Chapter XI: Part 11

Ishtar, the goddess of the planet Venus, 242;
the Warrior-Queen and Queen of Love, 245;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246;
offers her love to Izdubar, 308;
is rejected and sends a monstrous bull against him, 309;
causes Êabâni's death and Izdubar's illness, 310;
descent of, into the land of shades, 326-330.

Izdubar, the hero of the great Chaldean Epic, 303;
his dream at Erech, 304;
invites Êabâni, 304-305;
vanquishes with his help Khumbaba, the Elamite tyrant of Erech, 308;
offends Ishtar, 308;
vanquishes the divine Bull, with Êabâni's help, 309;
is smitten with leprosy, 310;
travels to "the mouth of the great rivers" to consult his immortal
ancestor Hâsisadra, 310-313;
is purified and healed, 313;
returns to Erech; his lament over Êabâni's death, 313-314;
solar character of the Epic, 318-322.

J.

Jabal and Jubal, sons of Lamech, descendants of Cain, 129.

Japhet, third son of Noah, 130.

Javan, a son of Japhet, eponymous ancestor of the Ionian Greeks, 134.

"Jonah's Mound," see Nebbi-Yunus.

Jubal, see Jabal and Jubal.

K.

Ka-Dingirra, see Ca-Dimirra.

Kar-Dunyash, see Gan-Dunyash.

Kasbu, the Chaldean double hour, 230.

Kasr, Mound of, ruins of the palace of Nebuchadnezzar, 42.

Kasshi (Cossæans or Cissians), conquer Chaldea, 228.

Kerbela and Nedjif, goal of pilgrim-caravans from Persia, 78.

Kerubim, see Kirûbu.

Khorsabad, Mound of, Botta's excavations and brilliant discovery
at, 15-16.

Khudur-Lagamar (Chedorlaomer), king of Elam and Chaldea, his
conquests, 221;
plunders Sodom and Gomorrah with his allies, 222;
is overtaken by Abraham and routed, 223;
his probable date, 224.

Khudur-Nankhundi, king of Elam, invades Chaldea and carries the statue
of the goddess Nana away from Erech, 195.

Khumbaba, the Elamite tyrant of Erech vanquished by Izdubar and
Êabâni, 308.

Kirûbu, name of the Winged Bulls, 164.

Koyunjik, Mound of Xenophon's Mespila, 14;
Botta's unsuccessful exploration of, 15;
valuable find of small articles in a chamber at, in the palace of
Sennacherib, 34.

Kurds, nomadic tribes of, 8.

L.

Lamech, fifth descendant of Cain, 129.

Larissa, ruins of ancient Calah, seen by Xenophon, 3.

Larsam (now Senkereh), city of Shumir, 215.

Layard meets Botta at Mossul in 1842, 17;
undertakes the exploration of Nimrud, 17-18;
his work and life in the East, 19-32;
discovers the Royal Library at Nineveh (Koyunjik), 100.

Lebanon Mountains, 190.

Lenormant, François, eminent French Orientalist; his work on the
religion of the Shumiro-Accads, 152-3;
favors the Cushite theory, 186.

Library of Asshurbanipal in his palace at Nineveh (Koyunjik);
discovered by Layard, 100;
re-opened by George Smith, 103;
contents and importance of, for modern scholarship, 106-109;
of Erech, 209.

Loftus, English explorer; his visit to Warka in 1854-5, 80-82;
procures slipper-shaped coffins for the British Museum, 36.

Louvre, Assyrian Collection at the, 17;
"Sarzec collection" added, 89.

Louvre, Armenian contrivance for lighting houses, 68.

M.

Madai, a son of Japhet, eponymous ancestor of the Medes, 135.

Magician, derivation of the word, 255.

Marad, ancient city of Chaldea, 303.

Marduk, or Maruduk (Hebrew Merodach), god of the planet Jupiter, 241;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246;
special patron of Babylon, 249.

Maskim, the seven, evil spirits, 154;
incantation against the, 155;
the same, poetical version, 182.

Maspero, G., eminent French Orientalist, 197.

Medes, Xenophon's erroneous account of, 3-4;
mentioned under the name of Madai in Genesis X., 135.

Media, divided from Assyria by the Zagros chain, 50.

Ménant, Joachim, French Assyriologist; his little book on the Royal
Library at Nineveh, 105.

Meridug, son of Êa, the Mediator, 160;
his dialogues with Êa, 161-162.

Mermer, see Im.

Merodach, see Marduk.

Mesopotamia, meaning of the name, 5;
peculiar formation of, 6;
division of, into Upper and Lower, 7.

Mespila, ruins of Nineveh; seen by Xenophon, 3;
now Mound of Koyunjik, 14.

Migrations of tribes, nations, races; probable first causes of
prehistoric migrations, 119;
caused by invasions and conquests, 125;
of the Turanian races, 146-147;
of the Cushites, 188;
of the Canaanites, 190.

Mizraim ("the Egyptians"), a son of Ham, eponymous ancestor of the
Egyptians, 133;
opposed to Cush, 189.

Monosyllabic languages--Chinese, 136-137.

Monotheism, meaning of the word, 238;
as conceived by the Hebrews, 344-345.

Mosul, the residence of a Turkish Pasha; origin of the name, 6;
the wicked Pasha of, 20-23.

Mound-Builders, their tombs, 335-338.

Mounds, their appearance, 9-10;
their contents, 11;
formation of, 72;
their usefulness in protecting the ruins and works of art, 74;
sepulchral mounds at Warka, 79-87.

Mugheir, see Ur.

Mul-ge, "Lord of the Abyss," 154.

Mummu-Tiamat (the "Billowy Sea"), 264;
her hostility to the gods, 288;
her fight with Bel, 288-290.

Mythology, definition of, 331;
distinction from Religion, 331-334.

Myths, meaning of the word, 294;
Cosmogonic, 294;
Heroic, 297-298;
Solar, 322, 339-340;
Chthonic, 330, 340-341.

N.

Nabonidus, last king of Babylon, discovers Naram-sin's cylinder, 213;
discovers Hammurabi's cylinder at Larsam, 218-219.

Namtar, the Demon of Pestilence, 156, 157;
incantation against, 167;
Minister of Allat, Queen of the Dead, 328, 329.

Nana, Chaldean goddess, her statue restored by Asshurbanipal,
195, 343-344;
wife of Anu, 245.

Nannar, see Uru-Ki.

Naram-Sin, son of Sargon I. of Agadê;
his cylinder discovered by Nabonidus, 213.

Nations, gradual formation of, 125-126.

Nebbi-Yunus, Mound of, its sacredness, 11;
its size, 49.

Nebo, or Nabu, the god of the planet Mercury, 242;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon;
his palace, now Mound of Kasr, 42;
his inscription of Borsippa, 72.

Nedjif, see Kerbela.

Nergal, the god of the planet Mars, and of War, 242;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Niffer, see Nippur.

Nimrod, dams on the Euphrates attributed to, by the Arabs, 5;
his name preserved, and many ruins called by it, 11;
gigantic head declared by the Arabs to be the head of, 22-24.

Nimrud, Mound of, Layard undertakes the exploration of, 17.

Nin-dar, the nightly sun, 175.

Nineveh, greatness and utter destruction of, 1;
ruins of, seen by Xenophon, called by him Mespila, 3;
site of, opposite Mossul, 11.

Nin-ge, see Nin-kî-gal.

Ninîb, or Ninêb, the god of the planet Saturn, 241;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Nin-kî-gal, or Nin-ge, "the Lady of the Abyss," 157.

Nippur (now Niffer), city of Accad, 216.

Nizir, Mount, the mountain on which Hâsisadra's ship stood still, 301;
land and Mount, 316

Noah and his three sons, 130.

Nod, land of ("Land of Exile," or "of Wanderings"), 129.

Nomads, meaning of the word, and causes of nomadic life in modern
times, 118.

O.

Oannes, legend of, told by Berosus, 185.

Oasis, meaning of the word, 118.

P.

Palaces, their imposing aspect, 54;
palace of Sennacherib restored by Fergusson, 56;
ornamentation of palaces, 58;
winged Bulls and Lions at gateways of, 58;
sculptured slabs along the walls of, 58-60;
painted tiles used for the friezes of, 60-62;
proportions of halls, 63;
roofing of, 62-66;
lighting of, 66-68.

Papyrus, ancient writing material, 94.

Paradise, Chaldean legend of, see Sacred Tree and Ziggurat.
Meaning of the word, 277.

Parallel between the Book of Genesis and the Chaldean legends, 350-360.

Pastoral life, second stage of culture, 120;
necessarily nomadic, 121.

Patesis, meaning of the word, 203;
first form of royalty in Chaldean cities, ib., 235.

Patriarchal authority, first form of government, 123;
the tribe, or enlarged family, first form of the State, 123.

Penitential Psalms, Chaldean, 177-179.

Persian Gulf, flatness and marshiness of the region around, 7;
reached further inland than now, 201.

Persians, rule in Asia, 2;
the war between two royal brothers, 2;
Persian monarchy conquered by Alexander, 4;
not named in Genesis X., 134.

Platforms, artificial, 46-49.

Polytheism, meaning of the word, 237;
tendency to, of the Hebrews, combated by their leaders, 345-350.

Priesthood, Chaldean, causes of its power and influence, 233-234.

R.

Races, Nations, and Tribes represented in antiquity under the name of a
man, an ancestor, 130-134;
black race and yellow race omitted from the list in Genesis X.,
134-142;
probable reasons for the omission, 135, 140.

Ramân, third god of the second Babylonian Triad, his attributions,
240-241;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246.

Rassam, Hormuzd, explorer, 247, 248.

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, his work at the British Museum, 152.

Religion of the Shumiro-Accads the most primitive in the world, 148;
characteristics of Turanian religions, 180, 181;
definition of, as distinguished from Mythology, 331-334.

Religiosity, distinctively human characteristic, 148;
its awakening and development, 149-152.

Rich, the first explorer, 13;
his disappointment at Mossul, 14.

S.

Sabattuv, the Babylonian and Assyrian "Sabbath," 256.

Sabeism, the worship of the heavenly bodies,
a Semitic form of religion, 232;
fostered by a pastoral and nomadic life, ib.

Sabitu, one of the maidens in the magic grove, 311.

Sacred Tree, sacredness of the Symbol, 268;
its conventional appearance on sculptures and cylinders, 268-270;
its signification, 272-274;
its connection with the legend of Paradise, 274-276.

Sargon of Agadê, see Sharrukin.

Sarzec, E. de, French explorer;
his great find at Tell-Loh, 88-90;
statues found by him, 214.

Scorpion-men, the Warders of the Sun, 311.

Schrader, Eberhard, eminent Assyriologist,
favors the Semitic theory, 186.

Semites (more correctly Shemites),
one of the three great races given in Genesis X.;
named from its eponymous ancestor, Shem, 131.

Semitic language, 199;
culture, the beginning of historical times in Chaldea, 202, 203.

Sennacherib, king of Assyria, his palace at Koyunjik, 34;
Fergusson's restoration of his palace, 56;
his "Will" in the library of Nineveh, 109.

Senkereh, see Larsam.

Sepharvaim, see Sippar.

Seth (more correctly Sheth), third son of Adam, 131.

Shamash, the Sun-god,
second god of the Second Babylonian Triad, 240;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246;
his temple at Sippar discovered by H. Rassam, 247, 248.

Shamhatu ("Grace"), one of the handmaidens of Ishtar, 305.

Sharrukin I. of Agadê (Sargon I.), 205;
legend about his birth, 206;
his glorious reign, 206;
Sharrukin II. of Agadê (Sargon II.), 205;
his religious reform and literary labors, 207, 208;
probable founder of the library at Erech, 209;
date of, lately discovered, 213.

Shem, eldest son of Noah, 130;
meaning of the name, 198.

Shinar, or Shineâr, geographical position of, 127.

Shumir, Southern or Lower Chaldea, 145.

Shumir and Accad, oldest name for Chaldea, 143, 144.

Shumiro-Accadian, oldest language of Chaldea, 108;
Agglutinative, 145.

Shumiro-Accads, oldest population of Chaldea,
of Turanian race, 144;
their language agglutinative, 145;
introduce into Chaldea cuneiform writing, metallurgy and
irrigation, ib.;
their probable migration, 146;
their theory of the world, 153.

Shushan (Susa), capital of Elam, destroyed by Asshurbanipal, 194.

Siddim, battle in the veil of, 221, 222.

Sidon, a Phoenician city, meaning of the name, 133;
the "first-born" son of Canaan, eponymous ancestor of the city in
Genesis X., ib.

Siduri, one of the maidens in the magic grove, 311.

Sin, the Moon-god, first god of the Second Babylonian Triad, 240;
one of the "twelve great gods," 246;
attacked by the seven rebellious spirits, 291.

Sin-Muballit, see Amarpal.

Sippar, sister city of Agadê, 205;
Temple of Shamash at, excavated by H. Rassam, 247, 248.

Sir-burla (also Sir-gulla, or Sir-tella, or Zirbab), ancient city of
Chaldea, now Mound of Tell-Loh; discoveries at, by Sarzec, 88-90.

Sir-gulla, see Sir-burla.

Smith, George, English explorer;
his work at the British Museum, 102;
his expeditions to Nineveh, 103;
his success, and his death, 104;
his discovery of the Deluge Tablets, 301.

Sorcerers believed in, 157.

Spirits, belief in good and evil, the first beginning of religion, 150;
elementary, in the primitive Shumiro-Accadian religion, 153-155;
evil, 155-157;
allowed an inferior place in the later reformed religion, 236, 250;
rebellion of the seven evil, their attack against the Moon-god,
290, 291.

Statues found at Tell-Loh, 88, 214.

Style, ancient writing instrument, 94, 109.

Synchronism, meaning of the word, 212.

T.

Tablets, in baked or unbaked clay, used as books, 109;
their shapes and sizes, 109;
mode of writing on, 109-110;
baking of, 110;
great numbers of, deposited in the British Museum, 110-112;
Chaldean tablets in clay cases, 112;
tablets found under the foundation stone at Khorsabad, 113, 114;
"Shamash tablet," 248.

Talismans, worn on the person or placed in buildings, 164.

Tammuz, see Dumuzi.

Taurus Mountains, 190.

Tell-Loh (also Tello), see Sir-burla.

Temples of Êa and Meridug at Eridhu, 246;
of the Moon-god at Ur, ib.;
of Anu and Nana at Erech, ib.;
of Shamash and Anunit at Sippar and Agadê, 247;
of Bel Maruduk at Babylon and Borsippa, 249.

Theocracy, meaning of the word, 235.

Tiamat, see Mummu-Tiamat.

Tin-tir-ki, oldest name of Babylon, meaning of the name, 216.

Triads in Babylonian religion, and meaning of the word, 239-240.

Tubalcain, son of Lamech, descendant of Cain, the inventor of
metallurgy, 129.

Turanians, collective name for the whole Yellow Race, 136;
origin of the name, ib.;
the limitations of their genius, 136-139;
their imperfect forms of speech, monosyllabic and agglutinative,
136, 137;
"the oldest of men," 137;
everywhere precede the white races, 138;
omitted in Genesis X., 135, 139;
possibly represent the discarded Cainites or posterity of Cain,
140-142;
their tradition of a Paradise in the Altaï, 147;
characteristics of Turanian religions, 180-181.

Turks, their misrule in Mesopotamia, 5-6;
greed and oppressiveness of their officials, 7-8;
one of the principal modern representatives of the Turanian
race, 136.

U.

Ubaratutu, father of Hâsisadra, 322.

Ud, or Babbar, the midday Sun, 171;
hymns to, 171, 172;
temple of, at Sippar, 247-248.

Uddusunamir, phantom created by Êa, and sent to Allat, to rescue
Ishtar, 328, 329.

Ur (Mound of Mugheir),
construction of its platform, 46;
earliest known capital of Shumir, maritime and commercial, 200;
Terah and Abraham go forth from, 201.

Ur-êa, king of Ur, 215;
his buildings, 216-218;
his signet cylinder, 218.

Urubêl, the ferryman on the Waters of Death, 311;
purifies Izdubar and returns with him to Erech, 313.

Urukh, see Erech.

Uru-ki, or Nannar, the Shumiro-Accadian Moon-god, 240.

V.

Vaults, of drains, 70;
sepulchral, at Warka, 83, 85.

W.

Warka, see Erech.

X.

Xenophon leads the Retreat of the Ten Thousand, 2;
passes by the runs of Calah and Nineveh, which he calls Larissa and
Mespila, 3.

Xisuthros, the king of, Berosus' Deluge-narrative, 300.
See Hâsisadra.

Y.

Yahveh, the correct form of "Jehovah," one of the Hebrew names for
God, 354.

Z.

Zab, river, tributary of the Tigris, 17.

Zagros, mountain range of, divides Assyria from Media, 50;
stone quarried in, and transported down the Zab, 50, 51.

Zaidu, the huntsman, sent to Êabâni, 305.

Zi-ana, see Ana.

Ziggurats, their peculiar shape and uses, 48;
used as observatories attached to temples, 234;
meaning of the word, 278;
their connection with the legend of Paradise, 278-280;
their singular orientation and its causes, 284-286;
Ziggurat of Birs-Nimrud (Borsippa), 280-283;
identified with the Tower of Babel, 293.

Zi-kî-a, see Êa.

Zirlab, see Sir-burla.

Zodiac, twelve signs of, familiar to the Chaldeans, 230;
signs of, established by Anu, 265;
represented in the twelve books of the Izdubar Epic, 318-321.

* * * * * *

TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES

Page vii Introduction Chapter 4: Corrected to start at page 94

Pages ix, 92, 93, 214, 215, Illustrations 44, 59:
Sirgulla standardised to Sir-gulla

Page xi: Contents Chapter VIII: Added § marker for section 12

Page xiii: Full-stop (period) added after sittliche Weltordnung

Pages xiii-xv Principal works: Normalised small caps in author names

Page xiv: Menant standardised to Ménant

Page 36: Throughly corrected to thoroughly

Illustration 9: Chippiez standardised to Chipiez

Page 60: head-dress standardised to headdress

Page 64: gate-ways standardised to gateways

Page 68: Sufficent corrected to sufficient

Illustration 33: Full stop (period) added to caption after louvre

Page 104: life-time standardised to lifetime

Page 105: Bibliothéque standardised to Bibliothèque

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Page 126: new-comers standardised to newcomers

Pages 131, 375: Japheth standardised to Japhet

Pages 147, 196, 371: Altai standardised as Altaï

Pages 154, 397, 404: Zi-ki-a standardised as Zi-kî-a

Page 154: Anunna-ki standardised to Anunnaki

Page 157: Uru-gal standardised as Urugal

Page 157: 'who may the rather' rendered as 'who may then rather'

Page 160: Meri-dug standardised to Meridug

Page 163: Apostrophe added to patients

Page 172: Mulge standardised to Mul-ge

Page 210: Hyphen added to countercurrent

Pages 214, 215, 375 Illustration 59: Sirburla standardised as Sir-burla

Page 218: Dovoted corrected to devoted

Pages 221, 360, 379: Shinear standardised to Shineâr

Page 225: Kadimirra standardised to Ka-dimirra

Page 228: Cossaeans standardised to Cossæans

Footnote AN: Ur-ea as in original (not standardised to Ur-êa)

Page 234: Full-stop (period) removed after "from the North"

Page 234: Italics removed from i.e. to conform with other usages

Pages 241, 246: Nindar standardised to Nin-dar

Page 249: Babilu standardised to Bab-ilu

Page 254: Double quote added after For instance:--

Footnote AT: Asshurbanipal standardised to Assurbanipal

Illustration 70: Illustration number added to illustration.

Page 297: border-land standardised to borderland

Page 302: Double quote added at the end of paragraph 6

Illustration 77: EABANI'S replaced with ÊABÂNI'S.

Page 323: death-like standardised to deathlike

Footnote BE: Sündflutbericht standardised to Sündfluthbericht. Note that
the correct modern form is Der keilinschriftliche Sintfluthbericht

Page 372: Asshurnazirpal standardised to Asshur-nazir-pal

Page 372: Bab-el-Mander standardised to Bab-el-Mandeb

Page 374: Arioch standardised to Ariokh

Page 374: Abu-Shahreiin standardised to Abu-Shahrein

Page 375: Himalaya standardised to Himâlaya

Page 376: Page number 42 added for index entry Kasr

Page 379: Page number 131 added for index entry Seth

General: Inconsistent spelling of Mosul/Mossul retained