Chapter XXIX: Appendix: Ii.--P. 40

_Observations on the Rate at which Stalagmite is being accumulated in
the Ingleborough Cave._ Proceed. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Manch. April
1873.

The only attempt to measure with accuracy the rate of the accumulation of stalagmite in caverns, in this country, is that made by Mr. James Farrer in the Ingleborough Cave, in the years 1839 and 1845, and published by Prof. Phillips in the “Rivers, Mountains, and Sea Coast of Yorkshire” (second edition, 1855, pp. 34-35). The stalagmite of which the measurements were taken is that termed, from its shape, the Jockey Cap. It rises from a crystalline pavement to a height of about two and a half feet, and is the result of a deposit of carbonate of lime, brought down by a line of drops that fall into a basin at its top, and flow over the general surface. On March 13th, 1873, in company with Mr. John Birkbeck and Mr. Walker, I was enabled by the kindness of Mr. Farrer to take a set of measurements, to be recorded for use in after years.

For the sake of insuring accuracy in future observations, three holes were bored at the base of the stalagmite, and three gauges of brass wire, gilt, inserted; gauge No. 1 in the following table being that on the S.S.E., No. 2 on N.N.E., No. 3 on the West side. The curvilinear dimensions were taken with fine iron wire, or with a steel measure; and the circumferential around the base along a line marked by the three gauges. The measurements 2, 3, and 4 of the table were taken on the 15th of March, by Mr. Walker, and their accuracy may be tested by the fact that they coincide exactly with No. 1, which I took two days before.

The lengths of wire, properly labelled, are deposited in the Manchester Museum, the Owens College, for future observers.

In the following table I have given my own measurements and compared them with those taken by Mr. Farrer.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.

+--------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----------+--------+
| | 13th | | | |Rate of |
| | Mar. | |30 Oct.| Increase |Increase|
| | 1873. | 1839. | 1845. | since | per |
| |Inches.|Inches.|Inches.|1839.|1845.| annum. |
| | | | | | | Inches |
+--------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----+-----+--------+
| 1 Basal circumference at | | | | | |·2941- |
| Gauges |128 |118 |120 | 10 | 8 | ·2857 |
| 2 Gauge No. 1 to Gauge No. 2 | 52·625| | | | | |
| 3 ” 2 ” 3 | 35·0 | | | | | |
| 4 ” 3 ” 1 | 40·375| | | | | |
| 5 Gauge No. 1 to hole in centre| | | | | | |
| of basin at apex| 30 | | | | | |
| 6 ” 2 ” ” | 29·5 | | | | | |
| 7 ” 3 ” ” | 31·4 | | | | | |
| 8 Height from Gauge No. 1 | 20·9 | | | | | |
| 9 ” ” 2 min | 20·4 | | | | | |
|10 Maximum | 29·7 | | | | | |
|11 Tape measurement on slope | | | | | | |
| Gauge No. 1 to edge of apex| 26·7 | | | | | |
|12 ” No. 2 ” ” | 26·6 |21·0 | | 5·6 | | |
|13 ” ” maximum ” | 36·0 |32·0 | 35·0 | 4·0 | 1·0 | |
|14 Roof to apex of Jockey Cap | 87 | | 95·25 | | 8·25|·2946 |
|15 Roof to tip of stalactite | | | 10 | | | |
|16 Stalactite to apex of Jockey | | | | | | |
| Cap | | | 85·25 | | | |
+--------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-----+-----+--------+

Unfortunately I have been unable to identify the exact spots where the stalagmite was measured by Mr. Farrer, so that the only measurement which affords any trustworthy data for estimating the rate of increase is number 14. With regard to this, the only possible ground of error is the erosion of the general surface of the solid limestone, of which the roof is composed, by carbonic acid, since the year 1845, and this is so small as to be practically inappreciable. We have, therefore, evidence that the Jockey’s Cap is growing at the rate of ·2946 of an inch per annum, and that if the present rate of growth be continued it will finally arrive at the roof in about 295 years. But even this comparatively short lapse of time will probably be diminished by the growth of a pendent stalactite above, that is now being formed in place of that which measured ten inches in 1845, and has since been accidentally destroyed. It is very possible that the Jockey Cap may be the result not of the continuous but of the intermittent drip of water containing a variable quantity of carbonate of lime, and that, therefore, the present rate of growth is not a measure of its past or future condition. Its possible age in 1845 was estimated by Prof. Phillips at 259 years, on the supposition that the grain of carbonate of lime in each pint was deposited. If, however, it grew at its present rate it may be not more than 100 years old. All the stalagmites and stalactites in the Ingleborough Cave may not date further back than the time of Edward III. if the Jockey Cap be taken as a measure of the rate of deposition.

INDEX.

A.

Abbeville, flint implements of, 16.

Aborigines (palæolithic) of India, 428, 429.

Acid-worn joint, Doveholes, Derbyshire, 52.

Adams, Dr. Leith, explores bone-caves of Malta, 377;
finds tooth of pigmy hippopotamus in Candia, 378.

Adriatic Sea, the, 388.

Africa, mainland of, 379;
moraines in, 387;
physical geography of, in pleistocene age, 370;
species of European mammalia found in, 380.

African animals in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
elephant, the, 372, 376.

Age of cavern deposits, test of, 410.

Albert Cave, the, Settle, 101.

Alessi, Canon, cited, 376.

Algeria, fossil mammalia in, 379.

Alps, the, animals living to the North of, 359, 360;
glaciers of, 403.

Altai mountains, the, Irish elk in, 401;
panther in, 403.

America, animals in, 396-399.

Amiens, flint implements in the gravels of, 16.

Anatolia, the glaciers of, 383-385.

Anca, Baron, on caves of northern Sicily, 376.

Andalusia, prehistoric antiquities in, 209.

Animals in Brit-Welsh caves, 130, 131;
classificatory value of, 78;
domestic, derived from Asia, 137;
evidence of, as to climate, 392;
extinct species of, 400;
historic, 75, 76;
living under the care of man, 77;
migration of, 366;
northern group of, 395;
pleistocene, living to the north of the Alps, 359-361;
unknown in Britain in the prehistoric age, 266;
prehistoric, 265;
probable cause of association of species, 397;
southern group of, 393;
temperate group of, 399.

_Antelope saiga_, the, 336, 348, 399.

Antelopes, spread of, into Europe, 370.

Antiquity of Man in Europe, 424.

Aquitaine, implements in the caves of, 354, 355;
palæolithic hunters in, 347;
the people of, 356, 357.

Ardennes, rock denuded from the, 61.

Arenaceous rocks, caves in, 24.

Arnould, M., on the cave of Sclaigneaux, 218.

Arrows used by palæolithic hunters, 342.

Art of the Eskimos, 356.

Arthur’s cave, King, 290.

Ashmolean Museum, harpoons in the, 354, 356.

Asia, domestic animals of Europe derived from, 137;
the lion in, 393.

Ass, the, 77.

Atlantic Ocean, the, 380;
shore, the, at one hundred fathom line, 365.

Atlas mountains, glaciers of the, 386.

Aurignac, the cave of, 19;
bones found in, 246;
discovery of, 243;
interment in, 242;
skeletons of man above palæolithic stratum of, 245.

Austen, Mr. Godwin- (_see_ Godwin-Austen).

Auvergne, palæolithic men in, 21.

Avison, cave of, 18.

Axe, the river, 29.

Aymard, M., cited, 330.

B.

Badger, the (_see_ _Meles taxus_).

Banwell, cave at, 293.

Basques, the, eastern derivation of, 227, 228;
elements of, in British and French populations, 225;
in Britain and Ireland in the neolithic age, 215;
the Dolicho-cephali cognate with, 213;
the oldest neolithic population, 223.

Baumann’s Hole, 12.

Baume, the cave of, animals found in, 337.

Bayle, M., on animals from Mansourah, 379.

Bear, the, 75, 79, 131, 146;
in Germany, 278;
in the care of Kühloch, 27;
the cave, 138, 278, 401;
the grizzly, 278, 348, 376, 399.

Beard, Mr., of Banwell, cited, 15, 33;
explorations of, 292.

Beaumont, Mr. John, describes Wookey Hole, 29;
on fungoid structures, 69.

Beaver, the, 76, 79, 132.

Behrens, Dr., cited, 12.

Belgium, brachy-cephalic skulls found in, 228;
caves in, 20, 347;
dolicho-cephalic skulls in, 215.

Bell, Professor, on the ass, 77.

Bertrand, M. Eugène, cited, 175.

Billaudel, M., cited, 18.

Birkbeck, Mr., cited, 35;
descends into Helln Pot, 43.

Bishofferode, cave at, 4.

Bison, the, 80, 266, 359.

Blackmore, Dr., cited, 268, 269.

Black-Rock Cave, the, near Tenby, 68.

Blake, Mr. Carter, cited, 144.

Blyth, Mr., cited, 393.

Boar, the wild, 76, 79.

Bone-beds, the, in Wookey Hole Hyæna-den, 305-307.

Bone-caves, before and after the ice-period, 408;
exploration of, in Great Britain, 13;
in Southern Europe, 21, 370, 373, 375, 377;
the three classes of, 10.

Bone harpoon, found in Victoria Cave, 111.

Bones gnawed by hyænas, 282.

Bonney, Rev. T. G., cited, 28.

_Bos longifrons_, 78, 88, 125, 131, 133, 136, 144, 150, 166, 194,
256, 262, 269.

_Bos namadicus_, 428.

Bosco’s Den, 288.

Boulder clays, 403.

Brachy-cephali, the Belgian, 199, 219;
British, 193, 199;
French, 199, 202, 203;
represented by Celts, 229.

Bradley, Mr., cited, 190.

Brandt, Professor, cited, 399;
on the Irish Elk, 401.

Brenan, Mr., discoveries of, in Ireland, 335.

Bristol Channel, the, 290.

Britain, cave exploration in, 13;
during the second ice age, 406;
historic caves in, 81;
historic period in, 75;
inhabitants of, in the neolithic age, 191;
in the pleistocene age, 366;
mammalia in, during the second ice age, 406;
population of in time of Cæsar, 224;
raids of Picts and Scots in, 105;
range of dolicho-cephali in, and Ireland, 194;
Roman dominion in, 103;
two periods of glaciation in, 401;
wild animals in, 75.

British brachy-cephali, 198, 199.

Brit-Welsh caves, 129, 130.

Brixham, caves at, 16, 319;
implements and animals in, 320;
history of deposits in, 321.

Broca, M., cited, 156;
on Basque crania, 213;
on the Caverne de l’Homme Mort, 198, 200, 201;
derivation of the Basques from Africa, 227, 228;
on platycnemic _tibiæ_, 175;
sepulchral cave of Orrouy, 202.

Brome, Captain, researches of, 21, 204.

Bronze age in Britain, caves of the, 141;
armlet from Thor’s cave, 128;
articles from Heathery Burn, 142.

Brooches found in the Victoria cave, 98.

Brown, Mr. Edwin, on Thor’s cave, 128.

Browne, the Rev. G. F., explorations of, 26;
on the temperature of caves, 72.

Bruniquel, cave of, 40;
description of, 247;
interments of doubtful age in, 248.

Bryce, Dr., cited, 405.

Brysgill, cave of, 160.

_Bubalus namadicus_, 428.

Buckland, Dr., cited, 13, 18, 30, 120, 240, 293, 295, 300;
on Gailenreuth cave, 273, 274;
Kirkdale, 14, 280, 281, 283;
Kühloch, 276;
Paviland, 234.

Buffalo in Italy, 81.

Busk, Professor, cited, 13, 120, 155, 162, 189, 259;
on fossil bones in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
human bones from Perthi-Chwareu caves, 166-179;
human remains from Cefn tumulus, 180-186;
human skull from caves of Césaroda, 146, 147;
skulls found in Spain, 208, 209;
the Berbers, 212;
the fauna of Mentone, 373;
researches of, in caves of Gibraltar, 204-208, 371.

C.

Calcareous rocks, caves in, 25.

Caldy, cave of, 62, 63;
cave-pearls in, 66;
fungoid stalagmites in, 67;
island of, 289.

Campbell, Dr., cited, 196.

_Canis familiaris_, 131, 144, 150, 157, 166, 256;
_lupus_, 166;
_vulpes_, 131, 150, 166.

Capellini, Professor, cited, 258;
on the Grotta dei Colombi, 259.

_Capra hircus_, 131, 150, 166.

Carbonate of lime, circulation of, 71;
in Thames water, 70;
removed by streams, 69.

Cartaillac, M., cited, 247.

Carte, Dr., cited, 335.

Cat, Caffir, 394; domestic, 77, 81.

Cat-Hole cave, in Gower, 145.

Cave-pearls, 66.

Caves, biological division of, 6-9;
classification of palæolithic, 351;
conclusions as to prehistoric, 261;
containing remains of doubtful age, 232;
contents of historic, 131;
deposits in valleys and in, 272, 273;
exploration of European, 11;
filling up of, 61;
formation of, 50;
historic, in Britain, 81;
in the region of Craven, 106;
legends and superstitions of, 2;
not generally found in line of faults, 57;
of bronze age in Britain, 141;
of neolithic age, 149;
physical division of, 5;
physical history of, 23, 65;
relation of, to Pot-holes, “Cirques,” and Ravines, 27, 54;
results of the exploration of European, 430;
temperature of, 71;
test of age of deposits in, 410;
used as places of refuge, 102;
various ages of, 58;
Albert, 101;
of Andalusia, 208, 209;
Aquitaine, 347, 354;
Aurignac, 243;
Avison, 18;
Banwell, 293;
Baumann’s Hole, 12;
Baume, 337;
Belgium, 347;
Bishofferode, 4;
Black Rock, 68;
Bosco’s Den, 288;
Britain, 278;
Brit-Welsh, 130;
Brixham, 319;
Bruniquel, 247;
Brysgill, 160;
Caldy, 62;
Canary Isles, 211;
Cat-Hole, 145;
Cavillon, 257;
Cefn, 164, 166, 286;
Césareda, 145;
Chauvaux, 215;
Colombi, 258;
Crawley Rocks, 288;
Cro-Magnon, 249;
Denbighshire, 18;
Derbyshire, 284;
Devonshire, 317;
Dowkerbottom, 101;
Dream, the, 284;
Engis, 234;
Fingal, 24;
France, 336;
Franconia, 12;
Gailenreuth, 273;
Gatekirk, 50;
Gendron, 239;
Genista, 205, 371;
Gibraltar, 204, 371;
Goatchurch, 31-34;
Gower, 288;
Heathery Burn, 141;
Hutton, 292;
Ingleborough, 36;
Ireland, 365;
Kelko, 101;
Kent’s-Hole, 324;
King Arthur, 290;
King’s Scar, 112;
Kirkdale, 280;
Kirkhead, 125;
Kühloch, 276;
Laugerie Basse, 339;
L’Homme Mort, 198, 200;
Llandebie, 194;
Llanamynech, 34;
Lombrive, 256;
Longberry Bank, 133;
Long Churn, 41;
Lunel-viel, 336, 375;
Maccagnone, 376;
Maghlak, 377;
Malta, 377;
Moustier, 341;
Naulette, 349;
Neanderthal, 240;
North Wales, 286;
Oban, 195;
Orrouy, 202;
Paviland, 232;
Peak, 34;
Pembrokeshire, 289;
Périgord, 337;
Perthi-Chwareu, 152, 157, 167;
Plas Heaton, 160, 287;
Poole, 34, 126;
Provence and Mentone, 373;
Reggio, 148;
Rians, 373;
Rhosdigre, 156, 166, 188;
San Ciro, 376;
Sclaigneaux, 218;
Sicily, 375;
South Wales, 288;
Thor’s, 127;
Uphill, 294;
Victoria, 81, 110, 118, 121, 284, 411;
Weathercote, 47;
Whitcombe, 140;
Woman’s, 210;
Wookey, 17, 29;
Yorkshire, 101, 278.

Caverne de l’Homme Mort, 198, 200.

Cavillon, cave of, 257;
palæolithic skeletons in, 257;
strata in, 374.

Cedars of Lebanon, the, Dr. Hooker on, 382.

Cefn, caves at, 286;
chambered tomb near, 161;
discovery of bones at, 15, 159;
Professor Busk on human remains from tumulus at, 180-184;
on skull from, 184-167.

Celts, brachy-cephali represented by, 229.

_Cervus alcis_, 137;
_capreolus_, 131, 150, 166;
_carnutorum_, 419, 424;
_elaphus_, 131, 150, 166;
_Polignacus_, 418, 419, 424;
_Sedgwickii_, 419, 424;
_verticornis_, 419, 424.

Césareda, caves of, 145;
evidence of cannibalism in, 147.

Chautre, M., cited, 403.

Chapel-en-le-Dale, valley of, 49, 56.

Chauvaux, cave of, 20, 215.

Chester, sack of, 110.

Chierici, l’Abbé, on remains from the cave of Reggio, 148.

Chillingham ox, the, 77, 90.

Christol, M. de, cited, 376.

Christy, Mr., cited, 19;
on the caves of Périgord, 337.

“Cirques” in calcareous rocks, 56.

Classification of pleistocene strata, 412-414.

Classificatory value of historic animals, 78.

Close, Rev. H. M., cited, 402.

Climate, evidence of animals as to, 392, 401;
pleistocene, 398.

Coast line of North-Western Europe in pleistocene age, 362.

Cochrane, Sir James, cited, 208.

Coins in the Victoria cave, Settle, 93.

Corsica, absence of cliffs in, 390.

Crania from Genista cave, 207.

Cranial terms, definition of, 190.

Craven, caves near, 106.

Crawley Rocks, the cavern of, 288.

Crayford, discovery of a flint-flake at, 416.

Cro-Magnon, cave of, 249;
ornaments found in, 254;
position of human skeletons in, 253;
section of deposits in, 250;
the human _tibiæ_ of, 176;
traces of occupation in, 251.

Cuvier, Baron, cited, 12, 13, 18.

D.

Dalebeck, the, course of, 49.

Dana, Professor, on caverns, 58.

Darbishire, Mr. R. D., reference to, 93.

Dauphiny, the hills of, 404.

Delgado, Senhor J. L., on researches in the caves of Césareda, 145,
146.

De Luc, M., cited, 12.

Denbighshire, sepulchral caves in, 18.

Denny, Mr., cited, 120.

Derbyshire, caves of, 284.

Desnoyers, M., cited, 25, 26, 28;
on the analogy between caverns and mineral veins, 57;
relation of caves to ravines, 55.

Devonshire, caves of, 317.

Dio Chrysostom Rhetor on the lion, 80.

Dog, the (_see_ _Canis familiaris_).

Dolicho-cephali, British, 191, 192;
their range in Britain and Ireland, 194-197;
cognate with the Basque, 218;
of Gibraltar, 204-207.

Dormouse of Malta, the, 267.

Dowkerbottom cave, 101, 102.

Dream-cave, near Wirksworth, 284.

Dubrueil, M., cited, 18.

Dupont, M., cited, 216, 237, 239;
discoveries of, 21, 235;
investigations of, in Dinant-sur-Meuse, 348;
on the Trou de Naulette, 349.

Durdham Down, fissures of, 291.

Dürnten, the lignite bed of, 404.

E.

Eagle, the, 150.

“Ebur fossile,” 11.

Egerton, Sir Philip, cited, 273.

Elephant, the African, 21;
found near Madrid, 372;
in Sicily, 376, 394.

_Elephas antiquus_, 266, 281, 373, 376, 400, 404, 417;
_melitensis_, 378, 400;
_meridionalis_, 266, 379, 419, 422, 424;
_namadicus_, 427;
_primigenius_ (_see_ _Mammoth_);
(_stegodon_) _insignis_, 427.

Elk, the, 79, 137.

Elmet, conquest of, 109.

Enamels in the north of England, 100;
mentioned by Philostratus, 101.

Engis, cave of, 234.

English invasion, the, 107.

Enniskillen, Lord, cited, 273.

_Equus fossilis_ of pleiocene age, 421.

Eskimos, art of the, 356;
implements of the, 354;
in Europe, 425;
probably the representatives of cave-dwellers, 358;
relation of cave-dwellers to, 353.

Esper, cited, 273.

Europe, Antiquity of man in, 424;
climatal changes on the continent of, 403;
pleistocene mammalia pre-glacial in, 404;
species of mammalia in Africa, and, 380;
Southern, bone-caves of, 370;
fauna in caves of, 368.

Evans, Mr. John, cited, 17, 147, 158, 243, 248, 267;
on coins, 94;
on the iron, bronze, and stone ages, 139;
on the palæolithic cave-dwellers, 351.

Evidence of soundings in Southern Europe, 380.

F.

Fairy Chamber, the, Caldy, 63, 64.

Falconer, Dr., cited, 17, 21, 156, 175, 281, 288, 316, 362, 404,
416, 418, 421, 425, 427;
on bones from San Ciro, 376;
on mammals in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
on the fauna of the forest bed, 420;
on the hippopotamus, 377;
on the _Hippopotamus namadicus_, 428, 429;
researches of, in caves of Gibraltar, 204-207.

Fallow deer, the, 77;
in Britain, 131;
in France, 80;
in Spain and Africa, 380.

Falsan, M., cited, 403.

Farrer, Mr., explorations of, 36;
on coins, 102;
on remains from Dowkerbottom cave, 113;
stalagmite, 39.

Fauna, cave, identical with river-bed, 362;
changes in the, of Great Britain, 78;
of Montpellier, 421;
of Southern Europe, 368, 373;
the pleiocene, 420;
the pleistocene, 393, 417;
the prehistoric, 136, 137.

_Felis caffer_, the, 138, 266, 388;
in Iberian peninsula, 372;
in Somerset, 394.

Fellowes, Sir Charles, cited, 164.

Fibulæ, enamelled, 99.

Fingal’s cave, 24.

Fischer, Dr. Gothelf, on the panther, 400.

Fisher, Rev. O., discovers a flint-flake at Crayford, 416.

Fisherton, valley-gravels at, 268.

Fissures, 37, 58;
of Durdham Down, 291;
of Mentone, 373;
of Windmill Hill, 371.

Flint flakes and scrapers in caves of Périgord, 339;
in caves of Mentone, 373;
in Perthi-Chwareu, 166;
Wookey Hole, 298.

Florus on the Aquitani, 7.

Foote, Mr. Bruce, cited, 156;
on flint implements from Madras, 426.

Fossil mammalia from the German Ocean, 364, 365.

Foville, M., cited, 170.

Fowl, the domestic, 77, 80.

Fox, the Arctic, 348, 396, 400.

Fraas, Professor, cited, 350, 409.

France, Basque peoples in, 226;
caves in, 18, 242, 336;
skulls from tumuli in, 203;
the dolicho-cephali and brachy-cephali in, 198.

Franconia, caves of, 12.

Franks, Mr., cited, 206;
on drawings of palæolithic hunters, 345;
on enamelling, 100;
on “late Celtic” art, 96, 99.

Freeman, Mr. E. A., on the dominion of West Wales in the days of
Ecgberht, 130;
on the Norman Conquest, 108.

Freshford, pleistocene deposits at, 269.

Fuhlrott, Dr., skull found by, 240.

G.

Gailenreuth, cave of, 12, 240, 273;
filled by a stream, 275.

Garonne, valley of the, 366.

Garrigou, M., cited, 316.

Gatekirk cavern, 50.

Gaudin, M. Charles, cited, 376.

Gaudry, Professor, cited, 421;
on fossil remains at Pickermi, 369.

Gaul and Spain, the peoples of, 220.

Gautier, M., cited, 247.

Geikie, Mr. James, cited, 263.

Geikie, Professor A., cited, 405.

Gendron, cave of, 239.

Genista, caves, the, 205;
articles in, 206;
human remains in, 207, 371.

Geography, pleistocene, 398.

German Ocean, fossil mammalia in, 364.

German race, the ancient, 230.

Germany, bears in, 278;
cave-exploration in, 11, 12.

Gervais, M., cited, 19;
list of pleiocene mammalia by, 420;
on _Equus robustus_, 421;
on mammalia from Algeria, 379.

Gesner, Dr., cited, 11.

Gibraltar, the neolithic caves of, 204, 371;
the Straits of, 389.

Gildas on the character of the English conquest, 104, 108.

Glacial period, the, 407;
the relation of palæolithic man to, 409.

Glaciation in Britain, two periods of, 401.

Glaciers of Alps, 403;
of Anatolia, 383;
of Lebanon, 382;
in Mediterranean area caused partly by elevation, 387;
of Pyrenees, 404.

Glutton, the, 206, 275, 396;
jaw of, from Plas Heaton cave, 287.

Goat, the (_see_ _Capra hircus_).

Goatchurch cave, 31, 32;
legend of the dog at, 34.

Goldfuss cited, 18, 273.

Godwin-Austen, Mr., cited, 263, 388, 405;
on the fresh-water mussel, 364;
researches of, 15.

Gosse, M., cited, 170, 193, 350.

Gower, caves of, 288.

Great Britain, cave-exploration in, 13;
historic period in, 75.

Green, Rev. J. R., on the conquest of Britain, 96.

Greenwell, Rev. Canon, discoveries of, in tumuli, 195.

Grey clays in Victoria cave, 116.

Grotto di Maccagnone, 376;
dei Colombi inhabited by cannibals, 258;
thigh-bone of child from, 260.

Guanches of the Canary Isles, the, 211.

Gunn, Rev. John, cited, 418.

H.

Harkness, Professor, cited, 402.

Hamy, Dr., cited, 349, 352;
on the cave-bear, 352.

Hare, the, at Perthi-Chwareu, 150, 166;
in Suabia, 395;
mentioned, 266, 348;
used for food in neolithic times, 165, 217, 373.

Harpoons used by palæolithic hunters, 342.

Heathery Burn, cave of, 141;
bronze articles in, 144.

Heaton, Mr., cited, 287.

Heer, Professor, on vegetables used in Swiss lake dwellings, 137.

Helln Pot, descent into, 41;
description of, 45;
exploration of, 43.

Hipparion found in Suffolk, 422;
_gracile_, 424.

Hippopotamus, 266;
_amphibius_, 138, 370, 394, 395, 417;
_liberiensis_, 377;
_major_, 377, 418;
_namadicus_, 428;
_palæindicus_, 427;
_Pentlandi_ (pigmy), 267, 377, 378, 400.

Historic animals, 75, 78;
period, definition of, 75;
period, difference between, and prehistoric, 134.

History, the evidence of, as to the peoples of Gaul and Spain, 220.

Hooker, Dr., cited, 386;
on the cedars of Lebanon, 382, 383.

Horse, the, 136, 150, 166, 399, 418.

Horseflesh, the use of, 132.

Howel Dha, the laws of, 77.

Hughes, Professor, cited, 287.

Hull, Professor, cited, 402.

Hunting grounds of palæolithic tribes, 367.

Hutton, cave of, 292.

Huxley, Professor, cited, 144, 155, 179;
on brachy-cephalic skulls, 193;
on dolicho-cephalic skulls, 195;
on the classification of crania, 190;
on the skull from Engis cave, 235;
on the skull from Neanderthal cave, 241.

Hyæna, the, animals at Wookey Hole introduced by, 310;
bones gnawed by, 282, 316;
gnawed jaw of, from Wookey, 313;
man coeval with, in Somerset, 300;
_Perrieri_, 421;
the, pleistocene occupation of, in Victoria cave, 118;
_spelæa_ (spotted), 138, 266, 372, 375, 394;
striped, 266, 336, 394.

Hyæna-den, characters of a, 314;
Kirkdale, 279.

I.

Iberian peoples, 225;
peninsula, the mammals in, 372.

Iberic dolicho-cephali, the, 212.

Ice period in Britain, 402, 406, 408.

Implements used by palæolithic hunters, 340, 366.

India, man in, in pleistocene age, 426.

Ingleborough cave, 36, 37.

Ireland, caves in, 335;
dolicho-cephalic skulls in, 194-197.

Irish-Celtic art, 97.

Irish Elk, the, 79, 137, 278, 401.

Iron age, the, cave of, 140, 141.

Issoire, pseudo-pleiocene mammalia of, 420.

Italy, animals in the museums of, 422.

J.

Jackson, Mr. Joseph, discovers the Victoria cave, 81, 84.

Jamieson, Mr., cited, 405.

Jeanjean, M., cited, 18.

Jewellery in Victoria cave, 95.

Jones, Professor Rupert, cited, 350.

K.

Kelko cave, 101.

Kent’s Hole cavern, 14, 17, 324, 325;
age of _machairodus_ of, 330;
deposits in, 326, 327;
the breccia in, 328, 329.

King, Rev. S. W., researches of, 246.

King’s Scar, cave in, carinate human femur in, 112, 195.

Kirkdale cave, 14, 279.

Kirkhead cave, 125.

Kühloch cave, 276, 277.

L.

Laing, Mr., cited, 178;
skulls obtained by, 195, 196.

Lagneaux, M., cited, 238, 239.

Lances used by palæolithic hunters, 342.

Laugerie Basse, cave at, 339.

Lartet, Professor E., cited, 19, 340, 414;
explorations of, 244;
on fossil remains found near Madrid, 372;
on the cave of Aurignac, 243;
on the cave of Périgord, 337;
on palæolithic caves, 351.

Lartet, Professor Louis, on the cave of Cro-Magnon, 250-252.

Lastic, Vicomte de, cited, 247.

Lebanon, the glaciers of, 382, 383.

Ledbury Hill, skull found near, 242.

Leibnitz, cited, 12.

Lemming, the, 138, 237, 266, 348.

_Lepus cuniculus_, 146, 150, 166, 373;
_timidus_ (_see_ Hare).

Ligurian tribes, the, 220, 222.

Limestone, caverns in, 26;
composition of, 51;
erosion of, 52.

Lion, the, 266, 348, 373;
extinct in Europe, 80;
range of, 393.

_Littorina littorea_ found in Cro-Magnon cave, 254.

Llanamynech, caves at, 34.

Llandebie, cave of, 194.

Lloyd, Mr., cited, 15, 286.

Lombrive, cave of, 256.

Longberry Bank, cave of, 133.

Long Churn cavern, the, 41.

Lortet, M., cited, 344.

Luard, Captain, discovers fossil mammals at Windsor, 365.

Lubbock, Sir John, cited, 243, 359;
on the stone age, 139.

Lunel-viel, cave of, 336, 375.

Lunier, Dr., cited, 170.

Lyell, Sir Charles, cited, 19, 235, 257, 267, 333, 402;
on the cave of Aurignac, 243, 245;
on the glacial period, 408.

Lynx, the, 146, 266.

M.

Maccagnone, Grotto di, 376.

_Machairodus cultridens_, 266;
_latidens_, 400, 417;
a pleiocene species, 332;
at Kent’s Hole, 324, 334;
in the cave at Baume, 337;
probable age of, 330.

Mackay, Mr., cited, 195.

Madras, flint implements found near, 426.

Madrid, fossil animals near, 372.

Maghlak cave, 377.

Malham Cove, 55.

Malta, bone-caves of, 377.

Mammalia, classification of pleistocene strata by means of, 412-415;
early pleistocene, 417;
evidence of, as to climate, 392;
in Algeria, 379;
in Britain during the second ice-age, 406;
in the Iberian peninsula, 372;
the pleiocene, 420.

Mammoth, the, 266, 278, 359, 401;
figure of, 346.

Man, antiquity of, in Europe, 424;
coeval with hyænas in Somerset, 300;
in India in pleistocene age, 426;
in Palestine, 429.

Manchester Museum, mammoth from Bacton in the, 420.

_Mangousta Widdringtoni_, the, in Spain and Africa, 380.

Marcel de Serres, cited, 18, 336, 375.

Marmot, the, 337, 395;
the pouched, 395.

Marion, M., cited, 373.

Martinez, Don Manuel Gongaray, on the prehistoric antiquities of
Andalusia, 209.

_Mastodon arvernensis_, 331, 332, 422-424;
_Borsoni_, 423, 424;
_brevirostris_, 422.

Maw, Mr. George, on coast of Mediterranean, 389;
on glaciers of the Atlas, 386;
on level in the Sahara, 390.

McEnery, Rev. J., discovers the _Machairodus latidens_ in Kent’s
Hole cavern, 330;
manuscripts of, 15.

McPherson, Mr., cited, 210.

Mediterranean area in meiocene age, changes of level in, 369, 390.

Mediterranean, the, physical condition of, in pleistocene age, 381,
388;
the shores of, 382.

Medlicott, Mr., cited, 427.

_Meles taxus_, 131, 144, 150, 166.

Mendip Hills, the, 59;
the caves of, 292;
the district of, 314.

Mentone, bone-caves of, 373.

Metcalfe, Mr., cited, 35;
descends into Helln Pot, 43.

Mineral condition of deposits in caves, 273.

Moggridge, Mr., cited, 373;
on the exploration of Mentone, 374.

Montpellier, the fauna of, 421.

Moraines in Anatolia, 384.

Morris, Mr. J. P., explores Kirkhead cave, 125.

Mortillet, M. de, on palæolithic caves, 353;
on pottery in the palæolithic age, 347.

Moustier, cave of, 341.

Murcièlagos, Cueva de los, description of, 209.

Musk sheep, the, 138, 266;
at Crayford, 416;
range of, 396.

_Myoxus Melitensis_, 377.

N.

Naulette, Trou de, remains found in the, 349.

Neanderthal cave, the, 21;
human skull found in, 240.

Neolithic age, interments of, 158.

Neolithic caves of France, 198;
of Gibraltar, 204;
of Spain, 208;
of Wales, 159, 166.

Neolithic races, range of, 189.

Nilsson, Professor, cited, 163;
on dwarfs, 2;
on origin of chambered tombs, 164, 165.

North Wales, the caves of, 286.

O.

Oban, remains in a cave at, 195.

Oreston cave, 13, 317;
_Rhinoceros megarhinus_ of, 415.

Orrouy, the sepulchral cave of, 202.

Owen, Professor, cited, 196, 324;
on the cave of Bruniquel, 247, 248.

Oxford Museum, the, human skull from cave of Llandebie in, 194;
molar of pigmy hippopotamus in, 378.

P.

Palæolithic art, 257;
caves, classification of, 351, 352;
hunters, instruments used by, 340;
hunters, not cannibals, 347;
implements, 354, 366;
man in Europe, 395, 429;
man, relation of, to glacial period, 409;
man in India, 426;
man in Palestine, 429;
man of the river-gravels, 351;
tribes, hunting grounds of, 367.

Palestine, palæolithic man in, 429.

Palgrave, Mr. Gifford, on glaciers of Anatolia, 383-385.

Panther, the, 266, 400.

Parker, Mr. James, cited, 30, 141, 194.

Paviland cave, 232.

Peak, cavern of the, 34.

Pembrokeshire, caves in, 289.

Pengelly, Mr., cited, 333;
on Brixham cave, 16, 323;
on Cavillon cave, 258;
on Devonshire caves, 317.

Pennington, Mr., cited, 126, 285.

Périgord, caves of, 19;
articles found in the, 337-339.

Perthes, M. Boucher de, on flint implements, 16, 17.

Perthi-Chwareu, pottery and implements from, 157;
Professor Busk on human bones from, 167-179;
refuse heap at, 149;
remains of animals at, 151, 153-155, 187;
remains of man at, 153-155;
sepulchral caves at, 152.

Phahlbauten, the Swiss, 165.

Phillips, Professor, cited, 284, 405, 411;
on formation of caves, 53;
on stalagmite, 39, 40;
on the Ingleborough cave, 36;
on the origin of caves, 26.

Physiography of Great Britain in late pleistocene age, 363;
of Mediterranean in pleistocene age, 381.

Picts and Scots, raids of, in Britain, 105.

Pickermi, fossil remains at, 369.

Plas Heaton, the tunnel-cave of, 160, 287.

Platycnemic leg-bones, 173-176.

Platycnemism, Professor Busk on, 177-179.

Pleiocene and pleistocene characteristic animals, 423;
species in Europe, mixture of, 418.

Pleiocene mammalia, the, 420;
period, the, 424;
species, _machairodus_ a, 332, 333.

Pleistocene age, the, 10;
animals living in, 359-361;
physiography of Mediterranean in, 381, 388;
remains of animals before the, 60;
climate and geography, 395;
coast-line of North-Western Europe, 362;
divisions, early, 417;
divisions, late, 414;
divisions, middle, 415;
relation of, to prehistoric period, 264, 265;
strata, classification of, 412.

Po, the river, 389.

Poole’s cavern, 34, 126.

Pot-holes and “cirques” in calcareous rocks, 56.

Porcupine, in Spain and Africa, 380;
found in Belgium, 395.

Prehistoric period, the, archæological classification of, 138;
conditions of life in, 262;
difference between the historic and, 134;
relation of pleistocene to, 264.

Prestwich, Mr., cited, 267, 271, 416;
on Brixham cave, 321, 322;
on carbonate of lime in Thames water, 69;
on the discoveries in the valley of the Somme, 17;
on the denudation of the Mendips and Ardennes, 61;
on palæolithic man, 410.

Provence, bone-caves of, 373.

Pruner-Bey, Dr., cited, 193.

Prunières, Dr., cited, 200.

_Purpura lapillus_ in cave of Cro-Magnon, 254.

Pyrenees, the, animals living to the North of the Alps and, 359-361;
glaciers of, 403.

Q.

Quatrefages, M. de, cited, 238.

R.

Rabbit, the (_see_ _lepus cuniculus_).

Ramsay, Professor, cited, 402.

Rat, the common, migrations of, 76.

Rattonneau, island of, 373.

Ravines, 54.

Reggio, cave of, in Modena, 148.

Reindeer, the, 76, 79, 278;
absence of, in middle pleistocene division, 416;
engraving of, 345, 356;
in the cave of Lombrive, 256;
in the caves of Périgord, 338;
in the Trou du Frontal, 237;
--period of M. Lartet, 414;
range of, 396.

Rhætic age, fossils of, 59.

_Rhinoceros etruscus_, 418, 419, 424;
_hemitœchus_, 281, 288, 372, 400, 417;
_megarhinus_, 266, 334, 400, 404, 415, 416-418;
_tichorhinus_ (woolly), 119, 138, 278, 400.

Rhosdigre cave, 188;
contents of, 166;
greenstone celt from, 156.

Rians, cave of, 373.

Richard, the Abbé, cited, 429.

Rivière, M., explorations of, 257, 373, 375.

Roedeer, the, 76.

Rolleston, Dr., cited, 195;
discovery of pigmy hippopotamus by, 378.

Roman dominion in Britain, 103, 104.

Rosenmüller, cited, 12, 13, 273.

Rütimeyer, Professor, cited, 136, 404.

S.

Sahara, the, changes of level in, 309.

Samian ware in the Victoria cave, 92;
in the Dowkerbottom cave, 102.

San Ciro, cave of, 376.

Schaaffhausen, M., cited, 147;
on the skull from Neanderthal, 241.

Schmerling, Dr., cited, 395;
researches of, 20, 234, 347.

Sclaigneaux, cave of, 218;
platycnemic tibia from, 219.

Sanford, Mr., Ayshford, cited, 31, 63, 140, 293, 307, 394.

Second ice or glacial period, 406.

Selsea, remains found at, 405.

Serres, M. de, cited, 19.

Serval, the, 21, 372, 394.

Sicily, bone-caves of, 21;
the Iberians in, 222;
species from, 376.

Skulls, measurements of brachy-cephalic and dolicho-cephalic, 199;
from Perthi-Chwareu, 171;
of doubtful antiquity, 236;
table of dolicho-cephalic, found in Britain and Ireland, 197.

Smith, Mr. Roach, on Roman coins, 83.

Smith, Rev. G. N., on Tenby bone-caves, 289.

Solutré, horse’s skeleton from, 344.

Somerset, hyænas in, 301;
mammalia in the caves of, 366.

Soreil, M., on the cave of Chauvaux, 216.

Soundings, evidence of, in Southern Europe, 380.

South Wales, caves of, 288;
mammalia in, 366.

Southern Europe, bone-caves of, 21.

Spain, articles found in a copper-mine in, 208;
historical evidence as to the peoples of Gaul and, 220-222.

Spratt, Admiral, explorations of, 21, 377.

Spring, Dr., discoveries of, 20;
on the cave of Chauvaux, 215, 216.

Stag, the, 76, 138.

Stalagmite, rate of the accumulation of, 39.

Stanley, Rev. E., cited, 286.

_Sus Indica_, the, 137.

_Sus palustris_, 262.

_Sus scrofa_, 131, 150, 166.

Switzerland, caves of, 350.

Symonds, Rev. W. S., explores King Arthur’s cave, 290, 291.

T.

Tapir, the 423.

Temperature of caves, 71.

Tenby, cave of Caldy near, 62;
the Black Rock near, 68.

Thames water, carbonate of lime in, 69, 70.

Thomas, Rev. D. R., on chambered tomb at Cefn, 163.

Thor’s cave, near Ashbourne, 127;
occupied by Brit-Welsh, 129.

Thurnam, Dr., cited, 144;
on classification of crania, 190;
on craniology of Britain in neolithic age, 191;
on dolicho-cephalic skulls, 192;
on skulls from cave of Orrouy, 202.

Tiddeman, Mr., on the Victoria cave, 85, 122.

Troglodytes, name of, 6.

_Trogontherium cuvieri_, 419, 424.

Tropical and cold climates, animals common to, 400.

Trou du Frontal, 236;
crania in, 238.

Tunbridge Wells, rocks at, 25.

Turner, Professor, on remains in a cave at Oban, 195.

_Turritella communis_ in cave of Cro-Magnon, 254.

Tuto, islands of, caves in, 59.

Tyddyn Bleiddyn, cairn of, 188.

U.

Ultz, burial-places of, in Westphalia, 147.

_Unio pictorum_ dredged from bottom of English Channel, 364.

Uphill, cave of, 294; skull from, 194.

Urus, the, 77, 80, 136, 373, 399.

_Ursus arctos_, 166, 335.

_Ursus arvernensis_, 418, 419, 422, 424.

_Ursus spelæus_, 375.

V.

Val d’Arno, fauna of the, 422.

Valleys, change in physical conditions of, 271;
deposits in caves and, 272;
in limestone districts, 54;
strata of sand and gravel in, 267, 268.

Victoria cave, the, bones of animals in, 88;
Brit-Welsh stratum in, 87;
bronze articles in, 90;
coins in, 93;
date of neolithic occupation in, 115;
discovery of, 81;
exploration of, 85;
grey clays in, 116;
human bone from oldest ossiferous stratum in, 411;
implements and ornaments in, 83, 95;
miscellaneous articles in, 90;
period of Brit-Welsh occupation in, 110;
pleistocene occupation by hyænas in, 118, 284;
pre-glacial age of pleistocene stratum in, 121-123, 411.

Vivian, Mr., cited, 15.

Virchow, Professor, cited, 238;
on dolicho-cephalic skulls, 217.

Vogt, Professor, cited, 257.

W.

Water, action of, in caves, 62.

Water caves of Derbyshire, 34;
of Somersetshire, 29;
of Yorkshire, 35, 50.

Weathercote, caves at, 47.

Whidbey, Mr., cited, 13.

Whitcombe’s Hole, a cave of the Iron Age, 140, 141.

Willett, Mr., cited, 295, 303.

Williams, Rev. D., explorations of, 292.

Williams, Rev John, on caverns in island of Tuto, 59.

Williamson, Rev. J., cited, 295, 296.

Wilson, Professor, cited, 196.

Winterbourne Stoke, the barrow of, 192.

Winwood, Rev. H. H., cited, 163;
discovers remains of animals at Freshford, 269;
explores the cave at Longberry Bank, 133.

Wolf, the, 400;
in Britain, 131;
in Spain, 146;
last, in Scotland, 76.

Woman’s cave, the, near Alhama, 210.

Wood, Colonel, cited, 17.

Wookey Hole, hyæna den of, 17, 295, 301, 302;
ashes and implements found at, 308;
bone-beds at, 305;
flint implements found at, 298;
hyæna den of, inhabited by man, 313;
legend of the dog at, 34;
the water cave of, 29.

X.

Xenophon on the panther, 80.

Y.

Yorkshire, caves in, 101, 278.

THE END.

LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS.

FOOTNOTES

[1] The Natural History of the Hartz Forest (Hercynia Curiosa), translated from the German of H. Behrens, M.D., by John Andree, 1670, p. 41.

[2] Florus, lib. iii. c. x. Delphin. 4to. 1714, p. 112.

[3] Since this was written, Sir C. Lyell has withdrawn his term “Post-pleiocene” in favour of Pleistocene. (“Antiquity of Man,” 4th edition, 1873.)

[4] Hist. Anim. vol. i. Folio, 1603. Article “Monoceras.”

[5] Described by Professor Owen, Quart. Geol. Journ. p. 417. See Hanbury on “Chinese Materia Medica,” 1862, 8vo. p. 40. Some of the dragons’ teeth were found in caves by Mr. Swinhoe.

[6] Hercynia Curiosa.

[7] See Cuvier, Oss. Foss. vol. iv. pp. 290 et seq.

[8] The references are to be found in Cuvier, top. cit. and in Buckland, “Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” 4to. 1822. Most of them I have verified.

[9] Phil. Trans. 1817, p. 176.

[10] Pengelly, “Literature of Kent’s Cavern,” Devonshire Association. 1868-9. “Kent’s Hole,” Lecture, delivered in Hulme Town Hall, 1872.

[11] Comptes Rendus, 1847, pp. 649-50, et 1864, p. 230.

[12] Prestwich, Phil. Trans. 1860. Proceed. Royal Soc. 1859.

[13] Quart. Geol. Journ. Jan. 1861.

[14] Falconer, Palæont. Mem. vol. ii. p. 498.

[15] Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1865-72.

[16] The authorities for this paragraph are Cuvier (Oss. Foss.), Desnoyers (Article “Grottes,” Dictionnaire Univ. d’Histoire Naturelle), Marcel de Serres (Cavernes à Oss. Foss. du Département de l’Aude, 1839), Gervais (Paléontologie Française, 1859, and Nouvelles Recherches sur les Animaux Vertébrés, Vivants et Fossiles, 1868-9-70).

[17] An. des Sc.: Nat. Zool. iv. sér. t. xv.

[18] Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ.

[19] Recherches sur les Oss. Foss. découverts dans les Cavernes de la Province de Liège, 4to. atlas folio.

[20] Bull. de l’Académie Royale de Belgique, 1 sér. t. xx. p. 427, 1853; 2 sér. t. xviii. p. 479, 1864; xxii. p. 187, 1866.

[21] L’Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans les Environs de Dinant sur Meuse. Bruxelles, 1871. 2nd edit., 1872.

[22] Ice-caves, 8vo. 1865, Longmans.

[23] D’Orbigny, Dictionnaire Universel d’Histoire Naturelle, Article “Grottes.”

[24] Quart. Geol. Journ. xxvii. 312.

[25] When the English conquered Somerset from the Brit-Welsh, they translated the Celtic Ogo into Hole, whence the cave and village of Wookey Hole were named, just as they translated a neighbouring hill, called Pen, into Knowle, the generic Celtic term in each case being used to specify a particular object. There are many other instances of the like use of a Celtic name by the English conquerors of the Celts. In the Limestone plateau of Llanamynech, near Oswestry, there is a cave called “The Ogo.”

[26] Phil. Trans. 1680, p. 1.

[27] The cave is accessible, and can be examined without any climbing.

[28] Both of these caves are kept in excellent order, and the latter is lighted with gas.

[29] The cave is admirably preserved by the care of the owner, J. Farrer, Esq., and may be visited without any difficulty.

[30] Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire, 8vo. 1854, p. 34.

[31] On the Ordnance Maps it is wrongly printed Alum Pot.

[32] Op. cit. Article Grottes.

[33] L’Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans les Environs de Dinant sur Meuse, Bruxelles, 1871.

[34] The bare pavements above Malham Cove are worthy of a careful examination.

[35] I have used the term incretionary as implying an accumulation of mineral matter from the circumference of a cavity towards its centre, as in the case of an agate. Concretionary action, with which it is generally confused, ought to be defined as the deposition of successive layers of matter round a nucleus or centre. The one action operates from the circumference to the centre, the other from the centre to the circumference.

[36] Corals and Coral Islands, 1872, p. 361.

[37] Prestwich, Ann. Address Geol. Soc. 1872, p. 84.

[38] Phil. Trans. April 7th, 1680, p. 731.

[39] “Ice-Caves in France and Switzerland.” Longmans, 1865, p. 296.

[40] Leges Walliæ.

[41] Bell, “British Quadrupeds,” 8vo. p. 386.

[42] The authorities for the preceding paragraphs will be found in Chapter II. of my Preliminary Treatise on the “Relation of the Pleistocene Mammalia to those now living in Europe” (Palæont. Soc. 1874).

[43] Benedict. ad Mensas Ekkehardi Monachi Sangallensis, l. 129.

[44] Buffon, Quadrupeds, l. v. p. 52; l. x. p. 67. Sir G. C. Lewis, “Notes and Queries,” 2nd series, l. ix. pp. 4, 5.

[45] See Rolleston, Journ. Anat. and Phys., 1868, pp. 51-2. Lenz, “Zoologie der Alten.”

[46] Fig. 19, A.

[47] Roach Smith, “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. i. No. 5, p. 72, 1844. It is noticed by Eckroyd Smith, Trans. Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, May 11, 1865; and by Mr. Denny, Trans. Geol. and Polytechnic Soc. of West Riding, 1859.

[48] “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. i. No. 5, pp. 69, 70.

[49] The Victoria Cave has engaged the attention of the following writers:--Farrer, Proceed. Soc. Antiquaries, vol. iv.;--Roach Smith and Jackson, “Collectanea Antiqua,” vol. i. No. 5, 1844;--Denny, Proceed. Geol. and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1859;--Eckroyd Smith, Trans. Historic Society of Cheshire, May 11, 1865;--Boyd Dawkins, “Nature,” April 21, 1870; British Assoc. Reports, 1870; Macmillan’s Magazine, Sept. 1871; Journ. Anthrop. Institute, 1871;--Tiddeman, “Nature,” 1872;--Boyd Dawkins and Tiddeman, British Assoc. Reports, 1872;--Tiddeman, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1873;--Boyd Dawkins, Proceed. Manch. Philosophical Soc., Feb. 1873;--Brockbank, Proceed. Manch. Philosophical Soc., March 1873.

[50] See Palæont. Society, 1874--Boyd Dawkins’ Preliminary Treatise,