Chapter XXX: Conclusion

BEFORE closing our record of the advance of the white man westwards, we must glance once more at British America, which we left on the eve of the great political crisis at the end of the last century――a crisis which, after long years of absorbing struggles, resulted in the consolidation into a single colony of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and the vast territories long held by the Hudson’s Bay and other North-west companies.

The banks of the Red River of the North, the shores of the Lake of the Woods, and the vast prairie lands beyond them, were by this time well dotted with French and English colonies. Lord Selkirk, a chief partner in the Hudson’s Bay Company, had purchased land of the Indians far beyond the original limits of British territory, and the French fur-traders continued to push their outposts into the wilderness on every side; while, as we know, the American colonies were ever spreading further and further to the north as well as to the west.

It was in the early part of this century that the Hudson’s Bay Company, whose previous career we have already sketched, was in the zenith of its prosperity. Even so long ago as 1684, it had declared a dividend of 50 per cent.; while a little later, about the time of the Peace of Utrecht, we are told that, by a call of only 10 per cent. upon its shareholders, it was able to treble its income. But early in the present century――in 1827――a recent writer informs us, “the price of a flint-lock musket, valued in Fort Dunvegan at perhaps twenty shillings, was worth sables at three pounds a piece, piled up on either side of the weapon until they were level with its muzzle. A six-shilling blanket was bartered for beavers which would bring in London eighteen or twenty pounds; and a black fox was obtained for a price at which the neediest Dog Rib or Locheaux would now laugh his loudest.” The Hudson’s Bay Company was indeed autocratic within the wide territories where it held sway, and it could make not its own prices merely, but also its own laws. As the century proceeded, however, a change came: first of all, the price of beaver decreased, from the growing use of silk in the manufacture of hats. Then came the rising tide of jealousy against monopolies and a consequent inclination to examine the Company’s titles. Moreover, Canada itself was eager for “elbow-room;” and still further, as we have seen, the United States were spreading northward, and so impinging upon its territory. Thus the story of the Hudson’s Bay Company has gradually come to be one of decay, and the great triumphs won, with the wonderful bargains struck by the directors, are alike things of the past.

One can not but be struck with the lack of enterprise and enthusiasm which marked the relations of Great Britain to her American possessions during this period. The spread of United States settlements had necessitated the establishment of an international boundary line, and in 1818, the 49th degree of north latitude had been fixed by treaty as the limit between the Western States and British America, the St. Lawrence and its lakes remaining, as before, the boundary between Canada and the Eastern States of the Union. But another half-century elapsed before any attempt was made by the British Government to survey and mark this new boundary line. The outlying colonies struggled on, some of them almost entirely cut off from intercourse with the outer world, and many a noble life was lived and lost in the vain struggle for existence. Meantime, as we have seen, the United States were being intersected by railways, and their ocean boundaries were connected by iron bands. California――youngest state of the Union, and a few short years before but an unknown desert――had become the golden link between the East and the West. Yet the owners of a territory as vast, and perhaps as full of great possibilities as the mighty republic itself, still remained in ignorance of the true character of their possessions. Maps there were, but maps made up of sketches filled in on hearsay Indian evidence, and calculated only to mislead the unhappy explorer who should attempt to guide his course by their vague delineations. A change soon came, however, and one as rapid as the course of events which led up to it had been slow. This change may be said to have been inaugurated in 1857, when Captain Palliser started on an expedition, which occupied three years, and resulted in the thorough and just assessment of the economic value of the districts, extending from the United States boundary in N. lat. 49° to the chief rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean.

Illustration: SASKATCHEWAN STEAMER.

The admission of British Columbia to the newly-formed Dominion of Canada in 1871, the last act of the great political drama alluded to above, was clogged with the condition that a railway should be constructed within ten years “from the Pacific to a point of junction with the existing railway systems in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.” The English, if chary of undertaking new responsibilities, are prompt in acting on them, and the authorities of Canada, now fully alive to the fact that they had to do in a few years what had been done by their neighbors in a half-century, lost not a moment in sending out engineers to survey the ground, and ascertain as rapidly as possible the best route for the promised line of communication. In 1872 the preliminary reports were laid before the Canadian House of Commons, and the same year Sandford Fleming, the engineer-in-chief of the line to be laid down, made an extensive exploration of the districts to be traversed, which added greatly to the general knowledge of the course of the Saskatchewan, Athabasca, and other rivers west of the Great Lakes. This report has been followed by others not less important, and indeed the lengthened survey over which Mr. Fleming presides has become almost as valuable to the geographer as to the statesman and the colonist in its results.

In the month of February, 1875, the source of the Fraser River was found by Mr. E. W. Jarvis, “in a semi-circular basin, completely closed in by glaciers and high, bare peaks, at an elevation of 5,300 feet;” and we can scarcely refuse this fearless traveler a place among our heroes, when we read of nine hundred miles traveled on snow-shoes, the thermometer often being “below the temperature of freezing mercury,” or learn that he “lived the last three days on the anticipation of a meal at his journey’s end.” This same year, 1875, was still further signalized as being that in which the Saskatchewan was first navigated by steam, for in that year a ship of about 200 tons ascended from the Great Rapid to Edmonton, 700 miles higher, and now we learn that this great river is navigated from the neighborhood of Lake Winnipeg to the base of the Rocky Mountains.

Illustration: FRASER RIVER.

In 1879, very great advances were made by Fleming and his staff in the exploration of the outlying portions of the Dominion; and the Report presented in 1880, together with the Appendices contributed by the various members of the Survey, marks a new departure in North American geography. The extent of territory embraced in the particular expedition referred to extended from the longitude of Edmonton, east of the Rocky Mountains, to Port Simpson on the Pacific. The main object of this survey was to verify the reports of the navigability of Wark Inlet by ocean-sailing ships, and to ascertain how far the tract of country between it and the Skeena River, with the valley of the Skeena itself, were suitable for railway purposes. Its result was the indication of a choice of practicable routes in the districts examined; but the Government, for reasons which, though not obvious, were no doubt well-grounded, decided in favor of the earlier route proposed, namely, that by the Yellow Head Pass and the Burrard Inlet. Thus the great expedition of 1879 was set aside, so far as its main purpose was concerned; but it accomplished much, and has perhaps really served a more practical end, in opening up immense regions barely known before, and providing the student of geography with maps urgently required. Sir J. H. Lefroy admirably expresses our indebtedness to the members who composed the expedition, in an address delivered before the geographical section of the British Association in 1880. He says: ――“The final decision of the Canadian Government to adopt Burrard’s Inlet for the Pacific terminus of their railway, relegates to the domain of pure geography a great deal of knowledge acquired in exploring other lines; explorations in which Messrs. Jarvis, Horetzky, Keeper, and others have displayed remarkable daring and endurance. They have forced their way from the interior to the sea-coast, or from the coast to the Peace River, Pine or Yellow Head Passes, through country previously unknown, to Port Simpson, to Burke Channel, to the mouth of the Skeena, and to the Bute Inlet, so that a region but recently almost a blank on our maps, which John Arrowsmith, our last great authority, but very imperfectly sketched, is now known in great detail.” Thus it has happened once more, as we have so often noted in the course of our narrative, that the traveler, foiled in his main purpose, has opened for himself and for the world new scenes by the way; and as we scan the pages of these Canadian reports, pictures rise before us of surpassing loveliness, while we dream of these vast territories as they will be when the glory of the gorge and the mountain pass is varied by the vision of plains covered with corn and dotted with smiling villages.

During the last ten years, another cause has also largely contributed to the opening up of the great West. A dispute between the United States and Canada, as to the exact interpretation of the Treaty of 1818, led to the sending out of a joint commission to settle the matter, and mark out the boundary line between the north-west corner of the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The Commissioners, most of them able men of science, embodied in their report much interesting geographical information of a supplementary character, the most noteworthy points established being the vast extent of the Great Plains, with their strange, bewildering succession of mirages, rendering surveying operations extremely difficult; and the existence of a chain of salt lakes, with no outlet to the ocean, extending for fifteen miles in an east and west direction, near the very heart of the central watershed of the continent. Nine hundred miles were traversed in this successful trip, and the whole of the boundary line, now finally determined, was marked by stone cairns or earthen mounds, at intervals of three miles on the great plains, and by iron pillars one mile distant from each other for 135 miles through the southern prairie of Manitoba. These solitary landmarks, whether on the rich, fertile lands between the Lake of the Woods and the Pembina Mountains, the prairie steppe extending from the Pembina Mountains to the great Coteau of the Missouri, or the wild semi-desert stretching away from it to the Rocky Mountains, will soon, if we may so express it, be set in frameworks of colonization, for great and mighty are the changes which have taken place within the last few years. Emigration has more than kept pace with the advance of the Canadian Pacific Railway; the Red River settlers, no longer isolated from their kind, are at last enjoying the prosperity so long withheld; the number of settlers has increased rapidly since the opening of two outlets to the ocean for their produce; new settlements in the West are springing up as if by magic; a line of telegraph is completed between the ports on the banks of the Saskatchewan and the chief towns of Canada; while the long inaccessible solitudes of the northern range of the Rocky Mountains echo to the many sounds of the ever-increasing traffic along the line which has at last brought about the long-desired connection between the northern shores of the Atlantic and Pacific.

Illustration: WINTER STATION FOR THE VESSELS OF THE ENGLISH
PACIFIC SQUADRON. (_Esquimault._)

INDEX.

Acadia, 83, 118.
Alabama, 42, 173.
Alarchon, Fernando di, 144.
Alaska, 202.
Albany, 110, 124.
Alexander, Sir William, 88.
Algonquin Indians, 110, 112, 115‒117, 130.
Alleghany Mountains, 168.
Allouez, Father, 128.
America known to the Ancients, 9.
Anastasia Island, 61.
Annapolis, 83.
Apache Indians, 149, 150, 184, 258, 260–264, 267–268.
Apalacha River, 37.
Arapaho Indians, 242.
Arctic Ocean, 216.
Argall, Captain, 79, 85.
Arizona, 142, 149, 150, 174, 258.
Arkansas River, 182, 235, 254.
Arkansea, village of, 132, 136.
Astor, John Jacob, 220.
Astoria, 220, 232.
Athabasca, Lake, 214.
Atlantis, Island of, 7.
Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 35, 37.

Bahama Islands, 34.
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 31‒33.
Baltimore, Lord, 80.
♦Bayagoula, Indian village, 164.
♦ ‘Bayagaula’ replaced with ‘Bayagoula’
Barre, Nicholas, 58.
Bear River, 247, 248.
Bears, White and Brown, 188, 191.
Beaujeu, Admiral, 135.
Beer Springs, 247.
Behring, 200.
Biloxi Bay, 164.
Black Hills, 229, 242.
Blackbird, Indian chief, 226.
Blackfeet Indians, 228.
Block Island, 153, 154.
Bona Vista Bay, 52.
Boone, Daniel, 168‒172.
Boonesborough, 171.
Boston, 99, 100, 162.
Boundary between United States and British America, 270, 274.
Brébœuf, Jesuit missionary, 119, 126.
British America, 174, 269, 271;
French traders in, 212, 270.

Cabot, John, 26, 27.
Cabot, Sebastian, 27.
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, 145.
California, 146, 150‒152, 174, 256.
California, Gulf of, 144.
Canada, First explorations, 51–57;
Explorations and settlements, 112, 120;
Captured by the English, 118;
Ceded to the French, 118.
Canadian Pacific Railway, 271–275.
Cancello, Louis, 47.
Cannibalism, 55, 123, 124.
Cape Breton, 28, 37, 118.
Cape Cod, 9, 89, 92, 112.
Cape Fear, 157.
Cape May, 109.
Cape Mendocino, 146.
Capuchin Friars, 167.
Carey, Apostle of the Indians, 237.
Carolina, 58, 157, 165.
Cartier, Jacques, 51‒57.
Carver, John, 90, 93.
Cass, Governor, 233, 234.
Cass Lake, 234, 239.
Catskill Mountains, 106.
Cevola, Indian village, 143, 259.
Champlain, Samuel, 83, 88, 112.
Champlain, Lake, 113–119.
Charlestown (Mass.), 99.
Charles River, 99.
Charlevoix, Father, 138, 139.
Chesapeake Bay, 68, 76.
Cherokee Indians, 159, 168–172.
Cheyenne Indians, 228, 242.
Chicago, 129, 133.
Chickasaw Indians, 43, 168.
Chippeway Indians, 122, 129, 179‒181, 238.
Cibola, 143, 259.
Clarke, Captain, 184–198.
Cochise, Indian chief, 261–263.
Coligny, Admiral, 57.
Colony, the Lost, 69, 70.
Colorado River, 144, 245, 246.
Columbia River, 146, 188, 194–198, 246;
Great Narrows, 198;
Indians of the Columbia Family, 196–198.
Columbus, 7;
Early life, 13, 14;
At the convent, 15;
At the Spanish court, 16–19;
Sets sail, 19;
Land discovered, 21;
Landing of, 22;
Desertion of Pinzon, 22;
Return to Spain, 23;
Second voyage, 23;
Accusation and death, 25.
Comanche Indians, 136, 184.
Conant, Roger, 99.
Connecticut, 9, 87, 103, 104, 153–157.
Convict colonists, 82.
Cook, Captain James, 201.
Coppermine River, 214, 216.
Coronado, Vasquez de, 144, 145.
Cortereal, Gaspar, 28.
Cortereal, Miguel, 28.
Cortes, 140.
_Coureurs des bois_, 137, 206, 212.
Coxe, Dr., 165.
Cozens, Mr., 258–268.
Creek Indians, 158.
Crow Indians, 228, 229.
Cuba, 22.
Cumberland River, 170.

Dacotah Indians, 128, 177, 185.
Darien, Isthmus of, 32, 33.
Davenport, John, 156.
Davis, Jim, 274.
Delaware River, 109, 159.
De La Warre, Lord, 77, 78, 79.
Dermer, Captain, 87.
Des Moines River, 132.
Denys, John, 29.
D’Iberville, Lemoyne, 164–166.
Dorantes, Stefano, 142.
Dover founded, 88.
Drake, Sir Francis, 63, 68, 146.
Dreuillette, Jesuit missionary, 126–128.
Dutch settlements, 108–110.

Early Explorers, 7.
Eaton, Theophilus, 156.
Eliot, John, 158.
El Moro, ruins of, 265.
Emigration to California, 257.
♦Enciso, 31.
♦ ‘Encisco’ replaced with ‘Enciso’
Endicott, John, 99, 154.
English Settlements, first, 64.
Eric the Red, 8.
Erie, Lake, 115, 133.
Esquimaux, 214.

Faroe Islands, 12.
First American Explorers, 7–12.
First steamer on inland waters, 234.
Flathead Indians, 198.
Fleming, Sandford, 272.
Florida, Discovery of, 33–35, 47;
Early settlements in, 59, 63;
Annexed to the United States, 173.
Fonte, Admiral de, 147.
_Fortune_, the, 96.
Fountain of Youth, search for, 33, 34, 35.
Fox, Luke, 206, 207.
Franklin, Captain, 216.
Fraser River, 272.
Fremont, John C., 241–254.
Fremont’s Peak, 246.
French Settlements, 59, 116, 117, 164, 165, 209.
Freydis, Eric’s daughter, 10, 11.
Frontenac, 133, 134.
Fuca, Juan de, 147.
Fundy, Bay of, 83.
Fur trade, 104, 109, 118, 127, 137, 173, 177, 212, 220, 270.

Garay, Francis, 35.
Gates, Sir Thomas, 78.
Georgia, 158, 159, 173.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 64, 65.
Gillam, Captain Zachariah, 208.
Gold, Search for, 37, 59, 141, 142, 149;
Discovered, 256;
Mica taken for gold, 76.
Golden Gate, the, 151.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinand, 87, 88;
Robert, 88.
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 71.
Gourgues, Dominique de, 61, 62.
Gray, Captain, 188.
Grand Manan, Island of, 84, 85.
Great Bear Lake, 214.
Great Bend, Missouri River, 186, 226.
Great Plains, the, 274.
Great Slave Lake, 214, 247, 254.
Greenland, 8, 11.
Grenville, Sir Richard, 67, 68.
_Griffin_, the, 133.
Grijalva, Captain, 140.
Grosseliez, 207, 208.
Gunnbiorn, 8.

_Half Moon_, 105–107.
Harrisburg founded, 162.
Hartford, 104.
Hatteras, Cape, 65.
Hawkins, Sir John, 59.
Hearne, Mr., 210, 213–217.
Hennepin, 133, 134.
Hercules, Pillars of, 7.
Herjulfson, Bjarni, 8.
Hochelaga, 53, 54.
Holmes, William, 103.
Hontan, Baron La, 138, 247.
Hudson, Henry, 105–108.
Hudson River, 50, 106.
Hudson’s Bay, 108, 137, 206–208, 210–213, 269, 270.
Hudson’s Bay Company, 138, 206, 208–217.
Hudson’s Straits, 210.
Huguenot colonists, 57–62, 165.
Hunt, William, 225‒232.
Huron, Lake, 115.
Huron Indians, 115, 126.

Illinois River, 132.
Independence, War of, 162.
Indians, conflicts with, 105, 110, 126, 153–156, 158, 167, 222, 226.
Indian princess, 42;
King, 54;
War challenge, 96;
Ceremony in honor of the dead, 122;
Concert, 263;
Scalp dance, 264.
Indians:――174, 179, 214, 219, 229, 244.
Algonquins, 110, 112, 115–117.
Apache, 149, 150, 184, 258, 260–264, 267, 268.
Arapaho, 242.
Blackfeet, 228.
Cherokees, 159, 168–172.
Cheyennes, 228, 242.
Chickasaw, 43, 168.
Chippeway, 122, 129, 179–181, 238.
Comanche, 136, 184.
Creek, 158.
Crow, 228, 229.
Flathead, 98.
Huron, 115, 116.
Illinois, 130.
Iroquois, 113, 116, 123, 124, 127, 134.
Mohawk, 116, 123, 126, 127.
Navajoe, 184, 264, 266, 268.
Nez Percés, 197.
♦Onguiaharas, 122.
♦ ‘Onquilaharas’ replaced with ‘Onguiaharas’
Osage, 181.
Ottoe, 184.
Pawnee, 181, 234.
Pequod, 153–156.
Root, 247.
Seneca, 116, 127, 133.
Shoshone, 187, 229, 247, 254, 256.
Sioux, 128, 134, 177, 185, 225, 238.
Snake, 195, 196.
Zuni, 265.
Indians enslaved, 156, 158.
Indians, Penn’s treaty with the, 160.
Indiana, 173.
Iroquois Indians, 113, 116, 123, 124, 127, 134.
Isabella of Castile, 19.
Itasca Lake, 239.

James, Captain, 207.
James, Captain, 234–236.
Jamestown, 73, 76, 78–81, 110.
Jarvis, E. W., 272.
Jesuit Missionaries, 84, 119, 120, 126, 148, 149, 167.
Jesuits, Loss of power, 150.
Jesuit, a heroic, 124.
♦Jogues, Isaac, Jesuit Missionary, 123–125.
♦‘Joques’ replaced with ‘Jogues’
John II. of Portugal, 14.

Kansas, 241, 246.
Karsefue, 10.
Kennebec River, 88.
Kentucky, 168–172.
Kino, Eusebius Francis, 148.
Kirk, Mr., 118.
Knight, John, 209, 210.

La Paz, 146.
Lake of the Woods, 238.
Lane, Ralph, 68.
Latter-Day Saints, 255.
Laudonnière, René de, 58, 61.
Law, John, 166.
Laws, Mr., 258.
League of the Colonies, 157.
Le Gran Quivera, 259.
Leech Lake, 180, 233.
Leif the Lucky, 9.
Le Moyne, Father, 126.
Leon, Juan Ponce de, 33–35.
Lewis, Captain, 184–198.
Lion Caldron, 230.
Long, Major, 234–238.
Long Island, 9.
Long Island Sound, 87, 109.
Louisiana, 135, 166, 167, 168;
Ceded to United States, 173.
Louisville founded, 172.
Lost colony, the, 69, 70.
Luna, Don Tristan de, 47.

M’Dougal, Mr., 220–224.
Mackenzie, Alexander, 213, 217–219.
Mackenzie River, 214, 217.
Mackinaw, 225.
Mad River, 230.
Madoc, 11.
Magellan, 32, 49.
Magnus Colorado, Indian chief, 262.
Maine, 82, 85, 86.
Mandan Indians, 186, 227.
Manhattan Island, 106, 110.
Marco Polo, 12.
Marquette, James, 129–133.
Martha’s Vineyard, 71.
Maryland founded, 80.
Mason, Captain John, 156.
Massachusetts, 71.
Massasoit, 95, 102.
Matagorda, Bay of, 135.
Maurepas Lake, 164.
Mavilla, Indian village, 42.
_Mayflower_, the, 93.
Meares, Captain John, 202–204.
Mendoza, 140, 145.
Menendez, Pedro, 60–63.
Merrimac River, 99.
Mesnard, René, 128.
Mexico, 140, 144.
Mexico, Gulf of, 30, 135.
Michigan, 236.
Michigan, Lake, 120, 133, 237.
Middleton, Captain, 210.
Minnesota River, 237.
Missionaries, 119, 120.
Missionary colonists, 115, 150–152.
Missionary settlements, 119, 120.
Mississippi River, 35, 43, 44, 129, 132, 138, 164–166, 170, 176,
178, 180, 233, 234, 239.
Mississippi Scheme, 166.
Missouri River, 131, 184–194.
Great Bend, 186, 226.
Source of, 194.
Mitchigamea, Indian village, 132.
Mobile Bay, 164.
Mohawk Indians, 116, 123, 126, 127.
Monterey Bay, 146.
Montreal, 53, 114, 120.
Monts, De, 83.
Moore, Captain, 210, 211.
Mormons, 255, 256.
Mount Desert, 84.

Narvaez, Pamphilo de, 37, 38.
Natchez founded, 165.
Navajoe Indians, 184, 264–266, 268.
Nebraska River, 234, 236, 241, 246.
New Amsterdam, 110.
New England, 92–104.
Newfoundland, 9, 52, 64.
New Hampshire, 86, 88.
New Haven, 157.
New Jersey, 109.
New Mexico, 136, 174, 258.
New Netherland, 109, 128.
New Orleans, 166.
Newport, Captain, 72, 76, 77.
New York, 110.
New York, Harbor of, 50, 106.
Nez Percés, 197.
Niagara River, 122, 133.
Niagara Falls, 122.
Nipissing Lake, 115.
Nizza, Fra Marco da, 141–144.
Nootka Sound, 201.
Northmen, the, 11.
North-west Company, 212, 213, 217.
Nova Scotia, 9, 88, 269.
Nunez, Alvaro, 141.

Oglethorpe, General, 159.
Ohio River, 170;
State, 171, 172.
Ohio Company, 167, 172.
Oldham, John, 89, 153.
Omaha, 226.
Ontario, Lake, 119, 127.
♦Onguiaharas Indians, 122.
♦‘Onquiaharas’ replaced with ‘Onguiaharas’
Opechancanough, Indian Chief, 73.
Ortiz, Juan, 40.
Oswego River, 127.
Osage Indians, 181.
Ottawa River, 114.
Ottoe Indians, 184.

Pacific Ocean, Balboa discovers the, 32.
Palliser, Captain, 271.
Parker, Dr., 259.
Pawnee Indians, 181, 234.
Pearl fisheries, 150.
Penn, William, 159–161.
Pennsylvania, 160.
Penobscot River, 82.
Pensacola Harbor, discovery of, 41.
Pensacola River, 164.
Peoria Lake, 134.
Pequod Indians, 153–156.
Perez, 16, 17, 18, 23.
Philadelphia, 161.
Pictured Rocks, 123.
Pigart, Claude, Jesuit missionary, 122, 123.
Pike, Major, 176–183.
Pike’s Peak, 235, 242.
Pipe of Peace, 130, 131, 178, 227.
Pittsburg, 162.
Plymouth Company, 87, 88.
Pocahontas, 75, 79.
Pontchartrain, Lake, 164.
Port Royal, 58.
Portsmouth founded, 88.
Potomac River, 75.
Potawatomie Indians, 236.
Powhatan, 75, 77.
Providence founded, 102.
Puritans, the, 89–91;
Embarkation of, 92;
First landing, 93;
Land at Plymouth, 94;
Threatened by Indians, 96;
Settlements by, 99, 105.

Quebec, 53, 112, 116.
Quakers, 161.

Railroads, 268, 271–275.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 64, 65, 67, 70.
Red Cedar Lake, 180.
Red River, 166, 169, 182.
Red River of the North, 238.
Rhode Island, 9.
Ribault, John, 57–62.
Rio Bravo de Norte, 183.
Rio Grande River, 260.
Roanoake Colony, 67–69.
Rocky Mountains, 190, 193, 194, 234, 242–247, 256.
Root Indians, 247.
Rose’s Edward, conspiracy against Hunt, 228.
Rupert, Prince, 208.
Russian Exploration, 200.

Sacramento, 256.
Sacramento River, 253.
Salle, Robert Cavalier de la, 133–136.
Salmon, 219.
Salt Lake, 236.
Salt Lake City, 248, 256.
San Diego, 146, 150.
San Domingo, 22.
San Francisco, 151, 240.
San Xavier del Bac, ruins of, 149.
Santa Fé, 184.
Saskatchewan River, 137, 272.
Savannah River, 158.
Saybrook, 104, 156.
Scalp dance, 264.
Schoolcraft, Mr., 238, 239.
Scotch colonists, 88.
Seneca Indians, 116, 127, 133.
Shawmut Point, 99.
Ship Island, 164.
Shoshone Indians, 187, 229, 247, 254, 256.
Sierra Nevada Mountains, 251.
Sioux Indians, 128, 134, 177, 185, 225, 238.
Skraellings, 9.
Slaves first landed at Jamestown, 79.
Slave Lake, 217.
Slave River, 217.
Smith, Captain John, 72–78, 85.
Smith, Captain, 210, 211.
Smith, Joe, 255.
Snake River, 230, 248.
Snake Indians, 195, 196.
Sothel, Seth, 158.
Soto, Hernando de, 39, 46.
South Pass, 245, 254.
Southern Pacific Railway, 268.
Spanish Explorations and Settlements, 30–48, 60–63, 140–146.
Spanish power in Mexico, Overthrow of, 152.
Standish, Captain Miles, 93, 97, 98.
Stansbury, Captain, 256.
Steck, Dr., 258.
Stewart family, Murder of, 268.
Stone, Captain, murder of, 152.
St. Anthony’s Falls, 134.
St. Augustine, 62.
St. John’s River, 57.
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 29, 52.
St. Lawrence River, 52, 112–118, 178, 237, 238.
St. Louis, 131, 135, 225.
St. Mary’s, 81.
Superior, Lake, 123.
Sutter’s Fort, 240, 253.
Swedish colonists, 110.

Tampa Bay, 37.
Tennessee, 172.
Texas, 135, 136;
ceded to the United States, 174.
Thinkleet Indians, 219.
Thorstein, 10.
Thorvald, 9.
Tonti, 165.
_Tonquin_, the, 220;
loss of, 221, 224.

Ulloa, Francisco de, 141.
United States,
Beginning of, 157;
Extension of, 173;
Northern boundary, 270.

Vaca, Cabeca de, 38, 39.
Vancouver, 204.
Verrazano of Florence, 37.
Verrazano, Giovanni, 49–51.
Vespucci, Amerigo, 25.
Vines, Richard, 87, 89.
Virginia, first settlement, 68.
Viscaino, Sebastian, 146, 188.
Voyage up the Missouri, Hunt’s, 225–228.
Voyage down the Snake and Columbia, Hunt’s, 230–232.

Walloons, 109.
Welsh, 12.
West India Company, 109.
White, John, 69.
White Mountains, 87.
Wilkes, Captain, 240.
Williams, Roger, 101–103, 155.
Wisconsin River, 130, 132, 138, 177.
Windsor, 104.
Winnipeg, Lake, 233, 238, 272.
Winthrop, John, 99, 101.

Yellowstone River, 187, 246.
Yellow Fever in Louisiana, 166.
Yerba Buena, 239, 251.
Young, Brigham, 255.

Zeni, the Brothers, 12.
Zuni, Ruins of, 265.
Zunis Indians, 265.