Chapter XXXVI: Henry VI (4)

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, 108;
aims at the Papacy, 119;
against William II., 123;
leaves England, 126;
joins the Crusaders, 141.

Offa, 39;
his dyke, 30.

Oldcastle, Sir John (_see_ Cobham, Lord).

Ordeal, 34.

Orleans, Siege of, 587;
liberated, 602.

Oswulf, ruler of Northumbria, 51.

Otho, Constitutions of, 486.

Otterburn, Battle of, 468.

Owen Glendower's revolt, 522;
declares himself Prince of Wales, 523;
receives Mortimer's daughter, 527;
applies to France for aid, 534;
his end, 538.

Oxford Colleges, Founding of, 490.

Oxford, Provisions of, 299;
annulled by Louis IX., 306.

Painting in the 14th century, 502.

Palmer, origin of the term, 135.

Paris, Anarchy in, 549;
triumphal entry of Henry V. into, 571.

Parliament refuses supplies, 293;
first, representing cities and boroughs, 308;
annual assembling decreed, 386;
grants Edward III. funds, 406;
The "Good," 446;
growing power of, under Edward III., 447;
subserviency to Richard II., 475;
at Gloucester, 451;
dispute with Gloucester, 577;
of bats, 587.

Pedro of Castile, 439.

Pen Selwood, Battle of, 63.

Penda, 30;
defeats Cenwealh, 31.

Pepin, 92.

Percies, The, and the Scots, 524;
revolt against the king, 526;
in Scotland, 527;
save the king, 529.
(_See_ Northumberland and Hotspur.)

Perpendicular style of architecture, 502.

Perth burnt, 347;
blockaded, 398.

Peter the Hermit, 135.

Pevensey Castle captured by William II., 123;
Duke of York in, 531.

Philippa of Flanders sent to Paris as a hostage, 349.

Philippa, Queen, defeats the Scots, 422;
joins Edward at Calais, 423;
pleads for the citizens, 424.

Philip II. of France and Henry II.'s sons, 207;
banishes the Jews, 218;
compact with Richard I., 221.

Philip Augustus of France sails for Acre, 225;
prepares to invade Normandy, 242;
at war with Richard, 246, 247;
defeated at Gisors, 249;
opposes John, 252;
prepares to invade England, 261;
loses his fleet, 263;
confederacy against, 266.

Philip VI. of France summons Edward III. to do homage for Guienne, 403;
collects a fleet, 406;
challenged by Edward to single combat, 407;
at Creçy, 419;
seeks aid from Scotland, 422;
at the relief of Calais, 423;
death, 427.

Picts, 16, 27.

Piers Gaveston, Edward II.'s favourite, 364;
marries the king's niece, 366;
banished, 367;
appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 367;
sentenced to death, 370.

"Piers Plowman," 496.

Pinhoe, Battle of, 58.

Poitiers, Battle of, 430.

Pole, Sir Michael de la, excites the king, 463;
in prison, 466;
(Earl of Suffolk) "appealed" of treason, 467.

Pole, William de la, and Margaret of Anjou, 603.
(_See_ Suffolk.)

Poll-tax, 454.

Pontefract Castle, 484.

Pope publishes a crusade against Manfred of Sicily, 293;
excommunicates Leicester, 307;
claims Scotland as a fief, 352;
abolishes the Knights Templars, 387;
receiving Grosseteste's reply, 487.

Popes, The rival, 461.

Præmunire, Statute of, 488.

Privy Council, 362.

Punishments among the Saxons, 35.

Purveyance, 167.

Radcot Bridge, Engagement at, 467.

Reading, Battles at, 39.

Realists, 489.

Red Cross Knights, 151, 386.

"Red-shanks," 389.

Rees-ap-Meredith joins Edward I., 326.

Reeve, 34.

Reformation, Dawn of the, 488.

Rhuddlan, Charter granted to, 328.

Richard the Good attacked by Ethelred, 58;
death, 76.

Richard, Prince, Earl of Cornwall, 282;
offered the crown of Sicily, 292;
chosen King of the Romans, 294;
submits to the barons, 300;
captured by Leicester, 307;
death, 312.

Richard I. declares himself vassal to the King of France, 208;
crowned, 218;
claims upon Tancred of Sicily, 223;
attacks Cyprus, 226;
falls back upon Ascalon, 230;
negotiations with Saladin, 231;
truce with Saladin, 234;
returns home, 235;
before the diet of the Empire, 243;
war with France, 246;
defeats Philip at Gisors, 249;
story of his death, 250;
his character, 251.

Richard II., Accession of, 449;
meets Wat Tyler, 459;
marries Anne of Bohemia, 460;
marches on Scotland, 463;
favourites, 464;
grief at loss of his queen, 470;
goes over to Ireland, 471;
marries again, 472;
his arbitrary conduct, 475;
seizes Lancaster's estates, 478;
sails for Ireland, 479;
hasty return, 480;
resignation of the crown, 483;
his fate, 484;
his body shown in public, 520.

Richborough Castle, 19.

Ridings, 46.

Robert of Gloucester opposes Stephen, 170;
taken prisoner, 175;
dies, 176.

Robert the Devil, 76.

Robert's quarrel with his father the Conqueror, 117;
gallantry, 127;
pledges the Duchy of Normandy, 132;
leads an army to the Holy Land, 141;
marries, 152;
returns to England, 159;
taken prisoner, 159;
his death, 160.

Rochester Castle, Siege of, 125.

Rochester, Siege of, 271.

Roger, Earl of March, Richard II.'s heir, 464.

Rokeby, Thomas of, 389.

Rokeby, Sir Thomas, defeats Northumberland and Bardolf, 536.

Roman invasion of Britain, Results of the, 18;
roads, 23;
camps, 24;
provinces in Britain, 18;
taxes in Britain, 18;
remains, 19;
wall, the, 21.

Rouen, Surrender of, 466.

Runnymede, Magna Charta granted at, 268.

Rutland, Earl of, reveals the conspiracy against Henry IV., 518.

Sac and Soc, 34.

Sailors, British, in the 14th century, 508.

St. Albans, Council at, 264;
Parliament at, 532.

St. Brice's day massacre, 58.

St. John, Order of, 151.

St. Patrick, 199.

Saladin attacks Richard, 228;
his character, 231;
captures Jaffa, 234;
and the Bishop of Salisbury, 235.

"Saviour of the Poor," 247.

Savoy, Count of, supports Edward I., 338.

Sawtrey, William, burnt, 544.

Saxon crypt, Hexham, 22.

Saxon kingdoms, 27.

Saxons, 25.

Scalds, 93.

Scarborough Castle besieged, 370.

Scotland, Submission of, to Canute, 66;
independence sacrificed, 206;
Queen Margaret's influence upon, 330;
rises against Edward I., 340;
overcome, 343;
guardians appointed, 347;
peace with, 379;
Church of, 14th century, 488;
coins in, 508;
Richard II. in, 522.

Scottish throne, Rival claimants to the, 333;
dress in the 14th century, 514.

Scrope, Archbishop, advises Henry IV.'s deposition, 527;
his punishment, 532;
executed, 534.

Scutage levied, 186;
origin of the term, 189.

Senlac, 82.

Sexburh, 31.

Sheriff, 34.

Sherstone, Battle of, 63.

Shire-Moot, its business, 34.

Shrewsbury taken by Henry I., 159;
battle of, 529.

Sicily, Subjugation of, determined on, 272;
dispute concerning, 330.

Sigismund, King of the Romans, visits Henry V., 559.

Silures, Reduction of the, 14.

Skipton-on-the-Moor, Insurgents at, 532.

Slaughter Hill, 524.

Sluys, Edward I.'s arrival at, 350;
battle of, 407.

Smockfrock, The, 99.

Soissons, Butchery of, 550.

Somme, Edward III. crossing the, 415;
Henry V. at the, 553.

Spaniards, Battle at sea with the, 427.

Spenser's English, 496.

Sports, Early English, 97.

Stamford Bridge, Battle of, 79.

Standard, Battle of the, 171.

Stanley, Sir John, granted the Isle of Man, 535.

Staples, 506.

Stations on Roman wall, 22.

Stephen of Blois and the Crusaders, 141;
crowned, 169;
cited before an ecclesiastical synod, 172;
taken prisoner, 173;
liberated, 175;
defeated at Wilton, 176;
declared usurper, 177;
alliance against Henry Plantagenet, 179;
dies, 180.

"Sterling," 597.

Stigand, governor to William I., 107;
ruined, 111.

Stirling burnt, 347;
the castle attacked by Edward I., 354.

Stonehenge, 4.

Strathclyde, Kingdom of, 29.

Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, 201;
King of Leinster, 202.

Suffolk, Duke of, impeached, 607;
defence and fate, 608.

Suffolk, Earl of, at the siege of Orleans, 588;
abandons it, 592;
taken prisoner, 593.

Surgery, Fourteenth century, 490.

Surrey, Earl of, defeated by Wallace, 346.

Sussex, Kingdom of, 27.

Sweyn invades England, 58;
becomes king, 60.

Swynford, Catherine, 468.

Taillefer, 93.

Talbot's achievements in France, 602;
valour of, at Rouen, 606;
slain, 607.

Tancred, 145;
brings back Peter the Hermit, 149.

Tancred, king of Sicily, 222.

Templars banished from France, 187.

Temple of Jerusalem, Order of, 151.

Tew, 26.

Thegns, 36.

Theologians of the fourteenth century, 491.

Thor, 26.

Tostig's attempt to get the crown, 79.

Tournay, Edward III. before, 407.

Tower of London, 108, 214.

Towers, Norman, 214;
Gothic, 316.

Treason, High, defined, 447.

Troubadours, 94.

Trouveres, 94.

Troyes, Treaty of, 579.

Truce of God, The, 138.

Tudor line, Origin of the, 601.

Tudor, Owen, marriage with Queen Catherine, 600;
beheaded, 601.

Tynemouth Castle taken, 130.

Tyrrel shoots the king, 131.

Uffa, 27.

Ulfcytel, 59.

Universities, Disorders at the, 491.

Urban II. preaching the First Crusade, 163.

Vere, Robert de, created Duke of Ireland, 464;
"appealed" of treason, 467;
death, 470.

Verneuil, Battle of, 582.

Ville du Bois, 423.

Vortigern, 27.

Wales loses its independence, 327;
first prince of, 329;
rebellion in, 339;
revolt in, 522.
(_See_ Welsh.)

Walhalla, 26.

Wallace, Sir William, story of, 343;
his popularity, 345;
entitled guardian of the kingdom, 346;
defeated by Edward, 347;
a reward offered for his head, 354;
beheaded and quartered, 354.

Wallingford Castle, Owen Tudor in, 601.

Wallingford, Treaty of, 179.

Walter, Hubert, chief justiciary, 246;
supports John, 252;
death, 259.

Walter the Penniless, Expedition of, 138.

Waltham Abbey, 72.

Waltham Cross, Architecture of, 498.

Waltheof, 114.

Walworth, William, 449;
advises the king to slay Tyler's followers, 458;
slays Wat, 459.

Wapentakes, 46.

Wark Castle, siege of, 171.

Warkworth Castle taken by Bruce, 376.

Warrenne, Earl, defeats the Scots at Dunbar, 342;
governor of Scotland, 343.

Warwick, Earl of, imprisoned, 472;
banished, 474.

Warwick, Earl of, guardian of Henry VI., 576;
death of, 601.

Wat Tyler, 454;
leads his followers to London, 456;
seizes the Tower, 458;
slain, 459.

Watling Street, 23.

Waverley, Monastic Registers of, 495.

Wedmore, Treaty of, 43.

Welsh, 27;
disaffected, 129;
submit to Henry II., 183;
defeat the royal forces, 191;
Edward I.'s expedition against, 326;
rise in favour of Richard II., 480.
(_See_ Wales.)

Wendover, Works of, 494.

Wergild, 26.

Wessex, kingdom of, 27.

Westminster Abbey, Church of, 212.

Westminster, First statute of, 360.

Westminster Hall founded, 130.

Westmoreland's, Earl of, cunning, 533.

Wight, Isle of, 450, 531.

Wilfrith, Bishop of Selsey, 31.

William, Archbishop of Tyre, 208.

William, Archdeacon of Durham, 490.

William, Fitz-Osborn, 108.

William of Normandy visits England, 70;
his power, 75;
parentage, 76;
advances upon London, 107;
coronation, 108;
reforms in the Church, 111;
cruelty to malcontents, 113;
love of sport, 118;
death, 119;
his character, 121.

William (Rufus) II. ascends the throne, 123;
his exactions, 130;
his death, 131.

William's (Robert's son) adherents, 162;
his increased power and death, 166.

William the Lion taken prisoner, 205.

Wiltshire, Earl of, executed, 479.

Wimborne, Battle of, 46.

Winchelsey's synod at Merton, 487.

Winchester, Synod at, 172;
Parliament of, 310;
statute of, 360.

Witena-gemot, 35;
in its latter days, 361.

Woden, 26.

Wodensbury, Battle of, 31.

"Wonderful Parliament," The, 467.

Worcester burnt, 67.

Wycliffe, John, effect of his teaching, 452;
work and death, 462.

Wykeham, William of, dismissed from court, 446;
and New College, 491.

Wyntoun, Andrew, historian, 495.

York, Duke of, appointed regent, 478;
joins Lancaster, 479.

York, Duke of, advances on Paris, 600;
recalled, 601;
his right to the crown, 604.

York, Massacre of Jews at, 237;
deprived of its franchises, 534.

Yorkshire, Inroads of the Scots into, 376.

PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: In the National Library at Paris.]

[Footnote 2: Gregory of Tours.]

[Footnote 3: The historical works of William of Malmesbury consist of seven books containing a record of the acts of the English kings, from the arrival of the English to the time of the author's death, in the year 1143.]

[Footnote 4: The Rev. J. C. Bruce, "The Bayeux Tapestry Elucidated."]

[Footnote 5: A "man of nothing," in Anglo-Saxon "nithing," a term of abuse and contempt.]

[Footnote 6: Ordericus Vitalis.]

[Footnote 7: Holinshed.]

[Footnote 8: William of Malmesbury.]

[Footnote 9: Holinshed.]

[Footnote 10: Matthew Paris.]

[Footnote 11: Westminster Hall was founded by William Rufus in 1097.]

[Footnote 12: "Morte d'Arthur" was a French romance, translated by Sir Thomas Mallory, Knight, and printed by Caxton in 1481.]

[Footnote 13: Old chroniclers speak of pilgrims returning from the Holy Land with their staves wreathed with palm, and from this custom arose the word "palmer," which signified a holy traveller from Jerusalem.]

[Footnote 14: The word Paynim, or Pagan, was commonly used in the Middle Ages to include all Mahometans.]

[Footnote 15: William of Malmesbury.]

[Footnote 16: Manuel I., Comnenus.]

[Footnote 17: The traveller here seems to be describing some confused recollection of the column of Arcadius.]

[Footnote 18: Having a regard to the value of money at that period, there can be no doubt that this account is exaggerated.]

[Footnote 19: Speaking of the Peloponnesus, a province, or _theme_, of the Byzantine monarchy, Gibbon says that the embroidery there produced was raised either in silk or gold; and the more simple ornament of stripes or circles was surpassed by the nicer imitation of flowers. The vestments that were fashioned for the palace or the altar often glittered with precious stones, and the figures were delineated in strings of Oriental pearls. Until the twelfth century, Greece alone, of all the countries of Christendom, possessed the silkworm.--_Decline and Fall_, chap. liii.]

[Footnote 20: Now called _At-Meidan_, or horse market.]

[Footnote 21: It is possible that Benjamin was a witness of the festivals celebrated at Constantinople on the marriage of the Emperor Manuel with Mary, daughter of the Prince of Antioch, on Christmas Day, 1161.]

[Footnote 22: The ceremony of the "adoption of honour," as it was styled, was a curious custom of the time.]

[Footnote 23: The nature of the chemical preparation known as "Greek fire" has not been ascertained with certainty, but it is probable that naphtha was one of the principal ingredients.]

[Footnote 24: Eadmer.]

[Footnote 25: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.]

[Footnote 26: _Ibid._]

[Footnote 27: Sir James Mackintosh.]

[Footnote 28: _The White Ship._]

[Footnote 29: Torture-chamber.]

[Footnote 30: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.]

[Footnote 31: The scutage, or escutcheon-tax, was so called because it was due from all persons who possessed a knight's fee, or an estate which would maintain a man-at-arms, provided he failed to present himself at the stated time with his écu, escutcheon, or shield (Latin, _scutum_) upon his arm.]

[Footnote 32: On being told that he must die, Becket replied, "I resign myself to death; but I forbid you, in the name of the Almighty God, to injure any of those round me, whether monk or layman, great or small."]

[Footnote 33: Gerald de Barry, commonly known as Giraldus Cambrensis (or Gerald the Welshman), was the grandson of a Norman and a Welshwoman, and was born in Wales. He was present in Ireland during the time of many of the events about to be related.]

[Footnote 34: His words are: "King Edward the Confessor commanded the church at Westminster to be dedicated on Innocents' Day. He was buried on the day of the Epiphany, in the said church, which he first in England had erected after that kind of style, which almost all attempt to rival, at enormous expense."]

[Footnote 35: See Hudson Turner's "Domestic Architecture."]

[Footnote 36: It was a common belief among the people of this superstitious age that the Jews were guilty of the practice of sorcery.]

[Footnote 37: The accounts of different writers vary considerably, but one of the lowest estimates states that nearly 200,000 men, among whom were six archbishops, and many bishops and nobles of high rank, perished before the walls of Acre.]

[Footnote 38: Roger of Hoveden states that 5,000 infidels were thus destroyed. Other accounts give even a larger number.]

[Footnote 39: "El Gootz," or "The Blessed City," is the Arab name of Jerusalem to this day.]

[Footnote 40: The Arabic word "Sheikh," translated by the Crusaders "Old Man," means also the chief of a tribe.]

[Footnote 41: "Of a very agreeable appearance."]

[Footnote 42:

"As the rose is the flower of flowers,
So is this the house of houses."]

* * * * *

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| Transcriber's note: |
| |
| Contents Chapter I: 'Cassivelannus' changed to 'Cassivelaunus'. |
| Contents Chapter X & P.75: 'Hadrada' changed to 'Hardrada'. |
| P. 91. 'prachment' changed to 'parchment'. |
| Pp. 186 & 194. 'King of Arragon' changed to 'King of Aragon'. |
| P. 253. 'occurrin' changed to 'occurring'. |
| P. 316. 'crocketted' changed to 'crocketed'. |
| P. 399. 'ob-obtained' changed to 'obtained'. |
| P. 408. 'adpealed' changed to 'appealed'. |
| P. 415. 'righful' changed to 'rightful'. |
| P. 463. 'intertercept' changed to 'intercept'. |
| P. 466. 'Where-ever' changed to 'Wherever'. |
| P. 477. 'bod' changed to 'body' and 'thos' to those'. |
| P. 486. 'Lambeton' changed to 'Lamberton' as in the Bishop of |
| St. Andrews. |
| P. 494. 'pubblished' changed to 'published'. |
| P. 579. 'o' changed to 'of'. |
| Index. 'Paulinius, 11;' changed to 'Paulinus, 11;'. |
| Index: taken out extra 'Northumberland, Earl of'. |
| Index: Richard I: "defeats Philip at Guise" changed 'Guise' to |
| 'Gisors'. |
| Various errors of punctuation were corrected. |
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