Chapter I: Front Matter

_From photo by the Author._]

By the Deep Sea

A POPULAR INTRODUCTION TO THE

WILD LIFE OF THE BRITISH SHORES

BY

EDWARD STEP, F.L.S.

AUTHOR OF “WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND BLOSSOMS,” “BY VOCAL WOODS AND
WATERS,” “BY SEASHORE, WOOD, AND MOORLAND,” ETC.

_WITH 122 ILLUSTRATIONS BY P. H. GOSSE, W. A. PEARCE,
AND MABEL STEP_

THIRD EDITION

LONDON

JARROLD & SONS, 10 & 11, WARWICK LANE, E.C.

[_All Rights Reserved_]

1896

“There is a rapture on the lonely shore,
There is society where none intrudes
_By the deep Sea_, and music in its roar:
I love not Man the less, but Nature more.”
_Byron’s_ “_Childe Harold_,” Canto iv.

CONTENTS.

I. THE SEA AND ITS SHORES 11

II. LOW LIFE 20

III. SPONGES 28

IV. ZOOPHYTES 37

V. JELLY-FISHES 49

VI. SEA-ANEMONES 64

VII. SEA-STARS AND SEA-URCHINS 86

VIII. SEA-WORMS 107

IX. CRABS AND LOBSTERS 130

X. SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS 160

XI. SOME MINOR CRUSTACEANS 172

XII. BARNACLES AND ACORN-SHELLS 176

XIII. “SHELL-FISH” 185

XIV. SEA-SNAILS AND SEA-SLUGS 207

XV. CUTTLES 231

XVI. SEA-SQUIRTS 236

XVII. SHORE FISHES 246

XVIII. BIRDS OF THE SEA-SHORE 277

XIX. SEAWEEDS 288

XX. FLOWERS OF THE SHORE AND CLIFFS 303

CLASSIFIED INDEX OF SPECIES
REFERRED TO IN TEXT 309

ALPHABETICAL INDEX 315

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Rocky Shore at Low-water _Frontispiece_

The Sandy Shore at Low-water _facing_ 11

Foraminifera 22

Polycistin 23

Sponges 29

Section through Crumb-of-Bread Sponge 32

Grantia compressa 35

Grantia ciliata 35

Sea Oak Coralline 39

Calycles of Sertularia enlarged 39

Plumularia pinnata 43

Plumularian, portion enlarged 43

Haliclystus 45

Sea-Mat (Flustra) 46

Larvæ of Aurelia 53

Marigold (_Aurelia aurita_) 54

Portuguese Man o’ War 56

Tube-mouthed Sarsia 57

Forbes’ Æquorea 58

Beröe and Young 61

Beadlet 65

Snowy Anemone 68

Rosy Anemone 68

Orange-disk Anemone 69

Opelet 73

Dahlia Wartlet 81

Sun Star 91

Purple-tipped Urchin 93

Feather-star 93

Starlet 93

Granulate Brittle-star 95

Sipunculus 103

Sea-cucumber 103

Trumpet Sabella 109

Brush Sabella 109

Common Sabella 109

Scarlet Serpula 113

Pearly Nereis 118

Rainbow Leaf-worm 119

Banded Flat-worm 125

Long Worm 125

Zebedee (_Xantho incisus_) 137

Hairy-crab 138

Velvet Fiddler 140

The Hermit-crab and the
Cloaklet Anemone 145

Scaly Squat-lobster 148

Broad-claw 148

Prickly Spider-crab 152

The Masked-crab (male) 153

Nut-crab 157

Angular-crab 157

The Prawn 163

Common Shrimp 167

Sea Slater 173

Ship-barnacle 177

Pyrgoma 183

Scalpellum 183

Porcate barnacle 183

Acorn-shell 183

Spiny Cockle 186

Banded Venus 186

Smooth Venus 191

Rayed Artemis 192

Cross-cut Carpet-shell 193

Common Scallops 195

Scallop hung up 196

Comb-shell 198

Rayed Trough-shell 199

Red-nosed Borer 203

Piddock 203

Limpets 208

Purples 208

Smooth Limpet 211

Smooth Limpet, thick variety 211

Netted Dog-whelk 213

Red Whelk 214

Cowry 215

Horn-shell 218

Pelican’s-foot 220

The Common Top 221

Violet-shell 222

Raft of Violet-shell 222

Slit Limpet 223

Hungarian Cap 224

Tusk-shell 224

Smooth Mail-shell 225

Sea Lemon 226

Crowned Eolis 228

Sea-hare 229

Sea-hare, front view 230

Octopus 232

Sepia 234

Squid (_loligo_) 235

Ascidia virginea 237

Cynthia quadrangularis 237

Diagrammatic section of an
Ascidian 238

Orange-spotted Squirt
(_Cynthia aggregata_) 239

Ascidia mentula 240

Currant-squirter
(_Styela grossularia_) 240

Clavelina 241

Salpa maxima 242

Part of a chain of Salpæ 242

Botryllus 243

Botryllus violaceus 244

Larva of a Tunicate 245

Shanny 247

Father Lasher 251

Worm Pipe-fish 251

Little Goby 257

Butterfly Blenny 257

Corkwing Wrasse 259

Gunnel 264

Three-bearded Rockling 266

Fifteen-spined Stickleback 267

Lesser Weever 267

Two-spotted Sucker 271

Montagu’s Sucker 273

Topknot 274

Lesser Launce or Sand-eel 275

Shag 279

Solan Goose 281

Oyster Catcher 281

Razorbill 285

Puffin 285

Channelled Wrack 289

Bladder Wrack 291

Saw-edged Wrack 291

Pod-weed 292

Peacock’s Tail 296

Chondrus crispus 299

Ash-leaved Seaweed 300

_From photo by the Author._]