_)
May High-flier (_Trifasciata_)
Common Carpet (_Sociata_)
Silver-ground Carpet (_Montanata_)
Streamer (_Nigrofasciaria_)
Barberry Carpet (_Berberata_)
Flame Carpet (_Designata_)
Twin-spot Carpets (_Ferrugata_ and _Unidentaria_)
Scarce Tissue (_Certata_)
Water Carpet (_Suffumata_)
Small Ph[oe]nix (_Silaceata_)
Oblique-striped (_Virgata_)
Broom Tip (_Rufata_)
A number of the Micros are also out this month. About twenty species of the _Pyralides_, one or two of the _Pterophori_, a few _Crambi_, about fifty of the _Tortrices_, and no less than two hundred of the _Tineae_. The collector will do well to search fences and tree trunks for these moths, whenever he has the opportunity; and also to use the net freely in wooded country, waste places, and along hedgerows, _before_ and at dusk.
JUNE
There is a marked increase in winged insect life during this month. The early butterflies are disappearing, or perhaps have quite left us; but new species are taking their place. The _Sphinges_ now reach their maximum, as do also the _Bombyces_; and the other groups are almost if not quite up to their highest total. The _Noctuae_ and _Geometrae_ each amount to over a hundred species. No less than a hundred and fifty British _Tortrices_ are on the wing; the _Tineae_ make a near approach to three hundred, and the _Pyralides_ of the month are not far short of numbering a hundred species. It will thus be seen that the net and pill boxes, as well as the setting boards, are in constant demand.
Dull days may be well occupied in beating for moths, and in the examination of fences and the bark of trees; and on bright days, as soon as the butterflies have settled down to rest, the same work may be carried on till dusk.
Micros and _Geometrae_ are out early in the evening, when they should be taken with the net. Later on the _Noctuae_ may be seen playing round their favourite flowers.
Sugar and light traps are likely to do good service during June, and decoy females of the _Bombyces_ group may be called to your aid.
Larvae are also abundant during June, and those of most of the butterflies may be taken by carefully searching their food plants.
The following is the list of imagines for the month:
=Butterflies.=
Swallow Tail (_Machaon_)
Black-veined White (_Crataegi_)
Large White (_Brassicae_)
Small White (_Rapae_)
Green-veined White (_Napi_)
Small Pearl-bordered (_Selene_)
Pearl-bordered (_Euphrosyne_)
Silver-washed Fritillary (_Paphia_)
Greasy Fritillary (_Aurinia_)
Glanville Fritillary (_Cinxia_)
Heath Fritillary (_Athalia_)
Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_)
White Admiral (_Sibylla_)
Small Ringlet (_Epiphron_)
Meadow Brown (_Ianira_)
Ringlet (_Hyperanthus_)
Marsh Ringlet (_Typhon_)
Small Heath (_Pamphilus_)
Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_)
Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
Common Blue (_Icarus_)
Small Blue (_Minima_)
Duke of Burgundy (_Lucina_)
Grizzled Skipper (_Malvae_)
Dingy Skipper (_Tages_)
Large Skipper (_Sylvanus_)
Chequered Skipper (_Palaemon_)
=Sphinges.=
Privet Hawk (_Ligustri_)
Spurge Hawk (_Euphorbiae_)
Small Elephant (_Porcellus_)
Large Elephant (_Elpenor_)
Eyed Hawk (_Ocellatus_)
Poplar Hawk (_Populi_)
Lime Hawk (_Tiliae_)
Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_)
All the Clearwings (Sesiidae)
The Burnets (Fam. _Zygaenidae_)
=Bombyces.=
Family _Nolidae_
Dew Moth (_Irrorella_)
Cinnabar (_Jacobaeae_)
Scarlet Tiger (_Dominula_)
Family _Cheloniidae_
Family _Hepialidae_
Family _Cossidae_
Family _Cochliopodidae_
Dark Tussock (_Fascelina_)
Pale Tussock (_Pudibunda_)
Scarce Vapourer (_Gonostigma_)
Fox (_Rubi_)
Lappet (_Quercifolia_)
Family _Drepanulidae_
Family _Dicranuridae_
Pale Prominent (_Palpina_)
Coxcomb Prominent (_Camelina_)
Swallow Prominent (_Dictaea_)
Lesser Swallow Prominent (_Dictaeoides_)
Iron Prominent (_Dromedarius_)
Pebble Prominent (_Ziczac_)
Great Prominent (_Trepida_)
Marbled Brown (_Trimacula_)
Buff Tip (_Bucephala_)
Peach Blossom (_Batis_)
Genus _Cymatophora_
=Noctuae.=
Scarce Marvel-du-jour (_Orion_)
Genus _Acronycta_
Powdered Wainscot (_Albovenosa_)
Most of the species of genus _Leucania_
Flame Wainscot (_Flammea_)
Silky Wainscot (_Maritima_)
Small Rufous (_Rufa_)
Mere Wainscot (_Hellmanni_)
Concolorous (_Extrema_)
Flame (_Putris_)
Genus _Xylophasia_
Bird's Wing (_Scabriuscula_)
Small Mottled Willow (_Exigua_)
Bordered Gothic (_Reticulata_)
Feathered Ear (_Leucophaea_)
Large Nutmeg (_Sordida_)
White Colon (_Albicolon_)
Cabbage (_Brassicae_)
Dot (_Persicariae_)
Rustic Shoulder Knot (_Basilinea_)
Union Rustic (_Connexa_)
Dusky Brocade (_Gemina_)
Double Lobed (_Ophiogramma_)
Genus _Miana_
Treble Lines (_Trigrammica_)
Mottled Rustic (_Morpheus_)
Rustic (_Taraxaci_)
Pale Mottled Willow (_Quadripunctata_)
Reddish Buff (_Caliginosa_)
Marsh Moth (_Palustris_)
Brown Rustic (_Tenebrosa_)
Turnip (_Segetum_)
Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_)
Light-feathered Rustic (_Cinerea_)
Sand Dart (_Ripae_)
Garden Dart (_Nigricans_)
Lover's Knot (_Strigula_)
Double Dot (_Augur_)
Flame Shoulder (_Plecta_)
Double-spotted Square-spot (_Triangulum_)
Ingrailed Clay (_Festiva_)
Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing (_Fimbria_)
Large Yellow Underwing (_Pronuba_)
Gothic (_Typica_)
Heart Moth (_Oo_)
Genus _Dianth[oe]cia_
Broad-barred White (_Serena_)
Small Angle Shades (_Lucipara_)
Angle Shades (_Meticulosa_)
Green Arches (_Prasina_)
Grey Arches (_Nebulosa_)
Silvery Arches (_Tincta_)
Pale Shining Brown (_Advena_)
Northern Arches (_Exulis_)
Genus Hadena (nearly all)
Lychnis Shark (_Lychnitis_)
Starwort Shark (_Asteris_)
Cudweed Shark (_Gnaphalii_)
Camomile Shark (_Chamomillae_)
Shark (_Umbratica_)
Genus _Habrostola_
Burnished Brass (_Chrysitis_)
Plain Golden Y (_Iota_)
Beautiful Golden Y (_Pulchrina_)
Silver Y (_Gamma_)
Scarce Silver Y (_Interrogationis_)
Genus _Anarta_
Small Yellow Underwing (_Tenebrata_)
Bordered Straw (_Peltigera_)
Bordered Sallow (_Umbra_)
Spotted Sulphur (_Trabealis_)
Four-spotted (_Luctuosa_)
Family _Erastriidae_
Purple Marbled (_Ostrina_)
Small Marbled (_Parva_)
Small Purple-barred (_Viridaria_)
Mother Shipton (_Mi_)
Burnet Noctua (_Glyphica_)
Black Neck (_Pastinum_)
Family _Herminiidae_
Family _Hypenidae_
=Geometrae.=
Little Thorn (_Advenaria_)
Brimstone (_Luteolata_)
Speckled Yellow (_Macularia_)
Orange (_Prunaria_)
Barred Red (_Prosapiaria_)
Scorched Wing (_Dolobraria_)
Lunar Thorn (_Lunaria_)
Peppered (_Betularia_)
Speckled Beauty (_Angularia_)
Genus _Boarmia_
Square Spot (_Consonaria_)
Brindled White-spot (_Luridata_)
Grey Birch (_Punctularia_)
Blotched Emerald (_Pustulata_)
Small Grass Emerald (_Viridata_)
Common Emerald (_Strigata_)
Nearly all the family _Acidaliidae_
Genus _Bapta_
Peacock (_Notata_)
Rannoch Geometer (_Brunneata_)
Brown Silver-line (_Petraria_)
Barred Umber (_Pulveraria_)
Grey Scalloped Bar (_Belgiaria_)
Frosted Yellow (_Limbaria_)
Bordered White (_Piniaria_)
Drab Geometer (_Murinata_)
Black-veined (_Lineata_)
Grass Wave (_Strigillaria_)
Clouded Magpie (_Sylvata_)
Scorched Carpet (_Adustata_)
Clouded Border (_Marginata_)
Twin-spot Carpet (_Didymata_)
Grey Mountain Carpet (_Caesiata_)
Striped Twin-spot Carpet (_Salicata_)
Green Carpet (_Viridaria_)
Genus _Emmelesia_
Most of the Pugs (_Eupithecia_)
Small Seraphim (_Sexalisata_)
Seraphim (_Halterata_)
Yellow-barred Brindle (_Viretata_)
Shaded Broad-bar (_Variata_)
Ruddy High-flier (_Ruberata_)
Purple Bar (_Ocellata_)
Beautiful Carpet (_Albicillata_)
Genus _Melanippe_
Royal Mantle (_Cucullata_)
Flame (_Rubidata_)
Genus _Coremia_
Yellow Shell (_Bilineata_)
Fern (_Tersata_)
Oblique Carpet (_Vittata_)
Small Waved Umber (_Vitalbata_)
Scalloped Shell (_Undulata_)
Brown Scallop (_Vetulata_)
Short-cloak Carpet (_Picata_)
Broken-barred Carpet (_Corylata_)
Common Marbled Carpet (_Truncata_)
Small Ph[oe]nix (_Silaceata_)
Small Mallow (_Limitata_)
Belle (_Plumbaria_)
Oblique-striped (_Virgata_)
Treble Bar (_Plagiata_)
Pale Grey Carpet (_Griseata_)
Chimney Sweep (_Atrata_)
JULY
The number of species on the wing in July is even greater than in June. Butterflies are very numerous, some being second broods of double-brooded species, and others late single-brooded insects.
_Sphinges_ are beginning to fall off, and so are the _Bombyces_, but the _Noctuae_ and _Geometrae_ are slightly on the increase.
As regards the Micros, a good number of fresh species may be expected, all the groups exhibiting a marked increase in the total number on the wing with the exception of the _Tineae_.
Sugaring is likely to pay well this month, and many moths may be attracted by light. Tree trunks and fences should be well examined.
Pupae may certainly be taken, but unless the collector is particularly desirous of obtaining the pupae of insects known to be now passing through that stage, he will probably do better by looking after imagines.
Larvae, however, may well receive a little attention, providing the setting of butterflies and moths leave a little leisure for other employments. Beating by day, and searching by both day and night, even if carried on only occasionally, will probably supply you with as many species as you can accommodate in your glasses and cages.
The butterflies of the month are:
Swallow Tail (_Machaon_)
Black-veined White (_Crataegi_)
Large White (_Brassicae_)
Small White (_Rapae_)
Green-veined White (_Napi_)
Wood White (_Sinapis_)
Brimstone (_Rhamni_)
Dark Green Fritillary (_Aglaia_)
High Brown Fritillary (_Adippe_)
Silver-washed Fritillary (_Paphia_)
Heath Fritillary (_Athalia_)
Comma (_C-Album_)
Large Tortoiseshell (_Polychloros_)
Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_)
Peacock (_Io_)
Painted Lady (_Cardui_)
White Admiral (_Sibylla_)
Purple Emperor (_Iris_)
Marbled White (_Galatea_)
Northern Brown (_AEthiops_)
Speckled Wood (_Egeria_)
Grayling (_Semele_)
Meadow Brown (_Ianira_)
Large Heath (_Tithonus_)
Ringlet (_Hyperanthes_)
Marsh Ringlet (_Typhon_)
Small Heath (_Pamphilus_)
Brown Hairstreak (_Betulae_)
White-letter Hairstreak (_W-Album_)
Dark Hairstreak (_Pruni_)
Purple Hairstreak (_Quercus_)
Green Hairstreak (_Rubi_)
Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
Silver-studded Blue (_AEgon_)
Common Blue (_Icarus_)
Chalk-hill Blue (_Corydon_)
Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
Mazarine Blue (_Semiargus_)
Small Blue (_Minima_)
Large Blue (_Arion_)
Small Skipper (_Thaumas_)
New Small Skipper (_Lineola_)
The moths of July include the following species:
=Sphinges.=
Privet Hawk (_Ligustri_)
Bedstraw Hawk (_Galii_)
Eyed Hawk (_Ocellatus_)
Poplar Hawk (_Populi_)
Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_)
Hornet Clearwing of Poplar (_Apiformis_)
Hornet Clearwing of Osier (_Crabroniformis_)
Welsh Clearwing (_Scoliiformis_)
Red-belted Clearwing (_Myopiformis_)
Red-tipped Clearwing (_Formiciformis_)
Six-belted Clearwing (_Ichneumoniformis_)
Genus _Ino_
Burnets (_Trifolii_, _Lonicerae_ and _Filipendulae_)
=Bombyces.=
Tortrix (_Undulanus_)
Large Green Silver-lined (_Bicolorana_)
Short-cloaked (_Cucullatella_)
Most of the family _Lithosiidae_
Tiger (_Caia_)
Ruby Tiger (_Fuliginosa_)
Buff Ermine (_Lubricipeda_)
White Ermine (_Menthastri_)
Wood Swift (_Sylvanus_)
Northern Swift (_Velleda_)
Goat Moth (_Ligniperda_)
Leopard (_Pyrina_)
Brown Tail (_Chrysorrh[oe]a_)
Yellow Tail (_Similis_)
Satin (_Salicis_)
Reed Tussock (_C[oe]nosa_)
Black Arches (_Monacha_)
Vapourer (_Antiqua_)
Lackey (_Neustria_)
Ground Lackey (_Castrensis_)
Oak Eggar (_Quercus_)
Drinker (_Potatoria_)
Sallow Kitten (_Furcula_)
Poplar Kitten (_Bifida_)
Lobster (_Fagi_)
Pale Prominent (_Palpina_)
Coxcomb Prominent (_Camelina_)
Buff Tip (_Bucephala_)
Buff Arches (_Derasa_)
Peach Blossom (_Batis_)
Figure of Eighty (_Octogesima_)
Poplar Lutestring (_Or_)
Lesser Satin (_Duplaris_)
=Noctuae.=
Marbled Green (_Muralis_)
Marbled Beauty (_Perla_)
Grey Dagger (_Psi_)
Miller (_Leporina_)
Poplar Grey (_Megacephala_)
Grisette (_Strigosa_)
Coronet (_Ligustri_)
Knot Grass (_Rumicis_)
Scarce Dagger (_Auricoma_)
Light Knot Grass (_Menyanthidis_)
Brown Line Bright Eye (_Conigera_)
Double Line (_Turca_)
Clay (_Lithargyria_)
Wainscots (_Littoralis_, _Impudens_, _Comma_, _Impura_, _Pallens_,
_Phragmitidis_, _Maritima_, _Rufa_, _Bondii_, _Neurica_)
Ear Moth (_Nictitans_)
Flame (_Putris_)
Genus _Xylophasia_
Antler (_Graminis_)
Straw Underwing (_Matura_)
Most of Genus _Mamestra_
Genus _Miana_
Haworth's Minor (_Haworthii_)
Treble Lines (_Trigrammica_)
Genus _Caradrina_
Brown Rustic (_Tenebrosa_)
Archer's Dart (_Vestigialis_)
Pearly Underwing (_Saucia_)
Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_)
Heart and Club (_Corticea_)
Sand Dart (_Ripae_)
Coast Dart (_Cursoria_)
Garden Dart (_Nigricans_)
Streaked Dart (_Aquilina_)
True Lover's Knot (_Strigula_)
Stout Dart (_Obscura_)
Dotted Rustic (_Simulans_)
Northern Rustic (_Lucernea_)
Ashworth's Rustic (_Ashworthii_)
Most of Genus _Noctua_
Genus _Triphaena_
Copper Underwing (_Pyramidea_)
Mouse (_Tragopogonis_)
Old Lady (_Maura_)
Suspected (_Suspecta_)
Dismal (_Upsilon_)
Olive (_Subtusa_)
Genus _Calymnia_
Dusky Sallow (_Ochroleuca_)
Marbled Coronet (_Nana_)
Genus _Hecatera_
Minor Shoulder Knot (_Viminalis_)
Small Angle Shades (_Lucipara_)
Genus _Aplecta_
Dark Brocade (_Adusta_)
Shears (_Dentina_)
Nutmeg (_Trifolii_)
Pale-shouldered Brocade (_Thalassina_)
Silver Cloud (_Conspicillaris_)
Lychnis Shark (_Lychnitis_)
Wormwood Shark (_Absinthii_)
Family _Plusiidae_
Beautiful Yellow Underwing (_Myrtilli_)
Marbled Clover (_Dipsacea_)
Four-spotted (_Luctuosa_)
Rosy Marbled (_Venustula_)
Marbled White-spot (_Fasciana_)
Small Purple-barred (_Viridaria_)
Red Underwing (_Nupta_)
Light Crimson Underwing (_Promissa_)
Dark Crimson Underwing(_Sponsa_)
New Black-neck (_Craccae_)
Family _Herminiidae_
Family _Hypenidae_
=Geometrae.=
Swallow-tail (_Sambucaria_)
Dark-bordered Beauty (_Parallelaria_)
Bordered Beauty (_Apiciaria_)
Orange (_Prunaria_)
Light Emerald (_Margaritaria_)
Barred Red (_Prosapiaria_)
Lilac Beauty (_Syringaria_)
Early Thorn (_Bilunaria_)
Scalloped Oak (_Elinguaria_)
Genus _Cleora_
Genus _Boarmia_
Annulet (_Obscuraria_)
Scotch Annulet (_Obfuscaria_)
Black Mountain Moth (_Coracina_)
Family _Geometridae_
Golden-bordered Purple (_Muricata_)
Waved Carpet (_Sylvata_)
Dingy Shell (_Obliterata_)
Welsh Wave (_Cambrica_)
Most of the _Acidaliae_
Blood Vein (_Amataria_)
Family _Macariidae_
Latticed Heath (_Clathrata_)
Bordered Grey (_Ericetaria_)
Common Heath (_Atomaria_)
Rest Harrow (_Ononaria_)
Vestal (_Sacraria_)
Grass Wave (_Strigillaria_)
Family _Zerenidae_
Twin-spot Carpet (_Didymata_)
Grey Mountain Carpet (_Caesiata_)
Yellow-ringed Carpet (_Flavicinctata_)
Beech-green Carpet (_Olivata_)
Green Carpet (_Viridaria_)
Genus _Emmelesia_
Pugs (_Linariata_, _Oblongata_, _Succenturiata_, _Pernotata_,
_Isogrammaria_, _Virgaureata_, _Innotata_, _Subnotata_,
_Absinthiata_, _Tenuiata_, _Subciliata_, _Rectangulata_)
Chestnut-coloured Carpet (_Simulata_)
Shaded Broad Bar (_Variata_)
Pine Carpet (_Firmata_)
July High-flier (_Sordidata_)
Genus _Melanthia_
Genus _Melanippe_
Flame (_Rubidata_)
Red Carpet (_Munitata_)
Large Twin-spot Carpet (_Quadrifasciaria_)
Yellow Shell (_Bilineata_)
Fern (_Tersata_)
Oblique Carpet (_Vittata_)
Many-lined (_Polygrammata_)
Dark Umber (_Rhamnata_)
Short-cloak Carpet (_Picata_)
Marsh Carpet (_Sagittata_)
Common Marbled Carpet (_Truncata_)
Dark Marbled Carpet (_Immanata_)
Netted Carpet (_Reticulata_)
Ph[oe]nix (_Prunata_)
Chevron (_Testata_)
Northern Spinach (_Populata_)
Barred Yellow (_Fulvata_)
Barred Straw (_Dotata_)
Spinach (_Associata_)
Dark Spinach (_Comitata_)
Small Mallow (_Limitata_)
Belle (_Plumbaria_)
Chalk Carpet (_Bipunctaria_)
Oblique-striped (_Virgata_)
Manchester Treble Bar (_Paludata_)
Treble Bar (_Plagiata_)
Pale Grey Carpet (_Griseata_)
Chimney Sweep (Atrata)
AUGUST
Although there is a very appreciable falling off in the number of species on the wing during August, yet there remains plenty of work for the lepidopterist.
Many of the butterflies of July continue to fly during the whole or part of this month, and several fresh species commence their flight. August, too, may be looked upon as _the_ month for second broods, and an opportunity now arises for searching for some of the species that were missed at the time of their early appearance in May. Clover and lucerne fields should be well worked.
A few _Sphinges_ and a number of the _Bombyces_ are still on the wing. The _Noctuae_ are on the decrease, but there are yet nearly a hundred species (including the rarer ones) at large.
These last may be taken at sugar in considerable numbers, and it is interesting to note that two of the Vanessas (_Atalanta_ and _Cardui_) may be caught sipping on your baited trees during the daytime.
_Geometrae_ and Micros fall off very considerably this month, but these, as well as moths of the other groups, may be taken from tree trunks and palings. Light traps may also be used with much success during August.
Fallen fruits should be examined for the larvae that feed within them; and late in the month ripe fruit will supply food to the lovers of sweets.
Ivy blossom should be well worked at night; and clover and lucerne fields form admirable hunting grounds for moths at night, especially just after rain.
Larvae are to be obtained in abundance by beating and searching, the latter process being conducted by night as well as by day.
The following is the list of imagines for August:
=Butterflies.=
Swallow Tail (_Machaon_)
Large White (_Brassicae_)
Small White (_Rapae_)
Green-veined White (_Napi_)
Bath White (_Daplidice_)
Wood White (_Sinapis_)
Pale Clouded Yellow (_Hyale_)
Clouded Yellow (_Edusa_)
Brimstone (_Rhamni_)
Queen of Spain (_Latona_)
Dark Green Fritillary (_Aglaia_)
High Brown Fritillary (_Adippe_)
Silver-washed Fritillary (_Paphia_)
Genus _Vanessa_
White Admiral (_Sibylla_)
Purple Emperor (_Iris_)
Marbled White (_Galatea_)
Northern Brown (_AEthiops_)
Speckled Wood (_Egeria_)
Wall (_Megaera_)
Grayling (_Semele_)
Meadow Brown (_Ianira_)
Large Heath (_Tithonus_)
Small Heath (_Pamphilus_)
Brown Hairstreak (_Betulae_)
Purple Hairstreak (_Quercus_)
Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
Tailed Blue (_Baetica_)
Silver-studded Blue (_AEgon_)
Brown Argus (_Astrarche_)
Common Blue (_Icarus_)
Clifden Blue (_Bellargus_)
Chalk-hill Blue (_Corydon_)
Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
Mazarine Blue (_Semiargus_)
Dingy Skipper (_Tages_)
New Small Skipper (_Lineola_)
Lulworth Skipper (_Actaeon_)
Large Skipper (_Sylvanus_)
Silver-spotted Skipper (_Comma_)
=Sphinges.=
Death's-head Hawk (_Atropos_)
Convolvulus Hawk (_Convolvuli_)
Bedstraw Hawk (_Galii_)
Striped Hawk (_Livornica_)
Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_)
Red-tipped Clearwing (_Formiciformis_)
Six-belted Clearwing (_Ichneumoniformis_)
=Bombyces.=
Round-winged Muslin (_Senex_)
Muslin (_Mundana_)
Footmen (_Muscerda_, _Lutarella_, _Griseola_)
Wood Swift (_Sylvanus_)
Brown Tail (_Chrysorrh[oe]a_)
Yellow Tail (_Similis_)
Satin (_Salicis_)
Gipsy (_Dispar_)
Black Arches (_Monacha_)
Vapourer (_Antiqua_)
Lackey (_Neustria_)
Ground Lackey (_Castrensis_)
Oak Eggar (_Quercus_)
Grass Eggar (_Trifolii_)
Drinker (_Potatoria_)
Hook Tips (_Lacertinaria_, _Falcataria_, _Binaria_, _Cultraria_)
Chinese Character (_Glaucata_)
Sallow Kitten (_Furcula_)
Poplar Kitten (_Bifida_)
Prominents (_Camelina_, _Trilophus_, _Ziczac_)
Lesser Lutestring (_Diluta_)
=Noctuae.=
Marbled Green (_Muralis_)
Marbled Beauty (_Perla_)
Grey Dagger (_Psi_)
Scarce Dagger (_Auricoma_)
Wainscots (_Musculosa_, _Albipuncta_, _Impura_, _Pallens_,
_Fulva_, _Cannae_, _Arundinis_, _Geminipuncta_, _Neurica_,
_Lutosa_)
Frosted Orange (_Ochracea_)
Genus _Hydr[oe]cia_
Slender Clouded Brindle (_Scolopacina_)
Feathered Brindle (_Australis_)
Feathered Gothic (_Popularis_)
Antler (_Graminis_)
Straw Underwing (_Matura_)
Genus _Luperina_
Confused (_Furva_)
Small Clouded Brindle (_Unanimis_)
Crescent (_Leucostigma_)
Common Rustic (_Didyma_)
Anomalous (_Anomala_)
Mottled Rustic (_Morpheus_)
Pale Mottled Willow (_Quadripunctata_)
Archer's Dart (_Vestigialis_)
Shuttle-shaped Dart (_Puta_)
Pearly Underwing (_Saucia_)
Crescent Dart (_Lunigera_)
Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_)
Coast Dart (_Cursoria_)
Garden Dart (_Nigricans_)
White-line Dart (_Tritici_)
Streaked Dart (_Aquilina_)
Square-spot Dart (_Obelisca_)
Heath Rustic (_Agathina_)
Portland (_Praecox_)
Stout Dart (_Obscura_)
Dotted Rustic (_Simulans_)
Plain Clay (_Depuncta_)
Setaceous Hebrew Character (_C-Nigrum_)
Barred Chestnut (_Dahlii_)
Small Square-spot (_Rubi_)
Six-striped Rustic (_Umbrosa_)
Grey Rustic (_Castanea_)
Square-spot Rustic (_Xanthographa_)
Genus _Triphaena_
Mouse (_Tragopogonis_)
Old Lady (_Maura_)
Mountain Rustic (_Hyperborea_)
Suspected (_Suspecta_)
Olive (_Subtusa_)
Double Kidney (_Retusa_)
Angle-striped Sallow (_Paleacea_)
Genus _Calymnia_
Dusky Sallow (_Ochroleuca_)
Grey Chi (_Chi_)
Large Ranunculus (_Flavicincta_)
Feathered Ranunculus (_Lichenea_)
Crescent (_Bimaculosa_)
Great Brocade (_Occulta_)
Beautiful Brocade (_Porphyrea_)
Golden-rod Brindled (_Solidaginis_)
Herald (_Libatrix_)
Scarce Burnished Brass (_Chryson_)
Burnished Brass (_Chrysitis_)
Gold Spot (_Festucae_)
Scarce Bordered Straw (_Armigera_)
Four-spotted (_Luctuosa_)
Clifden Nonpareil (_Fraxini_)
Red Underwing (_Nupta_)
Dark Crimson Underwing (_Sponsa_)
=Geometrae.=
Dark-bordered Beauty (_Parallelaria_)
Bordered Beauty (_Apiciaria_)
Purple Thorn (_Tetralunaria_)
Scalloped Oak (_Elinguaria_)
Canary-shouldered Thorn (_Alniaria_)
Dusky Thorn (_Fuscantaria_)
September Thorn (_Erosaria_)
August Thorn (_Quercinaria_)
Dotted Carpet (_Glabraria_)
Annulet (_Obscuraria_)
Scotch Annulet (_Obfuscaria_)
Family _Ephyridae_
Small Dusty Wave (_Virgularia_)
Mullein Wave (_Marginepunctata_)
Small Blood Vein (_Imitaria_)
Common White Wave (_Pusaria_)
Vestal (_Sacraria_)
Yellow Belle (_Ochrearia_)
Straw Belle (_Gilvaria_)
Currant (_Grossulariata_)
_Autumnaria_
Haworth's Carpet (_Unifasciata_)
Bordered Lime Speck (_Succenturiata_)
Pugs (_Virgaureata_, _Campanulata_, _Indigata_, _Constrictata_,
_Expallidata_, _Sobrinata_, _Variata_)
July High Flier (_Sordidata_)
Carpets (_Bicolorata_, _Montanata_, _Fluctuata_, _Berberata_)
Yellow Shell (_Bilineata_)
Gem (_Fluviata_)
Oblique Carpet (_Vittata_)
Many-lined (_Polygrammata_)
Tissue (_Dubitata_)
Common Marbled Carpet (_Truncata_)
Ph[oe]nix (_Prunata_)
Chevron (_Testata_)
Northern Spinach (_Populata_)
Barred Yellow (_Fulvata_)
Barred Straw (_Dotata_)
Small Mallow (_Limitata_)
Chalk Carpet (_Bipunctaria_)
Treble Bar (_Plagiata_)
Broom Tip (_Rufata_)
SEPTEMBER
The number of species on the wing is now considerably lower, yet there is a good deal to be done both with butterflies and moths.
Many of the former are worn and ragged, but good fresh specimens of some species may be taken. Clover and lucerne fields and the flowery borders of corn fields remain very attractive.
Tree trunks and palings should be searched as before. Sugar still attracts numbers of the _Noctuae_; and ivy blossom should be examined at night whenever an opportunity offers itself.
September is a good month for larva hunting. Most of the species that pupate in the autumn are now full fed, and will undergo the change to the chrysalis state shortly after they have been housed, thus giving but little trouble to the entomologist. The day feeders may be beaten or swept from their food plants, but, of course, the nocturnal species are best discovered by searching at night.
Some have already 'gone down' for the winter, and, consequently, pupa hunting may be started. However, as there is yet much to be done with imagines and larvae, it may, perhaps, be better to leave the pupae alone till about the end of the month, especially as many of the larvae have not yet had time to complete their transformation.
The list of imagines for September includes:
=Butterflies.=
Clouded Yellow (_Edusa_)
Brimstone (_Rhamni_)
Queen of Spain (_Latona_)
Comma (_C-Album_)
Large Tortoiseshell (_Polychloros_)
Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_)
Peacock (_Io_)
Camberwell Beauty (_Antiopa_)
Red Admiral (_Atalanta_)
Painted Lady (_Cardui_)
Speckled Wood (_Egeria_)
Wall (_Megaera_)
Grayling (_Semele_)
Large Heath (_Tithonus_)
Small Heath (_Pamphilus_)
Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
Common Blue (_Icarus_)
Clifden Blue (_Bellargus_)
Chalk-hill Blue (_Corydon_)
Holly Blue (_Argiolus_)
=Sphinges.=
Death's-head Hawk (_Atropos_)
Convolvulus Hawk (_Convolvuli_)
Humming Bird Hawk (_Stellatarum_)
=Bombyces.=
Tortrix (_Undulanus_)
Crimson Speckled (_Pulchella_)
Vapourer (_Antiqua_)
Pale Oak Eggar (_Crataegi_)
Lesser Lutestring (_Diluta_)
=Noctuae.=
Figure of Eight (_Caeruleocephala_)
Small Wainscot (_Fulva_)
Bullrush (_Arundinis_)
Large Wainscot (_Lutosa_)
Frosted Orange (_Ochracea_)
Rosy Rustic (_Micacea_)
Feathered Brindle (_Australis_)
Beautiful Gothic (_Hispidus_)
Antler (_Graminis_)
Flounced Rustic (_Testacea_)
Hedge Rustic (_Cespitis_)
Haworth's Minor (_Haworthii_)
Anomalous (_Anomala_)
Shuttle-shaped Dart (_Puta_)
Dark Sword Grass (_Suffusa_)
Pearly Underwing (_Saucia_)
Turnip (_Segetum_)
Heart and Dart (_Exclamationis_)
Autumn Rustic (_Glareosa_)
Mouse (_Tragopogonis_)
Red-lined Quaker (_Lota_)
Yellow-lined Quaker (_Macilenta_)
Genus _Anchocelis_
Genus _Xanthia_
Centre-barred Sallow (_Xerampelina_)
Double Kidney (_Retusa_)
Genus _Polia_
Black Rustic (_Nigra_)
Green-brindled Crescent (_Oxyacanthae_)
Marvel-du-jour (_Aprilina_)
Angle Shades (_Meticulosa_)
Flame Brocade (_Flammea_)
Brindled Green (_Protea_)
Genus _Calocampa_
Genus _Xylina_
Herald (_Libatrix_)
Gold Spot (_Festucae_)
Silver Y (_Gamma_)
Scarce Bordered Straw (_Armigera_)
Clifden Nonpareil (_Fraxini_)
Buttoned Snout (_Rostralis_)
=Geometrae.=
Bordered Beauty (_Apiciaria_)
Brimstone (_Luteolata_)
Genus _Eugonia_
November (_Dilutata_)
Autumnal (_Filigrammaria_)
Juniper Pug (_Sobrinata_)
Shaded Broad Bar (_Variata_)
Slender-striped Rufous (_Lapidata_)
Tissue (_Dubitata_)
Carpets (_Siderata_, _Miata_, _Immanata_)
Chevron (_Testata_)
Mallow (_Cervinata_)
Streak (_Spartiata_)
OCTOBER
As there is very little winged life this month, and the larvae have nearly all sought out their winter quarters, special attention may be given to pupae. The earlier this work is started after the insects have completed their change the better. If left late, many pupae will have been destroyed by floods, moles, &c., and a prolonged series of frosty days may render digging unproductive if not impossible. Again, it must be remembered that some larvae are not yet down, and by digging at the roots of the trees on which they are feeding, you are preparing an acceptable bed for the late species, for the pupae of which you may call again in about a month.
Larvae may be obtained by beating and searching as before, but this work should be done as early in the month as possible, since but few are feeding after the first week or so.
Butterfly catching is now practically over, only a few of the late species and the hybernators being on the wing, and these only on mild days.
_Noctuae_ are still attracted by sugar and ivy blossom, and a few may be found at rest. _Geometrae_ and Micros may be taken from palings and tree trunks by day, or caught flying at dusk.
The imagines of October may include the following butterflies:
Brimstone (_Rhamni_)
Pale Clouded Yellow (_Hyale_)
Clouded Yellow (_Edusa_)
Comma (_C-Album_)
Large Tortoiseshell (_Polychloros_)
Small Tortoiseshell (_Urticae_)
Peacock (_Io_)
Camberwell Beauty (_Antiopa_)
Red Admiral (_Atalanta_)
Painted Lady (_Cardui_)
Small Copper (_Phl[oe]as_)
And a few late 'Blues.'
The principal moths of the month are:
=Sphinges.=
Death's-head Hawk (_Atropos_)
=Bombyces.=
Plumed Prominent (_Plumigera_)
=Noctuae.=
Large Wainscot (_Lutosa_)
Red-lined Quaker (_Lota_)
Yellow-lined Quaker (_Macilenta_)
Beaded Chestnut (_Pistacina_)
Brown-spot Pinion (_Litura_)
Chestnut (_Vaccinii_)
Dark Chestnut (_Spadicea_)
Red-headed Chestnut (_Erythrocephala_)
Satellite (_Satellitia_)
Dotted Chestnut (_Rubiginea_)
Orange Upperwing (_Croceago_)
Brick (_Circellaris_)
Brindled Ochre (_Templi_)
Green Brindled Crescent (_Oxyacanthae_)
Marvel-du-jour (_Aprilina_)
Angle Shades (_Meticulosa_)
Flame Brocade (_Flammea_)
Red Sword-grass (_Vetusta_)
Sword-grass (_Exolita_)
Genus _Xylina_
Sprawler (_Sphinx_)
Silver Y (_Gamma_)
=Geometrae.=
Feathered Thorn (_Pennaria_)
Vestal (_Sacraria_)
Scarce Umber (_Aurantiaria_)
Mottled Umber (_Defoliaria_)
Winter (_Brumata_)
Northern Winter (_Boreata_)
November (_Dilutata_)
Juniper Carpet (_Juniperata_)
Gem (_Fluviata_)
Carpets (_Siderata_, _Miata_)
Mallow (_Cervinata_)
Streak (_Spartiata_)
NOVEMBER
No butterflies are to be seen this month with the exception of the hybernating species, and even these will not venture on the wing unless the weather is mild and bright for the season.
Most of the moths met with are also hybernators, but a few species are to be found only at this season, and these should be looked for on fences and tree trunks. A few _Noctuae_ may be taken at sugar, and the _Geometrae_ attracted by lights.
The only larvae now existing are hybernators, and many of these may be met with during your pupa-digging operations; but they are best left alone till the spring, as a rule.
The chief work of the entomologist in November is certainly pupa hunting, and this may be carried on in real earnest whenever the weather is favourable, following the instructions given in Chapter VII.
It will be remembered, also, that many of the _Lepidoptera_ pass the winter in the egg state, and search may be made for ova when time permits.
The November list, besides some of the hybernating species previously mentioned, include:
=Bombyces.=
December (_Populi_)
=Noctuae.=
Genus _Cerastis_
Satellite (_Satellitia_)
Dotted Chestnut (_Rubiginea_)
Orange Upperwing (_Croceago_)
Brindled Ochre (_Exempli_)
=Geometrae.=
Feathered Thorn (_Pennaria_)
Scarce Umber (_Aurantiaria_)
Mottled Umber (_Defoliaria_)
Winter (_Brumata_)
Northern Winter (_Boreata_)
DECEMBER
Outdoor work is now at a minimum. The weather is too severe, as a rule, to allow pupa digging to be carried on with either success or comfort, but favourable opportunities should be seized for this employment as well as for ova collecting.
Now and again we may meet with _P. Populi_ at rest by day, or fluttering round a light at night. _Brumata_ and _Defoliaria_ may also be seen, and the Early Moth (_Rupicapraria_) may appear on the wing before the new year; but nothing is likely to be met with beyond these save the hybernators, already named in other lists, and some of the _Tineae_.
It is a good plan to utilise your spare time during the dreary months of winter by attending to your cabinet. Rearrange your specimens where necessary, and see that all are properly labelled; remove all greasy specimens, and deal with them as recommended on page 127; also renew the supply of camphor or naphthaline in your drawers and store boxes. Time may also be found for the construction of apparatus that is likely to be required next season, and for repairing any that has been damaged during the work of the last.
COLOURED PLATES
PLATE I (_Frontispiece_)
1. SWALLOW-TAIL (_Papilio Machaon_).
2. BLACK-VEINED WHITE (_Aporia Crataegi_).
3. LARGE WHITE (_Pieris Brassicae_). Female.
4. SMALL WHITE (_Pieris Rapae_). Male.
5. GREEN-VEINED WHITE (_Pieris Napi_). Under side.
6. BATH WHITE (_Pieris Daplidice_). Female.
7. ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_). Male.
8. ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_). Male. Under side.
PLATE II
1. WOOD WHITE (_Leucophasia Sinapis_).
2. PALE CLOUDED YELLOW (_Colias Hyale_).
3. CLOUDED YELLOW (_Colias Edusa_). Male.
4. BRIMSTONE (_Gonopteryx Rhamni_). Male.
5. SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Selene_).
6. PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Euphrosyne_).
7. QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Latona_).
8. DARK-GREEN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Aglaia_).
PLATE III
1. HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Adippe_). Under side.
2. SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Paphia_).
3. GREASY FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Aurinia_).
4. GLANVILLE FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Cinxia_).
5. HEATH FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Athalia_).
6. HEATH FRITILLARY (_Melitaea Athalia_). Under side.
7. COMMA (_Vanessa C-Album_).
8. LARGE TORTOISESHELL (_Vanessa Polychloros_).
9. SMALL TORTOISESHELL (_Vanessa Urticae_).
PLATE IV
1. PEACOCK (_Vanessa Io_).
2. CAMBERWELL BEAUTY (_Vanessa Antiopa_).
3. RED ADMIRAL (_Vanessa Atalanta_).
4. PAINTED LADY (_Vanessa Cardui_).
5. WHITE ADMIRAL (_Limenitis Sibylla_).
PLATE V
1. PURPLE EMPEROR (_Apatura Iris_). Male.
2. MARBLED WHITE (_Melanargia Galatea_).
3. SMALL RINGLET (_Erebia Epiphron_).
4. NORTHERN BROWN (_Erebia AEthiops_).
5. WOOD ARGUS (_Pararge Egeria_).
6. WALL BUTTERFLY (_Pararge Megaera_).
7. GRAYLING (_Satyrus Semele_). Female.
8. MEADOW BROWN (_Epinephele Ianira_). Female.
9. LARGE HEATH (_Epinephele Tithonus_). Male.
10. RINGLET (_Epinephele Hyperanthus_).
PLATE VI
1. MARSH RINGLET (_Caenonympha Typhon_).
2. SMALL HEATH (_Caenonympha Pamphilus_).
3. BROWN HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla Betulae_). Under side.
4. WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla W-album_). Under side.
5. DARK HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla Pruni_). Under side.
6. PURPLE HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla Quercus_). Under side.
7. GREEN HAIRSTREAK(_Thecla Rubi_). Under side.
8. LARGE COPPER (_Polyommatus Dispar_). Male.
9. SMALL COPPER (_Polyommatus Phlaeas_).
10. TAILED BLUE (_Lycaena Baetica_).
11. SILVER-STUDDED BLUE (_Lycaena AEgon_). Male.
12. SILVER-STUDDED BLUE (_Lycaena AEgon_). Female.
13. BROWN ARGUS (_Lycaena Astrarche_).
14. BROWN ARGUS (_Lycaena Astrarche_). Under side.
15. COMMON BLUE (_Lycaena Icarus_). Male.
16. COMMON BLUE (_Lycaena Icarus_). Female.
17. CLIFDEN BLUE (_Lycaena Bellargus_). Male.
18. CLIFDEN BLUE (_Lycaena Bellargus_). Female.
PLATE VII
1. CHALK-HILL BLUE (_Lycaena Corydon_). Male.
2. CHALK-HILL BLUE (_Lycaena Corydon_). Female.
3. HOLLY BLUE (_Lycaena Argiolus_). Male.
4. HOLLY BLUE (_Lycaena Argiolus_). Female.
5. MAZARINE BLUE (_Lycaena Semiargus_). Male.
6. MAZARINE BLUE (_Lycaena Semiargus_). Female.
7. SMALL BLUE (_Lycaena Minima_).
8. LARGE BLUE (_Lycaena Arion_).
9. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_).
10. DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_). Under side.
11. GRIZZLED SKIPPER (_Syrichthus Malvae_).
12. DINGY SKIPPER (_Nisoniades Tages_).
13. SMALL SKIPPER (_Hesperia Thaumas_).
14. LULWORTH SKIPPER (_Hesperia Actaeon_). Male.
15. LARGE SKIPPER (_Hesperia Sylvanus_). Male.
16. SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER (_Hesperia Comma_).
17. CHEQUERED SKIPPER (_Carterocephalus Palaemon_).
18. NEW SMALL SKIPPER (_Hesperia Lineola_).
PLATE VIII
1. LARVA OF SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY (_Papilio Machaon_).
2. LARVA OF ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_).
3. LARVA OF SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Paphia_).
4. LARVA OF PEACOCK BUTTERFLY (_Vanessa Io_).
5. LARVA OF PURPLE EMPEROR (_Apatura Iris_).
6. LARVA OF DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_).
7. PUPA OF SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY (_Papilio Machaon_).
8. PUPA OF ORANGE TIP (_Euchlo[:e] Cardamines_).
9. PUPA OF SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Paphia_).
10. PUPA OF PURPLE EMPEROR (_Apatura Iris_).
11. PUPA OF DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_).
12. PUPA OF DINGY SKIPPER (_Nisoniades Tages_).
PLATE IX
1. PRIVET HAWK MOTH (_Sphinx Ligustri_).
2. SPURGE HAWK (_Deilephila Euphorbiae_).
3. LARGE ELEPHANT HAWK (_Ch[oe]rocampa Elpenor_).
4. EYED HAWK (_Smerinthus Ocellatus_).
5. LIME HAWK (_Smerinthus Tiliae_).
6. HUMMING-BIRD HAWK (_Macroglossa Stellatarum_).
7. BROAD-BORDERED FIVE-SPOTTED BURNET (_Zygaena Trifolii_).
PLATE X
1. CINNABAR MOTH (_Euchelia Jacobaeae_).
2. WOOD TIGER (_Nemeophila Plantaginis_).
3. TIGER (_Arctia Caia_).
4. CREAM-SPOT TIGER (_Arctia Villica_).
5. OAK EGGAR (_Bombyx Quercus_). Male.
6. LAPPET (_Lasiocampa Quercifolia_).
7. KENTISH GLORY (_Endromis Versicolor_). Male.
8. EMPEROR MOTH (_Saturnia Pavonia_). Male.
9. BUFF TIP (_Phalera Bucephala_).
PLATE XI
1. LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING (_Triphaena Pronuba_).
2. MARVEL-DU-JOUR (_Agriopis Aprilina_).
3. SMALL ANGLE SHADES (_Euplexia Lucipara_).
4. MOTHER SHIPTON (_Euclidia Mi_).
5. CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (_Catocala Fraxini_).
6. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala Sponsa_).
PLATE XII
1. HERALD (_Gonoptera Libatrix_).
2. SWALLOW-TAIL MOTH (_Uropteryx Sambucaria_).
3. BRIMSTONE MOTH (_Rumia Luteolata_).
4. SCALLOPED OAK (_Crocallis Elinguaria_).
5. BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Biston Hirtaria_).
6. WAVED UMBER (_Hemerophila Abruptaria_).
7. MAIDEN'S BLUSH (_Zonosoma Punctaria_).
8. MOTTLED UMBER (_Hybernia Defoliaria_).
9. TREBLE BAR (_Anaitis Plagiata_).
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
_Danielsson & Co., del. ad. Nat. et Chromolith._]
INDEX
Abbreviata, 284
Abraxas, 279
Abruptaria, 273
Acherontia, 204
Acidalia, 275
Acidaliidae, 275
Aciptilia, 295
Acronycta, 240
Actaeon, 199
Adela, 304
Adippe, 159
Admiral, Red, 168
Admiral, White, 170
AEgon, 189
AEscularia, 281
AEthiops, 175
Aglaia, 158
Aglossa, 291
Agriopis, 258
Agrotis, 250
Albulata, 283
Alucita, 295
Amataria, 276
Amphidasydae, 271
Amphidasys, 272
Amphipyridae, 254
Anaitis, 289
Angle Shades, 258
Anisopteryx, 281
Antennae, 5
Antiopa, 167
Antiqua, 228
Antithesia, 301
Apamea, 247
Apameidae, 244
Apatura, 171
Apiformis, 213
Aplecta, 259
Aporia, 141
Aprilina, 258
Arctia, 221
Areola, 261
Argiolus, 193
Argus, Brown, 189
Argus, Wood, 175
Argynnis, 154
Arion, 194
Arrangement of specimens, 136
Arundinis, 243
Asphalia, 238
Astrarche, 189
Atalanta, 168
Athalia, 163
Atomaria, 278
Atropos, 204
August Thorn, 271
Aurella, 306
Aurinia, 161
Aversata, 276
Axylia, 245
Baetica, 188
Bapta, 277
Basilinea, 247
Bath White, 146
Batis, 237
Beating for moths, 83
Beautiful Carpet, 286
Beautiful China Mark, 293
Bellargus, 191
Betulae, 183
Betularia, 272
Bicolorata, 285
Bifida, 234
Bilineata, 287
Binaria, 232
Biston, 271
Black Arches, 227
Black Hairstreak, 184
Black-veined White, 141
Blood Vein, 276
Blue-bordered Carpet, 285
Blue Chalk Hill, 192
---- Clifden, 191
---- Common, 190
---- Holly, 193
---- Large, 194
---- Mazarine, 193
---- Silver-studded, 189
---- Small, 194
---- Tailed, 188
Boarmia, 273
Boarmiidae, 272
Bombyces, 217
Bombycidae, 229
Bombycoidae, 240
Bombyx, 229
Bordered White, 279
Botys, 293
Brassicae (_Pieris_), 142
Brassicae (_Mamestra_), 246
Bright-line Brown-eye, 260
Brimstone Butterfly, 152
Brimstone Moth, 269
Brindled Beauty, 271
Brindled Pug, 284
Broad-barred White, 257
---- bordered Bee Hawk, 211
---- ---- Five spotted Burnet, 215
Brown Argus, 189
---- Hairstreak, 183
---- line Bright-eye, 242
---- Meadow, 178
---- Northern, 175
---- Tail, 226
Bryophila, 239
Bryophilidae, 239
Bucephala, 236
Buff Ermine, 222
---- Tip, 236
Bullrush, 243
Bupalus, 279
Burnets, 215
Burnished Brass, 263
Butterflies--British, 139
---- antennae of, 5
---- body, 3
---- catching, 64
---- eye, 3
---- legs, 8, 10
---- proboscis, 6
---- wings, 2, 8
Cabbage Moth, 246
Cabera, 277
Caberidae, 276
Cabinets, 134
Caia, 221
Callimorpha, 220
C-Album, 164
Calymnia, 256
Camberwell Beauty, 167
Camelina, 235
Camptogramma, 287
Caradrina, 249
Caradrinidae, 248
Cardamines, 148
Cardui, 169
Carpocapsa, 302
Carterocephalus, 201
Catching Butterflies, 64
---- moths, 82, 85
Caterpillar state, 22
Catocala, 265
Catocalidae, 265
Cerastis, 256
Chalk-hill Blue, 192
Cheloniidae, 220
Chequered Skipper, 201
Chestnut, 256
Chilo, 296
Chinese Character, 233
Chloroform bottle, 72
Chocolate Tip, 237
Ch[oe]rocampa, 207
Chrysalis state, 44
Chrysitis, 263
Chrysorrh[oe]a, 226
Cidaria, 288
Cilix, 233
Cinnabar, 219
Cinxia, 162
Cirsiana, 301
Classification of Lepidoptera, 55
Clearwings, 212
Clifden Blue, 191
Clifden Nonpareil, 265
Clouded Silver, 277
Clouded Yellow, 151
C[oe]nonympha, 181
Coleophora, 305
Colias, 149
Collecting box, 73
Collecting larvae, 101
---- ova, 99
---- pupae, 108
Comes, 253
Comma, 164, 200
Common Blue, 190
---- Carpet, 286
Common Emerald, 274
---- Footman, 219
---- Heath, 278
---- Quaker, 255
---- Swift, 223
---- Wainscot, 243
---- Wave, 277
Complanella, 306
Conigera, 242
Copper--Large, 187
---- Small, 188
Corydon, 192
Cosmiidae, 256
Cossidae, 224
Cossus, 224
Coxcomb Prominent, 235
Crambi, 296
Crambus, 297
Crataegi, 141
Cream-spot Tiger, 221
Cristana, 300
Crocallis, 270
Cucullatella, 218
Cucullia, 261
Cuprella, 304
Currant Clearwing, 213
Currant Moth, 279
Curtula, 237
Cyanide bottle, 68
Cymatophoridae, 237
Daplidice, 146
Dark Crimson Underwing, 266
Dark Dagger, 241
Dark Green Fritillary, 158
Dark Hairstreak, 185
Death's-head Hawk, 204
Decoys, 96
Defoliaria, 281
Deilephila, 207
Dentina, 259
Depressaria, 304
Dicranura, 234
Dicranuridae, 233
Didymata, 283
Diloba, 241
Dilutata, 282
Dingy Skipper, 198
Dispar, 187, 227
Diurnea, 303
Dominula, 220
Dot, 247
Drepana, 232
Drepanulidae, 232
Drinker, 230
Duke of Burgundy, 196
Dun-bar, 256
Early Grey, 261
Edusa, 151
Egeria, 175
Eggs, 16
Elephant Hawk, 207
Elinguaria, 270
Elpenor, 208
Ematurga, 278
Emmelesia, 283
Emperor Moth, 231
Emperor, Purple, 171
Endromidae, 231
Endromis, 231
Ennomidae, 269
Entomological pins, 76
Ephippiphora, 301
Ephyridae, 275
Epinephele, 178
Epiphron, 174
Erebia, 174
Erycinidae, 196
Eubolia, 289
Euboliidae, 288
Euchelia, 219
Eucheliidae, 219
Euchlo[:e], 148
Euclidia, 264
Euclidiidae, 264
Eugonia, 271
Euphorbiae, 207
Euphrosyne, 156
Eupithecia, 283
Euplexia, 258
Eurrhypara, 292
Exanthemata, 277
Exclamationis, 250
Eyed Hawk, 208
Fagella, 303
Farinalis, 292
Fidoniidae, 278
Figure of Eight, 241
Filipendulae, 215
Flame, 245
Flame Shoulder, 252
Flavago, 256
Flavicornis, 238
Flounced Rustic, 246
Fluctuata, 287
Forester, 214
Forficalis, 293
Fraxini, 265
Fritillaries, 154
Fritillary, Dark Green, 158
---- Glanville, 162
---- Greasy, 161
---- Heath, 163
---- High Brown, 159
---- Pearl-bordered, 156
---- Queen of Spain, 156
---- Silver-washed, 159
---- Small Pearl-bordered, 154
Galatea, 173
Galleria, 298
Gamma, 264
Garden Carpet, 287
Garden Dart, 251
Garden Pebble, 293
Gemmaria, 273
Geoffrella, 305
Geometra, 274
Geometrae, 268
Geometridae, 274
Ghost Swift, 223
Gipsy, 227
Glaucata, 233
Goat Moth, 224
Gonodactyla, 294
Gonoptera, 264
Gonopteridae, 262
Gonopteryx, 152
Gortyna, 244
Gothic, 254
Grass Rivulet, 283
Grayling, 177
Grease, 127
Greasy Fritillary, 161
Green Hairstreak, 186
Green-chequered White, 146
Green Silver-lined, 217
Grizzled Skipper, 197
Grey Arches, 259
Grey Dagger, 240
Grossulariata, 279
Hadena, 259
Hadenidae, 257
Hairstreak, Black, 184
---- Brown, 183
---- Dark, 185
---- Green, 186
---- Purple, 185
---- White-letter, 184
Halia, 278
Hamellus, 297
Harpella, 305
Hawk Moths, 204
Heart and Dart, 250
Heath, Large, 179
---- Moth, 278
Heath, Small, 181
---- Fritillary, 163
Hecatera, 257
Helice, 151
Hemerophila, 273
Hemithea, 274
Hepialidae, 223
Hepialus, 223
Herald Moth, 262
Hesperia, 198
Hesperiidae, 197
Hexadactyla, 295
High Brown Fritillary, 159
Hirtaria, 271
Holly Blue, 193
Hornet Clearwing of Osier, 213
Hornet Clearwing of Poplar, 213
Hortuellus, 297
Humming-bird Hawk, 210
Humuli, 223
Hyale, 149
Hybernia, 280
Hyberniidae, 280
Hydrocampa, 293
Hylophila, 217
Hyperanthus, 180
Hyponomeuta, 304
Ianira, 178
Ianthina, 252
Ibipennella, 305
Icarus, 190
Ichneumon flies, 25
Impura, 243
Ino, 214
Io, 167
Iris, 171
Jacobaeae, 219
Kentish Glory, 231
Killing bottle, 68
Killing box, 70
Labial palpi, 6
Lace Border, 275
Lappet, 230
Larentia, 283
Larentiidae, 282
Large Blue, 194
Large Copper, 187
Large Elephant, 208
Large Emerald, 274
Large Heath, 179
Large Skipper, 200
Large Tortoiseshell, 165
Large White, 142
Large Yellow Underwing, 253
Larvae, 22
Larvae Beating, 107
Larvae, blowpipe for, 131
Larva boxes, 101
Larva cage, 115
Larvae collecting, 101
Larvae, glass for, 114
Larvae rearing, 113
Lasiocampa, 230
Latona, 156
Laurel box, 70
Leaf Miners, 33, 303
Leaf Rollers, 33, 303
Lecheana, 300
Legs of Lepidoptera, 8, 10
Leioptilus, 295
Leopard Moth, 225
Lepidoptera--antennae, 5
---- body, 3
---- classification of, 55
---- eggs of, 16
---- general characteristics, 1
---- legs of, 8, 10
---- metamorphoses, 14
---- proboscis, 6
---- wings, 2, 8
Lesser Broad Border, 252
Lesser Yellow Underwing, 253
Leucania, 242
Leucaniidae, 242
Leucophasia, 149
Leucophaearia, 280
Libatrix, 262
Light Arches, 245
Light Emerald, 270
Light Traps, 87
Ligniperda, 224
Ligustri, 206
Lime Hawk, 210
Limenitis, 170
Limitata, 289
Lineola, 199
Liparidae, 226
Lithosia, 218
Lithosiidae, 219
Lithoxylea, 245
Lobophora, 285
Lobster Moth, 28
Lophopteryx, 235
Lubricipeda, 222
Lucina, 196
Lucipara, 258
Lulworth Skipper, 199
Luperina, 246
Lupulinus, 223
Luteolata, 269
Lycaena, 183, 188
Lycaenidae, 183
Macariidae, 278
Machaon, 139
Macroglossa, 210
Maiden's Blush, 275
Malvae, 197
Mamestra, 246
Mania, 254
Marbled Beauty, 239
Marbled Minor, 248
Margaritaria, 270
Marsh Moth, 281
Marsh Ringlet, 181
Marvel-du-jour, 258
Maura, 254
Mazarine Blue, 193
Meadow Brown, 178
Meal Moth, 292
Megacephala, 241
Megaera, 177
Melanargia, 173
Melanthia, 285
Melitaea, 161
Mellonella, 298
Menthastri, 222
Meticulosa, 258
Metrocampa, 270
Mi, 264
Miana, 248
Micro-lepidoptera, 290
Minima, 194
Monacha, 227
Montanata, 286
Morpheus, 249
Mother-of-pearl, 293
Mother Shipton, 264
Moths, 203
---- antennae of, 5
---- catching, 82
---- traps, 87
Mottled Rustic, 249
Mottled Umber, 281
Mundana, 218
Muslin Moth, 218
Nanata, 284
Napi, 145
Narrow-winged Pug, 284
Nebulosa, 259
Nemeobius, 196
Nemeophila, 220
Nepticula, 306
Nervosa, 304
Nets, 65, 87, 91
Netted Pug, 283
New Small Skipper, 199
Nigricans, 251
Nisoniades, 198
Noctua, 252
Noctuae, 239
Noctuidae, 249
Nola, 218
Nolidae, 218
Nonagria, 243
Northern Brown, 175
Notodontidae, 235
November Moth, 282
Nudaria, 218
Nupta, 266
Nycteolidae, 217
Nymphalidae, 154
Oak Eggar, 229
Oak Hook Tip, 232
Ocellatus, 208
Ochracea, 244
Ocneria, 227
Octomaculana, 301
Odonestis, 230
Old Lady, 254
Oleracea, 260
Oporabia, 282
Orange Tip, 148
Orgyia, 228
Ornata, 275
Orthosiidae, 255
Osteodactylus, 295
Ova collecting, 99
Ova preserving, 130
Padellus, 304
Painted Lady, 169
Palaemon, 201
Pale Clouded Yellow, 149
Pallens, 243
Palpi, 6
Pamphilus, 181
Paphia, 159
Papilio, 139
Papilionaria, 274
Papilionidae, 139
Pararge, 175
Pavonia, 231
Peach Blossom, 237
Peacock, 167
Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 156
Pentadactyla, 295
Penthina, 300
Peppered Moth, 272
Perla, 239
Peronea, 300
Persicariae, 247
Phalera, 236
Phlaeas, 188
Phlogophora, 258
Phragmitellus, 296
Pieridae, 141
Pinguinalis, 291
Piniaria, 279
Pink-barred Sallow, 256
Pins, 76
Pionea, 293
Plagiata, 289
Plantaginis, 220
Platyptilia, 294
Plecta, 252
Plusia, 263
Plusiidae, 263
Polychloros, 165
Polyommatus, 187
Poplar Grey, 241
Poplar Hawk, 209
Poplar Kitten, 234
Populi, 209
Porcellus, 207
Porthesia, 226
Potatoria, 230
Prasinana, 217
Preserving larvae, 131
---- ova, 130
---- pupae, 133
Privet Hawk, 206
Proboscis, 6
Pronuba, 253
Pruni, 185
Pruniana, 300
Psi, 240
Psilura, 227
Pterophori, 294
Ptycholoma, 300
Punctaria, 275
Pupa state, 44
Pupae collecting, 108
---- digging, 111
---- management of, 118
---- preserving, 133
Purple Emperor, 171
Purple Hairstreak, 185
Puss Moth, 235
Putris, 245
Pygaera, 237
Pygaeridae, 236
Pyralides, 291
Pyralis, 292
Pyrina, 225
Queen of Spain, 156
Quercifolia, 230
Quercinaria, 271
Quercus (_Bombyx_), 229
Quercus (_Thecla_), 185
Rapae, 144
Rearing larvae, 113
Red Admiral, 168
Red Underwing, 266
Relaxing, 125
Rhamni, 152
Riband Wave, 276
Ringlet, 180
---- Marsh, 181
---- Small, 174
Rubi, 186
Rumia, 269
Ruralis, 293
Rustic Shoulder-knot, 247
Salicella, 301
Sambucaria, 268
Saturnia, 231
Saturniidae, 231
Satyridae, 173
Satyrus, 177
Scalloped Oak, 270
Scarlet Tiger, 220
Sciaphila, 301
Segetum, 250
Selene, 154
Semele, 177
Semiargus, 193
Serena, 257
Sesia, 213
Sesiidae, 212
Setting boards, 122
Shark, 261
Shears, 259
Short-cloaked, 218
Sibylla, 170
Silaceata, 288
Silver-ground Carpet, 286
Silver-spotted Skipper, 200
Silver-studded Blue, 189
Silver-washed Fritillary, 159
Silver Y, 264
Sinapis, 149
Six-spot Burnet, 215
Skippers, 196
Skipper, Chequered, 201
---- Dingy, 198
---- Grizzled, 197
---- Lulworth, 199
---- New Small, 199
---- Silver-spotted, 200
---- Small, 198
Sleeving, 116
Small Angle Shades, 258
---- Blue, 194
---- Copper, 188
---- Elephant, 207
---- Heath, 181
---- Magpie, 292
---- Mallow, 289
---- Pearl-bordered Fritillary, 154
---- Ph[oe]nix, 288
---- Ringlet, 174
---- Seraphim, 285
---- Skipper, 198
---- Tortoiseshell, 166
---- White, 144
Smerinthus, 208
Smoky Wainscot, 243
Sociata, 286
Speckled Wood, 175
Sphinges, 203
Sphingidae, 204
Sphinx, 206
Spilosoma, 222
Sponsa, 266
Spring Usher, 280
Spurge Hawk, 207
Stabilis, 255
Stagnata, 293
Statices, 214
Stellatarum, 210
Store boxes, 135
Strigata, 274
Strigilis, 248
Stuffing insects, 126
Sugaring, 92
Sugaring net, 94
Sugar traps, 96
Swallow-tail Butterfly, 139
Swallow-tail Moth, 268
Swifts, 223
Sylvanus, 200
Syrichthus, 197
Tabby, 291
Taeniocampa, 255
Tages, 198
Tailed Blue, 188
Temerata, 277
Testacea, 246
Thaumas, 198
Thecla, 183
Thyatira, 237
Tiger, Common, 221
---- Cream-spot, 221
---- Scarlet, 220
---- Wood, 220
Tiliae, 210
Timandra, 276
Tineae, 303
Tipuliformis, 213
Tithonus, 179
Tortoiseshell, Large, 165
Tortoiseshell, Small, 166
Tortrices, 298
Treble Bar, 289
Trifolii, 215
Triphaena, 252
Tristellus, 297
Trochilium, 213
Turnip Moth, 250
Twin-spot Carpet, 283
Typhon, 181
Typica, 254
Umbratica, 261
Uropterygidae, 268
Uropteryx, 268
Urticae, 166
Urticata, 292
Vaccinii, 256
Vanessa, 164
Vapourer Moth, 228
Vauaria, 278
Venosata, 283
Versicolor, 231
Villica, 221
Vinula, 235
Viridana, 299
V moth, 278
W album, 184
Wainscots, 243
Wall Butterfly, 177
Waved Umber, 273
White Admiral, 170
---- Bath, 146
---- Black-veined, 141
---- Ermine, 222
---- Green-chequered, 146
---- Green-veined, 145
---- Large, 142
White-letter Hairstreak, 184
---- Marbled, 173
---- Small, 144
---- Wood, 149
Willow Beauty, 273
Wings, 2, 8
Wood Argus, 175
Wood Tiger, 220
Wood White, 149
Xanthia, 256
Xanthosetia, 302
Xylinidae, 261
Xylocampa, 261
Xylophasia, 245
Xylosteana, 299
Yellow-horned, 238
Yellow Shell, 287
Zerenidae, 279
Zeuzera, 225
Zoegana, 302
Zonosoma, 275
Zygaena, 215
Zygaenidae, 214
PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes
Some minor changes have been made to obvious format and punctuation inconsistencies. Other inconsistent usages have been retained except where obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:
Page 97 'dicover' changed to 'discover' (... not being able to discover the 'entrance out,' ...)
Page 188 'Polyommatas' changed to 'Polyommatus' (_The Small Copper_ (_Polyommatas Phlaeas_))
Page 219 'Jacobaea' changed to 'Jacobaeae' (FIG. 112.--THE LARVA OF JACOBAEAE.)
Page 263 'rested' changed to 'crested' (The abdomen also is crested)
Page 334 'Rannock' changed to 'Rannoch' (Rannoch Geometer (_Brunneata_))
Page 354 'Ibipenella' change to 'Ibipennella' (Ibipennella, 305)
Page 354 missing page reference added (Ichneumon flies, 25)
Page 355 'Leucophearia' changed to 'Leucophaearia' (Leucophaearia, 280)
Page 356 'Octomacularia' changed to 'Octomaculana' (Octomaculana, 301)
Page 358 'Tryphaena' changed to 'Triphaena' and moved to its alphabetical position in the index (Triphaena, 252)
Page 358 'Umbricata' changed to 'Umbratica' (Umbratica, 261)
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Butterflies and Moths (British)Chapter XXVIII: Appendix: II
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