Chapter II: Part 2

Text size

chekselgindun, "they N tsetandung
killed woman place"

yitsche Ltindung, "they found wolf place"

seyuhuchetsdung, "old stone house place"

The second source is the notes of Goddard, who did extensive work in the area in 1906 (Goddard, 1909), though mostly on language and myth. His notes contain information on two villages, neither of which can be located because the township and range coördinates have been changed since the time of recording and also because the name of the creek mentioned does not appear on maps in my possession. The two cards bearing the information have the penciled notations 51 and 52 written on their corners. This indicates that Goddard had recorded at least 50 other sites for the Kato, a conclusion which is further corroborated by his own statement (Goddard, 1909, p. 67). Our information on Kato villages is therefore correspondingly incomplete.

_Goddard List (Goddard, Notes)_

ne^{=e=}[-l]soki, "ground blue tail" SW sec. 26, T. 22 N.,
R. 15 W. On a flat 200 yds. N of Blue Hill Cr. and 150 yds. W of
the river. There are 3 deep pits on the eastern edge of the higher
flat. Bill thought there were 3 others 100 yds. S where a white
man's house had stood, ne'^{[-l]}s[=o]k[=i] k[=i]yahûn.

t'un[-l]tcintcki, "leaves black tail" W sec. 26, T. 22 N., R.
15 W. On the higher bank 50 yds. N of tûn[-l]tcintckw[=o]t, the
next creek N of Blue Hill Cr. and 400 yds. W of the river. There is
timber W. Dr. Wilson used to live there. The site has been plowed.
Bill counted six places where he thought houses had been.

WAILAKI

The Wailaki, the southernmost group of Athabascans on the Eel River, are as little chronicled as most of the Athabascan groups. As far as geography and language are concerned we have very good information (Goddard, 1923_a_; 1923_b_), but there is very little general ethnography. Kroeber was able to devote to them only a little more than three pages in the Handbook (1925, pp. 151-154), and we know scarcely more today.

The territory of the Wailaki lies for the most part outside the redwood forest (pls. 11_b_, _c_) and for that reason they had access to a more abundant supply of the food, particularly acorns, used by the interior peoples than did most of the Athabascan groups. Perhaps for this reason, or perhaps simply because of proximity, the culture of the Wailaki shows considerable affinity with the culture of Central California and correspondingly less with that of Northwestern California. This affinity is particularly evident in their tribelet organization, which obtrudes itself in the accounts of both Goddard and Merriam. In the groups farther north such organization receives little attention.

Merriam's information on the Wailaki consists for the most part of ethnogeography, including villages, tribelets, and place names. His informants in this group were Fred Major and Wylakki Tip. I have been able to find out nothing about Fred Major, but Merriam gives the following statement on Wylakki Tip.

My informant, known as Wylakki Tip, a full blood Tsennahkennes
[Eel R. Wailaki, but see Kroeber's data, p. 229], whose father and
mother were born and lived at Bell Springs, tells me that they
belonged to the Bell Springs Canyon band known as Tsi-to-ting
ke-ah, named from the neighboring mountain tsi-to-ting. He adds
that from the mouth of Blue Rock Creek northward the Tsennahkennes
owned the country to the main Eel, and that the present location of
Bell Springs Station, on the west side of the river, is in their
territory but that the east side of the river from Bell Springs
Station to the mouth of Blue Rock Creek was held by a so-called
Yukean tribe.

In Merriam's notes there is no general statement on the Bahneko or North Fork Wailaki; he was evidently somewhat undecided whether they were truly a distinct group. However, he comments on the Tsennahkennes, or Eel River Wailaki, as follows.

Tsennahkennes ... A Nung-gah^{hl} Athabascan tribe in north-central Mendocino County, California, occupying the greater part of the mountainous country on both sides of main Eel River from Red Mountain and the upper waters of East Branch South Fork Eel easterly to Salt Creek, and from a few miles south of Harris southerly to Rattlesnake Creek. Their territory thus includes the major part of Elkhorn Creek, the headwaters of East Branch South Fork Eel, Milk Ranch Creek, and Red Mountain Creek, practically all of Cedar Creek, and the whole of Bell Springs and Blue Rock Creeks. The old stage road from Cummings north to Harris, passing Blue Rock and Bell Springs, traverses their territory.

WAILAKI PHONOLOGY

It is clear that in recording Wailaki words Merriam followed the same principles that guided him in his published works on other Californian languages. In transcribing the Achomawi language he said (1928, p. vi), "All Indian words are written in simple phonetic English, the vowels having their normal alphabetic sounds." For a more precise determination I have made a comparison of words recorded by both Merriam and Goddard. The values of the symbols used by Goddard are taken from a list he gives in his Wailaki Texts (1923_b_, p. 77) together with Phonetic Transcription of American Indian Languages (Amer. Anthro. Assoc., 1916), a report which Goddard helped prepare.

A total of twenty-eight words recorded by both Merriam and Goddard were found. Although the discrepancies seem great, this is because Merriam used Webster's English orthography whereas Goddard used a technical one modified from the old Smithsonian system. Whatever the limitations of Merriam's orthography for considerations of grammar (which he did not try to obtain), his recordings consistently check Goddard's independent information and serve as complete identifications of places and ethnographic facts.

_Goddard's Wailaki Phonology_

Goddard gives the following vowels.

i as in pique (written with an iota by Goddard)
e as a in fate
E as in met (written with an epsilon by Goddard)
a as in father
A as u in but (written with an alpha by Goddard)
o as in note

Following is a rough correspondence between Goddard's and Merriam's orthographies.

_Comparison of Orthographies_

_Goddard_ _Merriam_
a ah (occasionally a or e)
A ah, e, u, i (in order of frequency)
ai a, i
Ai i
b b
c s (once sh)
d d, t
e e
E e, [=a]
g [-l]g written as sk
G does not occur
h h
i [=e], [)e] (oi written i)
I i, u
k k (ky written ch)
k' k
l does not occur
[-l] kl, often not recorded at all ([-l] written sk)
m n (Goddard says n sometimes becomes m by assimilation.
Evidently it is n phonemically)
n n (occasionally ng, once not recorded at all)
ñ ng (occasionally n, twice not recorded at all)
o o (occasionally u)
s s
t t
t' does not occur
tc ch (once tch)
tc' does not occur
ts does not occur
ts' does not occur
u does not occur
w does not occur
y y, ky written ch, kiyah always written ke-ah or ka-ah

TRIBELETS

The subgroups of the Wailaki (map 5) are called bands by Merriam and subtribes by Goddard but it is clear that they correspond precisely to the definition of tribelet given by Kroeber (1932, pp. 258-259), a fact which Kroeber noted at the time (p. 257). Goddard says (1923_a_, p. 95):

[They] had definite boundaries on the river as well as
delimited hunting grounds on an adjoining ridge. In the summer
and fall they appear to have been under the control of one chief,
and to have camped together for gathering nuts and seeds and for
community hunting. In winter they lived in villages and were
further subdivided.

I. There is close agreement on the boundaries of the northernmost Wailaki tribelet on the western side of the Eel. Merriam gives the names kun-nun´-dung ke´-ah-hahng, ki´-kot-ke-ah-hahng, ki-ketch-e k[=a]-ah-hahng, and ki-ke´-che ke´-ah-hahng as designations for the group. He says the territory of this group runs from Chamise Creek in the north to Pine Creek in the south. Goddard gives the same name (rendered kaikitcEkaiya) and the same boundaries for the group.

The territory north of Chamise Creek on the west side of the river is assigned by Merriam to the taht´-so ke´ah tribelet of the Lassik. This attribution would seem to indicate that Merriam has put his northern Wailaki boundary too far north, that it should hit the Eel at Chamise Creek rather than at Kekawaka Creek. Goddard calls these people the da[-l]sokaiya, "blue ground people," which no doubt corresponds to taht´-so ke´ah. He says, "It is doubtful that they should be counted as Wailaki, but they were not Lassik and probably spoke the same dialect as the Wailaki."

II. This tribelet is called s[)e]-tah´-be ke´-ah-hahng or s[=a]-tah´-ke-ahng by Merriam. In one place his notes say that the territory includes land on both sides of the Eel, running south of Indian Creek on the western side. This is clearly not so, for he refers several times to a different tribelet occupying that area. That the tribelet was confined to the east side of the river is further indicated by Goddard, who gives Pine Creek on the north and Natoikot Creek on the south as the boundaries. Goddard's name for the tribelet is sEtakaiya.

III. Goddard says that there was a tribelet on the west side of the Eel whose territory was bounded on the north by Natoikot Creek and extended south to a point opposite the mouth of North Fork. His name for this group is taticcokaiya. Merriam's name for the group in this general area is tah-chis´-tin ke-ah-hahng. He does not give any boundaries for them.

IV. and V. Merriam gives the following names for the tribelet occupying the territory around Blue Rock and Bell Springs Creeks: tsi-to´-ting ke´-ah, from the name of Bell Springs Mountain; sen-chah´-ke´-ah; s[)e]-so ke´-ah-hahng, "Blue Rock Band"; then´-chah-tung k[=a]´-ah, "Blue Rock Band." On the other hand, he gives the following names for the people who occupied the west bank of the Eel for a mile or more south of the mouth of North Fork: nin-ken-n[=e]tch k[=a]-ah-hahng; nung-ken-ne-tse´ ke´-ah; n[)e]-tahs´ ke-ah-hahng. Goddard says that the entire stretch from the mouth of North Fork south to Blue Rock Creek on the west bank of the river was occupied by a single tribelet called nIñkannitckaiya, a name clearly corresponding to Merriam's names for the people on the west bank of the Eel, south of North Fork. I am inclined to think that Merriam is correct and that there were two tribelets in this area. Merriam's notes include five different references to the southern tribelet as a separate group, so there is a distinct impression of autonomy. If Merriam is correct in separating the two groups, the division line no doubt falls a mile or two north of Bell Springs Creek.

VI. On the eastern side of the river Merriam gives two names for the tribelet holding the land south from Kekawaka Creek. He says the yu-e-yet´-te ke´-ah was the tribelet north of Chamise Creek. Their southernmost village, called sko´-teng, was on the east side of the river a half-mile or a mile south of Kekawaka Creek. The sko´-den ke´-ah Merriam gives as the name of the tribelet on the east side of the Eel River and about a half-mile south of Kekawaka Creek. Goddard gives i[-l]kodAñkaiya, corresponding to Merriam's sko´-den ke´-ah, as the name of the group extending from about two miles south of the mouth of Chamise Creek nearly to the mouth of Kekawaka Creek. Both Merriam and Goddard indicate some doubt whether these people were Wailaki.

VII. Merriam gives the names ch[=e]s-kot k[=e]-ah-hahng, chis´-ko-ke´-ah, and t[=o]s-ahng´-kut for the tribelet living in Horseshoe Bend. The first two names come from the word chis-kot, the name for Copper Mine Creek. Goddard also gives these last two names for the group (written tciskokaiya and tosAñkaiya, "water stands people"), and he says their territory includes the land between Copper Mine Creek on the south and a point a mile or two south of Chamise Creek on the north.

VIII. Goddard says that a tribelet named slakaiya or sEyadAñkaiya occupied the territory between Copper Mine Creek in the north and Willow Creek in the south. Merriam gives the name nung-ken-ne-tse´ ke´-ah to this group, which he locates on the east side of the Eel River at Island Mountain. He gives no boundaries for the group.

IX. Merriam gives two names for the tribelet occupying the Indian Creek region. The chen-nes´-no-ke´-ah was the band on chen-nes-no´-kot Creek (Indian Cr.) from Lake Mountain to the Eel River; he also writes this name ken-nis-no-kut ke-ah-hahng. His other name for the group has the variants bas-k[=a]´-ah-hahng, bas-ki´-yah, bus-k[=a]-ah-hahng. This group is said to have been on the east side of the Eel River a mile or two north of Indian Creek (in the Fenton Range country). Goddard gives the name bAskaiya, "slide people," corresponding to the last of Merriam's names, for the tribelet from Willow Creek south to Cottonwood Creek. The name refers to a hillside, usually of clay, which has broken loose and has slid down.

X. Merriam identifies no group as occupying the land from Cottonwood Creek south to the mouth of North Fork. Goddard says the region was occupied by a tribelet called sE[-l]tchikyokaiya, "rock red large people."

XI. Merriam says the s[=a]´-tan-do´-che ke´-ah-hahng was the name of a tribelet on the north side of North Fork and about a half-mile from its junction with the main Eel. The name means "rock reaching into the water." Goddard's name for this same group is sEtandoñkiyahAñ, a clear correspondence, and he indicates that their land was on about the last mile of North Fork.

XII. According to Merriam the next group up North Fork was named s[)e]-cho ke´-ah-hahng. Its land was on the north side of North Fork a mile or more above its mouth. Goddard has the same name for the group, sEtcokiyahAñ; he says the people occupied both the north and south sides of a one-mile stretch of North Fork beginning a little way below the mouth of Wilson Creek and extending downstream from there.

XIII. Merriam says ki´-ye ke´-ah-hahng was the name of the tribelet on both sides of North Fork at the mouth of Wilson Creek. This is in accord with Goddard's data. He gives the name as kAiyEkiyahAñ. Neither Goddard nor Merriam gives the limits of this group up North Fork. Presumably they coincide with the tribal boundary.

XIV. According to Goddard a tribelet called nE[-l]tcikyokaiya was in possession of the territory on the east bank of the Eel from McDonald Creek northward to the mouth of North Fork. Merriam does not record this group.

XV. The southernmost tribelet on the eastern side of the Eel is called sE[-l]gAikyokaiya, "rock white large people," by Goddard. They are said to have occupied the territory from McDonald Creek south to Big Bend Creek. This group is not recorded by Merriam.

VILLAGES

The list of villages which follows includes all those contained in Merriam's notes and also all those given by Goddard (1923_a_) that could be located with accuracy (map 5). Occasionally there is a conflict between Merriam and Goddard and then it has usually seemed best to accept Goddard's information, since he actually visited the sites of most of the villages he mentions.

All the data are either from Merriam or Goddard, as indicated by (M) or (G). Ancillary comment by myself is placed in square brackets. The notations (Tip) and (Maj) refer to Merriam's informants (see p. 167). The arabic numbers correspond with those on map 5, indicating separate villages. These run consecutively from north to south, first on the west side of the Eel (1-22) and then on the east side (23-67).

_Villages on West Side of the Eel_

1. The main village of the ki-ketch-e tribelet is said to have
been on the S side of the mouth of Chamise Cr. (M).

kAntEltcEk'At, "valley small on" (G). The most northern
village of the kaikitcEkaiya, whose northern boundary was Chamise
Cr.

[Both Merriam and Goddard give this as the native village
of the wife of Wylakki Tip so there is no doubt that they are
referring to the same village.]

2. kun-tes-che´-kut (M). Said to have been a Wailaki village
on the W side of the Eel R. a half-mile N of Horseshoe Bend Tunnel,
probably nearly opposite Horseshoe Bend Cr. (Tip).

[Horseshoe Bend Tunnel cuts out the meander of Horseshoe
Bend. Horseshoe Bend Cr. appears to enter the Eel from the E about
a mile S of Boulder Cr. If Goddard's kAntEltcEk'At is really
kAntE[-l]tcEk'At, with the bar on the "l" dropped in error, then
these names are nearly the same. If so, kun-tes-che´-kut might
be the name of village no. 1 even though the location differs
slightly.]

3. basEtcE[-l]galk'At, "throw stone outside on" (G). On the
western side of the Eel, just N of the mouth of Pine Cr.

4. sEdAkk'añdAñ, "rock ridge place" (G). On the point of the
ridge around which the Eel turns toward the W at Horseshoe Bend.

5. kit-te-ken-n[)e]´-din (Tip), kit-ken-n[)e]-tung (Maj) (M).
At or near the S end of Horseshoe Bend Tunnel. It was the biggest
village of the tribelet and was said to have been the native
village of the father of Wylakki Tip.

s[)e]-tah´-be (M). A large village on the W side of the Eel
River just S of Horseshoe Bend Tunnel near Island Mt. Station. It
was nearly opposite the mouth of Copper Mine Cr.

tcInnagañtcEdai, "eye closed door" (G). At the base of the
ridge described in no. 4. It was said to have been the home of
Captain Jim.

[These names may or may not refer to the same village. If
they do, it is likely that Merriam's kit-te-ken-n[)e]´-din is the
correct one. His s[)e]-tah´-be evidently refers to the name of
the tribelet, sEtakaiya, given by both him and Goddard. Goddard's
designation looks as though it might very well refer to the tunnel
and thus would be very modern.]

6. lacE[-l]kotcEdAñ, "buckeye small hole place" (G). This
seems to have been only a few hundred yards S of Horseshoe Bend.

7. kaigAntcik'At, "wind blows up on" (G). A big winter camp
about 1/4 mi. S of Horseshoe Bend.

8. sait'otcEdadAñ, "sand point on" (G). Also about 1/4 mi. S
of Horseshoe Bend but was about 500 ft. above the river near a big
spring.

9. tcIbbEtcEki, "gather grass tall" (G). A little more than
a mile S of Horseshoe Bend a very small stream runs into the Eel
from the W. On the N side of the mouth of this stream was this
house site where Captain Jim's father used to build his house some
winters and live by himself.

10. sEnanaitAnnik'At, "stone trail across on" (G). About a
mile S of Horseshoe Bend.

11. Isgaikyoki (G). About 1-1/2 mi. S of Horseshoe Bend a
small creek called Isgaikyokot enters the Eel from the W. The
village with this name was situated on the N side of the mouth of
this creek. It was the home of the father of the wife of Wylakki
Tip.

12. IsgaidadAbbIñlai (G). N of the creek mentioned in no. 11
but on higher ground away from the river.

13. [-l]tAgtcEbi', "black oaks in" (G). About a mile N of
Natoikot Cr. on a flat above the river.

14. sEnagatcEdAñ, "stones walk around place" (G). About 200
yds. N of no. 15.

15. sE[-l]sokyok'At, "stone blue large on" (G). About 1/2 mi.
N of the mouth of Natoikot Cr. There was said to have been a pond
here.

16. [-l]tcicsEyEbi', "ashes rock shelter in" (G). This shelter
was under a large rock which stood on the hillside a short distance
downstream from no. 17. Two or three families used to spend the
winter in it.

17. bantcEki, "war [ghosts] cry" (G). On the W side of the Eel
a little more than a mile N of the mouth of North Fork and opposite
the mouth of Cottonwood Cr. It was close to a fishing place that
the tribelet shared with the bAskaiya tribelet.

18. tah-t[=e]s-cho´-tung, tah-t[=e]s-cho´-ting, tah-chis´-ting
(M). 1/2 mi. or more N of the mouth of North Fork on the W side of
the main Eel.

taticcodAñ (G). In a grove of oaks about 1/4 mi. downstream
from the mouth of North Fork on the W side of the Eel.

19. ne´-tahs, ning-ken-ne´-tset (M). Ne´-tahs is the name of
the town on a rocky stretch of the river. The town ran for a mile
or more S of the mouth of North Fork (Maj). Ning-ken-ne´-tset was
the name of the village which was at the fishing place opposite the
mouth of North Fork and extending S. It was also called "fishtown."
Tip's mother lived there (Tip).

nEtacbi', "land slide in" (G). About a mile S of the mouth
of North Fork on the W side of the Eel. It was a noted fishing
place. Goddard says: "There is no mention in the notes of a village
at this point, but several Wailaki were spoken of at times as
belonging to the nEtacbi'."

20. sE[-l]tcabi' (G). Nearly opposite the mouth of McDonald
Cr. It was named for the large rock beneath which it stood.

21. tco[-l]Attcik'At, "graveyard on" (G). A large village on
the western side of the river a few hundred yards downstream from
the mouth of djoñkot.

[The stream that Goddard calls djoñkot seems to be the one
that appears on the modern maps as Cinch Cr.; that is the only one
in the vicinity. On his map it is shown entering the Eel about
a mile downstream from the mouth of Bell Springs Cr. but it is
actually a tributary of Bell Springs Cr., joining that stream a
scant hundred yards from its mouth. On the assumption that Cinch
Cr. is, in fact, the stream that Goddard meant to indicate I have
moved the village about a mile to the S.]

22. sa'kAntE[-l]dAñ, "beaver valley place" (G). About midway
between the mouth of Blue Rock Cr. and Bell Springs Cr. on a fine
large flat.

_Villages on East Side of the Eel_

23. sE[-l]kaibi, "make a noise in the throat" (G). Opposite
the mouth of Chamise Cr.

24. tcadEtokInnEdAñ (G). Located only approximately--in
Horseshoe Bend at the point where the river turns toward the NE.

25. k'AcsAndAñ, "alder stands place" (G). About a mile
downstream from the point where the river turns W at Horseshoe Bend.

26. sEtcokInnEdAñ, "rock large its base place" (G). About 1/2
mi. downstream from the point where the river turns toward the W at
Horseshoe Bend.

27. nEtcEdEtcAñk'At, "ground rolling on" (G). A short distance
W of the mouth of Copper Mine Cr. (Tunnel Cr.).

28. dAndaitcAmbi, "flint hole in" (G). On the downstream side
of the mouth of Copper Mine Cr. (Tunnel Cr.).

29. taht-aht (M). On the E side of the Eel R. at Horseshoe
Bend and opposite s[)e]-tah´-be. It was a big town (Tip).

kaitcIlIñtadAñ, "Christmas berries among place" (G). There
was a graveyard about 1/4 mi. N of the village and just beyond the
graveyard was Copper Mine Cr.

30. to-ch[)e]´-ting (M). A big village on the E side of the
Eel R. at Horseshoe Bend (opposite s[)e]-tah´-be), only a short
distance S of taht-aht (Tip). It was probably less than 1/4 mi. S
of Island Mt. Station on the opposite side of the river.

kaslInkyodAñ. "spring large place" (G). On the E bank of the
river about 300 yds. S of kaitcIlIñtadAñ, or about 1/2 mi. S of
Copper Mine Cr.

[The names of these two villages are not the same at all and
since Goddard gives many villages in the near vicinity the chances
are good that the names do not represent the same village.]

31. kaslInkyobi, "spring large in" (G). A rock shelter near
Goddard's kaslInkyodAñ. A family used to spend the winter here.
Captain Jim's father-in-law was left here to die after he had been
wounded by the whites.

32. skEtcE[-l]kascanAñ, "mush thrown away sunny place" (G).
Evidently situated about a mile S of Copper Mine Cr., where the
river makes a slight turn toward the N. Here there is a flat 50 ft.
higher than the river and 150 ft. from it, in which 17 house pits
were counted. This village was just upstream from a rock called
skEtcE[-l]kaiyE. Each spring a mush-like substance appears on the
face of this rock and is washed away each winter. The thickness of
the deposit is supposed to indicate the abundance of the year's
acorn crop.

33. ah-chahng´-ket (M). On the E side of the Eel a mile or two
S of Horseshoe Bend. It was more than a mile S of to-che-ting (Tip).

akyañk'At, "right here on" (G). Some distance N of Willow Cr.
and on the river.

[These two names doubtless represent the same village but
neither Merriam nor Goddard gives a very exact location for it.]

34. slAsyanbi', "squirrels they eat in" (G). Only a
short distance S of Willow Cr. and back from the river near
nE[-l]tcAñk'At. slAsyañkot was an alternate name for Willow Cr. and
the name of the village was derived from this.

35. n[)e]-chung-ket´ (M). On the E side of the river about
1/2 mi. S of ah-chahng´-ket (Tip). The inhabitants were called
n[)e]´-chung ke-ah-hahng (Maj and Tip).

nE[-l]tcAñk'At, "ground black on" (G). Said to have been the
second one S of Willow Cr.

[It is evident that both Merriam and Goddard have the same
name here. Goddard's location is more precise and thus has been
accepted.]

36. dabAstci'Añdañ, "ants' nest place" (G). A little way S
of the mouth of Willow Cr. The name comes from the name of Willow
Cr.--dabActci'Añkot.

37. dAstatcElai, "string (?) point" (G). Evidently only a
short distance above Indian Cr. It was said to have been a large
winter camp.

38. tcA[-l]sAl (G). Just N of the mouth of Indian Cr. was a
sharp rock with this name; the Indians camped near this in the
springtime.

39. tA[-l]djInlai, "water clayey point" (G). On the S side of
Indian Cr. The large village appears to have stood just a little E
of the NW corner of sec. 36, T. 5 S., R 6 E. Its inhabitants were
exterminated by mixed bands of white men and Kekawaka Indians.

40. tah-bus-che-sahng´-tung (M). A small village in the hills
1 mi. E of the Eel R. and 1 mile S of Indian Cr. (Maj).

41. sE[-l]tcikyok'At, "red rock large on" (G). 1/4 mi. N of
the first creek downstream from North Fork on the E bank of the
main Eel.

42. chug´-ge´-tah (M). A small village on the E side of the
Eel N of the mouth of North Fork (Maj). It was about 2 mi. S of
Indian Cr.

sEtatcikaiya (G). A tall rock is situated N of the mouth of
the first creek N of the mouth of North Fork. The village was just
to the W of this rock and was named for it.

[The villages given by Merriam and Goddard are in about the
same place but Merriam's location is so indefinite that their
identity is uncertain.]

43. kai[-l]tcitadAñ, "redbud place" (G). A short distance N
of the mouth of North Fork a ridge runs down to the river. On the
northern side of the ridge a village was situated.

44. t[=o]n-klan´-be-ko-cho´-be (M). On the E side of the Eel
on the northern side of the mouth of North Fork (Tip).

ton[-l]Embi', "streams come together in" (G). Situated on a
terrace N of the mouth of North Fork and on the E side of the main
Eel. In the summer of 1922 10 house pits were counted there, 4 of
them being large and deep.

[These two sites are evidently the same, since both the names
and the locations match.]

45. s[=a]´-tan-do´-che ke´-ah-hahng (M). In a rocky stretch on
the N side of the North Fork about 1/2 mi. above its junction with
the main Eel. The name means "rock reaching into water."

sEtandoñtci, "rock runs to the water" (G). On the N bank of
North Fork about 1/2 mi. above the mouth.

46. sEntciyE, "rock large under" (G). About 3/4 mi. above the
mouth of North Fork. The rock for which it was named, with a large
spruce tree, stands opposite the village site, on the S side of the
stream.

47. s[)e]-cho-ke´-ah-hahng (M). A village and band at
s[)e]-cho, "big rock," on the N side of the North Fork of the Eel
a mile or more above its mouth. "Thousands of Indians killed here"
(Maj).

sEtcolai, "rock large point" (G). On the N side of North Fork
a little more than a mile above its mouth.

48. lacEnadailai, "horse chestnut stand point" (G). About 60
yds. upstream from no. 47. A house pit 4-1/2 ft. deep was seen
there.

[This site was no doubt included under no. 47 by Merriam's
informant.]

49. About halfway between the main Eel and Wilson Cr. a small
stream enters North Fork from the S (G). Near this there was a
village before the whites came. An incident there is said to have
occurred at a time when the informant's grandmother's grandmother
was small.

50. stAstcok'At, "rope large on it" (G). Somewhat farther
upstream than no. 49 and back a way from the bank of the stream,
also on the S side. The village is said to have been a large one
when the white people came to this region. In 1906 there was still
a house on the site.

51. totAkk'At, "between water" (G). Summer camp a little way
below the mouth of Wilson Cr. on the N side of North Fork.

52. se[-l]tcidadAñ, "stone red mouth place" (G). An old
village, occupied before the whites came. It stood between no. 11
and the mouth of Wilson Cr.

53. nolEtcotadAñ, "water falls large among" (G). On the N side
of North Fork about 1/2 mi. below Wilson Cr. It was on two levels;
one near the stream, the other on a terrace some yards N.

54. ki´-ye ke´-ah-hahng (M). On North Fork at the mouth of
Wilson Cr. and covering both sides of North Fork and Wilson Cr.
(Maj).

[This name is evidently the same as Goddard's name for the
tribelet on North Fork above Wilson Cr.--kAiyEkiyahAñ.]

55. sEnEsbInnAñkai, "rock tall its slope" (G). On the northern
side of North Fork and about midway E and W of sec. 12, T. 24
N., R. 14 W. is a tall rock called sEnEs. Just W of this was the
village.

56. k'asolEtcobi', "arrowwood rotten flat" (G). On the S side
of North Fork opposite the tall rock mentioned in no. 55. The
informant said his uncle remembered the building of the dance house
when he was a small boy.

57. s[=a]´-yahs kun´-dung (M). A fishing camp for drying
salmon at Fishtown Spring or Upgraff fishery on North Fork about 5
mi. up, "march till creek dries up."

[Upgraff must be an error for Updegraff; the latter is a local
place name whereas the former is not, so far as I can see.]

58. sEnEstconatAñkai, "rock tall large crossing" (G). A small
stream comes into North Fork about 1-1/2 mi. above Wilson Cr. The
village of this name was situated 1/2 mi. S of North Fork and just
to the W of this tributary. The village had not been occupied in
the memory of the informants.

59. Another village not occupied in historic times was
situated on the S side of North Fork just above the mouth of the
stream mentioned in no. 58 (G).

60. s[=a]h-gah´-ket, se-kah´-ke-ah-ahng, se-ki´-ah-hahng (M).
A rancheria on the E side of the Eel R. on the S side of the mouth
of North Fork (named for s[=a]-gah-nah´-ting, the name of the land
on the S side of the mouth of North Fork in the angle between the
two rivers) (Tip).

kai[-l]tcitadAñ, "redbud place" (G). This was apparently near
Merriam's s[=a]h-gah´-ket.

[These different names may not represent the same village. If
these were two villages, they were very close together. Goddard
gives kai[-l]tcitadAñ as the name of another village N of North
Fork (no. 43) so it may be an error here (see pl. 11, b for a view
of this region).]

61. tsEgolkAllinseyE (G). A rock shelter situated back from
the river a short distance above McDonald Cr. The Indians lived
here in the winter.

62. ne-che´-cho-ket (M). On the E side of the Eel about a mile
S of the mouth of North Fork. It was apparently opposite part of
the elongate village ning-ken-ne´-tset (no. 19). "Salmon stop here;
great fishing; rocky place; Red Hill ground" (Tip).

nE[-l]tcikyok'at, "ground red large on" (G). On a point of
land running down to the river on the E side just above nEtacbi',
the fishing place of the region.

[Goddard adds some information which explains the statement
of Merriam's informant. He says, "About two-thirds of a mile below
the mouth of McDonald Creek a number of large rocks lie in the bed
of the river. This place is called nEtacbi', 'land slide in,' and
seems to have been a noted fishing place."]

63. sah-nah´-chung-kut, sah-nah-chin´-che ke´-ah-hahng (M).
On the E side of the Eel R. 1-1/2 or 2 mi. S of the mouth of North
Fork and near McDonald Cr. (Tip).

64. sel-di´-kot (M). On the E side of the Eel R. S of Bell
Springs Cr. (Maj).

65. s[)e]-ski´-cho-ding (M). Claimed as a Wailaki village
on the E side of the Eel R. at White Rock near Big Bend. On the
opposite side of the river from Bell Springs Station (Tip).

se[-l]GaitcodAñ (G). On a flat on the E side of the river.
"The east and west section line dividing sections 84 and 85 of T.
24 N., R. 14 W. was noted as passing through this flat."

[These two names doubtless represent the same village; the
names are similar and the locations are the same.]

66. chin-to´-bin-nung (M). On the upper part of McDonald Cr.,
about 3 mi. up from the Eel (Maj).

67. chus-nah-teg-gul-lah chen-ne-tung (M). An old village
about 2 mi. S of North Fork and 3 mi. E of the Eel.

PLACE NAMES

The following list includes ethnogeographic information taken from Merriam's notes in addition to information on creeks from Goddard (1923_a_), the latter being especially important because most villages are located with respect to streams. All streams and rivers may be found on map 5. Locations of other features have been given after consulting the appropriate United States Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle but they are not shown on the map. For this area the quadrangles are Alderpoint (1951), Hoaglin (1935), Leggett (1952), and Spyrock (1952).

Asbill Cr.--djoñot (G).

Bell Springs Cr.--sAlt´okot (G).

Bell Springs Mt.--tsi-to´-ting; si-to´-ting (M). This is the
mountain cut through by Bell Springs Cr.

Bell Springs Station (native name for the site of the
station)--sah´-ten´-t[)e]´-te; sah-ten-t[)e]^{hl}-t[)e] (M). Bell
Springs Station is on the W side of the Eel about halfway between
Blue Rock Cr. and Bell Springs Cr., about the same place as village
22. In fact, Merriam's names for this site may correspond to
Goddard's name for village 22, sa'kAntE[-l]dAñ.

Big Bend Cr.--dAndaikot (G).

Blue Rock--sen-chah´-tung (M). Evidently this is near Blue
Rock Cr.

Chamise Cr.--sah-nah´-ting; shah-nah-ting (M); canAndAñkot (G).

Chamise Cr. crossing--ses-ki´-be (M).

Chamise Cr., mouth of--sun-ti´-che, soon-di´-che (M).

Cinch Cr.--djoñkot (G). Goddard evidently has this creek
placed incorrectly on his map. If I understand his description, it
should be a tributary of Bell Springs Cr. rather than of the Eel R.
directly.

Copper Mine Cr. (Tunnel Cr. on the more recent
maps)--chis´-kot, ch[=e]s-kot (M); tciskot (G). Both Merriam and
Goddard say that this name refers to red paint and was probably
suggested by the color of the water in the creek. This is also
responsible for the English name.

Cottonwood Cr.--tgActcEkot (G). The English name is a
translation of the Wailaki name. The creek is unnamed on USGS maps.

Dawson Flat--choo´-e-kun-tes´-te (M). This flat was W of Lake
Mt. between Horse Ranch and Fenton Ranch.

Eel R.--tan´-cho-kut (M). Eel R. valley--bus´-be (M). This
name refers to a part of the valley of the main Eel R., especially
the E side, between Horseshoe Bend and North Fork.

Eel R., E branch of South Fork--to-k[=a]-kut (M).

Eel R., Middle Fork--tahng-cho-skus (M). The junction of the
Middle Fork with the main Eel was called t[=o]s-kahs-k[=a].

Eel R., North Fork--bah´-ne-kut (M); banikot (G).

Eel R.-North Fork junction--ch[=a]-lin´-ding, kl[=a]-lin-ding
(M).

Harris region--tah-sahn-ting´, tahs-ahng (M). Harris is a
small town about 8 mi. W of the main Eel R. in the territory of the
Lassik (according to Merriam's boundaries).

Hettenshaw Valley--ken-tes´-tung (M). This valley is in Lassik
territory about 12 mi. N of the Wailaki boundary. It lies between
the headwaters of the North Fork of the Eel and the headwaters of
the Van Duzen R.

Horse Ranch Cr.--kus´-ken-tes´-be (M); canAñtcakot (G). These
are clearly not the same names but sometimes streams have alternate
names. Cf. Willow Cr. below.

Horseshoe Bend--ch[=e]s (M). The bend is named for the red
copper spring of Copper Mine Cr. ki´-ke-che (M) is the name for
the western part of the loop of Horseshoe Bend, to-sahng´-kut,
t[=o]s-ahng-kut (M) is the name of the part of Horseshoe Bend N of
Island Mt. Horseshoe Bend is the big switchback curve in the Eel R.
about 6 mi. N of the mouth of North Fork.

Indian Cr.--chen-nes-no´-kut, ken´-nis-no´-kut (M). The name
Indian Cr. does not appear on any of the USGS maps but it is the
name used by Merriam.

Island Mt.--bahng-kut, bahn-kut (M); bañk'At (G). Island Mt.
is a range of hills bordered on the E by the Eel R. and extending
from the mouth of North Fork in the S to beyond Horseshoe Bend in
the N.

Jewett Cr.--sel-di´-kot (M); dAsk'Ekot (G).

Kekawaka Cr.--kas-n[=a]´-kot, kahs´-ne-kot (M); kasnaikot (G).

Lake Mt.--s[=a]-kahn-den, se-kahn´-ting (M). Lake Mt. is about
3 mi. E of the Eel and 3 mi. N of North Fork.

McDonald Cr.--sah´-nah-chin-che (M); canAñtcIntci (G).

Middle Trail--be-ten-na´-be (M). This trail was in the hills E
of the Eel R. about a mile south of Indian Cr.

Mina--to-les´ cho´-be (M). Mina is a modern place name for a
town about 2 mi. N of North Fork and 5 mi. E of the main Eel R.

Natoikot Cr.--no-toi´-kut (M); natoikot (G). I have given this
creek its Wailaki name because it has no English name and is not,
in fact, located on modern maps. It is said to have run into the
Eel R. about 1-1/2 mi. S of Island Mt. Station, which is on the
southern side of Horseshoe Bend. It has been placed on the map in
accordance with the topography shown on USGS Hoaglin Quadrangle.

Pine Cr.--ten-di´-kot (M); lacEtcikot (G). Merriam was not
certain that his name was correct.

Pipe Cr.--taht-so´-kut (M).

Poonkinny Ridge--nel-kis´-te (M). Merriam says this is the
name of the open ridge between the main Eel R. and the northern
part of Round V. That area is marked Poonkinny Ridge on the USGS
Spyrock Quadrangle. It is in Yuki territory.

Rattlesnake Cr.--to-nah´-ling (M). This creek is a tributary
of the South Fork of the Eel R. and forms a part of the southern
boundary of the Eel River Wailaki, according to Merriam.

Rockpile Mt.--sen´-ning ah´-kut (M). This mountain is said to
be on the E side of the Eel R. S of Alder Point, but the name does
not appear on modern maps.

Round V.--ken´-tes-cho´-be (M). The inhabitants of Round V.
were called ken´-tes cho´-be ke´-ah, a locative rather than a
tribal name.

Summit V.--ken-tes´[-l]-be (M). Summit V. lies about 2 mi. SE
of the bend of North Fork and seems to have marked the southeastern
limit of North Fork Wailaki territory. It is said that there was
once much camass there.

Willow Cr.--dabActci'Añkot, slAsyañkot (G). The latter was
used occasionally for the stream.

Wilson Cr.--dat'olkot (G).

ETHNOZOÖLOGY AND ETHNOBOTANY

The following notes are from Merriam's records.

Badger is called ye-ku-gus-cho, "he pulls into his hole."

The Steller Crested Jay is called chi-cho, while the
California Jay is chi-che. In speaking of related species the
Indians often indicate the larger by the suffix _cho_, the smaller
by _che_.

The Owl is called bis-chil-lo-che if it is small, the Great
Grey Owl is bis-chil-lo-cho.

The Crow is kah-chan-che, the Raven is kah-chan-cho.

The Meadow Lark sings in the daytime; the Yellow-breasted Chit
sings at night.

The Bluebird is a dangerous bird. If a person throws a stone
at it, he should shout first to attract its attention, otherwise it
will throw a pain to him.

The Junco is a great rustler, always busy hunting for food.

The Chewink, or Towhee, called Nahl-tse, was instrumental in
procuring the first fire. In the very early days his parents threw
him out. He located the fire and Coyote-man went and got it.

The Kildeer Plover is called nah-til yah-che, "necklace
wearing."

The Toad is Rough Frog.

The Cicada is used as a remedy for headache. The live insect
is pushed up into the nose, where, by kicking around, it makes the
nose bleed, thus curing the headache.

The Dragonfly feeds rattlesnakes.

Oak galls, called kim-mos, are excellent for sore eyes, and
also for suppression of urine in children. For weak eyes, the fresh
juice of a green gall is dropped into the eye. (It is astringent
and an excellent remedy and is a common eye drop among many
California tribes.)

Oak mistletoe is used as a medicinal tea, also as a head-wash,
and sometimes for bathing the entire body.

The thick creamy juice of the milkweed is called "snake milk."

ETHNOGRAPHY

Each tribelet had its own chief and its own hunting, fishing, acorn, and seed grounds. In winter the families of each band were scattered along the river in small rancherias, each consisting of from four to seven families, mostly blood relations, living together in two or three houses. Usually there were seven or eight people in each house.

The winter houses were of split pine slabs, standing upright or sloping in at the top to form a conical house (pl. 11, _a_).

People dying at home were buried. Those dying at a distance were burned (cremated) and their burned bones were wrapped in buckskin, carried home in a pack-basket, and then buried.

PITCH WAILAKI

The Pitch Wailaki are close relatives of the Eel River Wailaki. They live in the drainage of the North Fork of the Eel above Asbill Creek. Virtually nothing is known of this group except their villages and tribelets, which were recorded by Goddard (1924). Presumably they are similar in culture to the Eel River Wailaki and the Round Valley Yuki.

Merriam's notes contain very little information concerning the Pitch Wailaki. He apparently was never in contact with any informants from that group and what information he gives is derived from the Eel River Wailaki. The following summary is presented verbatim from his notes.

_The Che-teg-ge-kay._--The most southeasterly of the southern Athabaskan tribes of California and consequently the southernmost of the Nung-gah^{hl} division. They call themselves Che-teg-ge-kah (Pitch Indians) and are nicknamed Si-yahng (sand-eaters). Neighboring tribes call them Che-teg-gah-ahng and Wylakke.

Beginning on the northwest just below the junction of Salt Creek with North Fork Eel River (a short distance southeast of Hoaglin Valley) their northern boundary extends from Salt Creek northeasterly along the south side of Rock Creek and of Van Horn Creek to its junction with Mad River, where it turns easterly, crossing the long ridge known as South Fork Trinity Mountain immediately south of Kelsey Peak, and continuing easterly to the upper waters of South Fork Trinity River, the west bank of which it follows upstream to the southwest of North Yolla Bolla Mountain, where it ends. From North Yolla Bolla the eastern boundary follows the crest of the high divide southerly past Hammerhorn Peak to Buck Rock (4 or 5 mi. north of Anthony Pk.) where it turns westerly. From this point the southern boundary runs west-northwest to North Fork Eel River, passing just south of Blue Nose Mountain and Hulls Valley to the northern part of Summit Valley just south of Bald Mountain, and crossing North Fork Eel River a few miles south of Mina. Salt Creek forms the principal part of the western boundary.

They had many summer camps but only two principal winter villages: To-nis-cho-be (named for an unidentified blue flower), a large village with a roundhouse situated on the site of Mina on what is now known as the Charley Moore place; and Uk-ki, situated on Hulls Creek at the southeast base of Bald Mountain. They always wintered on Bald Mountain Ridge.

They had also a permanent summer fishing camp called Ko-sen-ten, known to the whites as Fishtown, located on Fishtown Creek, a small tributary rising on Buck Rock and emptying into North Fork of Middle Fork Eel River directly east of Leach Lake Mountain.

Their houses were of bark and conical in form.

Among the enemies of the Che-teg-ge-kah was a related Athapaskan tribe which they called Theng-tah-hahn (called Then-chah-tung by the Settenbiden) vaguely described as on the main Eel River between Island Mountain and Bell Springs.

TRIBELETS

The rest of the information on the Pitch Wailaki presented here concerns tribelet and village organization and is taken from Goddard (1924). He lists four tribelets among the Pitch Wailaki (Roman numerals, map 6).: I, t'odAnnAñ kiyahAñ; II, t'okya kiyahAñ; III, tc'i'añkot kiyahAñ; IV, tcokot kiyahAñ.

VILLAGES

The villages belonging to each of these tribelets are listed below (Arabic number, map 6). All are from Goddard's lists.

I. _t'odAnnAñ kiyahAñ_

1. t'otcadAñ. On the N side of North Fork not far below the
mouth of Hulls Creek. The site was sheltered by ridges on the E and
W and by the main mountainside on the N. Four pits were counted.

This was the only site visited but the names of other villages
of the group were obtained. In their order downstream from Hulls
Creek they are AntcAnyacbAnnAñ, "pepperwood slope;" sEtcAmmi';
nE[-l]=g=indAñ; lawasonk'ait; t'AntcankyodAñ. At this last there
is said to have been a large conical earth-covered lodge and many
dwellings.

II. _t'okya kiyahAñ_

2. [-l]Eliñkyobi', "streams flow together large in." On the
W side of North Fork just upstream from the mouth of Hulls Creek,
situated close to the hillside on a bench about 50 ft. higher than
the river. The site is divided by a gulch on the upstream side of
which, it was said, there had once been houses. Four distinct pits
and 3 less distinct ones were seen there.

3. tAntcInyasbAnnAñ. Nearly opposite nando'ndAñ on a point
of land running toward the SW. About 75 ft. above the stream 2
pits, one above the other, were seen. No more could well have been
accommodated.

4. nando'ndAñ. On the E side of the river and about 1/4 mi.
above the mouth of Hulls Creek, 30 ft. above the bed of North Fork.
Four house pits were counted there, one of which was 15 ft. in
diameter and 5 ft. deep. This was the village of Goodboy Jack's
father.

5. kAllata. Named for a big jagged rock standing N of the
village site. It was on the W side of the river 1/4 mi. N of
tAntcInyasbAnnAñ and 300 ft. higher than the river. A grove of oaks
stands on a rounded point where 3 house pits were seen. A gulch on
the southern side furnished water in winter.

6. tco'Ammi'. On the W side of the river about 1/4 mi.
upstream from kAllata. The site is on a wide point of land covered
with oaks and pepperwood trees. There is a sheer rock on the
opposite side of the river. Three pits were seen here.

7. tAltcAskIñ. Named from a knoll, tAltcAs. Situated on the
slope of a large ridge around the end of which North Fork swings,
from flowing SE, to S. It was about 500 ft. higher than the stream
and distant from it about 1/8 mi. Here once stood an earth lodge,
the pit of which was 30 ft. in diameter. The center post was said
to have been 18 ft. high. The doorway was toward the N. Goodboy
Jack remembered going into this house when he was a small boy.
Messengers had been sent out to invite people from a distance of
two days' travel and Indians from the main Eel R. and from the
north were present.

8. sAñ'AnyE. Named from a very large rock standing on the
E side of the river. The village was on the W side a little
downstream from this rock. On a bench 30 ft. above the river bed
were seen 5 house pits and above were 6 more, one above the other,
on the slope. In this village lived tAntcAnyacta', who had charge
of the earth lodge at tAltcAskIñ, and si'idonta, who was "boss" of
all the villages of the t'okya kiyahAñ, especially when they camped
together in summertime.

9. t'AntcAntantE[-l]dAñ, "pepperwood flat." About 100 yds. S
of the large rock called kai[-l]tsotci on a small bench on the
mountainside about 1,000 ft. above North Fork. Three pits were
found. A rock shelter higher on the hillside and to the S was
pointed out. At this village, shortly before the coming of white
people, lived dA=g=a'tco, "large beard," chief of this village
and of annEnE'tcAñ, of all the t'okya kiyahAñ, in fact. He was
succeeded by his son kissEkE', who was killed by the whites.

10. kai[-l]tsotci canAndAñ. Named for the large rock
kai[-l]tsotci, under the shelter of which the village stood. Four
pits were seen here and N of a small ridge were 3 others.

11. annEnE'tcAñ. On the NE side of the river stand two huge
rocks, the upstream one called sE[-l]tcAnnAñ, the downstream one
sAnAn. Between these two rocks flows a creek and on its N side, 75
ft. below the summit of the rocks, were 3 house pits in a hollow.
A little S and 100 ft. higher were found in succession 3, 2, and 5
pits.

12. mAntc'aik'At. On the mountainside N of a large rough
ravine and about 900 ft. higher than the bed of North Fork. Four
pits were found.

13. mIstco'ca'nAndAñ. Up the hill from no. 12. It was not
visited.

14. sE[-l]tcAnnAnt'a. Named for a high rock, sE[-l]tcAnnAñ, on
the S side of which there are 5 pits and, 100 yds. below, 6 more.
The site is about 700 ft. above North Fork and has a wonderful
outlook on the valley of that stream.

15. k'AckAntE[-l]dAñ, "alder flat." On the W side of the river
on a curving bench. Two pits were found close to the hillside, and
2 nearer to the stream. Downstream on a little bench there were
also 2 indistinct ones, said by Jack to have been used long ago.

16. sE[-l]tcAnnAñ yE. At the base of the rock mentioned in no.
14. Three pits were found on a small bench.

III. _tc'i'añkot kiyahAñ_

17. lonbAstEdAñ. On a flat on the S side of Casoose Cr. a
short way above its mouth. There were some unoccupied buildings
there at the time of Goddard's visit. The place was seen from the
trail on the N side of the creek.

18. sE[-l]kantcilai'. Mentioned as situated on the E side of
the creek below no. 25.

19. Goddard gives no name or other information for this
village but it is shown on his map.

20. sEttcitcikItdatdAñ, Named for a rock, settci. It was at
the base of a mountain on the N side of the creek and just above
the flood waters. It had a good SE exposure. Three pits in a row
were found.

21. yIctAnnEbi', "wolf's road in." About 300 yds. below the
large butte mentioned in no. 23. It was across an open knoll and
back from the creek somewhat, so the sun reaches the spot. There
are 2 pits there. Steelhead salmon are able to come up the creek
this far.

22. kIlkokyodAn. On the S side of the butte mentioned in no.
23 and about 100 yds. distant. Four large pits were noticed.

23. kIkokyokInnEdAñ. Named for the bushy butte at the base of
which the village stood. The site is 100 ft. higher than the creek,
on its NW side just below a canyon. Three pits were seen.

24. mAñk'AtdAñ. Named from a small pond, near which are
deserted buildings and an old orchard. A hundred yards NE of this
pond, back against the hill, 4 pits were found in a row, 2 more
above them, and 2 others near by, making 8 altogether. The last
chief of this village was named tcAsnainIñaita'.

25. I[-l]t'Aktcibi'. Named from black oaks. It is nearer the
creek than no. 24. The number of pits was not recorded but signs of
a village there were unmistakable.

26. t'AntcigIt'tcAñ. On the W side of the creek nearly
opposite no. 27. It was N of a small creek with running water and
of a ridge which runs down to the main creek and terminates in a
great, nearly sheer cliff. The village site is about 500 ft. higher
than the stream. Eight pits in two rows were counted.

Previous Next

Comments

California Athabascan GroupsChapter II: Part 2

0%35 min left in chapter