Chapter II

It is because 'Astarte' is a pretentious and plausible record of fallacies that the present writer feels bound to take note of its arguments.

In order to avoid circumlocution and tedious excursions over debatable ground, we will assume that the reader is tolerably well acquainted with literature relating to the separation of Lord and Lady Byron.

It would certainly have been better if the details of Byron's quarrel with his wife had been ignored. Prior to the publication of Mrs. Beecher Stowe's articles, in 1869, the greatest tenderness had been shown towards Lady Byron by all writers upon Byron's career and poetry, and by all those who alluded to his unhappy marriage. Everyone respected Lady Byron's excellent qualities, and no one accused her of any breach of faith in her conduct towards either her husband or his sister. Lady Byron was generally regarded as a virtuous and high-minded woman, with a hard and cold disposition, but nothing worse was said or thought of her, and the world really sympathized with her sorrows.

But when her self-imposed silence was broken by Mrs. Beecher Stowe, and Byron stood publicly accused on Lady Byron's authority of an odious crime which she had never attempted to prove during the poet's lifetime, there arose a revulsion of feeling against her memory. It was generally felt, after the suffering and the patience of a lifetime, that Lady Byron might well have evinced a deeper Christian spirit at its close.

As time went on, the memory of this untoward incident gradually faded away, and the present generation thought little of the rights or wrongs of a controversy which had moved their forefathers so deeply. The dead, so to speak, had buried their dead, and all would soon have been forgotten. Unfortunately, the late Lord Lovelace, a grandson of Lady Byron, goaded by perusal of the attacks made upon Lady Byron's memory, after Mrs. Beecher Stowe's revelations in 1869, was induced in 1905 to circulate among 'those who, for special reasons, ought to have the means of acquainting themselves with the true position of Lord and Lady Byron,' a work entitled 'Astarte,' which is mainly a compilation of letters and data, skilfully selected for the purpose of defaming his grandfather.

After informing the reader that 'the public of this age would do well to pay no attention to voluminous complications and caricatures of Lord Byron,' Lord Lovelace gaily proceeds, on the flimsiest of evidence, to blast, not only Byron's name, but also the reputation of the poet's half-sister, Augusta Leigh.

After telling the world that Byron 'after his death was less honoured than an outcast,' Lord Lovelace endeavours to justify the public neglect to honour the remains of a great national poet by accusing Byron of incest. Lord Lovelace's claim to have been the sole depositary of so damning a secret is really comical, because, as a matter of fact, he never knew the truth at all. He thought that he had only, like Pandora, to open his box for all the evil to fly out, forgetting that Truth has an awkward habit of lying at the bottom. He seems, however, to have had some inkling of this, for he is careful to remind us that 'Truth comes in the last, and very late, limping along on the arm of Time.'

In support of a theory which is supposed to be revealed by his papers, Lord Lovelace declares that a solution of Byron's mystery may be found in his poems, and he fixes on 'Manfred' for the key. The haunting remorse of Manfred is once more trotted out to prove that Byron committed incest. There is nothing new in this 'nightmare of folly,' for Byron himself was well aware of the interpretation placed upon that poem by his contemporaries.

Manfred is certainly the revelation of deep remorse, but the crime for which he suffers had no connection with Augusta Leigh. Lord Lovelace says that 'the germ of this nightmare in blank verse _was in the actual letters of the living Astarte_.' The statement may be true; but he was certainly not in a position to prove it, for he knew not, to the last hour of his life, who the living Astarte was.

It is a sad story that should never have been told, and the present writer regrets that circumstances should have compelled him to save the reputation of one good woman by revealing matters affecting the misfortunes of another. But the blame must lie with those inconsiderate, ignorant, and prejudiced persons who, in an attempt to justify Lady Byron's conduct, cruelly assailed the memory of one who

'When fortune changed--and love fled far,
And hatred's shafts flew thick and fast,'

was the solitary star which rose, and set not to the last.

On January 2, 1815, Lord and Lady Byron were married at Seaham. The little that is known of their married life may be found in letters and memoranda of people who were in actual correspondence with them, and the details which we now give from various sources are necessary to a better understanding of the causes which led to a separation between husband and wife in January, 1816.

According to a statement made by Lady Byron to her friend Lady Anne Barnard, shortly after a rumour of the separation spread in London, there never was any real love on either side. The following passages are taken from some private family memoirs written by Lady Anne herself:

'I heard of Lady Byron's distress, and entreated her to come and let
me see and hear her, if she conceived my sympathy or counsel could be
any comfort to her. She came, but what a tale was unfolded by this
interesting young creature, who had so fondly hoped to have made
[Byron] happy! They had not been an hour in the carriage ... when
Byron, breaking into a malignant sneer, said: "Oh, what a dupe you
have been to your imagination! How is it possible a woman of your
sense could form the wild hope of reforming _me_? Many are the tears
you will have to shed ere that plan is accomplished. It is enough for
me that you are my wife for me to hate you; if you were the wife of
any other man, I own you might have charms," etc.

'I listened in astonishment,' writes Lady Anne. '"How could you go on
after this, my dear!" said I. "Why did you not return to your
father's?"

'"Because I had not a conception he was in earnest; because I reckoned
it a bad jest, and told him so--that my opinion of him was very
different from his of himself, otherwise he would not find me by his
side. He laughed it over when he saw me appear hurt, and I forgot what
had passed till forced to remember it. I believe he was pleased with
me, too, for a little while. I suppose it had escaped his memory that
I was his wife."

'But,' says Lady Anne, 'she described the happiness they enjoyed to
have been unequal and perturbed. Her situation in a short time might
have entitled her to some tenderness, but she made no claim on him for
any. He sometimes reproached her for the motives that had induced her
to marry him--"all was vanity, the vanity of Miss Milbanke carrying
the point of reforming Lord Byron! He always knew _her_ inducements;
her pride shut her eyes to _his_; _he_ wished to build up his
character and his fortunes; both were somewhat deranged; she had a
high name, and would have a fortune worth his attention--let her look
to that for _his_ motives!"

'"Oh, Byron, Byron," she said, "how you desolate me!" He would then
accuse himself of being mad, and throw himself on the ground in a
frenzy, which Lady Byron believed was affected to conceal the coldness
and malignity of his heart--an affectation which at that time never
failed to meet with the tenderest commiseration.... Lady Byron saw the
precipice on which she stood, and kept his sister with her as much as
possible. He returned in the evenings from the haunts of vice, where
he made her understand he had been, with manners so profligate.

'"Oh, wretch!" said I. "And had he no moments of remorse?" "Sometimes
he appeared to have them," replied Lady Byron. "One night, coming home
from one of his lawless parties, he saw me so indignantly collected,
bearing all with such determined calmness, that a rush of remorse
seemed to come over him; he called himself a monster, though his
sister was present, and threw himself in agony at my feet. He said
that I could not--no, I could not forgive him such injuries. He was
sure that he had lost me for ever! Astonished at the return of virtue,
my tears, I believe, flowed over his face, and I said: 'Byron, all is
forgotten; never, never shall you hear of it more!' He started up,
and, folding his arms while he looked at me, burst into laughter.
'What do you mean?' said I. 'Only a philosophical experiment, that's
all,' said he. 'I wished to ascertain the value of your
resolutions.'"

'I need not say more of this prince of duplicity,' continues Lady Anne
Barnard, 'except that varied were his methods of rendering her
wretched, even to the last.'

There is enough evidence in the above statement to show that a separation between Lord and Lady Byron was inevitable. Byron's temper, always capricious, became ungovernable under the vexatious exigencies of his financial affairs. Several executions had taken place in their house during the year, and it is said that even the beds upon which they slept were in the possession of the bailiffs.

It has been shown by those who knew Byron well that he was never suited to the married state. His temperament was an obstacle to happiness in marriage. He lacked the power of self-command, and the irritation produced by the shattered state of his fortune drove him at times to explosions, which were very like madness. We have an example of this in his conduct one night in Ithaca, when his companions were afraid to enter his room. Lady Byron could not meet these explosions in any effectual manner. The more fiercely he vented his exasperation, the colder she became. Lady Byron, like her husband, was a spoilt child who set her own self-will against his. If she had possessed more tact and deeper affections, she might possibly have managed him. We frankly admit that Byron's conduct during this period was not calculated to win the love and respect of any woman. During his mad moods he did his utmost to blacken his own character, and it is not surprising that Lady Byron, who had heard much of his conduct before marriage, implicitly believed him. His so-called 'mystifications' were all taken seriously. She was, moreover, of a jealous nature, and Byron delighted to torment her by suggestions of immorality which had no foundation in fact. In such a character as Lady Byron's, a hint was enough to awaken the darkest suspicions, and when an impression had been stamped on her mind it was impossible to remove it. Byron, of course, fanned the flame, for he was bored to death in the bonds of wedlock, and we are inclined to believe that he did many outrageous things in order to drive his wife on the road to a separation. When the moment came he was sorry, but he certainly brought matters designedly to a crisis. His sister Augusta was much in favour of his marriage, and had strong hopes that happiness was in store for them, as the following letter will show:

'SIX MILE BOTTOM,
'_February 15, 1815_.

'MY DEAR MR. HODGSON,

'You could not have gratified me more than by giving me an opportunity
of writing on my favourite subject to one so truly worthy of it as you
are; indeed, I have repeatedly wished of late that I could communicate
with you. Most thankful do I feel that I have so much to say that will
delight you. I have every reason to think that my beloved B. is very
happy and comfortable. I hear constantly from him and _his Rib_. They
are now at Seaham, and not inclined to return to Halnaby, _because_
all the world were preparing to visit them there, and at Seaham they
are free from this torment, no trifling one in B.'s estimation, as you
know. From my own observations on their epistles, and knowledge of
B.'s disposition and ways, I really hope _most_ confidently that all
will turn out very happily. It appears to me that Lady Byron _sets
about_ making him happy quite in the right way. It is true I judge at
a distance, and we generally _hope_ as we _wish_; but I assure you I
don't conclude hastily on this subject, and will own to you, what I
would not scarcely to any other person, that I had _many fears_ and
much anxiety _founded upon many causes and circumstances_ of which I
cannot _write_. Thank God! that they do not appear likely to be
realized. In short, there seems to me to be but one drawback to _all
our_ felicity, and that, alas! is the disposal of dear Newstead, which
I am afraid is irrevocably decreed. I received the fatal communication
from Lady Byron ten days ago, and will own to you that it was not only
grief, but disappointment; for I flattered myself such a sacrifice
would not be made. From my representations she had said and urged all
she could in favour of keeping it. Mr. Hobhouse the same, and I
_believe_ that he was deputed to make inquiries and researches, and I
knew that he wrote to B. suggesting the propriety and expediency of at
least _delaying_ the sale. This most excellent advice created so much
disturbance in Byron's mind that Lady B. wrote me word, "He had such a
fit of vexation he could not appear at dinner, or leave his room...."
B.'s spirits had improved at the prospect of a release from the
embarrassments which interfered so much with his comfort, and I
suppose I _ought_ to be satisfied with this.... May the future bring
peace and comfort to my dearest B.! that is always one of my first
wishes; and I am convinced it is my duty to _endeavour_ to be resigned
to the loss of this dear Abbey from our family, as well as all other
griefs which are sent by Him who knows what is good for us.... I do
not know what are B.'s plans. Lady Byron says nothing can be decided
upon till their affairs are in some degree arranged. They have been
anxious to procure a temporary habitation in my neighbourhood, which
would be convenient to him and delightful to me, if his presence is
required in Town upon this sad Newstead business. But I am sorry to
say I cannot hear of any likely to suit them; and our house is so
_very_ small, I could scarcely contrive to take them in. Lady B. is
extremely kind to me, for which I am most grateful, and to my dearest
B., for I am well aware how much I am indebted to his partiality and
affection for her good opinion. I will not give up the hope of seeing
them on their way to Town, whenever they do go, as for a few nights
they would, perhaps, tolerate the innumerable inconveniences attending
the best arrangements I could make for them.... My babes are all quite
well; Medora more beautiful than ever.... Lady B. writes me word she
never saw her father and mother so happy: that she believes the latter
would go to the bottom of the sea herself to find fish for B.'s
dinner, and that Byron owns at last that he is very happy and
comfortable at Seaham, though he had _predetermined_ to be very
miserable. In some of her letters she mentions his health not being
very good, though he seldom complains, but says that his spirits have
been improved by some daily walks she had prevailed on him to take;
and attributes much of his languor in the morning and _feverish feels_
at night to his _long fasts_, succeeded by _too_ hearty meals for any
weak and empty stomach to bear at one time, waking by night and
sleeping by day. I flatter myself her influence will prevail over
these bad habits.'

On March 18, 1815, Augusta Leigh again writes to Byron's friend, the Rev. Francis Hodgson, from Six Mile Bottom:

'B. and Lady Byron arrived here last Sunday on their way from the
North to London, where they have taken a very good house of the Duke
of Devonshire in Piccadilly. I hope they will stay some days longer
with me, and I shall regret their departure, whenever it takes place,
as much as I now delight in their society. Byron is looking remarkably
well, and of Lady B. I scarcely know how to write, for I have a sad
trick of being struck dumb when I am most happy and pleased. The
expectations I had formed could not be _exceeded_, but at least they
are fully answered.

'I think I never saw or heard or read of a more perfect being in
mortal mould than she appears to be, and scarcely dared flatter myself
such a one would fall to the lot of my dear B. He seems quite sensible
of her value, and as happy as the present alarming state of _public_
and the tormenting uncertainties of his own private affairs will admit
of. Colonel Leigh is in the North.'

On March 31, 1815, Mrs. Leigh again writes to Hodgson:

'Byron and Lady B. left me on Tuesday for London. B. will probably
write to you immediately. He talked of it while here after I received
your last letter, which was the cause of _my_ being silent.... I am
sorry to say his nerves and spirits are very far from what I wish
them, but don't speak of this to him on any account.

'I think the uncomfortable state of his affairs is the cause; at
least, I can discern no other. He has every outward blessing this
world can bestow. I trust that the Almighty will be graciously pleased
to grant him those _inward_ feelings of peace and calm which are now
unfortunately wanting. This is a subject which I cannot dwell upon,
but in which I feel and have felt all you express. I think Lady Byron
very judiciously abstains from pressing the consideration of it upon
him at the present moment. In short, the more I see of her the more I
love and esteem her, and feel how grateful I am, and ought to be, for
the blessing of such a wife for my dear, darling Byron.'

Augusta's next letter is written from 13, Piccadilly Terrace, on April 29, 1815, about three weeks after her arrival there on a visit to the Byrons. It also is addressed to Hodgson, and conveys the following message from Byron:

'I am desired to add: Lady B. is ----, and that Lord Wentworth has
left all to her mother, and then to Lady Byron and children; but Byron
is, _he says_, "a very miserable dog for all that."'

At the end of June, 1815, Augusta Leigh ended her visit, and returned to Six Mile Bottom. There seems to have been some unpleasantness between Augusta and Lady Byron during those ten weeks.

Two months later, on September 4, 1815, Augusta Leigh writes again to Hodgson:

'Your letter reached me at a time of much hurry and confusion, which
has been succeeded by many events of an afflicting nature, and
compelled me often to neglect those to whom I feel most pleasure in
writing.... My brother has just left me, having been here since last
Wednesday, when he arrived very unexpectedly. I never saw him _so_
well, and he is in the best spirits, and desired me to add his
congratulations to mine upon your marriage.'

On November 15, 1815, Augusta Leigh arrived at 13, Piccadilly Terrace, on a long visit.

It cannot have been a pleasant experience for Augusta Leigh, this wretched period which culminated in a dire catastrophe for all concerned. Lord Lovelace tells us that, when Mrs. Leigh came to stay with them in November, Byron 'seemed much alienated from his sister, and was entirely occupied with women at the theatre.' And yet

'_the impressions of Mrs. Leigh's guilt had been forced into Lady
Byron's mind chiefly by incidents and conversations which occurred
while they were all under one roof._'

What may have given rise to these suspicions is not recorded--probably Byron's mystifications, which were all taken seriously. But there is no attempt to deny the fact that, during this painful time, Lady Byron owed deep gratitude to Mrs. Leigh, who had faithfully striven to protect her when ill and in need of sympathy. It was during this period that Lady Byron wrote the following cryptic note to Byron's sister:

'You will think me very foolish, but I have tried two or three times,
and cannot _talk_ to you of your departure with a decent visage; so
let me say one word in this way to spare my philosophy. With the
expectations which I have, I never will nor can ask you to stay one
moment longer than you are inclined to do. It would be the worst
return for all I ever received from you. But, in this at least, I _am_
"truth itself" when I say that, whatever the situation may be, there
is no one whose society is dearer to me, or can contribute more to my
happiness. These feelings will not change under any circumstances, and
I should be grieved it you did not understand them.

'Should you hereafter condemn me, I shall not love you less. I will
say no more. Judge for yourself about going or staying. I wish you to
consider _yourself_, if you could be wise enough to do that for the
first time in your life.'

On December 10, 1815, Lady Byron gave birth to a daughter. Lord Lovelace says:

'About three weeks after Lady Byron's confinement, the aversion Byron
had already at times displayed towards her struck everyone in the
house as more formidable than ever. Augusta, George Byron, and Mrs.
Clermont, were then all staying in the house, and were very uneasy at
his unaccountable manner and talk. He assumed a more threatening
aspect towards Lady Byron. There were paroxysms of frenzy, but a still
stronger impression was created by the frequent hints he gave of some
suppressed and bitter determination. He often spoke of his conduct and
intentions about women of the theatre, particularly on January 3,
1816, when he came to Lady Byron's room and talked on that subject
with considerable violence. After that he did not go any more to see
her or the child, but three days later sent her the following note:

'"_January 6, 1816._

'"When you are disposed to leave London, it would be convenient that a
day should be fixed--and (if possible) not a very remote one for that
purpose. Of my opinion upon that subject you are sufficiently in
possession, and of the circumstances which have led to it, as also to
my plans--or, rather, intentions--for the future. When in the country
I will write to you more fully--as Lady Noel has asked you to Kirkby;
there you can be for the present, unless you prefer Seaham.

'"As the dismissal of the present establishment is of importance to
me, the sooner you can fix on the day the better--though, of course,
your convenience and inclination shall be first consulted.

'"The child will, of course, accompany you: there is a more easy and
safer carriage than the chariot (unless you prefer it) which I
mentioned before--on that you can do as you please."'

The next day Lady Byron replied in writing as follows: 'I shall obey your wishes, and fix the earliest day that circumstances will admit for leaving London.'

Consequently she quitted London on January 15, 1816. Soon after Lady Byron's arrival at Kirkby, her mother drew from her some of the circumstances of her misery. Lady Byron then told her mother that she believed her life would be endangered by a return to her husband. She expressed an opinion that Byron was out of his mind, although he seemed competent to transact matters connected with his business affairs. Lady Noel, naturally, took her daughter's part entirely, and went to London to seek legal advice. During her stay in London, Lady Noel saw Augusta Leigh and George Byron, who agreed with her that every endeavour should be made to induce Byron to agree to a separation. She also consulted Sir Samuel Romilly, Sergeant Heywood, Dr. Lushington, and Colonel Francis Doyle, an old friend of the Milbanke family. They all agreed that a separation was necessary. It was perhaps a very natural view to take of a marriage which had run its short course so tempestuously, but there were no grounds other than incompatibility of temperament upon which to base that conclusion.

'Nothing had been said at this time,' says Lord Lovelace, 'by Lady
Byron of her suspicions about Augusta, except, apparently, a few
incoherent words to Lady Noel, when telling her that Lord Byron had
threatened to take the child away from her and commit it to Augusta's
charge.'

Byron, says Lord Lovelace,[61] 'was very changeable at this time, sometimes speaking kindly of his wife--though never appearing to wish her to return--and the next hour he would say that the sooner Lady Byron's friends arranged a separation, the better.'

This statement is a fair example of the manner in which Lord Lovelace handles his facts and documents. Mr. Hobhouse, who was in a position to know the truth, has recently shown that Byron was very anxious for his wife's return, was indeed prepared to make great sacrifices to attain that object, and resolutely opposed the wishes of those persons who tried to arrange a legal separation. It was not until Lady Byron herself reminded him of a promise which he had once made to her that, 'when convinced her conduct had not been influenced by others, he should not oppose her wishes,' that he consented to sign the deed of separation. He had done enough to show that he was not afraid of any exposure which might have affected his honour, and was willing, if necessary, to go into a court of law, but he could not resist the petition of his wife.[62] It is also extremely improbable that Byron should, 'towards the end of January, have spoken of proposing a separation himself,' in view of the letters which he wrote to his wife on February 5, and February 8 following.[63]

On February 2 Sir Ralph Noel, under legal advice, wrote a stiff letter requiring a separation. Byron at that time positively refused to accept these terms. The whole affair then became publicly known. Every kind of report was spread about him, and especially the scandal about Augusta was noised abroad by Lady Caroline Lamb and Mr. Brougham. There can be no doubt whatever that Byron heard of this report, and paid very little attention to it. He found out then, or soon afterwards, how the scandal arose.

Lady Byron's relations were bent on arranging an amicable separation. Should Byron persist in his refusal, it was intended to institute a suit in the Ecclesiastical Court to obtain a divorce on the plea of adultery and cruelty. There is reason to believe that a charge of adultery could _not_ have been substantiated at that time.

Meanwhile, Lady Byron, who had lately acquired some documents, which were unknown to her when she left her husband on January 15,[64] came to London on February 22, and had a long private conversation with Dr. Lushington. She then showed him two packets of letters which Mrs. Clermont had abstracted from Byron's writing-desk. Lady Byron received those letters some time between February 14 and 22, 1816. One packet contained missives from a married lady, with whom Byron had been intimate previous to his marriage. It appears that Lady Byron--whose notions of the ordinary code of honour were peculiar--sent those letters to that lady's husband, who, like a sensible man, threw them into the fire. Of the other packet we cannot speak so positively. It probably comprised letters from Augusta Leigh, referring to the child Medora.[65] Such expressions as 'our child' or 'your child' would have fallen quite naturally from her pen under the circumstances. It is easy to imagine the effect of some such words upon the suspicious mind of Lady Byron. By Mrs. Clermont's masterful stroke of treachery, strong presumptive evidence was thus brought against Augusta Leigh. The letters undoubtedly convinced Dr. Lushington that incest had taken place, and he warned Lady Byron against any personal intercourse with Mrs. Leigh. He at the same time advised her to keep her lips closed until Augusta had of her own free will confessed; and pointed out to Lady Byron that, 'while proofs and impressions were such as left no doubt on _her_ mind, _they were decidedly not such as could have been brought forward to establish a charge of incest, in the event of Lady Byron being challenged to bring forward the grounds of her imputation_.'[66]

From that moment all Lady Byron's wiles were employed to extract a confession from Augusta Leigh, which would have gone far to justify Lady Byron's conduct in leaving her husband. Soon after this momentous interview with Dr. Lushington, an ugly rumour was spread about town affecting Mrs. Leigh's character.

Lord Lovelace says:

'When Augusta's friends vehemently and indignantly resented such a
calumny, they were met with the argument that _Lady Byron's refusal to
assign a reason for her separation confirmed the report_, and that no
one but Augusta could deny it with any effect.'

This, by the nature of her agreement with Byron, was impossible, and Mrs. Clermont's treachery held her in a vice.

During January and February, 1816, Lady Byron, who strongly suspected Mrs. Leigh's conduct to have been disloyal to herself, wrote the most affectionate letters to that lady.

'KIRKBY MALLORY.

'MY DEAREST A.,

'It is my great comfort that you are in Piccadilly.'

'KIRKBY MALLORY,
'_January 23, 1816_.

'DEAREST A.,

'I know you feel for me as I do for you, and perhaps I am better
understood than I think. You have been, ever since I knew you, my best
comforter, and will so remain, unless you grow tired of the office,
which may well be.'

'_January 25, 1816._

'MY DEAREST AUGUSTA,

'Shall I still be your sister? I must resign my rights to be so
considered; but I don't think that will make any difference in the
kindness I have so uniformly experienced from you.'

'KIRKBY MALLORY,
'_February 3, 1816_.

'MY DEAREST AUGUSTA,

'You are desired by your brother to ask if my father has acted with my
concurrence in proposing a separation. He has. It cannot be supposed
that, in my present distressing situation, I am capable of stating, in
a detailed manner, the reasons which will not only justify this
measure, but compel me to take it; and it never can be my wish to
remember unnecessarily those injuries for which, however deep, I feel
no resentment. I will now only recall to Lord Byron's mind his avowed
and insurmountable aversion to the married state, and the desire and
determination he has expressed ever since its commencement to free
himself from that bondage, as finding it quite insupportable, though
candidly acknowledging that no effort of duty or affection has been
wanting on my part. He has too painfully convinced me that all these
attempts to contribute towards his happiness were wholly useless, and
most unwelcome to him. I enclose this letter to my father, wishing it
to receive his sanction.

'Ever yours most affectionately,
'A. I. BYRON.'

'_February 4, 1816._

'I hope, my dear A., that you would on no account withhold from your
brother the letter which I sent yesterday, in answer to yours written
by his desire; particularly as one which I have received from himself
to-day renders it still more important that he should know the
contents of that addressed to you. I am, in haste and not very well,

'Yours most affectionately,
'A. I. BYRON.'

'KIRKBY MALLORY,
'_February 14, 1816_.

'The present sufferings of all may yet be repaid in blessings. Do not
despair absolutely, dearest; and leave me but enough of your interest
to afford you any consolation, by partaking of that sorrow which I am
most unhappy to cause thus unintentionally.

'_You will_ be of my opinion hereafter, and at present your bitterest
reproach would be forgiven; though Heaven knows you have considered me
more than a thousand would have done--more than anything but my
affection for B., one most dear to you, could deserve. I must not
remember these feelings. Farewell! God bless you, from the bottom of
my heart.

'A. I. B.'

It is only fair to remind the reader that, when these letters were written, Lady Byron had not consulted Dr. Lushington. We are inclined to think that the last letter was written on the day when she received Mrs. Clermont's 'proofs.' Meanwhile, Augusta, unconscious that an avalanche of scandal threatened to sweep her reputation into an abyss, was catching at every straw that might avert a catastrophe. Her thoughts turned to Hodgson, whose noble character, sound common-sense, and affection for Byron, were undoubted. It was possible, she thought, that the ruin and destruction which she dreaded for her brother might be averted through the advice and assistance of an honourable man of the world. In that wild hope the following letters were written:

'13, PICCADILLY TERRACE,
'_Wednesday, February 7, 1816_.

'DEAR MR. HODGSON,

'Can you by _any means_ contrive to come up to Town? Were it only for
_a day_, it might be of the most essential service to a friend I know
you love and value. There is too much fear of a separation between him
and his wife. No time is to be lost, but even if you are _too late_ to
prevent that happening _decidedly_, yet it would be the greatest
comfort and relief to me to confide other circumstances to you, and
consult you; and so if _possible_ oblige me, if only for _twenty-four_
hours. Say not _a word_ of my summons, but attribute your coming, if
you come, to business of your own or chance. Excuse brevity; I am so
perfectly wretched I can only say,

'Ever yours most truly,
'AUGUSTA LEIGH.

'It is probable I may be obliged to go home next week. If my scheme
appears wild, pray attribute it to the state of mind I am in. Alas! I
see only _ruin_ and _destruction_ in _every_ shape to one most dear to
me.'

Hodgson at once responded to this appeal by taking the first stage-coach to London, where the next letter was addressed to him at his lodgings near Piccadilly:

'How very good of you, dear Mr. Hodgson! I intend showing the letter
to B., as I _think_ he will jump at seeing you just now, but I _must_
see you first; and how? I am now going to Mr. Hanson's from B. I'm
afraid of your meeting people here who _do no good_, and would
counteract yours; but will you call about two, or after that, and ask
for _me_ first? I shall be home, I hope, and _must_ see you. If I'm
out ask for Capt. B.

'Yours sincerely,
'A. L.'

'_Friday evening, 9 o'clock._

'DEAR MR. HODGSON,

'I've been unable to write to you till this moment. Mr. H.[67] stayed
till a late hour, and is now here again. B. dined with me, and after I
left the room I sent your note in, thinking him in better spirits and
more free from irritations. He has only just mentioned it to me: "Oh,
by-the-by, I've had a note from H., Augusta, whom you must write to,
and say I'm so full of domestic calamities that I can't see anybody."
Still, I think he _will_ see you if he hears you are here, or that
even it would be better, if the worst came to the worst, to let the
servant announce you and walk in. Can you call here about eleven
to-morrow morning, when he will not be up, or scarcely awake, and
Capt. B., you, and I, can hold a council on what is best to be done?
The fact is, he is now _afraid_ of everybody who would tell him the
truth. It is a most dreadful situation, dear Mr. H.! The worst is,
that _if_ you said you have done so-and-so, etc., he would deny it;
and I see he is afraid of _your despair_, as he terms it, when you
hear of his situation, and, in short, of your telling him the truth.
He can only bear to see those who flatter him and encourage him to all
that is wrong. I've not mentioned having seen you, because I wish him
to suppose your opinions unprejudiced. You _must_ see him; and pray
see me and George B. to-morrow morning, when we will consult upon the
best means. You are the only comfort I've had this long time. I'm
quite of your opinion on all that is to be feared.

'Ever yours truly,
'A. L.'

'PICCADILLY TERRACE.

'DEAR MR. H.,

'About three you will be sure of finding me, if not sooner. I've sent
in your letter; he said in return I was to do what I pleased about it.
I _think_ and _hope_ he will find comfort in seeing you.

'Yours truly,
'A. L.'

'_Saturday._

'DEAR MR. H.,

'B. will see you. I saw him open your note, and said I had given his
message this morning, when I had seen you and talked generally on the
subject of his present situation, of which you had before heard. He
replied, "Oh, then, tell him I will see him, certainly; my reason for
_not_ was the fear of distressing him." You had better call towards
three, and wait if he is not yet out of his room. Mr. Hanson has sent
for me in consequence (probably) of your interview. I'm going to him
about three with Capt. B., but have said nothing to B. of this.

'Ever yours,
'A. L.'

Immediately after the interview, which took place on the day after the last note was written, Hodgson, feeling that nothing could be lost and that much might be gained by judicious remonstrance, resolved to hazard an appeal to Lady Byron's feelings--with what success will be seen from her ladyship's reply. It is impossible to over-estimate the combined tact and zeal displayed by Hodgson in this most delicate and difficult matter.

'Whether I am outstepping the bounds of prudence in this address to
your ladyship I cannot feel assured; and yet there is so much at stake
in a quarter so loved and valuable that I cannot forbear running the
risk, and making one effort more to plead a cause which your
ladyship's own heart must plead with a power so superior to all other
voices. If, then, a word that is here said only adds to the pain of
this unhappy conflict between affection and views of duty, without
lending any weight of reason to the object it seeks, I would earnestly
implore that it may be forgiven; and, above all, the interference
itself, which nothing but its obvious motive and the present awful
circumstance could in any way justify.

'After a long and most confidential conversation with my friend (whom
I have known thoroughly, I believe, for many trying years), I am
convinced that the deep and rooted feeling in his heart is regret and
sorrow for the occurrences which have so deeply wounded you; and the
most unmixed admiration of your conduct in all its particulars, and
the warmest affection. But may I be allowed to state to Lady Byron
that Lord B., after his general acknowledgment of having frequently
been very wrong, and, from various causes, in a painful state of
irritation, yet declares himself ignorant of the specific things which
have given the principal offence, and that he wishes to hear of them;
that he may, if extenuation or atonement be possible, endeavour to
make some reply; or, at all events, may understand the fulness of
those reasons which have now, and as unexpectedly as afflictingly,
driven your ladyship to the step you have taken?

'It would be waste of words and idle presumption for me, however your
ladyship's goodness might be led to excuse it, to observe how very
extreme, how decidedly irreconcilable, such a case should be, before
the last measure is resorted to. But it may not be quite so improper
to urge, from my deep conviction of their truth and importance, the
following reflections. I entreat your ladyship's indulgence to them.
What can be the consequence, to a man so peculiarly constituted, of
such an event? If I may give vent to my fear, my thorough certainty,
nothing short of absolute and utter destruction. I turn from the idea;
but _no_ being except your ladyship can prevent this. _None_, I am
thoroughly convinced, ever could have done so, notwithstanding the
unhappy appearances to the contrary. Whatever, then, may be against
it, whatever restraining remembrances or anticipations, to a person
who was not already qualified by sad experience to teach this very
truth, I would say that there _is_ a claim paramount to all
others--that of attempting to save the human beings nearest and
dearest to us from the most comprehensive ruin that can be suffered by
them, at the expense of any suffering to ourselves.

'If I have not gone too far, I would add that so suddenly and at once
to shut every avenue to returning comfort must, when looked back upon,
appear a strong measure; and, if it proceeds (pray pardon the
suggestion) from the unfortunate notion of the very person to whom my
friend now looks for consolation being unable to administer it, that
notion I would combat with all the energy of conviction; and assert,
that whatever unguarded and unjustifiable words, and even actions, may
have inculcated this idea, it is the very rock on which the peace of
both would, as unnecessarily as wretchedly, be sacrificed. But God
Almighty forbid that there should be any sacrifice. Be all that is
right called out into action, all that is wrong suppressed (and by
your only instrumentality, Lady Byron, as by yours only it can be) in
my dear friend. May you both yet be what God intended you for: the
support, the watchful correction, and improvement, of each other! Of
yourself, Lord B. from his heart declares that he would wish nothing
altered--nothing but that sudden, surely sudden, determination which
must _for ever_ destroy one of you, and perhaps even both. God bless
both!

'I am, with deep regard,
'Your ladyship's faithful servant,
'FRANCIS HODGSON.'

Lady Byron's answer was as follows:

'KIRKBY,
'_February 15, 1816_.

'DEAR SIR,

'I feel most sensibly the kindness of a remonstrance which equally
proves your friendship for Lord Byron and consideration for me. I have
declined all discussion of this subject with others, but my knowledge
of your principles induces me to justify my own; and yet I would
forbear to accuse as much as possible.

'I married Lord B. determined to endure everything whilst there was
_any_ chance of my contributing to his welfare. I remained with him
under trials of the severest nature. In leaving him, which, however, I
can scarcely call a _voluntary_ measure, I probably saved him from the
bitterest remorse. I may give you a general idea of what I have
experienced by saying that he married me with the deepest
determination of Revenge, avowed on the day of my marriage, and
executed ever since with systematic and increasing cruelty, which no
affection could change.... My security depended on the total
abandonment of every moral and religious principle, against which
(though I trust they were never obtruded) his hatred and endeavours
were uniformly directed.... The circumstances, which are of too
convincing a nature, shall not be generally known whilst Lord B.
allows me to spare him. It is not unkindness that can always change
affection.

'With you I may consider this subject in a less worldly point of view.
Is the present injury to his reputation to be put in competition with
the danger of unchecked success to this wicked pride? and may not his
actual sufferings (in which, be assured, that affection for me has
very little share) expiate a future account? I know him too well to
dread the fatal event which he so often mysteriously threatens. I have
acquired my knowledge of him bitterly indeed, and it was long before I
learned to mistrust the apparent candour by which he deceives all but
himself. He _does_ know--too well--what he affects to inquire. You
reason with me as I have reasoned with myself, and I therefore derive
from your letter an additional and melancholy confidence in the
rectitude of this determination, which has been deliberated on the
grounds that you would approve. It was not suggested, and has not been
enforced, by others; though it is sanctioned by my parents.

'You will continue Lord Byron's friend, and the time may yet come when
he will receive from that friendship such benefits as he now rejects.
I will even indulge the consolatory thought that the remembrance of
me, when time has softened the irritation created by my presence, may
contribute to the same end. May I hope that you will still retain any
value for the regard with which I am,

'Your most obliged and faithful servant,
'A. I. BYRON.'

'I must add that Lord Byron had been fully, earnestly, and
affectionately warned of the unhappy consequences of his conduct.'

It is most unfortunate that the second letter which Hodgson wrote on this most distressing occasion is lost, but some clue to its contents may be gathered from Lady Byron's reply:

'_February 24, 1816._

'DEAR SIR,

'I have received your second letter. First let me thank you for the
charity with which you consider my motives; and now of the principal
subject.

'I eagerly adopted the belief on insanity as a consolation; and though
such malady has been found insufficient to prevent his responsibility
with man, I will still trust that it may latently exist, so as to
acquit him towards God. This no human being can judge. It certainly
does not destroy the powers of self-control, or impair the knowledge
of moral good and evil. Considering the case upon the supposition of
derangement, you may have heard, what every medical adviser would
confirm, that it is in the nature of such malady to reverse the
affections, and to make those who would naturally be dearest, the
greatest objects of aversion, the most exposed to acts of violence,
and the least capable of alleviating the malady. Upon such grounds my
absence from Lord B. was medically advised before I left Town. But the
advisers had not then seen him, and since Mr. Le Mann has had
opportunities of personal observation, it has been found that the
supposed physical causes do not exist so as to render him not an
accountable agent.

'I believe the nature of Lord B.'s mind to be most benevolent. But
there may have been circumstances (I would hope the _consequences_,
not the _causes_, of mental disorder) which would render an original
tenderness of conscience the motive of desperation--even of
guilt--when self-esteem had been forfeited _too far_. No _external_
motive can be so strong. Goodness of heart--when there are impetuous
passions and no principles--is a frail security.

'Every possible means have been employed to effect a private and
amicable arrangement; and I would sacrifice such advantages in terms
as, I believe, the law would insure to me, to avoid this dreadful
necessity. Yet I must have some _security_, and Lord B. refuses to
afford any. If you could persuade him to the agreement, you would save
me from what I most deprecate. I have now applied to Lord Holland for
that end.

'If you wish to answer--and I shall always be happy to hear from
you--I must request you to enclose your letter to my father, Sir Ralph
Noel, Mivart's Hotel, Lower Brook Street, London, as I am not sure
where I may be at that time. My considerations of duty are of a very
complicated nature; for my duty as a mother seems to point out the
same conduct as I pursue upon other principles that I have partly
explained.

'I must observe upon one passage of your letter that I _had_ (_sic_)
expectations of personal violence, though I was too miserable to have
_feelings_ of fear, and those expectations would now be still
stronger.

'In regard to any change which the future state of Lord B.'s mind
might justify in my intentions, an amicable arrangement would not
destroy the opening for reconciliation. Pray endeavour to promote the
dispositions to such an arrangement; there is every reason to desire
it.

'Yours very truly,
'A. I. BYRON.'

It is worthy of note that Lady Byron, _two days after her interview with Lushington_, here states that, in the event of 'an amicable arrangement' (an amicable separation) being arrived at, it would not destroy the opening for reconciliation. This is an extraordinary statement, because, as we have seen, Dr. Lushington absolutely declined to be a party to any such step. On March 14 Lady Byron signed a declaration, giving her reasons for the separation, as will be seen presently.

On March 16 Augusta Leigh returned to her apartments in St. James's Palace, and on the following day Byron consented to a separation from his wife. On April 8 Lady Jersey gave a party in honour of Byron, and to show her sympathy for him in his matrimonial troubles. Both Byron and Augusta were present, but it was a cold and spiritless affair, and nothing came of this attempt to stem the tide of prejudice.

On April 14 Augusta parted for ever from her brother, and retired into the country, her health broken down by the worry and anxiety of the past three months. On April 21 and 22, 1816, the deed of separation was signed by both Lord and Lady Byron. On April 23 Byron left London, and travelled to Dover accompanied by his friends Hobhouse and Scrope-Davies. On the 25th he embarked for Ostend, unable to face the consequences of his quarrel with his wife.

'To his susceptible temperament and generous feelings,' says his
schoolfellow Harness, 'the reproach of having ill-used a woman must
have been poignant in the extreme. It was repulsive to his chivalrous
character as a gentleman; it belied all he had written of the devoted
fervour of his attachments; and rather than meet the frowns and sneers
which awaited him in the world, as many a less sensitive man might
have done, he turned his back on them and fled.'