Chapter V: Part 5

9. ts[=a]´-te-tis´-ting (M). Camp on Mad R. at Fala ranch, 10
or 12 mi. S of Korbel. It was a camp for catching eels.

ts[=e]-didis-ten (L). Village about 2 mi. below Maple Cr.
There were ten or more houses there.

10. til-chwah-hew'-a-kut, til-tchwa-h[)u]-ut (M). Village on
Maple Cr. about 14 mi. (9 in air line) S of Korbel. Large village.

tilch[=e]h[=u]ërkut, dilchërh[=u][=e]rkut (L). Village at the
mouth of Maple Cr.

11. hotint[=e]lime (L). Village at the mouth of Black
Cr. The name is said to refer to a prairie near by, known as
hinukerchenditen.

12. yin[=a]lin[=o]whot (L). Village at the mouth of Boulder
Cr. Merriam also lists a village at this place but he does not give
its name or other information about it.

13. me´-m[)e]h (M). Village at Three Cabins on Mad R. about 3
mi. above Maple Cr. On Tom Blair's Mad R. place.

14. Village near Mountain View, about 3.5 mi. S of Three
Cabins.

15. tseng-nah´-neng-ahl´-ting, tseng-nah´-neng-ah-ten, "rocks
across the river" (M). Large village at John Ahlgren's place on or
near Bug Cr. [This may be the village site shown in pl. 10, _b_.]

16. ituke-n[=o]le´-tin, "up-waterfall-place" (L). Village on
Foster Cr. The same name also given to a prairie half a mile up the
creek from its mouth; ituk means "up," also "east."

_Chilula Whilkut villages._--The information on the villages and camps of the Chilula Whilkut comes from Merriam's notes and from Goddard's published material (1914). It appears that Merriam made a systematic effort to check Goddard's material, thereby enhancing the value of their combined work. (See map 15.)

1. ho-wung´-ah-kut (M). In the Bald Hills N of Redwood Cr.
Northernmost and lowest village.

x[=o]wûnnakût (G). Village probably situated about a mile
E of Redwood Cr. on a small flat S of a ridge along which the
Trinidad trail used to run. A small creek a short distance S,
entering Redwood Cr. from the E, would have furnished excellent
salmon fishing. A depression resembling those characteristic of
sweathouses was seen. Tom Hill's oldest brother used to live at
this village, which was deserted many years ago, probably because
of its nearness to the trail.

2. no-l[)e]h´-ting (M). Village on Redwood Cr. about 12 mi.
from the coast. The name means "falls."

n[=o]lediñ, "waterfall place" (G). This former large village
remained occupied until 1888, when the Hill family left it and
moved to Hoopa V. The site is at the foot of a long glade which
slopes toward the creek nearly a half-mile distant. A spring N of
the village site supplies water. In the edge of the timber, which
approaches the village site within a few yards on the N, are two
large redwood trees, hollow, with large openings toward the S. In
these trees families used to spend the winter. During our visit in
1906 we spent a rainy afternoon in one of them in which a fire was
maintained, the smoke escaping through the high opening in the side.

The village derived its name and perhaps its existence from
a hole, or waterfall, a short distance up the stream. The creek
bed was formerly choked with huge boulders, causing a fall, which
was jumped by the salmon with difficulty. The fishing for both
salmon and lamprey eels, carried on with nets below the fall, was
excellent. Since the village has been abandoned, several of these
boulders have been displaced so a fall of only 3 ft. remains.

3. y[=i]tsinneakûttciñ, "down hill on" (G). Camp site W of
n[=o]lediñ, about halfway up the ridge W of Redwood Cr. The Indians
from n[=o]lediñ used to camp there to gather the acorns of the tan
oak, which are plentiful among the redwood trees.

4. L[=o]tsx[=o]tdawillindiñ, "prairie water flows down place"
(G). Summer camp about 1-1/2 mi. E of n[=o]lediñ and 1/2 mi. W of
the crest of the ridge. A hollow redwood tree used to be used as a
camping place.

5. tcitdeelyediñ, "dancing place" (G). Glade on a ridge
running toward the E near a branch of Roach Cr., a tributary of the
Klamath. This camp was pointed out from a distance and its exact
location is therefore uncertain. The Indians used to go there from
n[=o]lediñ in the summer to gather seeds and in the fall for acorns.

6. klo-tshim´-m[)e]y (M). Camp on Redwood Cr. 1 mi. above
no-l[)e]h´-ting.

L[=o]tcimme, "small glade in" (G). A former village about a
mile upstream from n[=o]lediñ and 75 yds. E of Redwood Cr., where
it stood in an opening of about an acre. Obscure depressions like
house pits were seen on the N side of the glade near a stream
which provided drinking-water. A weir for lamprey eels used to be
built in Redwood Cr. near by.

7. ho^{ch}-tahn-ho-lah´-ting (M). On the E side of Redwood Cr.
above klo-tshim´-m[)e]y. There is some doubt as to its location.

8. king-keo´-'hli (king-keo´-h[)e]-l[=a]) (M). Summer camp on
top of the hill or ridge in Bald Hills about a mile E of Jonathan
Lyon's ranch house.

kiñky[=o]lai, "big timber point" (G). Large and important
former village situated on the eastern end of a ridge above
Jonathan Lyon's ranch house and about a mile E of it. There is
timber on the northern slope of the ridge. At the edge of the
timber is a spring which supplied the village with water. Besides
the sweathouse site, seventeen house pits were counted. This
village was the home of the Socktish family, many of whom are now
living with the Hupa. The head of the family at the time of the
coming of white people was a man of influence and a noted warrior.
His name was KiLtcil, "crazy." His wife was a Hupa woman and
perhaps for that reason the family moved to Hoopa V.

9. senalmatsdiñ, "stone round place" (G). Summer camp for
gathering seeds in the glade on the S side of the main ridge E of
kiñky[=o]lai.

10. tesaikut, "projects to water" (G). Camp ground frequented
in the fall of the year for gathering tanoak acorns and hunting
deer by the Indians living at n[=o]lediñ and kiñky[=o]lai. It is on
the NE slope of the ridge W of Tully Cr.

11. king-y[)e]-ke´-ke-ah-mung´-ah (king´-ke-kaw´-mung´-ah)
(M). Village on the E side of Redwood Cr. at the mouth of Coyote
Cr. a little above ho^{ch}-tahn-ho-lah´-ting, and a little above
Lyon's place.

kiñyûkky[=o]mûña, "big timber near" (G). This site was not
visited. It is said to be on the N side of Coyote Cr. below a large
rock. There are said to be house pits there. Tom Hill said this
was the village where the people who lived at kiñky[=o]lai spent
the colder months of the winter. It is unlikely that two permanent
villages were maintained by the same families. Perhaps the site of
kiñky[=o]lai is the more recent and it was formerly only a summer
camping place.

12. kitdiLwissakût, "fire drill on" (G). Camp used in the fall
for gathering acorns and hunting. Situated near the corner of the
Hoopa reservation in a glade sloping toward the S, near a spring.

13. new-wil-tso´-me-ah, "coyote camp" (M). Spring and summer
camp on Bald Hills Ridge.

n[=u]wils[=o]lm[=i]ye, "ground in billows under" (G).
Summer camping ground near a cold spring at the head of one of
the branches of Coyote Cr. The Indians used to come here from
n[=o]lediñ.

14. ye-sin´-ning´-i-kut (e-tsin´-ning´-i-kut) (M).

y[=i]sinniñ^{=e=} aikût, "down hill ridge runs on" (G). Site
of a former village 1/2 mi. E of Redwood Cr. and about 500 ft.
higher than the creek. It is S of the main ridge S of Coyote Cr.,
at the western edge of a glade near a dry gulch. One pit was found.
It is said that Tom Hill's father lived at this village and that it
was not occupied at the time the white people came.

15. tsin´-tse-lah´-ting (M). Village below Stoffer's and below
ho´-tach-ting.

tsinsilladiñ, "bones lie place" (G). Former village not far
from Redwood Cr. on a small flat where the ground shows signs of
having slid. Little Henry's family are said to have lived at this
village.

16. kittc[=u]namediñ, "its ear swimming place" (G). Summer
camp on the W side of the main ridge, about 200 ft. below its
junction with the E-W ridge N of Lacks Cr. There is a spring by a
Douglas spruce which stands by itself.

17. t[=o]'n-t[)e]-nahn´-ting (t[=o]n-din-nun-ting) (M). Old
village on the E side of Redwood Cr. Ned Woodward, who was born
here, tells me the village was on a side hill at or very near
Stoffer's.

t[=o]ndinûndiñ, "water facing place" (G). Village site on the
sloping hillside about 700 yds. E of Redwood Cr. and 400 yds. N of
Lacks Cr. Seven house pits were found here. The guide, Dan Hill,
did not know of these pits, but located a village of this name
considerably nearer Redwood Cr. The Albers place, probably the
first settlement in this region, is just S of this village, on a
flat between Redwood Cr. and Lacks Cr.

18. tcwûñxaladiñ, "dung stands up place" (G). On the western
side of the main ridge near its crest. There is a spring in a small
flat.

19. ming´-kah´-te-k[)e]´ (mung-kut´-te-k[)e]) (M). At Fort
Camp at the mouth of ho-tah´^{ch}-ting Cr. (Lacks Cr.), between
Lyon's and Stoffer's.

miñkûtdekeyimantcintciñ, "lake opposite side" (G). Summer
camp among the redwood trees across the creek from Albers' place,
opposite the mouth of Lacks Cr.

20. ho-tah´^{ch}-tin´-nek (ho´-nah^{ch}-tin-[)a]-k[)e] or
ho-nah^{ch}-t[)e]-n[=a]´-k[)e]h), (M). Large village or summer
camp right at Stoffer's on the ridge about a mile above (S of)
t[=o]s-kahtch-ting (Cold Spring) and approximately midway between
Bair's and Berry's. At Stoffer's, formerly Hooker's, there is
a place called koo^{ch}-mit-tah^{ch} or kew^{ch}-mit-tah^{ch},
meaning "between the alders," but it appears to be a place name
only.

21. e-nok´-k[)a]-no´-mit-s[)a] (M). Former village on the
Howard place.

y[=i]nûkan[=o]mittsediñ, "south door place" (G). Former large
and important village, often mentioned in myths and tales by both
the Hupa and the Chilula. Pits were found on a flat near the creek
about 1/8 mi. SW of the Howard ranch buildings. Other pits were
said to have been obliterated near the middle of this flat.

22. tl[=o]^{ch}-t[=i]'k-hah-lah´-ting (M). Camp at an old
schoolhouse 1 mi. S of e-nok´-k[)a]-no´-mit-s[)a].

23. h[=o]n-t[)e]^{chl}-m[)e]´ (M). Camp on the E side of
Redwood Cr. above Lacks Cr.

x[=o]nteLme, "flat in" (G). Former village situated on a large
flat on the E side of Redwood Cr. The village is said to have stood
where the farm buildings formerly belonging to Beaver are located.
Because this flat had been cultivated a long time no pits were
visible.

24. klo-ch[)e]-k[=a] (M). Village on the E side of Redwood Cr.

L[=o]tceke (G). Village which stood midway in a flat on the E
side of Redwood Cr. near the stream. House pits were seen on the W
side of the wagon road.

25. klitch´-hoo-[)e]-nah´^{ch}-ting
('hlit-choo-[=a]-nah^{ch}-ten; sit-choo-[)e]-nah^{ch}-ting) (M).
Former village about 3 mi. above Beaver's on the W side of Redwood
Cr. above Lacks Cr.

Littc[=u][w=]innau[w=]diñ, "dust flies place" (G). Site of a
former village on a long flat on the W side of the creek. It is
surrounded by timber, but receives the sun from the S. Little Henry
was living on the E side of the creek at the time, and said it was
his father's home.

26. ki´-loo^{ch}-tah^{ch}-ting (M). Camp on
the E side of Redwood Cr. about 1 mi. or less S of
klitch'-hoo-[)e]-nah´^{ch}-ting, but on the opposite bank.

kail[=u][w=]ta'diñ, "willows among place" (G). Said to have
been a large village on a small flat about 1/4 mi. S of the last
mentioned village. There were indications of 3 or 4 house pits.
Molasses' wife said there was once a round dance house in this
village, probably the same type as in the Upper Redwood and Mad
River country.

27. kuff-keo´-m[)e] (M). Camp on the W side of Redwood Cr.
across from k[=i]'-loo^{ch}-tah^{ch}-ting.

28. kail[=u][w=]tceñeLdiñ, "willows project place" (G). Former
village, which stood at the northern end of a long flat. Two plain
house pits, one of them containing stone implements, were seen.

29. sik´-king´-choo-ma-tah´^{ch}-ting (M). Given as about 2
mi. below Tom Bair's place on the E side of Redwood Cr. Merriam
says he could not find anyone who knew of it.

sikkiñtcwûñmitta'diñ (G). Village occupied in 1914. At the
time of Goddard's visit, it was the home of Tom, a famous blind
medicine man.

30. h[=o]s-t[)a]´-ch[)e]-m[)e] (M). Village or camp on the W
side of Redwood Cr. about 2 mi. above k[=i]´-loo^{ch}-tah^{ch}-ting.

31. ke´-nah´-hung-tah´^{ch}-ting (M). Former big village on
the E side of Redwood Cr. just below Minor Cr.

kinnax[=o]nta'diñ, "Yurok village place" (G). Important former
village on a flat bordering Redwood Cr. on the E, about 1/4 mi. N
of Tom Bair's ranch house. Four shallow pits were found. A fight
with the volunteer soldiers occurred at this village, in which one
Indian was killed.

32. ke-tan-nah´-tah^{ch}-ting (M). Former village on the site
of Tom Bair's place.

33. ho-un´-kut (M). Former village on the W side of Redwood
Cr. about 1/2 mi. from ke-tan-nah´-tah^{ch}-ting but on the
opposite side of the creek. The name is nearly the same as that of
the lowermost village of the tribelet.

34. tah^{ch}-ch[=a]-nahl´-ting (M). Large village on the E
side of Redwood Cr. just below Tom Bair's, near the big barn and
sheep corral.

35. tahs-ung´-ch[=a]-kut (tah^{ch}-sahn-che-ting) (M). Former
village about 200 yds. above tah^{ch}-ch[=a]-nahl´-ting on the E
side of the creek.

There are also a number of villages for which the locations are uncertain. The following names are from Merriam's notes, and the villages are situated on or near the Bald Hills Ridge between villages 9 and 16.

tahnch-wing-es-hon-ting.

kahtch-wahn-to-ting. Summer camp.

ke-wah´-ahn-tis-ting. Camp on the ridge at the line fence
between Lyon's and Stoffer's ranches.

tos-kahtch´-ting. Camp on the ridge at Cold Spring 1/2 mi.
above ke-wah´-ahn-tis-ting.

tah^{ch}mah-no-ah´-ting. Summer camp on Bald Hills Ridge.

One more village is given by both Merriam and Goddard, transcribed dah´-sun´-chah-kut by the former and dasûntcakût by the latter. They both say that it was supposed to have been near village no. 31. Goddard thinks that it was a separate name for a part of village 31 "as is customary in this region."

_Kloki Whilkut villages._--Most of the information on this group comes from Merriam's notes. Goddard's account of the Chilula Indians of Northeastern California (1914_a_) goes only as far as the first two villages, which he maintains are part of the Lower Redwood group. Merriam claims they belong to the Upper Redwood group. I have accepted Merriam's version and these groups are rearranged on the basis of his information. Goddard's Chilula Texts (1914_b_) mentions a few villages of this group but no locations are given, so they have not been included. (See maps 15 and 16.)

36. mis´-m[)e]h (M). Former village on the E side of Redwood
Cr. 1-1/2 mi. below kah´-kus-tah^{ch}-ting.

misme, "slide in" (G). Former village situated near the creek
on the E side. Many Indians were killed here by the white people.
Perhaps that is why this village was not mentioned by some of the
informants.

37. kah´-kus-tah^{ch}-ting (M). Former village on Redwood Cr.
at the junction of Sweathouse Cr., whose name it bears. About 2 mi.
below Berry Bridge.

kaxûsta'diñ, "Philadelphus among place" (G). Former village of
importance on a flat of about 2 ac., near the creek level on the E
side. Four house pits were found on the N side of the flat and four
others in a row about midway of the flat. Two other pits, one of
them near the creek, were probably sweathouses. The flat is called
"Sweathouse Flat" by white people. This village is considered by
the Hupa the last of the villages of the x[=o]ilkûty[=i]dexoi,
or Chilula. It was the last toward the S from which Indians were
allowed to witness the Hupa dances. The Chilula also seem to accept
this as their boundary.

38. t'chil-kahn´-ting (t'ch^{[-l]}-kahn´-ting;
chis-kahn´-ting) (M). Village on the E side of Redwood Cr. just
under the Berry ranch and about 1/4 mi. below the old covered
bridge near Berry's. The village is now moved to a higher point on
the high slope 1/2 mi. farther S.

39. e-nuk´-k[)a]-cheng´-tish-ting (M). Former village where
the Berry ranch house now stands, on the high ground E of Redwood
Cr. Bridge.

40. es-tish´-chem´-m[)e]h (M). Former village on the E side of
Redwood Cr. about 4 mi. above Berry Bridge.

41. tsin´-tes-'ki´-m[)e]h (M). Village on the E side of
Redwood Cr. a little below mes-t[)a]-tim´-teng.

42. mes-t[)a]-tim´-teng (M). Former village on the E side of
Redwood Cr. above es-tish´-chem´-m[)e]h.

43. tah-nah´-nah-kut (M). Village on the E side back from the
creek and above mes-t[)a]-tim´-teng.

44. chim-mah´-non´-ah-kut (M). Former village on the E side of
Redwood Cr. at Bonny Cragan's ranch.

45. ni´-is-'kwahl´-l[)a]-kut (M). Former village at the head
of Redwood Cr. The last and southernmost village of the group. A
view of the territory here is shown in pl. 10, _d_.

Merriam lists for this group five other villages, which could not be located. Presumably they are in correct sequence between village no. 44 and village no. 45.

ts[=a]´-nah-ti´-[)a]-kut. Village on the E side of Redwood Cr.
far up, near Chaparral Mt.

'klesh-mah´-kut. Former village on the ridge on the E side of
Redwood Cr.

m[=a]´-m[=a]-[)a]-kut. Former big village on m[=a]´-ma-kut
creek.

'klew-taw-m[)e]-ting. Former village on the E side of Redwood
Cr.

nahs-kah´-nah-kut. Former village high up on Redwood Cr.

_North Fork villages._--The information on this group comes from Merriam's notes (M) and from Loud (1918) (L). (See map 15.)

46. klokeche (L).

47. kaw-cho'-sish-tin-tang (M). Large village at Blue L.

48. me-k[=a]´-t[)a]-met (M). Village on North Fork Mad R.
between Korbel and Riverside (nearer Riverside).

mik[=e]time (L). Name said to refer to being behind North Fork
of Mad R.

49. k[=a]-tsi'-[)a]-too (M). Camp just below Big Rock at
Korbel.

50. hoo-tso'-e-choo'-kah (M). Village (or camp) on the site of
the present store at Korbel.

51. ki'loo-whit´-teng (M). Fishing camp on North Fork Mad R.
1/4 or 1/2 mi. above Korbel (where gum trees are, just below picnic
ground).

52. kis-t[=a]'-[)a]-kut (M). Camp for winter fishing on North
Fork Mad R. at Korbel picnic ground (Camp Bar) about 1 mi. above
Korbel.

gestAkAt (L). Name said to refer to a deep fishing hole.

53. noo-l[)e]h´-m[)e]h (M). Fishing camp at falls about 1/2
mi. above Korbel picnic ground. Only one kind of salmon can get up
these falls.

54. ts[=e]-in[=a]t[=u]lwo-ten (L). tse, "sticks," which were
left there after a prayer.

55. khaiyame (L). Name said to refer to an eddy at the base of
a waterfall.

ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

The following note is taken verbatim from the Merriam files.

The Nose Stick: The Redwood Hoi-let'-hah tell me that their
tribe never perforated the nose during life, but when a person died
they charred a piece of poison oak to make it strong, and sharpened
it and bored a hole with it through the septum of the dead person's
nose and then put handsome Dentalium shell money in the hole before
burying the person.

The Tol-lo-wah of Crescent City and Karok of Upper Klamath
River (Orleans Bar to Happy Camp) were the only Indians the
Redwoods knew who dared wear the nose shell when alive--the other
tribes were afraid to do so.

HUPA

The Hupa are the best known of the California Athabascan groups. They live in the drainage area of the Trinity River from a short distance above its mouth to a little above the mouth of South Fork Trinity and in the drainage area of the South Fork Trinity up to the mouth of Grouse Creek (pl. 10, _a_).

There have been a number of papers published on a variety of aspects of Hupa life but the main sources of general ethnography are Goddard's paper (1903_a_) and Kroeber's Hupa section in the Handbook (1925_a_, pp. 128-137). The Hupa are the same, in many ways, as the Yurok, so the sizable literature on that group is also useful.

The territory occupied by the Hupa differs in several respects from that of the other Athabascan tribes. The elevation of their lands is everywhere over 2,000 feet and in places rises to 4,000 or 5,000 feet. Because of the elevation there is a good deal of snow in the mountains surrounding the valley and this fact may have somewhat isolated the Hupa from their Athabascan neighbors during the winter months, although it is known that they were in close contact with some of the Whilkut.

The fish resources of the Hupa territory also constituted an important distinction. The Trinity is the only river in the Athabascan area in which there is both a spring and a fall run of salmon. This resource must have been very important to the Hupa. It is significant that in the many intensive studies of the Hupa there is no report of any summer camp away from the river. The Hupa were evidently even more firmly attached to their riverine environment than were the other Athabascans, and this fact may well have been due to the double salmon run.

Merriam's estimate of the position of the Hupa, given below, is taken verbatim from his notes.

_The Tin´-nung-hen-n[=a]´-o or Hoopah._--The Hoopah proper,
who call themselves not Hoopah but Tin´-nung-hen-n[=a]´-o, occupy
the lower part of Trinity River and tributary streams from the
mouth of South Fork Trinity northerly to Bull Creek--a distance of
about 20 miles. On the west they extend to the summit of the long
high mountain range known as The Bald Hills (altitude 4,000 ft.),
which separates their territory from that of the Redwood Creek
tribe, the 'Hwilkut [Chilula]. On the east they reach to the lofty
mountain ridge culminating in Trinity Summit (altitude 6,500 ft.),
the northern part of which separates the drainage area of Mill
Creek from that of Redcap Creek; the southern part, the waters of
Horse-Linto and Cedar creeks from those of the westerly branches of
New River.

Their territory, therefore, is difficult of access, being
protected in all directions by ranges of mountains or deep canyons,
while its western border is about 20 miles from the coast, easterly
from Trinidad. The entire region, except the beautiful Hoopa
Valley, 6 miles in length and a mile or two in breadth, where most
of the villages are located, is mountainous and most of it densely
forested. There are one or two small open stretches on other parts
of Trinity River, and a few grassy slopes on some of the ridges;
elsewhere the forest is continuous.

The Tin´-nung-hen-n[=a]´-o are in contact with five tribes
belonging to three linguistic stocks, namely: the Po-lik´-lah
(often called "Yurok") on the north; the Kar´ok on the northeast;
the Athapaskan E´-tahk-n[)a]-lin´-n[)a]-kah on the east [I have
not been able to identify this group. According to Merriam's
map and according to his own testimony (Merriam, 1930) the Hupa
are bordered on the east by the Shastan Tlo-hom-tah-hoi; the
Athapaskan Ts´[)a]-nung-wh[)a] [Southern Hupa] on the south, and
the Athapaskan 'Hwilkut [Chilula] on the west.]

_The Ts´[)a]-nung-wh[)a]._--(An Athapaskan tribe closely
related to the Hoopah.) The territory of the Ts´[)a]-nung-wh[)a]
lies directly south of the Tin´-nung-hen-n[=a]´-o or Hoopah proper,
embracing the drainage basin of South Fork Trinity River from
Grouse Creek to the junction of South Fork with the main Trinity,
and including also the rather narrow strip between South Fork
on the west and the main Trinity on the east as far up as Cedar
Flat. At the mouth of South Fork they crossed the main Trinity
and claimed a narrow strip two or three miles in length on the
north side of the canyon where two of their villages were located,
Ti´-koo-et-sil´-lah-kut on the high bench opposite the mouth of
South Fork, and Me´-m[)e]h, on the site of the present Fountain
Ranch about 1-1/2 miles east of the other. Their western boundary
was the divide between the tributaries of South Fork Trinity and
those of Redwood Creek (a little west of the courses of Madden
Creek and Mosquito Creek). The eastern boundary was the deep canyon
of Trinity River from the mouth of South Fork to Cedar Flat; the
southern boundary, Grouse Creek and a line running from its mouth
northeasterly and following Mill Creek to the main Trinity at Cedar
Flat--thus including the Burnt Ranch country.

The land of the Ts´[)a]-nung-wh[)a] is mountainous and
forested, and the principal streams flow in deep canyons. It is
roughly circular in outline, and of small extent, measuring in
an air line hardly 15 miles in either direction--north-south or
east-west. Nevertheless it seems to have been rather well populated
for there were at least a dozen villages--all situated on high
benches overlooking the canyons.

Their language differs only slightly from that of the Hoopah.

The Tsa-nung-wha were in contact with four tribes:
the Tin´-nung-hen-n[=a]´-o or Hoopah on the north,
E´-tahk-n[)a]-lin´-n[)a]-kah [Tlo-hom-tah-hoi] and Che-ma-re´-ko
[Chimariko] on the northeast, the Che-ma-re´-ko on the east and
south, the 'Hwi´l-kut [Chilula] on the west.

The following account of Merriam's first visit to the Hoopa Indian Reservation is taken from his California Journal, Vol. 2, September 5, 1898.

The present Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Agency is built
around a hollow square, formerly old Fort Gaston. In order to reach
the agency we had to ford Trinity River, here more than a hundred
feet broad, the agency being on the west or coast side. Purchased a
number of sahah baskets.

The night before coming down into Hoopah Valley we camped on
Trinity Mountain where we found a colony of _Aplodontia_ [Mountain
beaver], the Hoopah name of which is Nea't-saas.

The range west of Hoopah Valley between Supply Creek canyon
and Redwood Creek is 3,400 feet in altitude; in other words, 3,000
feet above Hoopah Valley. This range is covered with a rather dense
forest mainly of Douglas Fir, more or less mixed on the warmer
slope with Ponderosa and Sugar Pines and Black, White, and Live
Oaks, among which Madrones, Chinquapins, and Cedars occur.

On the slope east of Hoopah Valley the splendid _Rhododendron
californicum_ occurs. Here also two species of _Cornus_,
_nuttalli_ and the black-berried _sessilis_, were seen, and in a
gulch nearby we found the rather rare Lawson Cypress. On this range
at an altitude of 3,250 feet is a stone pile around a post said to
mark the west boundary of Hoopah Reservation.

On this same range the coast Plume Fern is common and
the ground over a considerable area is carpeted with delicate
_Vancouveria hexandra_.

At Redwood Creek we saw the beautiful ringed tail of a
_Bassariscus_, which animal is said to be common here.

The Redwood (_Sequoia sempervirens_) common along the coast
pushes up Redwood River to a point about two miles below the Bair
ranch. The man at the ranch, W. F. Boyce, told me that during
the previous year he had trapped in the region 32 Black Bear, 21
Coyotes, numerous Wildcats, 3 Panthers, and one Badger, besides
killing any number of deer. Other mammals said to occur here in
addition to Deer are Gray Fox, Otter, Fisher, Marten, Mink, big
and little Skunks (_Mephitis_ and _Spilogale_) in addition to the
Ring-tail _Bassariscus_, here called kil-how'^{ch}.

One of the commonest trees in Redwood Valley is the Tan Oak
(_Lithocarpus densiflora_), the bark of which is used for tanning.
Madrones also are common, many of them four feet or more in
diameter.

The rare Cypress (_Chamaecyparis lawsoniana_) also occurs here
but Douglas Fir is not only the dominant tree but grows to large
size, thousands of them reaching diameters of five to seven feet.

VILLAGES

Although the information on Hupa villages comes from extremely diverse sources, there appears to be fair agreement among them. The basic material comes from Goddard (1903), and this is for the most part confirmed by Merriam and Curtis (1924, Vol. 13). In fact, Curtis' data coincide so closely with Goddard's that they may have been derived from Goddard's report. However, a few of Curtis' facts do not appear in Goddard's work so we are probably justified in considering them primary.

Besides these sources, there is a list of village names by Powers (1877) and also a manuscript map prepared by Gibbs in 1852, reproduced here as pl. 9; the original is in the Bureau of American Ethnology. Although this map is not particularly accurate and although the village names are given in Yurok rather than in Hupa, it still has special value since the number of houses is given for each village and we therefore have a check on the data presented by Goddard.

In the following lists the sources are thus indicated: Merriam (M), Goddard (G), and Curtis, 1924, Vol. 13, (C).

_Natinuwhe Villages (map 17)_

1. hon-sah-tung (M). Former village on the E bank of the
Trinity R. at the N end of Hoopa V.

xonsadiñ (G), "deep water place." Near the beginning of the
canyon on the right bank at the N end of the valley.

honsading, "deep pool place" (C). On the E bank of the Trinity
R. at the N end of Hoopa V.

Powers (1877) gives hun-sa-tung and Gibbs gives okenope,
corresponding to oknutl, the Yurok name. Gibbs says there were 9
houses in the village while Goddard shows 11 houses.

2. dakisxankût (G). On the opposite side of the Trinity R.
from xonsadiñ at the base of Bald Hill was a village, the site of
which is now entirely grown up to trees and brush. Goddard shows 7
houses here.

takyishankut (C). On the W bank, opposite honsading.

3. kin-choo-whu-kut (M). On the E side of the Trinity near the
N end of Hoopa V. and just below the mouth of Mill Cr.

kintc[=u]whwikût, "on a nose" (G). This village occupies a
point of land on the E bank just below the mouth of Mill Cr. Eight
houses are shown at this village.

kinchuwhikut, "its nose upon" (C). On the E bank just below
the mouth of Mill Cr.

The Yurok name for this village is merpernertl (Kroeber, 1925).

4. cha-en-ta-ko-ting, "flopped out" (M). Former village on the
W bank of the Trinity R. a little above Socktish Cr.

tceindeqotdiñ, "place where he was dug up" (G). This village
was a short distance below meskût. Its name refers to a well-known
myth (see Goddard, 1904). Goddard shows 12 houses at this village.

cheindekhoting (C), "dug out place." On the W bank between
miskut and the mouth of Socktish Cr.

Powers (1877) gives the name chan-ta-ko-da for this village
and its Yurok name is said to be kererwer (Kroeber, 1925).

5. mis-kut (M). On the E side below Hostler Cr.

meskût (G). This village was on the E side of the river and
about a mile below takimiLdiñ. It "shows signs of once having been
occupied by many houses." Nine of them are shown.

miskut, "bluff upon" (C). On the E bank on a bluff midway
between Mill Cr. and Hostler Cr.

Powers (1877) gives mis-kut as the name of this village and
Gibbs gives eh-grertsh, corresponding to the Yurok ergerits, and
says that there were 6 houses here.

6. tah-kah-mil-ting (M). The head village of the tribe,
situated on the E bank of the Trinity a little above Hostler Cr.
Contained a large ceremonial house.

takimiLdiñ, "place of the acorn feast" (G). A short distance
below Tsewenaldin on the E bank. It is known as the Hostler Ranch.
This is the religious center for the whole valley. Here there
still stand the xonta nikyao, "house big," and the taikuw nakyao,
"sweathouse big." These are said to have been built by the people
of long ago and to have sheltered the first dwellers in the valley;
but inasmuch as they were burned by a party of Yurok in the early
part of the last century, the statement is to be interpreted
as applying to the foundations only. At this village were held
the acorn feast and two of the important dances, and it was the
starting-point for the third (cf. Goldschmidt and Driver, 1940).
Goddard shows 14 houses in this village.

takimilding, "cook-acorns place" (C). On the E bank a short
distance above Hostler Cr. At the beginning of the acorn season the
people of this village would gather a small quantity of nuts and
prepare a feast of mush and salmon, which all the Hupa attended.
The remnants of the feast were cast into the fire and the cooking
stones were added to the accumulated heap of previous years. This
is the present residence of the northern division of the Hupa,
known as Hostler Ranch, and the ceremonial feast is still observed.
A fishing weir was built in a long riffle near here.

Powers (1877) gives hos-ler as the name of this village and
Gibbs gives ople-goh, corresponding to Yurok oplego (Kroeber,
1925), and says that there are 20 houses here.

7. tsa-wun-al-mit-tung (M). Former village on the E side of
the Trinity in the middle of the valley.

tseweñaldiñ (G). This was a large settlement on the E bank
about a mile below toLtsasdin. It is translated by English tongues
into Senalton. There are many traces of houses here, but the people
were all killed or scattered in the troubled times of the 'sixties.
Six houses are shown here.

tsewenalding, "rock inverted place" (C). This was on the E
bank about 1/4 mi. above takimilding. The locality is now known as
the Senalton Ranch.

Gibbs gives the name olle-potl for this village, corresponding
to the Yurok olepotl (Kroeber, 1925) and says there were 10 houses.

_Tinuheneu Villages (map 17)_

8. tol-skots-a-tung (M). Former village on the W side of the
Trinity S of the mouth of Supply Cr.

t[=o]Ltsasdiñ (G). There are evidences of this village on
the left bank a little S of the mouth of Supply Cr. It has long
been deserted. A prison camp was maintained near this site by the
military.

toltsasding (C). At the N side of the mouth of Supply Cr. It
was inhabited until about the time of the military occupancy.

The Yurok name for this village is erlern (Kroeber, 1925).

9. ma-til-le-tung (M). In the upper part of Hoopa V. on the E
side of the Trinity, 2 mi. from the S end of the valley. It was the
largest village but not the head village, tah-ka-mil-ting being the
head town, ma-til-le-tung was the big boat ranch of the Hupa and
was named for ma-til, dugout canoe.

medildiñ, "place of boats" (G). Just below xowûñkût the river
swings back to the W, meets a spur of the mountain, and then
swings back to the E, forming a peninsula. Here, cut off from the
rest of the valley, is medildiñ (Matilton Ranch). This village,
with those to the S, forms the southern division of the Hupa
people. This division manifests itself especially in religious
matters.

medilding, "canoe place" (C). On the E bank of the Trinity R.
about midway between Supply Cr. and Campbell Cr. It is the present
settlement of the southern division and is known as the Matilton
Ranch. The southern division fish weir is built in the river near
here.

mi-til-ti is the name attributed to this village by Powers
(1877) and Gibbs gives the name kahtetl, which is its Yurok name
(Kroeber, 1925). Gibbs says it had 28 houses whereas Goddard shows
22.

10. ho-wung-kut (M). A village of the southern division, S of
ma-til-le-tung and 1 mi. from the S end of the valley on the W bank
of the river.

xowûñkût (G). About a mile downstream from Tish-Tang-A-Tang
Cr. on the W bank of the river. Goddard shows 14 houses at this
village. The site is now called Kentuck Ranch.

howungkut (C). On the W bank about 1 mi. below Campbell Cr.

This place is locally known as Kentuck Ranch. This appears to
be the village called wang-kat by Powers (1877). Its Yurok name is
pia'getl (Kroeber, 1925).

11. tish-tahng-ah-tung (M). On the E bank of the Trinity R. at
the S end of Hoopa V. proper.

djictañadiñ (G). At the S end of the valley where the river
emerges from the canyon is a point of land on the E side. This
village, known locally as tish-tang-a-tang, was situated on this
point. Just above this village Tish-Tang-A-Tang Cr. from the
mountains on the E empties into the Trinity.

djishtangading, "promontory place" (C). On the E bank opposite
Campbell Cr.

Powers (1877) calls this village Tish-tan-a-tan. According to
Merriam's notes the Yurok name for it is Peht-sau-an and this is
the name Gibbs uses for it. Gibbs says there are 9 houses here,
whereas Goddard shows 13.

12. 'has-lin-ting (M). On the E bank of lower Trinity R. 3 mi.
above Hoopa V. proper. This is the uppermost village classed as
Hupa.

xaslindiñ (G). About 3 mi. S of the valley proper on the E
bank of the river at the mouth of a creek of the same name (Horse
Linto Cr.). Nine houses are shown at this village.

haslinding, "waterfall place" (C). On the E bank about 3 mi.
above djishtangading and the same distance beyond the limits of the
valley. The name is preserved in Horse Linto Cr.

Powers (1877) calls this village hass-lin-tung. According to
Kroeber (1925, p. 129), the Yurok name for this village is yati but
Waterman (1920, p. 188) gives wo'xtoi. This last would correspond
to Gibbs's wauch-ta, which is shown with an approximately correct
location except that it is on the wrong side of the river. This
village is said to have had six houses.

13. seh-ach-pe-ya (Gibbs' map, pl. 9). This is no doubt a
Yurok name, as are all those given by Gibbs, but no one else has
recorded it. There are said to have been four houses here.

14. wang-ulle-watl (Gibbs' map, pl. 9). Again this is probably
a Yurok name. There are said to have been three houses.

15. wang-ulle-wutle-kauh (Gibbs' map, pl. 9). This is probably
a Yurok name. There is said to have been one house here. Kauh is a
Yurok suffix meaning "opposite."

Gibbs also gives a town called weitspek on the W side of the Trinity just below the mouth of South Fork. There are said to have been three houses here. Merriam asked about this village and its existence was denied by his informants.

_South Fork Hupa Villages (maps 16, 17)_

16. hlah-tung (M). On both sides of the mouth of South Fork
Trinity on high bench ground.

17. til-tswetch-a-ki (M). On the W side of South Fork at the
mouth of Madden Cr. An old important town. About a mile below
chil^{ch}-tal-tung.

18. chil^{ch}-tal-tung (M). On the E side of South Fork 1-1/2
mi. above its mouth.

19. os-tahn-tung (M). On the E side of South Fork 2-1/2 mi.
above its mouth.

20. 'hlit-choo^{ch}-tung (M). On the E side of South Fork 5 or
6 mi. above its mouth.

21. klo-kum-me (M). On the E side of South Fork about 8 mi.
above its mouth (two above 'hlit-choo^{ch}-tung).

22. tah-choo^{ch}-tung (M). On the E side of South Fork about
10 or 12 mi. above its mouth.

23. ti-koo-et-sil-la-kut (M). On the N side of the main
Trinity on a bench opposite the mouth of South Fork, about 1-1/2
mi. below Fountain Ranch.

24. me-meh; me-a-meh (M). On the N side of the main Trinity on
the site of the present Fountain Ranch about 1-1/2 mi. above the
mouth of South Fork but on the opposite side of the river.

25. hoi-ti sah-ahn-me (M). At Hennessy Ranch, Burnt Ranch
(Post Office in 1921).

26. e-nuk-kut-te-nan-tung (M). At McDonnell Ranch, Burnt
Ranch. Name means "south slope place."

27. tin-noo^{ch}-tung (M). At Cedar Flat. Easternmost village
of the tribe, near or adjoining the territory of the Chimariko.

ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

The following ethnographic data are taken verbatim from Merriam's notes.

According to the Hoopah, as told me by James Chesbro of Burnt
Ranch, the First People are called Kit-tung´-whi or Devil People.
They used to fight and kill and eat one another. Later they turned
into animals. After the Flood real (Indian) people came.

In early days the Indians used to get drunk from inhaling
the fumes of Indian tobacco (Min´-t[=a] itch´-wah) which by deep
breathing they would take into the lungs. Their word for drunk is
Ho-n[=a]^{ch}-w[)i]h^{ch}. The expression for "many people drunk"
is Yah, ho-n[=a]^{ch}-w[)e]^{ch}.

The word for an old person is Kis´-te-ahn; for an old object,
Tah´-ne.

There are two words for good: Chung-whoom for a good or kind
person; and Noo-wh[=o]m for a good thing or object. A bad person is
To choong-k[=o]m, "not good person"; while a thing that is not good
is To noo^{ch}-k[=o]m, "not good thing."

Chin-tahs, "slow", is said to mean also "heavy"; but the word
given me for heavy is Nit-tahs´.

The word Ho´-chit, meaning real or genuine, occurs frequently:
Thus, deerskin tanned with the hair on is called Ho´-chit te,
te being any blanket or toga. Similarly, the ordinary woman's
apron made of pine nuts and braided grass is Ho´-che ke´-ah; the
woman's hat, H[=o]-che k[=o]s´-tahn, or real hat; moccasins, Hoch
y[=a]´-che-tahl; the bow, H[=o]-ch[)e] tsitch-ting; the stone
arrow-point, H[=o]-ch[)e] tin-ti; Indian or wild tobacco, H[=o]-che
Min´-t[=a]-itch´-wah; the elkhorn box or purse for valuables
H[=o]´-che kin´-chah.

The Hoopah say that their people did not use the nose-bone or
nose-stick, but had a name for it, which is Hun-choo whang-i. They
say these were worn by the Indians farther north.

The women tattooed the chin, usually in three broad vertical
bands similar to those of the Klamath River tribes. Tattoo marks
are called Wil´-tahch´.

Place names: All place names along the rivers were at one time
the sites of villages or rancherias. The village always takes the
name of the place.

The name for house is H[=o]n´-tah or Hun´-tow; the ceremonial
house, M[=a]´-min sin-til; the sweathouse, Tah´-'keo; the menstrual
lodge, Mintch'; the brush wickiup, M[=a]´-nah-si; the brush blind
or hut for concealing the hunter Kew´-wong wil´-min.

They say that they never burned the dead, but buried them
in graves dug exactly knee-deep by measure. The grave was called
Hot-yung ho-sin. The body was fastened to a slab of wood of the
proper length, and when laid in the grave was covered with the
belongings of the dead person and then with earth.

While they do not burn the bodies, they burn clothing and
other belongings. But the Chemareko of Hyampom burn their dead.

They believed in an evil spirit or Devil called Kit-tung´ hwoi.

A peculiar custom was practised in extending a certain
courtesy to an enemy who wanted to cross the river but had no boat.
If a person having a canoe crossed the river, and his personal
enemy found the canoe, he would go and sit down near it and await
the return of the owner. When the owner came, he would back out
into the stream and then push the bow ashore at the nearest point
to his enemy, and the enemy would step in and sit down, neither
speaking a word. The owner would then paddle across the stream to
his own side, and the enemy would jump out and proceed without
remark.

There were two kinds of doctors: the real doctor or shaman,
sometimes known as "dance doctor," called Kit-ta tow, and the
medicine doctor, who never danced, called Kim-mow-chil^{ch}-weh.

Gambling Game: the common gambling game, Ke-now-we, was
played with a bunch of slender sticks 7 or 8 inches long, called
Hol-che-king. One of these, Hung ("ace" or "lucky stick"), has a
black band around the middle. The game consists in guessing in
which hand the opponent holds the marked stick. There are eleven
points or guesses. One stick is given up at each wrong guess.

Small hailstones are called Klew-hahn min-nah from Klew-hahn,
"an eel," and min-nah, "eyes," from the resemblance of small
hailstones to the white eyes of the eel. Big hailstones are
Ke´-lo-ung-hot.

An earthquake is Nin mah-ah tin-n[)i]^{ch}-chwit, meaning
"turns over on edge of world."

Money: The unit of value, which we call "money," consisted
of the valuable kind of dentalium shells, long specimens of which
reached from the base of the finger to the base of the terminal
joint. This was called Ho´-che naht-te-ow or "real money." Small or
broken dentalium shells, from half an inch to an inch in length,
were called Mit-tatch, and were used for beads.

Scalps of the great pileated woodpecker or cock-of-the-woods
(_Ceophlaeus pileatus_), called Kis^{l}-t[=a]-ke-'keo, also passed
as money.

_Names of mammals and birds._--The Grizzly Bear had two names:
M[)e]-ch[=a]-e-sahn and Me-kwo ah.

The Mountain Lion or Cougar is called Min´-ning m[)i]^{ch}
'hl[=a]-til-loo, meaning "kills with his face."

They speak of a spotted Panther of large size called Kit-sah´,
which has not been seen for a number of years. It used to make a
great noise.

They speak also of a Water Panther (mythical) called
Ho-tsi´-tow, said to live in holes close to the water of lakes and
pools, never in rivers or on land. Its head and shoulders were
heavy and covered with long shaggy hair, but the hinder parts were
nearly naked.

The Otter is called 'Kl[=o]k-e-te-til-le, meaning "he likes
salmon."

The Weasel--and this is particularly interesting--is called
Klew^{ch}-m[)u]-hung, meaning "snake's husband"--a term doubtless
suggested by its snake-like form and actions.

The Mole is called Min-ni´ [)e]-ting, meaning "eyeless"; the
Bat Haht-la nah-mut, "night flyer."

The Porcupine is 'K'yo. Its quills, usually dyed yellow, were
used to ornament basket hats; and also to pierce the ears for
earrings. When a quill was stuck lightly into the lobe of the ear,
it would slowly work its way through.

The common gray Ground Squirrel (_Citellus beecheyi_) is
called Ts[)e] 'ket-yahng-a, meaning "rock sitting on."

The Jack Rabbit, oddly enough, is called Nah^{ch}-ah-tah
'hits-'hlah-hahn, meaning "dry ground deer."

_A Hupa ceremonial gray fox skin._--The skin was _cased_
(opened along the hind legs, the belly not slit lengthwise). The
front feet had been cut off but the skin of each leg was slit in
six or seven strands or narrow ribbons about three inches long.

The skin had been turned inside out and decorated in places;
then turned and left with fur outside. The skin of the hind legs
was painted deep red. The tail also had been slit open on the
underside and the skin painted with the same red paint, and a tuft
of pure white feathers four inches long was sewed to its tip.

The most surprising marking was a double ring or belt band of
red and blue painted around the inside of the skin about two inches
above the base of the tail (and therefore hidden when the skin was
fur-side out). The two bands, each about half an inch wide, were in
actual contact all the way around--the anterior one deep red, the
posterior deep blue.

The skin itself is of interest as being unmistakably the dark
northwest form of the species _Urocyon cinereoargenteus_. The upper
parts are very dark grizzled; the dorsal stripe from neck to tip of
tail is almost pure black and the tail is about an inch broad. The
flanks, inner-sides of legs, and undersides of tail are fulvous,
palest on the belly. The specimen is an adult male.

_Sayings about birds._--Dove (_Zenaidura_). Called Mi-yo.
Mi-yo, the Dove, was a great gambler. He always gambled all winter.
Once when gambling someone told him that his grandmother was dead.
He said there would be plenty of time to cry next summer. So he
kept on playing. When summer came he cried for his grandmother. And
every summer we hear him crying for his grandmother.

Hummingbird. Called Ko-sos. Ko-sos, the Hummingbird, was a
war bird. His bill was like a long needle. With it he pierced his
enemies. Once he told another bird to start from one end of the
world and he would start from the other. They did this and met in
the middle where they danced.

_Notes on adjacent tribes._--Yin´-nah´-chin ("South People,"
Chemar´eko). Extended from Hyampom northerly to Cedar Flat,
easterly along main Trinity to Canyon Creek; and northerly between
the high mountains that form the divide between French Creek and
North Fork Trinity River on the west to Canyon Creek on the east,
as far north as Rattlesnake Creek. (Previously learned from the
Nor´-rel-muk of Hay Fork, a Wintoon Tribe, that the dividing line
on the west between themselves and the Chemareko, called by them
Hyembos, lay along Minor Creek.) Language wholly different from
Hoopah. The Hoopah say that the presence of this tribe on Trinity
River west of Cedar Bar, and on lower New River, is a comparatively
recent intrusion.

Klo´-m[)e]-tah´-wha ... Salmon River Indians. Ranges south
over summit to Grizzly Creek and headwaters New River. Language
wholly different.

Ho-ning wil-tatch (meaning "tattooed faces") ... "Yuke" of
Covelo region. Round Valley. Also called Devils, Kit-tung-whoi--a
name applied to the First People, who finally turned into animals.
Language wholly different.

_Geography._--There used to be a great fall in Trinity River
at a huge rock which stood in the middle of the river at Burnt
Ranch. Below the fall was a big pool and eddy, which at the proper
season was full of salmon. Everybody came here to catch salmon.

Indians from several tribes met here and feasted and had a
"big time." Finally a terrible earth slide came down the side of
the canyon and moved the rock away. This destroyed the falls.

This occurred during the boyhood of my informant. He tells
me that besides the Hoopah the Indians who used to visit the pool
below the falls for salmon were Poliklah from Wetchpek on Klamath
River, 'Hwilkut from Redwood Creek, and Chemareko from Hyampom.
They used to camp a little below the falls.

_Hoopa Geographic Names_

Hoopa V. Nah-tin-noo
Main Trinity R. Hahn
Trinity R. "up and down" Hahn-nuk-ki
Bull Cr. Mis-tes-se ah-tung
("sliding place")
Mill Cr. Mis-kut e-ta-e-tuk ne-lin-na-kah
(correct name) and Tsol-tsah muk-kah
(nickname from rock with female
mark)
Socktish Cr. Chan-ta-kot ne-lin-na-kah
Hostler Cr. Tsa-mit-tah ("between two rocks")
Site of present settlement Toos-kahts-tung-kah
in Hoopa V.
Campbell Cr. Tish-tah-ah-tung mu-mahn-chung
ne-lin-nuk-kah
Tish Tang A Tang Cr. Tish-tahn-ah-tung ne-lin-nuk-kah
Horse Linto Cr. Hahs-lin-nak-kak
Raccoon Cr. Se^{ch}-ki-uk-kah ("white rock")
Willow Cr. Ho-whah-chal-tung
South Fork Trinity 'Hlal-tung (at junction with main
Trinity)
South Fork Trinity Ye-sin-ching-ki (whole river)
Madden Cr. Tilch-wetch uk-kah
New R. Ye-tok ne-lin-nuk-kah
Forks of New R. Tsa-nah-ning-ah-tung
Ironside Mt. (east of New Tsen-nen-kut
R. mouth)
High Rocky Ridge (northwest Ta-se-tahn-ne-kut
of New R. mouth)
Trinity Summit Ridge Mung-kin-ne-kow-a-kut
Berry Summit Ho-e^{ch}-kut mit-ta-kahn
Redwood Cr. Ho-e^{ch}-kut ne-lin-nu-kah

POPULATION

SOURCES

The earliest serious effort to estimate the aboriginal population of California was made by Powers (1877, pp. 415-416), who arrived at a figure of 750,000 persons for the entire state. This effort was followed in 1905 by a more sophisticated attempt on the part of C. Hart Merriam, whose figure for the state was 260,000 persons. Merriam's figures were based on an estimate of the population of the mission strip, from Spanish data, and a gross extrapolation from that to the remainder of the state.

The first attempt at population estimates in detail and with the use of a variety of data was made by Kroeber (1925). The figure he got for the whole state was 133,000 persons, and he still used that figure, although with some reservations, as late as 1939 (see Kroeber, 1939, pp. 178-179).

The problem has recently been reopened by S. F. Cook. In 1943 he published an evaluation of Kroeber's estimates, based on essentially the same data, and the result was to increase the estimate by about 10 per cent. In the last two years Cook has begun a more intensive investigation, the results thus far being new estimates for the San Joaquin Valley (1955) and for the Northern California coast (1956). The upshot of these last papers has been to double Kroeber's estimates in the areas under consideration. The basis of the new estimate suggested by Cook is a more intensive use of historical sources and readier acceptance of the observations found there. He says, "Evidence of misstatement should be looked for and, if found, should be discounted or discredited. Otherwise it should be admitted at face value."

Kroeber has recognized the discrepancy between his estimates and those based on historical statements. He agrees that, if the extrapolations from the latter are accepted, the Merriam figure of 260,000 persons would probably be more accurate. The difficulty there is that "if we accept 260,000, one-quarter of all United States Indians were in California; and this seems unlikely enough. Shall we then assume that Mooney and practically all American anthropologists computed far too low?" (1939, p. 179). Kroeber leaves the question unanswered but Cook's recent work carries the implication that the answer is decidedly affirmative.

The estimate in this paper of the population of the California Athabascans agrees with Cook's results, raising Kroeber's estimates; in fact, it goes even further than Cook in that direction. But the estimates here, with one exception, have been based on village counts by ethnographers rather than on historical data. The fact that the estimates run so high tends to bear out Cook's contention that the Kroeber estimates should be raised.

In basing population estimates on village counts there are several sources of error. Among these are assumptions regarding the number of persons per house and the number of houses per village. I believe that all the assumptions I have made in this regard have been conservative and therefore would not result in overestimates. The number of houses per village can sometimes be calculated rather closely from the number of house pits seen in the sites. That is, the houses can be calculated closely if the assumption is correct that four-fifths of the number of house pits in a site represents the number of simultaneously occupied houses. Admittedly, this figure is rather speculative, but the best opinions I have been able to get grant that it is probably conservative.