Chapter XX: Flowers of the Shore and Cliffs

Just as in walking along the shore we have on one hand a region inhabited by specialised races of animal and plant-life altogether different from those of the land, so also on the landward side we have flowering plants distinct in most cases from those found but a short distance inland. Strictly speaking, the stretch of shore, whether it be shingle, sand, or rocks, does not form a barrier separating sea plants from those of the land, for the terrestrial and the submarine overlap through the medium of the frondose lichen, _Lichina pygmæa_, which, belonging to a terrestrial group, spends half its day in the water and the other half exposed to the atmosphere. The pretty Sea-Milkwort (_Glaux maritima_) takes up the connecting thread on the land side, and establishes its roots and woody base jammed in the crevices of rocks, where they must absorb more salt water than fresh, and at times it must be entirely covered by the sea. That this salt is thoroughly congenial to its nature we may gather from the fact that the only inland localities where _Glaux_ grows are the salt-producing districts. It attains to only a few inches in height, and its small, smooth, stalkless, glaucous leaves are thickened like many other shore plants, and dotted all over with minute pits. The flowers are devoid of petals, but the bell-shaped calyx is coloured of a flesh-tint, and sprinkled with very small dots of crimson. Its flowering period is from May to August.

In similar situations grows the beautiful little Sandwort Spurrey (_Spergularia rubra_), with many slender compressed, ruddy stems radiating from a woody rootstock; the leaves slender, awl-shaped, unequal in size. Petals fine, bright rosy; anthers yellow. Flowers June to September.

Like conditions of life often produce similar effects on different organisms. Growing close to the Sea-Milkwort, just above high-water mark, and continuing thence some distance up the cliffs, is the Samphire (_Crithmum maritimum_), with similar woody rootstock similarly wedged in rock-crevices, and with all its parts thickened. The glaucous leaves are cut up into cylindrical fleshy segments, and the yellow flowers are borne in clusters, the fleshy stalks of the individual blossoms radiating from a common centre like the ribs of an umbrella. It may be unnecessary to explain that this type of flower-cluster is characteristic of the Natural Order Umbelliferæ, to which the Samphire belongs, and that it is to the same order that such well-known plants as carrot, hogweed, fool’s-parsley, and celery belong. Samphire is much sought for pickling, and this has led to its extermination on many parts of the coast. It flowers from June to September.

Fennel (_Fœniculum officinale_) is another seaside umbellifer, and its tall, straight, and polished stems may be found growing up the face of the cliffs, the much-divided feathery leaves producing a green cloud-like effect. The same glaucous tint characterises the whole plant, except that the flowers are yellow. July and August are the months in which it may be found in blossom.

One other umbelliferous plant that is strictly confined to the shore is the so-called Sea-Holly (_Eryngium maritimum_), though this must be sought not on the rocky cliffs, but on sandy shores. Its dense heads of pale-bluish flowers without a stalk nestle close to the broad and spiny-edged glaucous leaves (glaucous again), that bear a wonderful _primâ facie_ resemblance to those of the unrelated holly-tree. It flowers in July and August, but the plant is easily recognised out of its flowering season by means of the bold leaves.

But the glory of cliff vegetation to my mind is the beautiful Thrift or Sea-Pink (_Armeria maritima_), whose tufts of thick, narrow, grass-like leaves extend from the wave-washed rocks right up the cliff-side, and over the stony hedges at the top. It flowers sparingly all the year round--I have gathered it within a few days of Christmas--but the brilliant display is in April and May, when every clump supports many long-stalked, half-round heads of the rosy flowers, that make so beautiful a setting for the nests of the cliff-building birds. Thrift is not absolutely peculiar to the coast, for it is found also on high mountains; in the Scottish Highlands it occurs at an altitude of nearly four thousand feet above the sea. There is a larger and more rigid species (_A. plantaginea_) that grows on sandy banks in Jersey.

A relation of the Sea-Pink is the Sea-Lavender (_Statice limonium_), which grows where sand and mud are more abundant than rocks, and in some places covers the sand-hills with a growth not unlike that of the heather on inland sand-hills, and at a distance the purplish flowers are very suggestive of heather in such a situation. They are not gathered into a compact head as in Thrift, but are scattered along a branching spray. It has a creeping rootstock of a woody character, from which all the leaves spring directly. These are oval in general outline, running off to a point at the upper end. It flowers from July to November.

On the sandy shore where grows the Sea-Lavender there will, in all probability, also be seen a bold-leaved plant, with large, golden yellow flowers, which the tyro in botany will notice at a glance has some sort of relationship with the familiar Eschscholtzia of the garden. It is the Yellow Horned Poppy (_Glaucium luteum_), and the above-mentioned tyro will say that this time the glaucous hue of the leaves (from which this species and _Glaux_ both derive their scientific names) is not wholly due to its seaside habit, for the same hue is characteristic of Eschscholtzia and the Opium Poppy (_Papaver somniferum_), which are cultivated flowers. Quite so, but probably their original home may be near the sea, though the texture of their leaves is not so fleshy as in our maritime plants of glaucous hue. The bold, rough leaves make the plant conspicuous even in winter. The name of Horned Poppy is suggested by the form of the seed vessel, which is similar to that of Eschscholtzia, but thicker. It is a prominent feature of the flower--which loses its petals after one day’s blossoming--but they ultimately extend to a foot in length. The flowers may be found from June till October.

Saltwort (_Salsola kali_) is also a plant of the sandy shore, with rigid brittle stems, striped and bristly, and fleshy, glaucous leaves, nearly cylindrical in shape, with spiny points. At their base the leaves become broader and partially clasp the stem. The little flowers are leafless, borne in the axils of the leaves, and to be seen only in July and August. This is one of several plants that were formerly burned to make Barilla, an impure carbonate of soda, much used in the manufacture of soap and glass, before the discovery of the cheap production of soda from common salt.

If my friend the reader is acquainted with the beautiful white-flowered Bladder Campion (_Silene cucubalus_), of inland hedgebanks, and he should chance to come upon the nearly allied Sea-Campion (_S. maritima_), he will think he has the old familiar plant, so closely are the two related; but a comparison will convince him there are differences. For instance, the stems of _maritima_ are shorter and less erect than those of _cucubalus_. The flower-cluster (_panicle_) is in _cucubalus_ many-flowered; in _maritima_ the flowers vary only between one and four in a cluster, and their petals are not so deeply cleft. The two scales that are obvious at the base of the broad part of the petal in _maritima_, are very obscure in _cucubalus_. _Maritima_, too, has smaller leaves and larger flowers, and the scales (_bracts_) below the flowers, which are dry and semi-transparent in _cucubalus_, are here more fleshy. It flowers from June to September.

Everybody is well acquainted with the pretty Field Convolvulus, or Small Bindweed (_Convolvulus arvensis_), and as they have just seen it growing in abundance in the fields they passed through on the way to the shore, they may reasonably conclude that these larger, more richly-tinted blossoms that grow on the sandy shore, are simply more luxuriant examples of the same species. In reality they are produced by a distinct kind, the Sea-Convolvulus (_C. soldanella_), which differs from the common kind in the fact that clasping the base of the flower and covering the sepals, there are two large leaf-like bracts, whereas in _arvensis_ these are small and placed at some distance below the sepals. The leaves are fleshy, broader than long, the stems are shorter, seldom more than a foot in length, and very rarely do they twine around anything. The flowers, as we have said, are larger and more richly coloured, only one on a stalk, whilst the common sort have usually from two to four.

The Sea-Rocket (_Cakile maritima_) is abundant on most sandy shores. It is a large succulent plant, about two feet in height, with zigzag branches, and smooth, fleshy, glaucous leaves; flowers with four purplish white petals, arranged cross-wise. The flowers are succeeded by large succulent pods, that are divided into two by a cross-partition; each chamber contains a solitary seed. It is this pod that is most likely to arrest attention. It flowers in June and July.

Wall Pennywort, or Navelwort (_Cotyledon umbilicus_), is an abundant weed in the rocks and walls of the west coast, but travels no further east than to Kent. Its tuberous rootstock is wedged into the crevices of the rocks and cliffs, or between the flakes of which stone dykes are built. The leaf, as the name suggests, is round, with the stalk in the centre; it is also thick and fleshy, the severity of the margin taken off by a series of low, rounded teeth. Some of these leaves are large--as much as three inches across. When the flowering stalk makes its appearance, another type of leaf comes with it--spoon-shaped. The flower-stalks bear drooping cylindrical flowers, greenish-white in hue, densely crowded, and all hanging downwards. It is a very striking ornament of the places where it is common, especially from June to August, when it flowers.

In company with the Navelwort, on rocks and walls, will be found one, if not two, species of Stonecrop (_Sedum_). One of these, the common Yellow Stonecrop or Wall Pepper (_Sedum acre_), is too well-known to need describing. The other is the White Stonecrop (_Sedum anglicum_), of similar habit, but with the inevitable glaucous leaves (those of _S. acre_ are _not_ glaucous, but bright green); though sometimes these take on a reddish hue. The flowers are more star-like than those of _S. acre_, and of a whitish or pinkish colour--in evidence from May to August.

I do not pretend to furnish an exhaustive list of the plants of the sea-shore: that properly treated would make a volume by itself. Such as I have mentioned belong almost solely to a habitat where they can receive the salt spray upon their leaves. Mention should also be made of the Sea-Spleenwort (_Asplenium marinum_), among ferns, that loves to grow over the entrance to a sea-cave, there hanging down its boldly-cut and well-varnished dark green fronds, well out of reach. Then there is a distinctly marine _Carex_, the Sea-Sedge (_Carex arenaria_), which shares with Marram-grass (_Ammophila arenaria_), the work of binding the sands together with its thick, creeping rootstock.

But the seaside visitor, with botanical tastes, will find the shores abundant in vegetation generally, and he must have recourse to a special handbook to help in their discrimination.

Were it not for fear of laying himself open to a charge of presumption, egoism, favouritism, and a few other isms, the author would, in this connection, recommend his own “Wayside and Woodland Blossoms,” Second Series,[7] which includes many of the maritime flowers.

[7] Frederick Warne and Co.

CLASSIFIED INDEX

TO

_Species mentioned in the foregoing pages_.

ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Sub-kingdom--=Protozoa=.

Class _LOBOSA_--
Amæba, 21

Class _RETICULARIA_--
Textularia variabilis, 22
Cristellaria subarcuatula, 22
Polymorphina lactea, 22
Globigerina sp., 23
Rotalina, 23
Nonionina, 23
Polystomella, 23

Class _RADIOLARIA_--
Podocyrtis schomburghii, 23

Class _RHYNCO-FLAGELLATA_--
Noctiluca miliaris, 25

Sub-kingdom--=Parazoa (Spongiæ)=.

Class _CALCAREA_--
Grantia compressa, 34;
G. ciliata, 35

Class _SILICISPONGIA_--
Halichondria panicea, 31, 34;
H. incrustans, 34;
sanguinea, 34
Chalina oculata, 35

Sub-kingdom--=Cœlenterata=.

Class _HYDROZOA_--
Haliclystus octoradiatus, 44
Cyanea capillata, 50;
C. chrysaora, 55;
C. arctica, 62
Aurelia aurita, 53
Sarsia tubulosa, 57
Coryne pusilla, 42
Clava-turris multicornis, 42, 55
Plumularia cornucopiæ, 41, 43
Salacia abietina, 40
Thuiaria thuja, 41
Antennularia antennina, 44
Calycella fastigiata, 40;
C. syringa, 44
Sertularia pumila, 39;
S. fusca, 40;
S. tricuspidata, 40
Diphasia alata, 40;
D. pinnata, 40
Aglaophenia tubulifera, 40
Campanularia johnstoni, 41
Thaumantias sp., 55
Æquorea forbesiana, 59
Physalia pelagica, 56
Velella scaphoidea, 59

Class _ACTINOZOA_--
Actinia equina, 64
Sagartia rosea, 68;
S. pallida, 69;
S. nivea, 69;
S. venusta, 70;
S. miniata, 72
Cylista undata, 70;
C. viduata, 71
Anemonia sulcata, 74
Bunodes ballii, 77;
B. verrucosa, 76
Urticina felina, 78
Corynactis viridis, 79
Metridium senilis, 79
Cribrina effoeta, 80
Adamsia palliata, 80, 147
Pleurobrachia pileus, 59

Sub-kingdom--=Echinozoa=.

Class _ECHINOIDEA_--
Echinus esculentus, 100;
E. miliaris, 100
Strongylocentrus lividus, 102

Class _ASTEROIDEA_--
Uraster rubens, 86;
U. glacialis, 90
Cribella oculata, 90
Solaster papposa, 91
Asterina gibbosa, 92

Class _OPHIUROIDEA_--
Ophiocoma neglecta, 92;
O. granulata, 96;
O. brachiata, 97
Ophiothrix rosula, 96

Class _CRINOIDEA_--
Comatula rosacea, 98

Class _HOLOTHUROIDEA_--
Cucumaria pentactes, 105

Sub-kingdom--=Annullosa=: Division Scolecida.

Class _PLATYHELMINTHES_--
Planaria nigra, 123
Eurylepta vittata, 123
Astemma rufifrons, 123
Tetrastemma quadrioculatum, 124
Polystemma roseum, 124
Lineus marinus, 124

Division Anarthropoda.

Class _ANNELIDA_--
Serpula contortuplicata, 112;
S. triquetra, 113;
S. vermicularis, 113
Sabella alveolaria, 108, 112;
S. bombyx, 111;
S. tubularia, 112
Spirorbis communis, 114
Terebella figulus, 115;
T. littoralis, 115
Arenicola piscatorum, 114
Nereis pelagica, 114, 117
Cirratulus borealis, 115
Nephthys margaritacea, 117
Phyllodoce lamelligera, 117;
P. viridis, 118
Eunice sanguinea, 118
Polynoe squamata, 121;
P. cirrata, 121
Aphrodita aculeata, 121

Division Arthropoda.

Class _CRUSTACEA_--
Sub-class Cirripedia--
Lepas anatifera, 177
Scalpellum vulgare, 183
Balanus balanoides, 183;
B. porcatus, 184
Pyrgoma anglicum, 183

Sub-class Malacostraca--
Talitrus locusta, 173
Orchestia littorea, 173
Caprella linearis, 174
Corophium longicorne, 175
Ligia oceanica, 172
Idotea marina, 173
Campecopea hirsuta, 174
Næsa bidentata, 174
Mysis flexuosus, 169
Leander serratus, 160;
L. squilla, 165;
L. fabricii, 165
Pandalus montagui, 166
Hippolyte varians, 166
Crangon vulgaris, 167
Astacus gammarus, 152
Palinurus vulgaris, 152
Upogebia stellata, 171
Callianassa subterranea, 170
Galathea squamifera, 150;
G. nexa, 151;
G. dispersa, 151;
G. intermedia, 151;
G. strigosa, 151
Porcellana platycheles, 147;
P. longicornis, 149
Eupagurus bernhardus, 144;
E. prideaux, 144
Maia squinado, 152
Gonoplax rhomboides, 156
Corystes cassivelaunus, 155
Portunus puber, 140
Carcinus mænas, 139
Pilumnus hirtellus, 138
Xantho incisus, 137;
X. hydrophilus, 137
Cancer pagurus, 131

Sub-kingdom--=Mollusca=.

Class _GASTROPODA_--
Fissurella græca, 223
Emarginula reticulata, 223;
E. rosea, 223
Patella vulgata, 207
Patella pellucida, 211;
P. lævis, 211
Acmæa testudinalis, 211
Phasianella pullus, 221
Trochus cinereus, 221;
T. magus, 222;
T. zizyphinus, 221
Scalaria communis, 219
Janthina fragilis, 222
Cerithium reticulatum, 219
Turritella communis, 219
Natica monilifera, 216
Pileopsis (or Capulus) hungaricus, 223
Littorina littoralis, 220;
L. littorea, 220;
L. rudis, 220
Rissoa ulvæ, 219
Aporrhais pes-pelicani, 219
Cypræa europea, 215
Ovula patula, 216
Erato lævis, 216
Murex erinaceus, 214
Fusus antiquus, 214;
F. contrarius, 214
Buccinum undatum, 213
Nassa incrassata, 213
Purpura lapillus, 212
Aplysia depilans, 229
Doris johnstoni, 227;
D. tuberculata, 227
Eolis coronata, 227;
E. papillosa, 228

Class _SCAPHOPODA_--
Dentalium entalis, 224;
D. tarentinum, 224

Class _CEPHALOPODA_--
Sepia officinalis, 233
Loligo vulgaris, 235
Sepiola rondeletii, 235
Octopus vulgaris, 232

Class _LAMELLIBRANCHIA_--
Pectunculus glycimeris, 198
Isocardia cor, 190
Cardium aculeatum, 187;
C. edule, 189
Tapes aurea, 194;
T. decussata, 193;
T. pullastra, 194;
T. virginea, 194
Cytherea chione, 191
Venus fasciata, 190;
V. verrucosa, 190
Psammobia sp, 201
Tellina crassa, 201;
T. tenuis, 201
Donax anatinus, 201;
D. politus, 201
Mactra elliptica, 200;
M. stultorum, 199;
M. truncata, 200
Lutraria sp, 200
Saxicava rugosa, 202
Solen ensis, 202;
S. siliqua, 202
Pholas dactylus, 205
Mytilus edulis, 197
Modiola modiolus, 198
Anomia ephippium, 197
Pecten opercularis, 194;
P. tigrinus, 195;
P. varius, 196

Sub-kingdom--=Gephyræa=.

Class _SIPUNCULOIDEA_--
Sipunculus punctatissima, 106

Class _POLYZOA_--
Crisea eburnea, 47
Scrupocellaria reptans, 47
Bugula avicularia, 47
Flustra foliacea, 47
Membranipora pilosa, 47

Sub-kingdom--=Vertebrata=.

Class _TUNICATA_--
Clavelina lepadiformis, 241
Ascidia mentula, 236;
A. virginea, 237
Cynthia aggregata, 239;
C. quadrangularis, 241
Styela grossularia, 240
Botryllus violaceus, 244
Leptoclinum gelatinosum, 218, 243;
L. maculatum, 217
Polyclinum, 243
Aplidium, 243
Amaroecium, 243
Salpa maxima, 242

Class _PISCES_--
Syngnathus acus, 254;
S. lumbriciformis, 254
Conger vulgaris, 263
Liparis montagui, 273
Lepadogaster bimaculatus, 270;
L gouani, 273
Ammodytes tobianus, 276
Motella cimbria, 266;
M. mustela, 266;
M. vulgaris, 266
Rhombus punctatus, 275
Pleuronectes flesus, 275
Labrus maculatus, 261;
L. mixtus, 262
Crenilabrus melops, 258
Centronotus gunnellus, 264.
Gasterosteus spinachia, 269.
Cottus scorpio, 250
Trachinus draco, 269;
T. vipera, 269
Gobius minutus, 258;
G. niger, 257
Blennius galerita, 256;
B. gattorugine, 270;
B. ocellaris, 256;
B. pholis, 247

Class _AVES_--
Alca torda 285
Uria grylle, 285;
U. troile, 285
Colymbus glacialis, 286
Phalacrocorax carbo, 279;
P. graculus, 279
Sula bassana, 280
Sterna cantiaca, 283;
S. fluviatilis, 283;
S. minutus, 283
Larus sp. 283
Procellaria pelagica, 286
Fulmar us glacialis, 286
Puffinus anglorum. 287
Tringa canutus, 282;
T. striata, 282
Calidris arenaria, 282
Hæmatopus ostralegus, 281
Ardea cinerea, 281
Corvus corax, 279;
C. monedula, 279
Pyrrhocorax graculus, 278
Anthus obscurus, 277

VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Sub-kingdom--=Cryptogamia=--=Thallophyta=.

Class _FLORIDEÆ_--
Callithamnion, 297
Griffithsia corallina, 298
Ptilota, 298
Ceramium, 298
Corallina officinalis, 298
Melobesia, 298
Halymenia ligulata, 298
Chondrus crispus, 299
Gigartina mamillosa, 299
Rhodymenia jubata, 299;
R. palmata, 298
Chylocladia parvula, 300
Plocamium coccineum, 298
Delesseria alata, 300
Laurencia pinnatifida, 299
Ulva latissima, 295
Enteromorpha compressa, 301

Class _FUCACEÆ_--
Himanthalia lorea, 292
Halidrys siliquosa, 292
Fucus canaliculatus, 289;
F. nodosus, 290;
F. serratus, 291;
F. vesiculosus, 291
Cystoseira ericoides, 293

Class _PHÆOSPOREÆ_--
Alaria esculenta, 294
Laminaria bulbosa, 294;
L. digitata, 293;
L. saccharina, 294
Chorda filum, 295
Dictyosiphon fœniculaceus, 295
Asperococcus turneri, 296
Padina pavonia, 296

Class _MULTINUCLEATÆ_--
Bryopsis plumosa, 301

Vasculares. Class _FILICINEÆ_--
Asplenium marinum, 308

Sub-kingdom--=Phanerogramia=.

Class _DICOTYLEDONES_--
Glaucium luteum, 305
Cakile maritima, 307
Silene maritima, 306
Spergularia rubra, 303
Cotyledon umbilicus, 307
Sedum acre, 308;
S. anglicum, 308
Eryngium maritimum, 304
Fœniculum officinale 304
Crithmum maritimum, 304
Armeria vulgaris (maritima), 305;
A. plantaginea, 305
Statice limonium, 305
Glaux maritima, 303
Convolvulus soldanella, 307
Salsola kali, 306

Class _MONOCOTYLEDONES_--
Carex arenaria, 308
Ammophila arenaria, 308

INDEX.

(The _popular_ names are printed in _italics_.)

Acmæa alvea, 211

---- testudinalis, 211

_Acorn-shells_, 179

Actinia equina, 64, 65

Adamsia palliata, 80, 147

Ægirus punctilucens, 227

Æquorea forbesiana, 59

_Æsop Prawn_, 166

Aglaophenia tubulifera, 40

Alaria esculenta, 294

Alca torda, 285

Amæba, 21

Amaroecium, 243

Ammodytes tobianus, 276

Ammophila arenaria, 308

Amphipoda, 172

_Anemones, Sea_, 64

Anemonia sulcata, 64, 74

_Angular-Crab_, 156

Anomia ephippium, 197

Antennularia antennina, 44

Anthus obscurus, 277

Aphrodita aculeata, 121

Aplidium, 243

Aporrhais pes-pelicani, 219

Aplysia depilans, 229

_Aquarium hints_, 84

Ardea cinerea, 281

Arenicola piscatorum, 114

_Aristotle’s Lantern_, 101

Armeria maritima, 305

A. plantaginea, 305

Artemis exoleta, 192

Ascidia mentula, 236

A. virginea, 237

_Ash-leaf Seaweed_, 300

Asperococcus turneri, 296

Asplenium marinum, 308

Astemma rufifrons, 123

Asterina gibbosa, 92

Aurelia aurita, 54

_Badderlocks_, 294

Balanus balanoides, 183

---- porcatus, 184

_Banded Flat-worm_, 123

_Banded Venus_, 190

_Barnacle_, 177

---- _Necked_, 183

_Beadlet_, 64

_Beautiful Queen Shrimp_, 170

_Bennett Dr., on_ Physalia, 57

_Beröe_, 60

Bipinnaria asterigera, 90

_Bird’s-head Coralline_, 47

_Birds of the Shore_, 277

_Black Goby_, 257

_Black Planarian_, 123

_Black Tang_, 291

_Bladder wrack_, 291

_Blennies_, 247, 256

Blennius galerita, 256

---- gattorugine, 270

---- ocellaris, 256

Blennius pholis, 247

_Boring Sponge_, 35

Botryllus violaceus, 244

_Bristly Marl Shell_, 225

_Brittle-star_, 92

_Broad-claw_, 147

Bryopsis plumosa, 301

Buccinum undatum, 80, 213

Bunodes ballii, 77

---- verrucosa, 64, 76

_Butterfly Blenny_, 256

Cakile maritima, 307

Calidris arenaria, 282

Callianassa subterranea, 170

Callithamnion, 297

Calycella fastigiata, 40

---- syringa, 44

Calycles, 39

Campanularia, 41

Campecopea hirsuta, 174

Cancer pagurus, 131

Caprella linearis, 174

Carcinus mænas, 139

Cardium aculeatum, 187

---- edule, 189

Carex arenaria, 308

_Carpet Shells_, 193, 194

_Carrageen_, 299

_Cave-dweller_, 70

Centronotus gunnellus, 264

Cephalopoda, 231

Ceramium, 298

Cereus pedunculatus, 64, 71

Cerithium reticulatum, 219

_Chameleon Shrimp_, 169

_Channelled Wrack_, 289

Chemnitzia rufescens, 219

Chiton cinereus, 225

---- fascicularis, 225

---- lævis, 225

---- marmoreus, 225

Chondrus crispus, 299

Chorda filum, 295

_Chough_, 278

Chylocladia parvula, 300

Cirratulus borealis, 116

Cirripedes, 176

Clava multicornis, 42

Clavelina lepadiformis, 241

Cliona celata, 35

_Cloaklet Anemone_, 147, 180

_Cockles_, 186, 187

Colymbus glacialis, 286

Comatula rosacea, 98

_Comb-shell_, 198

_Commensalism_, 80

_Conelet_, 215

_Conger Eel_, 263

Conger vulgaris, 263

Convolvulus soldanella, 307

_Cook_, 262

Corallina officinalis, 298

_Coralline_, 298

_Corkwing Wrasse_, 258

_Cormorants_, 279

Corophium longicorne, 175

Corvus corax, 279

C. monedula, 279

Corynactis viridis, 65, 79, 175

Coryne pusilla, 42

Corystes cassivelaunus, 155

Cottus scorpio, 250

Cotyledon umbilicus, 307

_Cowry_, 215

_Crabs_, 130

Crangon vulgaris, 167

_Creeping Coralline_, 47

Crenilabrus melops, 258

Cribella oculata, 90

Cribrina effoeta, 80

Crisea eburnea, 47

Cristellaria, 22

Crithmum maritimum, 304

_Cross-cut Carpet-shell_, 193

_Cross-fish_, 86

_Crumb-of-bread Sponge_, 34

_Cuckoo Wrasse_, 262

Cucumaria pentactes, 105

_Cup Shrimp_, 166

_Curlew_, 280

_Currant-squirter_, 241

_Cuttles_, 231

_Cut Trough-shell_, 200

Cyanea arctica, 62

---- capillata, 50, 55

---- chrysaora, 55

Cylista undata, 70

---- viduata, 65, 72

Cynthia aggregata, 239

---- quadrangularis, 237, 241

Cypræa europea, 215

Cystoseira ericoides, 293

Cytherea chione, 191

_Dahlia Wartlet_, 78

_Daisy Anemone_, 71

_Darwin C., on Barnacles_, 180

Delesseria alata, 300

Dentalina, 23

Dentalium entalis, 224

---- tarentinum, 224

_Devil Crabs_, 136

Dictyosiphon fœniculaceus, 295

Difflugia, 22

Diphasia alata, 40

---- pinnata, 40

Donax anatinus, 201

---- politus, 201

Doris johnstoni, 227

---- tuberculata, 227

_Dotted Siphon-worm_, 106

Echinus esculentus, 102

---- miliaris, 102

_Elliptic Trough-shell_, 200

Emarginula reticulata, 223

---- rosea, 223

Enteromorpha compressa, 301

Entomostraca, 172

Entosolenia, 23

Eolis coronata, 227

---- papillosa, 228

_Equipment for Shore-hunting_, 15

Erato lævis, 216

Eryngium maritimum, 304

Eunice sanguinea, 118

Eupagurus bernhardus, 80, 144

Eupagurus prideaux, 80, 144

Eurylepta vittata, 123

_Eyed Cribella_, 90

_Father Lasher_, 250

_Feather-Star_, 98

_Fennel_, 304

_Fennel-leaved Netweed_, 295

_Fifteen-spined Stickleback_, 269

_Finger Pholas_, 202

Fissurella græca, 223

_Five-bearded Rockling_, 266

_Five-fingers_, 86

_Flounder_, 275

_Flowers of the Shore_, 303

Flustra foliacea, 46

Fœniculum officinale, 304

_Foliaceous Coralline_, 47

_Food for Anemones_, 83

Foraminifera, 21, 22

_Forbes E., on the Hairy Stinger_, 50

---- on _Brittle-star_, 96

_Four-bearded Rockling_, 266

_Fragile Tellen_, 201

Fratercula arctica, 285

Fucus canaliculatus, 289

---- nodosus, 290

---- serratus, 291

---- vesiculosus, 291

_Fulmar_, 286

Fulmarus glacialis, 286

Fusus antiquus, 80, 214

---- contrarius, 214

_Gabrick_, 152

Galathea dispersa, 152

---- nexa, 152

---- squamifera, 150

---- strigosa, 151

_Gannet_, 280

Gasterosteus spinachia, 269

_Gattorugine_, 270

_Gem Pimplet_, 64, 76

_Gibbous Starlet_, 92

Gigartina mamillosa, 299

Glaucium luteum, 305

Glaux maritima, 303

_Globe Beröe_, 59

_Globehorn_, 65, 79

Globigerina, 23

_Gobies_, 257, 258

Gobius minutus, 258

---- niger, 257

_Golden Carpet-shell_, 194

Gonoplax rhomboides, 156

_Gosse on Star-fish larvæ_, 97

Grantia ciliata, 35

---- compressa, 35

_Granulate Brittle-star_, 95

_Grass-Wrack_, 288

_Great Crab_, 132

_Great Northern Diver_, 286

_Green Crab_, 139

_Grey Heron_, 281

Griffithsia, 298

_Guillemots_, 285

_Gulls_, 283, 284

_Gunnel_, 264

Hæmatopus ostralegus, 281

_Hairy Porcelain Crab_, 147

_Hairy Stinger_, 50, 55

Halichondria incrustans, 34

---- panicea, 31

---- sanguinea, 34

Haliclystus octoradiatus, 44

Halidrys siliquosa, 292

Halymenia ligulata, 298

_Heart Cockle_, 190

_Herdman Prof. on_ Lamellaria, 217

_Hermit-crabs_, 142

_Heron_, 281

Himanthalia lorea, 292

Hippolyte varians, 166

_Horn-shell_, 219

_Horny Cobbler_, 250

_Horse-mussel_, 198

_Hungarian Cap_, 223

Hydra tuba, 52

_Hydroid zoophytes_, 38

Idotea marina, 173

Iridea edulis, 299

_Irish Moss_, 299

Isocardia cor, 190

Isopoda, 172

Jania, 298

Janthina, 222

_Jelly-fishes_, 49

_Keyhole Limpet_, 223

_Knot_, 282

_Knotted Wrack_, 290

Labrus maculatus, 261

---- mixtus, 262

Lamellaria perspicua, 217

Laminaria bulbosa, 294

---- digitata, 14, 293

---- saccharina, 294

_Laminarian Zone_, 14

_Lantern of Aristotle_, 101

Larus, 283

Laurencia pinnatifida, 299

_Leaf-worms_, 116

Leander fabricii, 165

---- serratus, 160

---- squilla, 165

Lepadogaster bimaculatus, 270

---- gouani, 273

Lepas anatifera, 177

Leptoclinum gelatinosum, 218, 243

---- maculatum, 217

_Lesser Launce_, 276

Lichina pygmæa, 173, 303

Ligia oceanica, 172

_Limpets_, 207, 211, 223

Lineus marinus, 124

Liparis montagui, 273

_Littoral Zone_, 14

Littorina littoralis, 220

---- littorea, 220

---- rudis, 220

Loligo vulgaris, 235

_Long-armed Brittle-star_, 97

_Long worm_, 124

_Lug-worm_, 114

Lutraria, 200

Mactra elliptica, 200

---- stultorum, 199

---- truncata, 200

Maia squinado, 152

_Mail-shells_, 225

Mangelia septangularis, 215

_Many-eyed Red-worm_, 124

_Manx Shearwater_, 287

_Margin-shell_, 216

_Marigold_, 54

_Marine polyzoa_, 45

_Marram-grass_, 308

_Masked-crab_, 155

Megalopa, 133

Melobesia, 298

Membranipora pilosa, 47

Metridium senilis, 65, 79

Microciona carnosa, 34

Modiola modiolus, 198

Mollusca, 185

_Montagu’s Blenny_, 256

Motella cimbria, 266

---- mustela, 266

---- vulgaris, 266

_Mother Carey’s Chicken_, 286

Murex erinaceus, 214

_Murlins_, 294

_Mussel_, 197

Mysis flexuosus, 169

Mytilus edulis, 197

Nacella (Patella) pellucida, 211

Næsa bidentata, 174

Nassa incrassata, 213

Natica monilifera, 217

_Necked Barnacle_, 183

_Necklace Natica_, 216

Nemertes borlasii, 124

Nephthys margaritacea, 117

Nereis pelagica, 114, 117

_Netted Dog-whelk_, 213

Noctiluca miliaris, 25

Nonionina, 23

_Northern Diver_, 286

Numenius arquata, 282

---- phæopus, 282

Octopus vulgaris, 232

_Opelet_, 74

Ophiocoma brachiata, 97

---- granulata, 96

---- neglecta, 92

Ophiothrix rosula, 96

_Opossum Shrimp_, 169

_Orange-disk Anemone_, 70

Orchestia littorea, 173

_Otter-shells_, 200

Ovula patula, 216

_Owen Sir Rich., on_ Medusa, 62

_Oyster Catcher_, 281

Padina pavonia, 296

_Pallid Anemone_, 69

Pandalus montagui, 166

_Parasite Anemone_, 80

Patella lævis, 211

---- pellucida, 211

---- vulgata, 207

_Peacock’s Tail_, 296

_Pearly Nereis_, 117

Pecten opercularis, 194

---- tigrinus, 195

---- varius, 196

Pectunculus glycimeris, 198

_Pelican’s-foot_, 219

Pentacrinus europæus, 99

_Pepper Dulse_, 219

_Perforated Limpet_, 223

_Periwinkles_, 220

_Petrel_, 286

Phalacrocorax carbo, 279

---- graculus, 279

Phasianella pullus, 221

Pholas dactylus, 205

_Pheasant-shell_, 221

Phyllodoce lamelligera, 117

---- viridis, 118

Physalia pelagica, 56

_Piddock_, 205

Pileopsis hungaricus, 223

Pilumnus hirtellus, 138

_Pipe-fishes_, 254

Planarians, 122

Planaria nigra, 123

Planula, 55

Pleurobrachia pileus, 59

Pleuronectes flesus, 275

Plocamium coccineum, 298

_Plumelet_, 64, 79

Plumularia cornucopiæ, 43

Plumulariæ, 41

_Poached Egg-shell_, 216

_Pod-weed_, 292

Polycistina, 23

Polyclinum, 243

Polymorphina, 22

Polynoe cirrata, 121

---- squamata, 121

Polypite, 53

Polystemma roseum, 124

Polystomella, 23

Polyzoa, 45

Porcellana longicornis, 149

---- platycheles, 147

_Portuguese Man o’ war_, 56

Portunus puber, 140

_Prawn_, 160

---- _Æsop_, 166

---- _Varying_, 166

Procellaria pelagica, 286

Psammobia, 201

Ptilota, 298

_Puffin_, 285

Puffinus anglorum, 287

_Pullet Carpet-shell_, 194

Puncturella noachina, 223

_Purple_, 212

_Purple-tipped Urchin_, 100

_Purple Urchin_, 102

Purpura lapillus, 212

Pyrgoma anglicum, 183

Pyrrhocorax graculus, 278

_Quatrefages M., on_ Eunice, 218

_Quin_, 194

_Rainbow Bladder-weed_, 293

_Rainbow Leaf-worm_, 117

_Rastegna_, 75

_Rayed Artemis_, 192

_Rayed Trough-shell_, 199

_Razorbill_, 285

_Razor-shells_, 186, 202

_Red-faced Blind-worm_, 123

_Red-nosed Borer_, 202

_Redshank_, 282

_Red-shrimp_, 166

_Red-specked Pimplet_, 77

_Red Whelk_, 214

Rhodymenia jubata, 299

---- palmata, 298

Rhombus punctatus, 275

Rissoa ulvæ, 219

_Rock Goby_, 258

_Rock Pipit_, 277

_Rosy Anemone_, 65, 68

Rotalina, 23

_Ruddy Pyramid-shell_, 219

Sabella alveolaria, 108

---- bombyx, 111

---- tubularia, 112

_Saddle-oyster_, 197

Sagartia miniata, 72

---- nivea, 69

---- pallida, 69

---- rosea, 65, 68

---- venusta, 70

Salacia abietina, 40

_Sallee-man_, 59

Salpa maxima, 242

_Saltwort_, 306

_Samphire_, 304

_Sanderling_, 282

_Sandpiper_, 282

_Sand Mason_, 115

_Sand-worm_, 114

_Sandwich Tern_, 283

_Sandwort Spurrey_, 303

_Sanguine Eunice_, 118

Sarsia tubulosa, 57

_Saw-edged Wrack_, 291

Saxicava rugosa, 202

Scalaria, 219

_Scallops_, 194

Scalpellum vulgare, 183

_Scarlet-fringed Anemone_, 72

_Scarlet Serpula_, 112

Scrupocellaria reptans, 47

_Sea: extent and importance_, 11

---- _Adder_, 254

---- _Anemones_, 64

---- _Campion_, 306

---- _Convolvulus_, 307

---- _Cucumber_, 102

---- _Furbelows_, 294

---- _Gooseberry_, 59

---- _Hare_, 230

---- _Holly_, 304

---- _Jellies_, 49

---- _Lace_, 295

---- _Lavender_, 305

---- _Lemon_, 227

---- _Lettuce_, 295

---- _Mat_, 46

---- _Milkwort_, 303

---- _Mouse_, 121

---- _Nettles_, 50

---- _Night-light_, 25

---- _Oak Coralline_, 39

---- _Pink_, 305

---- _Rocket_, 307

---- _Sedge_, 308

---- _Slater_, 172

---- _Slugs_, 226

---- _Spleenwort_, 308

---- _Squirts_, 236

---- _Stars_, 86

---- _Swallows_, 283

---- _Thongs_, 292

---- _Urchins_, 86, 100

---- _Weeds_, 288

---- _Worms_, 107

Sedum acre, 308

---- anglicum, 308

Sepia officinalis, 233

Sepiola rondeletii, 235

Serpula contortuplicata, 112

Serpula triquetra, 113

---- vermicularis, 113

Sertularia pumila, 39

---- fusca, 40

_Shag_, 279

_Shanny_, 247

_Shell-binder_, 115

_Ship-barnacle_, 177

_Shore Crab_, 139

_Shore Fishes_, 246

_Shore-hunting_, 16

_Shore-zones_, 14

Silene maritima, 306

_Silkworm Sabella_, 112

Sipunculus punctatissima, 106

_Skeleton-shrimp_, 174

_Slit Limpet_, 223

_Smooth Artemis_, 192

_Smooth Limpet_, 211

_Smooth Venus_, 191

_Snake-locked Anemone_, 65

_Snowy Anemone_, 69

_Solan Goose_, 280

Solaster papposa, 91

Solen ensis, 202

---- siliqua, 202

Spergularia rubra, 303

_Spiny Cockle_, 187

_Spire-shells_, 219

Spirorbis communis, 113

_Sponges_, 28

_Squat-lobsters_, 150

_Squid_, 235

_Star-fish_, 86

_Starlet_, 92

Statice limonium, 305

_Stebbing T. R., on Limbs of Crabs_, 132

Sterna cantiaca, 283

---- fluviatilis, 283

---- minuta, 283

_Stickleback, Fifteen-spined_, 269

_Sting-fish_, 250

_Sting-winkle_, 214

Strongylocentrus lividus, 102

Styela grossularia, 240

_Sugar Tangle_, 294

Sula bassana, 280

_Sunset-shells_, 201

_Sun Star_, 91

Syngnathus acus, 254

---- lumbriciformis, 254

Talitrus locusta, 173

_Tangle_, 293

Tapes aurea, 194

---- decussata, 193

---- pullastra, 194

---- virginea, 194

_Tellen-shells_, 201

Tellina crassa, 201

---- tenuis, 201

Terebella figulus, 115

---- littoralis, 115

_Terns_, 283

Tetrastemma quadrioculatum, 124

Textularia variabilis, 22

Thaumantias, 55

_Thomson, Sir Wyville, on_ Comatula, 99

_Thrift_, 305

Thuiaria thuja, 41

_Tides_, 14

_Tompot_, 270

_Tooth-shells_, 224

_Topknot_, 275

_Top-shells_, 221

_Torbay Bonnet_, 223

_Tortoise-shell Limpet_, 211

Totanus calidris, 282

Trachinus draco, 269

---- vipera, 269

Tringa canutus, 282

---- striata, 282

Trochus cinereus, 221

---- magus, 222

---- zizyphinus, 221

_Trough-shells_, 199

_Trumpet Sabella_, 112

_Tube-mouthed Sarsia_, 57

Tunicata, 236

Turbellaria, 122

Turris digitalis, 55

Turritella communis, 219

_Turret-shells_, 219

_Tusk-shells_, 224

Ulva latissima, 295

Upogebia stellata, 171

Uraster glacialis, 86

---- rubens, 86

Uria grylle, 285

----troile, 285

Urticina felina, 78

_Varying Prawn_, 166

Velella scaphoidea, 59

_Velvet Fiddler-crab_, 140

Venus fasciata, 190

---- verrucosa, 191

_Violet-shell_, 222

_Virgin’s Carpet-shell_, 193

_Wall Pennywort_, 307

_Wall Pepper_, 308

_Warted Venus_, 190

_Wedge-shells_, 201

_Weevers_, 269

_Wentletrap_, 219

_Whelks_, 214

_Whimbrel_, 282

_White Stonecrop_, 308

_Wilfry_, 114

_Winged Delesseria_, 300

_Wood J. G., on Hairy Stinger_, 51

_Worm Pipe-fish_, 254

Wormskioldia sanguinea, 300

_Wrasse_, 258

Xanthellæ, 24

Xantho hydrophilus, 137

---- incisus, 137

_Yellow Horned Poppy_, 305

“_Zebedees_”, 136

Zoaria, 45

Zoea taurus, 133

Zoophytes, 37

Zostera marina, 288

Transcriber’s Notes.

Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=. Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.

Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently. Inconsistent use of italics in the Index likewise.

Inconsistent/spelling hyphenation has been normalised.

The author’s use of the form “amæba” and its variants has been retained. Likewise both “mollusc” and “mollusk”.

Two references to Ianthina on page 222 have been corrected to Janthina, and the index amended accordingly. Neither of the two indexes has otherwise been checked for correct alphabetization or page references.

Footnotes are placed immediately after the paragraph in which they are referenced.

Some illustrations have been moved between paragraphs or to a more relevant position in the text.