Chapter II: Part 2

_Observ. 4._ A Change is to be made betwixt two notes, by moving them into each others places; wherein ’tis to be observed as a general Rule, That every change must be made betwixt two notes that strike next to each other. As if five bells were ringing round in this order, 12345, the 1 and 2 may make a change, or 2 and 3, or likewise 3 and 4, or 4 and 5, because each two lie next each other; but the 1 and 3 cannot, because 2 strikes between them, much less may 1 and 4, _&c._ The two notes which make every change, moves into each others places in the making of it; wherein one note is said to move _up_, and the other _down_. The reason why one of them is said to move up, is, because he that rings that bell, in the making of the change must hold it up at the Sett a little longer than ordinary, to delay its striking, whereby ’tis made to follow the other note which before it preceded; and because ’tis so held up, therefore ’tis said to make an _Up-change_, or to move up: and on the contrary, the reason why the other note is said to move down, is, because he that rings it, pulls down the bell a little sooner than ordinary, to make it strike before the note which before it followed; and because ’tis so pulled down, therefore it is said to make a _Down-change_, or to move down. I will here give a short though certain rule to know when an Up-change or a Down-change is to be made: whensoever any note moves to strike behind the note wherewith it makes a change, it makes an up-change in doing it; and whensoever it moves to strike before the note, which ’tis to make a change with, it makes a down-change in doing it: so that every note which moves fromward the leading-note, makes an up-change; and when it moves toward the leading-note, it makes a down-change. I will here shew the manner of making a change: admitting that a peal of five bells were raised to a sett-pull, which is the usual compass for ringing of changes; the notes are first supposed to strike in this order, 12345. Now a change may be made betwixt any two notes that strike next each other; I will here make it betwixt the 3d. and 4th. which is to be done by moving them into each others’ places. Now ’tis observable, that before the making of the change, the 3d. note lies before the 4th. that is, it strikes next before the 4th; and the 4th. lies behind the 3d. that is, it strikes behind it: now in the making of the change, the 3d. must move to strike behind the 4th: wherein it makes an up-change; and the 4th. note at the same time must move to strike before the 3d. wherein it makes a down-change; the change being made, the bells will strike thus, 12435. All changes whatsoever are made in the aforesaid manner: for as the _3d_ note made an up-change in moving to strike behind the _4th_, and the _4th_ at the same time a down-change in moving to strike before the _3d_; so in like manner the two notes that make every change, must in the making of it move the one up, and the other down, as the _3d_ and _4th_ here has done. The Learner may take notice, that in ringing termes ’tis not usual to say, that a bell makes an up-change, or a down-change; but in short, that it _moves up_ or _down_, which implies the former. When a note makes an up-change, ’tis then said to move _over_ the other note; and when it makes a down-change, to move _under_ it: as in the next preceding example, where the _3d_ note is said to move up over the _4th_, and the _4th_ down under the _3d_, in which manner the terms _over_ and _under_ are given to the two notes that make every change.

_Observ. 5._ In the time of ringing changes, two things are by the Practitioners to be well considered. First, to observe and readily to know, which two bells are always to make the next succeeding change: Secondly, if he is concern’d therein, to consider what bell he is to follow in the making of it. Upon a right knowledge of these two things, depends the Practick part of this Art. To make him expert herein, he must before hand perfectly understand, and readily remember the course and method of the changes prickt with figures, wherein he ought to be so well skill’d, as to be able to prick them down divers ways, that is, to make any figure a Hunt at pleasure; which when he can readily and speedily do, without pausing to consider of the course, then ’tis presumed that he understands the methods throughly. But yet he will not be capable to put them in practice, untill he understands the manner of making a change in ringing; neither can he understand that, until he understands the precedency of the notes; nor the precedency, until he understands the places; nor the places, until he knows the notes one from another. Therefore the four preceding observations being first perfectly understood, and also the methods of the changes as before; the Practitioner may then successfully proceed in the ringing of changes; and as a further help therein I will here instruct him. There are three bells concern’d in the making of every single change, except only when ’tis made behind, and then but two: whensoever the note of his bell is to make a change with any other note, his ear must then inform him whether it lies before or behind the other note; if it lies before, then in making the change it must move up behind it, that is, to follow it; and consequently, he must draw down his bell next after that which he makes a change with, which is called an up-change, as I said before. But if the note of his bell lies behind the other, then in making of the change it must move down to strike before it, and consequently he must draw down his bell next after that which the other before followed, this being a down-change. So that the making of an up-change is very easie, because he must always follow that bell which he makes a change with; but a down-change is more difficult, because he cannot so readily apprehend what bell he is to follow; yet there is a certain rule for it, which is this: to observe beforehand what note strikes the next but one before his, which bell he must follow in the making of the change. Whensoever the two notes, which strike next before his note, are to make a change; he must consider, that notwithstanding his note is to lie still in its place, yet he is concern’d therein, because the bell which he followed before the making of the change, must in the making of it move away down, and therefore he must follow the bell that comes into its place.

The changes are to be rung, either by _walking_ them, as the term is; or else Whole-pulls, or Half-pulls. By _walking_ them, is meant, that the bells go round four, six, eight times or more in one change; which way is very proper for young Practitioners, to introduce them into a more ready way of Practice; for whilst the bells go round divers times in one change, they have in the mean time leisure to consider which two bells are to make the next following change, and also what bell each of them is to follow in the making of it; and so by diligence in practice they will by degrees acquire a more ready skill to enable them to ring at whole-pulls. Whole-pulls, is, when the bells go round at the fore-stroke and back-stroke in a change; and every time they are pull’d down at Sally, a new change is made. Whole-pulls was the general practice in former times; and indeed, considering the manner of the hanging of the bells in those days, they could not well be rung at half-pulls: but since the improvement of the Art of Bell-hanging, that is, with round Wheels, trussing them up in the Stock, and placing the Roll at right Angles with the Sole of the Wheel; the bells go much better, and are managed with more ease at a Sett-pull than formerly: therefore the changes are now generally rung at half-pulls, that is, at the fore-stroke one change, at the back-stroke another, and so throughout.

In ringing half-pulls, some peals of changes will cut compass, wherein the whole Hunt comes always to lead at the back-stroke; to prevent which, make the first change of the peal at the back-stroke. In plain and single changes on six bells, to hunt (that is, whole Hunt) the Treble, third, or fifth, down at the beginning of a peal cuts compass, unless prevented as before. Also to hunt the second, fourth, or sixth up at the beginning of a peal, cuts compass, unless prevented as before. Which rules, leaving out the Tenor, serves in like manner to prevent cutting compass on five bells.

’Tis convenient in ringing, to give notice of the extream changes, and he that rings the slowest Hunt, may best do it. The manner of it is, to say _Extream_, when the leading bell is pulling down, in order to make the change next before the extream; by which means there will be one compleat change betwixt the warning and the extream: longer warning would be too much, and shorter too little.

The divers kinds of changes on Bells may be comprehended under two heads, _viz._ Plain Changes, and Cross Peals, which terms are comparatively given: for as the first are plain and easie only in comparison to the methods of the second; so consequently the second cross and intricate in comparison to the methods of the first. I will first shew in what respect they differ, and then proceed to the methods. Plain changes (I mean compleat peals) are such as have one universal method, wherein all the notes except three have a direct hunting course, moving gradually under each other in one plain and uniform order. But the methods of cross peals are various, each peal having a course differing from all others: and although most of them have Hunts, yet the Hunts have different kinds of motions, and some very intricate. Moreover plain changes are also term’d Single changes, because in the ringing of them there is only a single change made in the striking of all the notes once round either at fore-stroke or back-stroke; whereas in cross changes ’tis usual to make as many changes as the number of notes will permit. For example, supposing that a peal of 5 bells were raised, and rung at a Sett-pull; the notes are supposed to strike round in this order, 12345: now any two of the notes that strike next together may make a change, therefore either a single or a double change may be made at pleasure. The single change is made by changing only two notes; the double change is made by changing four notes, that is, two to make one change and two another, yet ’tis called one double change, and not two changes, in regard ’tis made in the striking of the five notes of the bells once round: as, admit the treble, second, third, and fourth, should make a change, ’tis thus to be done, 21435, where the Treble and Second made one change, and 3, 4 another; which we will imagine to be made at the fore-stroke of the bells, and therefore ’tis called one double change, and not two changes, because ’tis entirely made in the striking of the five notes once round. So that this one double change has effected that which would have required two single changes to have done the like. For instance, there can but two notes change their places at once in a single change, therefore the Treble and Second shall first change their places thus, 21345; then the third and fourth thus, 21435: so that here the five notes have gone twice round to effect that, which in the double change was done in going once round. And this is the nature of the difference between Plain and Cross changes.

As the Learner ought to proceed regularly in his practice, beginning first with the plainest and easiest methods. I will therefore observe that order, and first shew the course and methods of Plain changes.

_The Changes on two Bells._

Two bells are capable to make only two changes, which is to be done by changing the notes twice, as in these figures.——

│_1 2_
│ 2 1
│ 1 2

_The Changes on three Bells._

There are six changes on three bells; which are made by this rule: the two first and two last notes must be changed by turns.

│_123_
First the two first notes, which are 1 2 thus.│ 213
The two last, which are 1 3, thus. │ 231
The two first │ 321
The two last │ 312
The two first │ 132
The two last │ 123

In these six changes ’tis observable, that the two first notes, which were 1 2, made the first change of the six; but they may as well be rung by

│_123_
beginning with the two last notes, which are 2, 3 thus——│ 132
Next the two first notes, which are 1 3, thus, │ 312
The two last │ 321
The two first │ 231
The two last │ 213
The two first │ 123

The six changes can be rung no more than these two ways here set down.

The Six changes are sometimes rung by observing a hunt therein, which is very improper, since every note has a like course. Yet I confess in demonstrating the methods on twelve, I did there admit a Hunt into the six changes; but that was only for demonstration sake.

The compleat peals of plain changes, from three to all greater numbers whatsoever, as the Twenty four changes on four, the Sixscore on five, the Seven hundred and twenty on six, _&c._ are prickt and rung by one method; all the notes having a hunting-motion, except only three in each peal, which three do make the six changes in the same manner as they are before prickt. So that the Six changes on three may be term’d the _basis_ or foundation of the compleat peals on all greater numbers.

Every Hunting note in each peal has a certain number of notes assigned, through which ’tis always to hunt. The term _hunt_ is given to a note in respect of the manner of its motion, which I will shew in this example. First, the notes of four bells are supposed to strike round in this order, 1234. The Treble shall be the Hunt, and the other three assigned or appointed for it to hunt through. Now whereas the Treble-note leads, it must move through its assigned number to strike behind them: and whereas every change must be made betwixt two notes that strike next each other, as I have shewed before in the _4th Observation_; therefore the hunting-note is confin’d to move gradually through the rest by making a change with each note that strikes next to it; and accordingly it must first move into the _2d_ place, next into the _3d_ place, and lastly into the _4th_. So that ’tis to make a change with every note that lies behind it; first with the _2d_ note, next with the _3d_, and lastly with the _4th_.

│_1234_
The first change is thus│ 2134
The second thus │ 2314
The third thus │ 2341

The hunting note has here moved through its assigned number; for whereas at first it did lead, now it strikes behind them. Wherein ’tis observable, that it made up changes all the way; which of necessity it must do, because every note with which it was to make a change, lay behind it: and because it made up changes, therefore ’tis said to have hunted up. The hunting-note shall now move through its assigned number again, to lead as at first. Therefore first it must move into the _3d_ place, then into the second place, and lastly into the first place, which is called the Treble’s place; in which motion it must make a change with each note that strikes next before it: first with the _4th_ note, next with the _3d_, then with the _2d_.

The first change thus│2314
The second thus │2134
The third thus │1234

’Tis observable, that here the Treble made down-changes all the way, which of necessity it must do, because every note with which it was to make a change, lay before it: and because it made down-changes, therefore it is said to have hunted down. This is the manner of the motion of the hunting notes in all peals of plain changes; for they hunt up and down through their assigned number, as the 1 here has done. This example is plain and full to instruct the Learner in the hunting of any bell, therefore he ought to peruse it diligently, that he may understand the true scope and meaning of it; and as a help he may apply himself to practice by taking a Treble, and attempt to hunt it up and down as this Example directs; which he may the more readily do, if he understand the _5th Observation_ before set down, which guides him to make a change in ringing. So that partly by reading and well considering of what I have here wrote, and partly by practice, he may in a short time become perfect in the hunting motion of any note; which when he rightly apprehends, he will then presently be capable of understanding the following methods; and therefore I shall be the more brief in my directions to them.

_The Changes on four Bells._

Twenty four changes may be rung upon four bells: but the Learner may first practice the twelve changes, and the eighteen changes. In the twelve changes the notes are all to be hunted up after one another, which may be called the Twelve all over. First the treble-note must be hunted up, letter (_a_); then the second note must likewise hunt up, letter (_b_); next the third note must hunt up, letter (_c_); and lastly the _4th_ note also, letter (_d_).

│_1234_
───┼──────
_a_│ 2134
„ │ 2314
„ │ 2341
───┼──────
_b_│ 3241
„ │ 3421
„ │ 3412
───┼──────
_c_│ 4312
„ │ 4132
„ │ 4123
───┼──────
_d_│ 1423
„ │ 1243
„ │ 1234

The four notes may also hunt down one after another. First, the _4th_ note must hunt down to lead: then the _3d_ note likewise, and so the _2d_ and Treble one after another, which may be term’d the Twelve all under.

Courteous Reader, in my directions to the course of each peal, I do
there refer by letters to the examples; which I am forced to do, to
prevent those confused breaks, and unhandsome spaces, which
otherwise would have happen’d both in examples and precepts.
Whatever letter I mention in my directions, refers to the like at
the figures. For instance; in my directions to the twelve changes
next before, I there directed the treble-note to be first hunted up,
letter (_a_); which letter refers to the like letter at the first
three changes of the twelve, where the Treble hunted up, as ’tis
here again represented, and the like of the rest.

_a_│2134
„ │2314
„ │2341

In the Eighteen changes, the Treble is a hunting note, but never hunts up farther than the _3d_ place; and when it lies there, the two first notes must make a change; and every time it leads, the two hindmost notes. First it hunts up into the _3d_ place, letter (_a_); the two first notes, Which are 2.3, make a change, letter (_b_); the Treble hunts down (_c_). The two hindmost notes make a change (_d_), the Treble hunts up (_e_). The two first notes, which are 3.4, make a change (_f_) the Treble hunts down (_g_); the two last notes, which are 3.2, make a change (_h_), which method being continued, will bring the bells round at the end of eighteen changes. The Eighteen changes may also be rung by hunting the _4th_ note down into the _2d_ place, and then a change to be made behind: the _4th_ note to be hunted up again into its own place, and then a change to be made before, which course being continued, will produce Eighteen changes.

│1234
───┼────
_a_│2134
„ │2314
───┼────
_b_│3214
───┼────
_c_│3124
„ │1324
───┼────
_d_│1342
───┼────
_e_│3142
„ │3412
───┼────
_f_│4312
───┼────
_g_│4132
„ │1432
───┼────
_h_│1423
───┼────
_i_│4123
„ │4213
───┼────
_k_│2413
───┼────
_l_│2143
„ │1243
───┼────
_m_│1234

The Six changes on three are the ground of the Twenty four changes on four; for one of the four notes hath a constant hunting motion through the other three, in the same manner as in the preceding Example, _page 50._ and the three notes are to make the six changes in the same manner as I have before shewed in the changes on three bells; one of the six changes being always made every time the hunt lies either before or behind the three bells: therefore if the Learner do but rightly apprehend the course of the six changes, and also the manner of the motion of the hunting note, he will presently understand the method of the twenty four changes. The six changes in the twenty four, according to the terms of ringing are called Extream changes, and the three bells which makes them, Extream bells. So that in the twenty four changes, there is a hunt and three extream bells. Every time the hunt lies either before or behind the extream bells, an extream change must then be made. The extream changes may be made two ways, _viz._ either betwixt the two farthest extream bells from the hunt, or else betwixt the two nearest extream bells to it. In this Example every extream change shall be made betwixt the two farthest extream bells from the hunt, and the treble shall be the hunting note, which must first hunt up (_a_); then the two farthest notes from the hunt, which are 2.3, must make an extream change (_b_). The Treble must hunt down (_c_). The two farthest notes from the hunt, which are 2.4, must make an extream change (_d_). The treble must hunt up (_e_); the two farthest notes from the hunt, which are 3.4, must make an extream change (_f_). The treble-note must hunt down (_g_). The two farthest extream bells from the hunt, which are 3.2, must make an extream change (_h_). The treble must hunt up (_i_). The two farthest notes from the hunt, which are 4.2, must make an extream change (_k_). The treble must hunt down (_l_). The two farthest extream bells, which are 4.3, must make an extream change (_m_), which concludes the peal. Now the Learner for his satisfaction may take out the extream changes in the same order as they were made, as first at (_b_), then (_d_), and so (_f.h.k.m._) and they will stand as they are here set down; where ’tis evident, that 2.3.4 have made the six changes according to the method of the first six changes on three bells, before set down, (_page 48._) where the first change of that six was 213, and this being 324, is the same in course though the figures differ, and the rest of the changes in this six, are likewise the same in course and method with those.

│1234
───┼────
_a_│2134
„ │2314
„ │2341
───┼────
_b_│3241
───┼────
_c_│3214
„ │3124
„ │1324
───┼────
_d_│1342
───┼────
_e_│3142
„ │3412
„ │3421
───┼────
_f_│4321
───┼────
_g_│4312
„ │4132
„ │1432
───┼────
_h_│1423
───┼────
_i_│4123
„ │4213
„ │4231
───┼────
_k_│2431
───┼────
_l_│2413
„ │2143
„ │1243
───┼────
_m_│1234

3241
1342
4321
1423
2431
1234

In the preceding twenty four changes, every extream change was made betwixt the two furthest extream bells from the hunt. I will therefore here set down an example, where they shall be made between the two nearest bells, to it. First, the treble hunts up (_a_). The two next notes to the hunt, which are 3.4, must make an extream change (_b_). The Treble must hunt down (_c_). The two nearest notes to the hunt, which are 2.4, must make an extream change (_d_). The Treble hunts up (_e_). The two nearest extream bells to the hunt, which are 2.3, must make an extream change (_f_). The Treble hunts down (_g_). The two next extream bells to the hunt, which are 4.3, must make a change (_h_). And the like extream changes being made as at (_k_) and (_m_), concludes the peal.

│1234
───┼────
_a_│2134
„ │2314
„ │2341
───┼────
_b_│2431
───┼────
_c_│2413
„ │2143
„ │1243
───┼────
_d_│1423
───┼────
_e_│4123
„ │4213
„ │4231
───┼────
_f_│4321
───┼────
_g_│4312
„ │4132
„ │1432
───┼────
_h_│1342
───┼────
_i_│3142
„ │3412
„ │3421
───┼────
_k_│3241
───┼────
_l_│3214
„ │3124
„ │1324
───┼────
_m_│1234

The six extream changes, _viz._ (_b.d.f.h.k._ and _m._) being set down by themselves, will stand in this order, as here you see; where ’tis plain, that 2 3 4 have made the six changes, according to the method of the last six changes on three bells, _page 49._ where the first change of that six is made between the last two notes thus, 1 3 2. So in like manner is the first here thus, 243, which is the same method with that, though not the same figures.

2431
1423
4321
1342
3241
1234

So that the making of the extream changes two ways in the twenty four, proceeds from the two ways of making the six changes on three bells. This last way of making the extream changes, may, for distinction from the other way, be called _mediums_; which term is very proper, in regard that the two middlemost of the four notes do always make the extream change. The extream changes in one peal must all be made alike, that is, either betwixt the two farthest notes from the hunt, or else betwixt the two nearest notes to it; but the most usual way is to make them between the two farthest.

Any note may be made a hunt at pleasure, and its first motion at the beginning of the peal may be either up or down. The twenty four changes may be rung sixteen ways according to the aforesaid method, yet the changes to each are still one and the same; but by making each note a hunt, and moving it either up or down at the beginning, and also by making the extream changes two ways, the course of the changes will be so altered, that the same changes shall not come all along together in any two of those sixteen ways. With the hunting of one note it may be rung four ways; for the note may move either up or down at the beginning of the peal; then in its motion either way the extream changes maybe made two ways, as before: so that to make each note a hunt, and with each hunt to ring it four ways makes sixteen in the whole. Wherein ’tis observable, that the treble-note cannot be moved down at first, nor the _4th_ up; therefore an extream change must first be made, which is as effectual as if either note had moved at first. I have here prickt the twenty four changes three ways, wherein the extream changes are all made betwixt the two farthest notes from the hunt.

_2d. │ _3d. │_4th.
down_ │ up_ │ up_
│ │
_1234_│_1234_│_1234_
2134 │ 1243 │ 2134
2143 │ 2143 │ 2143
1243 │ 2134 │ 2413
1423 │ 2314 │ 4213
1432 │ 3214 │ 4231
4132 │ 3241 │ 2431
4123 │ 2341 │ 2341
4213 │ 2431 │ 2314
2413 │ 2413 │ 3214
2431 │ 4213 │ 3241
4231 │ 4231 │ 3421
4321 │ 4321 │ 4321
4312 │ 3421 │ 4312
3412 │ 3412 │ 3412
3421 │ 4312 │ 3142
3241 │ 4132 │ 3124
2341 │ 4123 │ 1324
2314 │ 1423 │ 1342
3214 │ 1432 │ 1432
3124 │ 1342 │ 4132
3142 │ 3142 │ 4123
1342 │ 3124 │ 1423
1324 │ 1324 │ 1243
1234 │ 1234 │ 1234

_The Changes on five Bells._

There are sixscore changes to be rung on five bells; but the Learner may first practice some shorter peals, as the Ten changes, the twelve, the Fourteen, the Twenty all over, the Twenty with one hunt, and the Forty eight.

In the Ten changes the treble must first hunt up (_a_); the 2.3 must make a change (_b_). The treble must hunt down again (_c_); the 3.2 must make another change (_d_). The ten changes may also be rung by hunting down the 5 to lead; then 3.4 to make a change; the 5 to be hunted up again, and the 4.3 to make another change.

│12345
───┼─────
_a_│21345
„ │23145
„ │23415
„ │23451
───┼─────
_b_│32451
───┼─────
_c_│32415
„ │32145
„ │31245
„ │13245
───┼─────
_d_│12345

In the Twelve changes the treble hunts up into the third place, then the two first notes make a change; the treble hunts down again, then the two hindmost notes make a change. First the treble hunts into the _3d_ place (_a_); the two first notes 2.3 make a change (_b_). The treble hunts down (_c_); the two last notes make a change (_d_); the treble hunts up (_e_); the two first notes make a change (_f_); the treble hunts down (_g_); the two last notes make another change (_h_).

│12345
───┼─────
_a_│21345
„ │23145
───┼─────
_b_│32145
───┼─────
_c_│31245
„ │13245
───┼─────
_d_│13254
───┼─────
_e_│31254
„ │32154
───┼─────
_f_│23154
───┼─────
_g_│21354
„ │12354
───┼─────
_h_│12345

In the Fourteen changes, the treble first hunts up behind; then the 5 hunts down to lead; the treble then hunts down again into its own place; and the fifth also hunts up into its own place.

The Twenty all over are rung in the same manner as the Twelve all over upon four bells, to which I refer.

In the Twenty changes with one hunt, the hunting note continually hunts up and down through the other notes, and every time it lies either before or behind them, an extream change must be made betwixt the two farthest notes from it. The treble shall be the hunt, and first hunteth up (_a_). An extream change is made (_b_); the treble hunts down (_c_); an extream change is made (_d_); which course must be continued to the end. The extream changes may also be made betwixt the two next notes to the hunt. Any note may be made a hunt at pleasure, yet still observing to make the extreams as before.

│12345
───┼─────
_a_│21345
„ │23145
„ │23415
„ │23451
───┼─────
_b_│32451
───┼─────
_c_│32415
„ │32145
„ │31245
„ │13245
───┼─────
_d_│13254

In the forty eight changes, the _5th_ and _4th_ are both hunts, and 1 2 3 do make the six changes; the 5.4 do hunt down by turns, and when either of them leads, then one of the six changes is made. First the 5 hunts down (_a_); one of the six changes is made (_b_); the 5 hunts up into its own place (_c_); the 4 hunts down (_d_); another of the six changes is made (_e_); then the 4 must hunt up, and the 5 down again, _&c._ which course must be continued to the end.

│12345
───┼─────
_a_│12354
„ │12534
„ │15234
„ │51234
───┼─────
_b_│52134
───┼─────
_c_│25134
„ │21534
„ │21354
„ │21345
───┼─────
_d_│21435
„ │24135
„ │42135
───┼─────
_e_│42315

In the Sixscore changes, four of the notes do make the Twenty four changes, and the fifth note hunts continually through them: so that the course and method of the Sixscore is in effect the same with that of the Four and twenty. For as the Four and twenty comprehended the Six changes on three; so in like manner the Sixscore comprehend the Four and twenty changes on four, and the Six changes on three. Therefore in the Sixscore there must be two hunts and three extream bells; one of the hunts is term’d the whole-hunt, and the other the half-hunt, The three extream bells do make the Six changes in the same manner as they were made before in the Four and twenty changes upon four bells, and are here also call’d Extream changes: the half-hunt and three extream bells do make the Four and twenty changes in the same manner as the Four and twenty changes on four bells were likewise made: and the whole hunt continually hunts through those four bells, and every time it either leads or lies behind them, one change must then be made in the twenty four. 1 shall here be the whole-hunt, 2 the half-hunt, and 345 extream bells: so that 2345 must make the four and twenty changes. Every extream change shall be made betwixt the two farthest extream bells from the half-hunt. First, the treble hunts up (_a_). One of the twenty four changes must now be made; and therefore 2 which is the hunt in the twenty four, must begin its motion through the extream bells (_b_). The treble hunts down (_c_); the half-hunt must proceed in its course (_d_); the whole-hunt hunts up (_e_); The half-hunt proceeds forward (_f_); the whole-hunt moves down (_g_). The half-hunt should now proceed, but having finished its course through the extream bells, therefore an extream change must now be made betwixt the two farthest extream bells from it, which are 3.4 (_h_). The treble must hunt up (_i_); the half-hunt must now begin its course again through the extream bells (_k_); treble hunts down (_l_); the half-hunt proceeds in its course down (_m_); treble hunts up (_n_); the half-hunt proceeds in its course down (_o_); treble hunts down (_p_); the half-hunt having finished its course, therefore an extream change must be made betwixt the two farthest extream bells from it, which are 3.5 (_q_). The treble hunts up (_r_). The half-hunt begins its motion again through the extream bells, and first it moves up over _4th_ (_s_). The whole hunt moves down (_t_); the half-hunt must proceed in its course, and therefore must move over another note (_v_). And this method being observed, will produce sixscore changes, and then the bells will in course come round. Now ’tis observable, that the changes at (_b d f h k m o q s v x_ and _z_), being set down by themselves, that is, the 1 to be excluded, and the changes on 2345 to be set directly under one another in the same successive order as they were made, it will thereby appear, that those four figures have made twelve changes of the twenty four, according to the method of the first twenty four changes on four bells before set down. And whereas here are just half the sixscore changes prickt down, so likewise here are just half the four and twenty changes made therein: and the remaining part of this sixscore being likewise prickt, the remaining part of this four and twenty would also appear therein, which part being added to the former twelve, would make up the twenty four changes compleat; and the method of them the same in all respects with the first twenty four changes on four bells, _page._

│12345
───┼─────
_a_│21345
„ │23145
„ │23415
„ │23451
───┼─────
_b_│32451
───┼─────
_c_│32415
„ │32145
„ │31245
„ │13245
───┼─────
_d_│13425
───┼─────
_e_│31425
„ │34125
„ │34215
„ │34251
───┼─────
_f_│34521
───┼─────
_g_│34512
„ │34152
„ │31452
„ │13452
───┼─────
_h_│14352
───┼─────
_i_│41352
„ │43152
„ │43512
„ │43521
───┼─────
_k_│43251
───┼─────
_l_│43215
„ │43125
„ │41325
„ │14325
───┼─────
_m_│14235
───┼─────
_n_│41235
───┼─────
„ │42135
„ │42315
„ │42351
───┼─────
_o_│24351
───┼─────
_p_│24315
„ │24135
„ │21435
„ │12435
───┼─────
_q_│12453
───┼─────
_r_│21453
„ │24153
„ │24513
„ │24531
───┼─────
_s_│42531
───┼─────
_t_│42513
„ │42153
„ │41253
„ │14253
───┼─────
_v_│14523
───┼─────
_w_│41523
„ │45123
„ │45213
„ │45231
───┼─────
_x_│45321
───┼─────
_y_│45312
„ │45132
„ │41532
„ │14532
───┼─────
_z_│15432

Any note may be made a whole hunt at pleasure, and its first motion at the beginning of the peal may either be up or down. Any note may also be made a half-hunt, and its first motion likewise up or down at pleasure; yet still observing that the half-hunt and three extream bells must make the twenty four changes, as in this last example. So that in the sixscore changes the Learner may observe, that the three extream bells are always assigned for the half-hunt to hunt through; and the half-hunt and three extream bells are also assigned for the whole-hunt to hunt through: so that the whole-hunt always hunts through four notes, and the half-hunt through three. The extream changes may be made two ways; first, betwixt the two farthest extream bells from the half-hunt, as in this last example; secondly, betwixt the two next extream bells to the half-hunt, which may be called _mediums_, for distinction from the former. But the most usual and easiest way, is to make them betwixt the two farthest notes from the half-hunt.

Whereas the treble or fifth being made whole-hunts, the first of them can neither be moved down, nor the last up, at the beginning of a peal; therefore one of the twenty four changes must first be made, which is as effectual, as if the treble had moved down, or the 5th up.

The Learner may observe, that two of the four and twenty changes are never made together in any sixscore, but as soon as one is made, the whole-hunt moves through the four notes before another can be made.

The sixscore changes may be rung one hundred and sixty ways, which are thus demonstrable. There are five times four figures to be produced out of five, and not twice four the same figures: as 1234. 1235. 1245. 1345. 2345. with each four the twenty four changes may be prickt sixteen ways, as before I have shewed on four bells; so that here will be five times sixteen four and twenties, which amount to eighty, and not two alike. Now to each four add the fifth figure which is wanting, as to 1234 add 5, to 1235 add 4, to 1245 add 3, to 1345 add 2, to 2345 add 1, and every fifth figure being hunted through the sixteen four and twenties, which the other four make, as the 5 through the sixteen four and twenties which the 1234 make, and the like of the rest, will produce as many sixscores as there were four and twenties, that is, 80. Then the whole hunt may hunt two ways through each four and twenty, that is, up and down at the beginning, which doubles the former number, and makes 160 in the whole.

_Treble up, fifth down._

12345 │ 12534 │ 15243 │ 21453 │ ————— │ 14325 │ 13524
————— │ 21534 │ 51243 │ 24153 │ 14253 │_Extre._│ 13254
21345 │ 25134 │ 52143 │ 24513 │ 14523 │ 13425 │ —————
23145 │ 25314 │ 52413 │ 24531 │ ————— │ ————— │ 13245
23415 │ 25341 │ 52431 │ 24351 │ 15423 │ 13452 │_Extre._
23451 │ 52341 │ 25431 │ 24315 │_Extre._│ 13542 │ 12345
23541 │ 52314 │ 25413 │ 24135 │ 15432 │ ————— │
23514 │ 52134 │ 25143 │ 21435 │ ————— │ 15342 │
23154 │ 51234 │ 21543 │ 12435 │ 14532 │_Extre._│
21354 │ 15234 │ 12543 │_Extre._│ 14352 │ 15324 │
12354 │_Extre._│ 12453 │ 14235 │ ————— │ ————— │

_Treble up, fourth down._

12345 │ 12435 │ 41253 │ 21543 │ 52134 │ ————— │ 14325
————— │ 14235 │ 14253 │ 12543 │ 51234 │ 15342 │ 13425
21345 │ 41235 │ 12453 │ 12534 │ 15234 │ 15324 │ —————
23145 │ 42135 │ 21453 │ 21534 │ 15243 │ ————— │ 13245
23415 │ 42315 │ 24153 │ 25134 │ ————— │ 13524 │ 13254
23451 │ 42351 │ 24513 │ 25314 │ 15423 │ 13542 │ —————
24351 │_Extre._│ 24531 │ 25341 │ 14523 │ ————— │ 12354
24315 │ 42531 │ 25431 │_Extre._│ ————— │ 13452 │ 12345
24135 │ 42513 │ 25413 │ 52341 │ 14532 │ 14352 │ —————
21435 │ 42153 │ 25143 │ 52314 │ 15432 │ ————— │

_Second down, fourth up._

12345 │ 31524 │ 34125 │ 43512 │ 35412 │_Extre._
————— │ 31254 │ 34215 │ 43521 │ 35421 │ 53142
21345 │ 32154 │ 32415 │ 43251 │ 35241 │ 53124
21354 │ 23154 │ 23415 │ 42351 │ 32541 │ 53214
12354 │ 23145 │ 24315 │ 24351 │ 23541 │ 52314
13254 │ 32145 │ 42315 │ 23451 │ 23514 │ 25314
13524 │ 31245 │ 43215 │ 32415 │ 32514 │ 25341
13542 │ 31425 │ 43125 │ 34251 │ 35214 │ 52341
_Extre._│ 31452 │ 43152 │ 34521 │ 35124 │ 53241
31542 │ 34152 │_Extre._│ 34512 │ 35142 │ _&c._

In ringing terms the hunts are named in short, as in the peals here prickt. The first which is named is here understood to be the whole-hunt, and the last the half-hunt. For instance, Treble is the whole-hunt, and fifth the half-hunt; and treble is the whole-hunt, and fourth the half-hunt, _&c._

_The Changes on six Bells._

There are seven hundred and twenty changes to be rung of six bells. But the Learner may first practice some shorter peals.

The twenty four changes are thus rung. The treble must continually hunt through the rest of the notes, and every time it leads or lies behind them, an extream change must then be made between the two farthest notes from it. The treble hunts up (_a_). A change is made betwixt the two farthest notes from it, which are 2.3 (_b_). The treble hunts down (_c_). An extream change is made betwixt 5.6 (_d_), which method must be continued to the end. Any note may be made a hunt at pleasure, and the extream changes may as well be made betwixt the two nearest notes to the hunt. The Thirty-all-over are rung according to the method of the Twelve all over upon four bells, to which I refer.

│123456
───┼──────
_a_│213456
„ │231456
„ │234156
„ │234516
„ │234561
───┼──────
_b_│324561
───┼──────
_c_│324516
„ │324156
„ │321456
„ │312456
„ │132456
───┼──────
_d_│132465

The thirty six changes are thus rung. The treble hunts up into the third place, and then the two first notes make a change. The treble hunts down again to lead, and then the two notes in the _3d_ and _4th_ places do make a change, except the 2 lies next the treble, and then the two hindmost notes. The treble hunts up (_a_). The two first notes make a change (_b_). The treble hunts down (_c_); the 2.4 make a change (_d_). In which manner the changes are to be made untill the treble leads, and the 2 (which may be term’d the half-hunt) lies next it, and then the extream change is made behind, as in the last change of this example, there being but two of these changes in the peal.

│123456
───┼──────
_a_│213456
„ │231456
───┼──────
_b_│321456
───┼──────
_c_│312456
„ │132456
───┼──────
_d_│134256
───┼──────
_e_│314256
„ │341256
───┼──────
_f_│431256
───┼──────
_g_│413256
„ │143256
───┼──────
_h_│142356
───┼──────
_i_│412356
„ │421356
───┼──────
_k_│241356
───┼──────
_l_│214356
„ │124356
───┼──────
_m_│124365
│_&c._

In the Twelvescore long-hunts, (otherwise called the _Esquire’s twelvescore_); the _6th_ and _5th_ are hunts, and 1234 do make the twenty four changes. The _6th_ and _5th_ do hunt down by turns, and when either of them leads, one of the twenty four changes must then be made. The course and method of this is the same with that of the forty eight changes on five bells, to which I refer the Learner.

In the Sevenscore and four, the treble and tenor are both hunts; and 2345 do make the twenty four changes, 2 being the hunt therein. The treble and tenor do both hunt at one and the same time, the one up, and the other down, crossing each others course; and when one of them leads, the other always lies behind; at which time one of the twenty four changes must be made. The extream changes in this peal are made in the same manner as before I have shewed upon four bells. The treble hunts up, and the tenor down (_a_). One of the twenty four changes is made (_b_). The treble hunts down, and the tenor up (_c_). Another of the twenty four changes is made (_d_). The treble hunts up, and the tenor down (_e_), _&c._ which method must be observed to the end.

│123456
───┼──────
_a_│213465
„ │231645
„ │236145
„ │263415
„ │623451
───┼──────
_b_│632451
───┼──────
_c_│362415
„ │326145
„ │321645
„ │312465
„ │132456
───┼──────
_d_│134256
───┼──────
_e_│314265
„ │341625
„ │346125
„ │364215
„ │634251
───┼──────
_f_│634521
│_&c._

In the sixscore changes there is a whole-hunt, a half-hunt, and four extream bells. The half-hunt and four extream bells do make the twenty changes in the same manner as the twenty changes were made upon five bells with one hunt. _page 61._ The whole hunt hath a continual motion through the other five notes, and every time it leads and lies behind them, one of the twenty changes must then be made. In this example, treble is the whole-hunt, 2 the half-hunt, and 3456 extream bells; therefore 23456 must make the twenty changes wherein 2 is the hunt, and every time it lies either before the four extream bells, or behind them, an extream change must then be made, which here shall be betwixt the two farthest extream bells from the half-hunt. The treble hunts up (_a_). One of the twenty changes must now be made, therefore 2 being the hunt in it, must begin its course through the extream bells (_b_). The treble hunts down (_c_); The half-hunt proceeds forward (_d_); the treble hunts up (_e_); the half-hunt proceeds forward in its course (_f_); the treble hunts down (_g_); the 2 proceeds forward (_h_); the treble hunts up (_i_); the half-hunt should now proceed forward, but its course through the extream bells being finished, therefore an extream change must be made betwixt 3.4, which are the two farthest extream bells from it, (_k_). The treble must hunt down (_l_); the half-hunt must now go its course again through the extream bells, and first it moves down under the _6th_, (_m_) _&c._ which method must be continued to the end. Any note may be made a whole hunt at pleasure, or a half-hunt also. And the extream changes may be made betwixt the two nearest extream notes to the half-hunt; but withall observing to make all the extreams in one peal alike. There are four extream changes in each peal, and thirty changes distance from one to another.

│123456
───┼──────
_a_│213456
„ │231456
„ │234156
„ │234516
„ │234561
───┼──────
_b_│324561
───┼──────
_c_│324516
„ │324156
„ │321456
„ │312456
„ │132456
───┼──────
_d_│134256
───┼──────
_e_│314256
„ │341256
„ │342156
„ │342516
„ │342561
───┼──────
_f_│345261
───┼──────
_g_│345216
„ │345126
„ │341526
„ │314526
„ │134526
───┼──────
_h_│134562
───┼──────
_i_│314562
„ │341562
„ │345162
„ │345612
„ │345621
───┼──────
_k_│435621
───┼──────
_l_│435612
„ │435162
„ │431562
„ │413562
„ │143562
───┼──────
_m_│143526
│_&c._

The method of the Seven hundred and twenty, hath an absolute dependency upon the method of the Sixscore changes on five bells; for five of the notes are to make the sixscore changes, and the sixth note hunts continually through them, and every time it leads or lies behind them, one of the Sixscore changes must then be made. The method of the Seven hundred and Twenty is in effect the same with that of the Sixscore: for as the Sixscore comprehended the Twenty four changes on four, and the Six on three; so likewise the Seven hundred and twenty comprehend the Sixscore changes on five, the Twenty four changes on four, and the Six changes on three. Therefore here must be three Hunts, and three Extream bells: the three Hunts are thus distinguished; one of them is call’d the _whole-hunt_, another the _half-hunt_, and the other the _quarter-hunt_. The Half-hunt, Quarter-hunt, and three Extream bells, are to make the Sixscore changes; the Quarter-hunt and three Extream bells are to make the Twenty four changes, and the three Extream bells are to make the _six_ changes, which are here also called _extream_ changes, and made in the same manner as before I have shewed upon four bells. In this example here prickt, _treble_ is the _whole-hunt_, _2d_ the _half-hunt_, _3d_ the _quarter-hunt_, and _4 5 6_ _extream_ bells. Now ’tis observable, that 4 5 6 are to make the six _extream_ changes, which will divide the _seven hundred and twenty_ into six equal parts; the 3 4 5 6 are to make the _twenty four_ changes, wherein the _3d_ is the _hunt_, (but in the _seven hundred and twenty_ ’tis call’d the _quarter-hunt_;) and 2 3 4 5 6 are to make the _sixscore_ changes, wherein the _2d_ is the _whole-hunt_ (though in the 720 ’tis call’d the _half-hunt_,) by which ’tis evident, that the _treble_ continually hunts through these five 2 3 4 5 6, the _2d_ through the four 3 4 5 6, and the _3d_ through these three 4 5 6; which are assigned for the respective _hunts_ to hunt through, from the beginning to the end of the peal. First the _treble_ hunts up (_a_). Now one of the _sixscore_ changes must be made, therefore the _2d_ being the _hunt_ in the _sixscore_, must begin its course through the other four notes (_b_). The _treble_ hunts down (_c_); the _2d_ proceeds in its course (_d_); the _treble_ hunts up (_e_). The _2d_ proceedeth forward in its course (_f_); the _treble_ hunts down (_g_); the _2d_ proceeds forward (_h_); the _treble_ hunts up (_i_); the _2d_, which is the _half-hunt_, should now proceed forward, but having finished its course through the four bells, therefore the _3d_, which is the _quarter-hunt_, must begin its motion through the _extream_ bells (_k_). The _treble_ hunts down (_l_). The _half-hunt_ must now begin its course again through the four bells, and first therefore it moves down under the 6 (_m_). The _treble_ must hunt up again, and then the _2d_ must move down under another bell, which method must be observed untill the _2d_ has moved quite down through the four bells again, and then the _3d_ must proceed forward by moving over another of the _extream_ bells; which method must be observed in the motion of the three _hunts_, until the _quarter-hunt_ hath moved up behind the _extream_ bells, and then the _whole_ and _half-hunts_, having gone their course again through the bells, an _extream_ change must be made: after which the _whole_, _half_, and _quarter-hunts_ proceed again in their course as before.

│123456
───┼──────
_a_│213456
„ │231456
„ │234156
„ │234516
„ │234561
───┼──────
_b_│324561
───┼──────
_c_│324516
„ │324156
„ │321456
„ │312456
„ │132456
───┼──────
_d_│134256
───┼──────
_e_│314256
„ │341256
„ │342156
„ │342516
„ │342561
───┼──────
_f_│345261
───┼──────
_g_│345216
„ │345126
„ │341526
„ │314526
„ │134526
───┼──────
_h_│134562
───┼──────
_i_│314562
„ │341562
„ │345162
„ │345612
„ │345621
───┼──────
_k_│435621
───┼──────
_l_│435612
„ │435162
„ │431562
„ │413562
„ │143562
───┼──────
_m_│143526