Chapter XXV

METHODS AND COST OF WATERPROOFING CONCRETE STRUCTURES.

Resistance to penetration by water is desirable in all concrete structures, and is essential in such structures as tanks, reservoirs, vaults, subways, basements and roofs. Concrete, as it is ordinarily made, is pervious to water, hence to secure concrete structures through which water will not penetrate some method of waterproofing the concrete must be employed. Many methods have been proposed and are being used; none of these methods is without faults, the best one of them has not yet been determined, and the evidence available as to their comparative merits is biased and conflicting. For these reasons any discussion of waterproofing for concrete is at the present time bound to be unsatisfactory.

Methods of waterproofing may be roughly classified as follows: (1) Use of mixtures so proportioned as to be impervious; (2) admixture of substances designed to produce impermeability; (3) use of waterproof coatings, washes or diaphragms. In succeeding sections enough examples of each method are given to indicate current practice; no attempt has been made to catalog all the waterproofing substances and systems being promoted--there are too many of them.

The art of waterproofing concrete is in a transition stage. Outside of the manufacturers of waterproofing material the art has received serious study by comparatively few persons. No comparative tests by independent investigators are available. Practical experience with most of the materials used has not extended over a long enough period of time to permit true conclusions to be drawn. Students of the subject are not even agreed upon the broad questions whether it is better to work toward developing an impervious concrete or toward perfecting a waterproof covering for concrete. On the minor subdivisions there is no agreement at all.

In the present state of the art one can lay fast hold to only three things. The first is that waterproofing is one component of a system of drainage; the second is that structures must, to get the best results, be designed with the fact in mind that waterproofing is a component structural element, and the third is that skilled and conscientious workmanship are essential elements in the success of all waterproofing materials and methods.

~IMPERVIOUS CONCRETE MIXTURES.~--The compounding of the regular concrete materials so as to produce an impervious concrete has been made the subject of numerous experiments. The most elaborate of these experiments were those conducted over a period of five years by Mr. Feret, of the Boulogne (France) Laboratory of the Ponts et Chaussees. Feret's experiments led him to the following conclusions:

"That in all mortars of granulometric composition the most permeable are those which contain the least quantity of cement.

"Of all mortars of the same richness, but of varying granulometric composition, those which contain very few fine grains are much more permeable. They are the more so where, with equal proportions of the fine grains, the coarse grains predominate more in relation to the grains of medium size.

"The minimum permeability is found in mortars where the proportion of medium-sized grains is small, and the coarse and fine grains are about equal to each other."

Mr. Feret also found that permeability decreased with time and that wet mixtures were less permeable than dry mixtures.

Tests made by Messrs. J. B. McIntyre and A. L. True at the Thayer School of Civil Engineering in 1902 gave the following results:

All the specimens composed of 1-1 mortar in the proportions of 30, 35, 40 and 45 per cent. of the whole mass were impermeable. Some of the specimens composed of 1-2 mortar in the proportions of 40 and 45 per cent. were also impermeable, as well as the 1-2-4 and 1-2½-4 mixtures. All other mixtures leaked at the high pressure (80 lbs. per sq. in.) and in a general way exhibited a degree of imperviousness in direct proportion to the proportion of mortar in them, with the lower pressures from 20 lbs. per sq. in. up as well as for the 80-lb. pressure.

Other tests confirm those cited. In general we may conclude that those mixtures richest in cement and mortar are the most impervious. It is doubtless practicable by exercising proper care to proportion, mix and place a concrete mixture which will be so nearly impervious that visible leakage will be small. The task, however, is one difficult to perform in actual construction work, and its accomplishment is never certain.

~STAR STETTIN CEMENT.~--Star Stettin cement is a Portland cement made by grinding a clinker which has been "impregnated" with substances which impart waterproofing properties to the ground product. The process is the invention of Richard Liebold, and the cement is made by the Star Stettin Portland Cement Works, Stettin, Germany. It is asserted that a 1-4 fine sand mortar made with this cement is impervious. To use it the ordinary precautions adopted in the employment of Portland cement are necessary, and in addition the following: The cement must be mixed with moist instead of dry sand before the water is added; the sand should be clean, sharp and fine of grain; the mortar must be more perfectly mixed than ordinarily, and somewhat more water should be used than is ordinarily used. Perfectly even mixing is essential to the best results.

~MEDUSA WATERPROOFING COMPOUND.~--This compound is a dry powder which is mixed with the cement in proportions of from 1 per cent. to 2 per cent. by weight, or from 4 lbs. to 8 lbs. per barrel of cement. The compound costs 12 cts. per lb., so that its addition increases the cost from 48 to 96 cts. per barrel of cement. Thorough mixing of the compound with the cement is of the utmost importance, otherwise none but the ordinary precautions in the use of Portland cement is necessary. Absorption tests on concrete blocks treated and untreated with the compound and nine months old have shown the absorbtion of treated blocks to be about one-fourth or one-fifth that of untreated blocks. The compound is made by the Sandusky Portland Cement Co., Sandusky, Ohio.

~NOVOID WATERPROOFING COMPOUND.~--This compound is a dry powder which is mixed dry with the cement in the proportion of 1 to 2 per cent. by weight or about 1 to 2 lbs. per bag of cement. The compound costs 12 cts. per pound or about from 48 to 96 cts. per barrel of cement. Directions for making waterproofing mortar are: To 100 lbs. of Portland cement add 2 to 2½ lbs. of compound and 200 lbs. of clean and sharp sand and mix the materials dry and very thoroughly. The water is then added in the proportion necessary to make a good working mortar and the mortar mixed and applied in the ordinary manner. Used as a wash 2 lbs. of compound are thoroughly mixed dry with a bag of cement. Any portion of the mixture is then mixed with water to produce a creamy grout, which is applied to a thoroughly wet surface with a brush. This compound is made by The Abbey-Dodge-Brooks Concrete Co., Newark, N. J.

~IMPERMEABLE COATINGS AND WASHES.~--The most common means employed for rendering concrete structures waterproof is to coat or wash the surface with some substance itself impervious to water or having the property of closing the pores of the surface skin of concrete so that water cannot penetrate.

~Bituminous Coatings.~--Bituminous coatings of one composition or another are among the most commonly used of impermeable coatings. The bituminous compound is used both alone and in combination with layers of a fabric of some sort to form the coating. Where bituminous coatings are used on surfaces exposed to the sun and frost attention must be given to the fact that a compound of different properties is required where the range of temperature is great than is required where this range is smaller. Asphalt, for example, should have a flow point of 212° F. and a brittle point of -15° F. when exposed directly to sun and frost as compared with say a flow point of 185° F. and a brittle point of 0° F. when covered from the direct action of sun and frost. Another point to be kept in mind particularly in using exterior coatings is that the concrete surface must be properly prepared to receive the coating or else it will peel off. The following are examples from actual practice of waterproofing with bituminous coatings.

The following method of waterproofing with asphalt coating is given by W. H. Finley: The asphalt used must be of the best grade, free from coal tar or any of its products, and must not volatilize more than 0.5 per. cent, under a temperature of 100° F. for 10 hours. It must not be affected by a 20 per cent. solution of ammonia, a 35 per cent. solution of hydrochloric acid, a 25 per cent. solution of sulphuric acid, or a saturated solution of sodium chloride. For structures underground a flow point of 185° F. and a brittle point of 0° F. shall be required. If the surface cannot be made dry and warm it should first be coated with an asphalt paint made of asphalt reduced with naphtha. The asphalt should be heated in a kettle to a temperature not exceeding 450° F. It has been cooked enough when a piece of wood can be inserted and withdrawn without the asphalt clinging to it. The first coat should consist of a thin layer poured from buckets on the prepared surface and thoroughly mopped over. The second coat should consist of a mixture of clean sand and screenings, free from earthy admixtures, previously heated and dried, and asphalt, in the proportion of 1 of asphalt to 3 or 4 of sand or screenings by volume. This is to be thoroughly mixed in the kettle and then spread out on the surface with warm smoothing irons, such as are used in laying asphalt streets. The finishing coat should consist of pure hot asphalt spread thinly and evenly over the entire surface, and then sprinkled with washed roofing gravel, torpedo sand, or stone screenings, to harden the top. The thickness of the coating will depend on the character of the work and may vary from ¾ in. to 2 ins. in thickness.

Several firms manufacture and sell ready made priming paints and mastics for waterproofing concrete by substantially the above method. Sarco compounds made by the Standard Asphalt & Rubber Co., of Chicago, Ill., are examples. Sarco waterproofing is a compound analyzing 99.7 per cent. pure bitumen and having a range of ductility of 200° F. In waterproofing large car barn roofs of concrete in Chicago, the concrete was first swept clean and a coat of priming compound was thoroughly brushed in. On the priming coat was mopped a coat of waterproofing compound, applied hot, and covered with a layer of fine sand. The thickness of the completed coating was 1/16 in. Where a heavier waterproofing is necessary the waterproofing compound is covered with one or more 5/8-in. coats of Sarco mastic.

The following bituminous coatings have been used in waterproofing concrete fortifications by the U. S. Army Engineers:

_Mobile, Ala._--The top of the concrete was covered with a thin coat of 1-2 cement mortar and given a rough trowel finish. As soon as the surface was dry it was covered with a layer of asphalt mastic 1 in. thick and rubbed down to a finish with dry sand and cement in equal parts. To prepare the mastic take 500 lbs. of Diamond T asphalt mastic, broken into small pieces, 30 lbs. of Diamond T asphalt flux, and 5 lbs. of petroleum residuum oil. When thoroughly melted add 400 lbs. clean, dry torpedo gravel previously heated. Stir gravel and asphalt until thoroughly mixed at a temperature of about 375° F.

_Key West, Fla._--The top of the concrete was covered with smooth plaster, proper slope for drainage being given. Above this two layers of asphalt of an aggregate thickness of ¾ in. were applied. The composition of the asphalt was as follows: 440 lbs. rock asphalt mastic, 3 gallons coal tar, and 5 gallons silicious sand.

_Delaware River Defenses._--The concrete was waterproofed with coal tar and sand. The tar was made hot and applied to the surfaces with rubber squeegees and then sanded. Joints were filled with the hot tar. A surplus of sand was left on for a few days and then swept off. One barrel of coal tar covered 2,279 sq. ft. with one coat and cost $4.25 per barrel delivered. The cost including material and labor was 0.74 ct. per sq. ft.

_San Francisco Harbor._--The roof had a pitch of about 3 in 20 and was covered with an earth fill. The concrete was troweled to a fairly smooth surface, was mopped with a heavy coat of roofing asphaltum, or mastic, then covered with the heaviest grade roofing felt laid 3 ply, starting at the coping of the parade wall and made 4 ply in the gutter. On this assumed watertight surface 3-in. book tile was laid with joints normal to the gutter and cemented. The purpose of the tile was to afford a free passage for the water as soon as it met the roof. The expectations were fully realized and no water, or even a sign of moisture, has appeared in this battery, or at another of the same type since built, after a fair test of time.

The total cost of the work, including mastic, felt and tile, was 17 cts. per sq. ft. for 6,200 sq. ft. covering three roofs.

In conclusion it may be noted that any of the methods of constructing impermeable diaphragms can be used for constructing impermeable coatings.

~Szerelmey Stone Liquid Wash.~--This wash has been used in England for waterproofing and preserving masonry for some 20 years. It is a thin liquid compound which is applied to the surface with a brush. The stone or concrete surface is required to be dry and thoroughly clean, with all scale and loose particles removed. The standard treatment is three coats; 1 gallon of liquid is in most cases sufficient for treating (three coats) 25 sq. yds., but in exceptionally bad cases 1 gallon for 15 sq. yds. has been found necessary. The precautions necessary for the successful use of the liquid are: It must be well stirred; it must be applied to a perfectly dry, clean surface, and it must be well rubbed into the masonry. The American agency for the liquid is Szerelmey & Co., Washington, D. C.

~Sylvester Wash.~--Waterproofing with Sylvester wash consists in applying alternately to the concrete surface a soap solution wash and an alum solution wash. The soap solution is applied first, and it must be applied hot and to a dry surface; the alum solution is applied second and 24 hours after the soap solution and is applied cold. This constitutes one treatment. After 24 hours a second treatment may be given, and as many treatments may be given as necessary. In some cases as many as six treatments have been employed. The proportions of the solutions used in practice vary. In waterproofing the standpipe described in Chapter XXII the soap solution consisted of 12 oz. pure Castile olive oil soap per gallon of water, and the alum solution consisted of 2 oz. of alum per gallon of water. In repairing the bottom of a reservoir lined with 4 to 6 ins. of concrete the following solutions were used: ¾ lb. Olean soap to 1 gallon of water and ½ lb. alum to 4 gallons of water. Both alum and soap were well dissolved and the soap solution was boiled. The boiling hot soap solution was applied on the clean, dry concrete; 24 hours later the alum wash was applied cold. This treatment was repeated after 24 hours. Two men applied the solutions, using whitewash brushes, while a third man carried pails of the solution. In making the soap solution two men attended four kettles, one man kept up fires, two men carried solution to men applying it. The alum solution required fewer men, being made cold in barrels. After applying the second soap wash to the concrete slopes, the men had to be held by ropes to keep from slipping. The rope was placed around two men, who started work at the top of the slope, a third man paying out the rope. The work was done in 8½ days and cost as follows:

Labor: 1,140 hours labor at 15 cts. $171.00 83 hours foreman at 30 cts. 24.90 83 hours waterboy at 6 cts. 4.98 Add for superintendence 15% 30.13 ------- Total labor $231.01 Materials: 900 lbs. Olean soap at 4-1/3 cts. $ 39.00 210 lbs. alum at 3 cts. 6.30 6 10-in. whitewash brushes at $2.25 13.50 6 stable brushes at $1.25 7.50 ------- Total materials $ 66.30 Total labor and materials $297.31

This covered 131,634 sq. ft., hence the cost of the two coats of soap and alum was $2.26 per 1,000 sq. ft., or 0.23 ct. per sq. ft.

The ordinary Sylvester wash, as described above, has been modified with success on Government fortification work as follows: To 2 gals. of water add 1 lb. concentrated lye and 5 lbs. alum and mix until completely dissolved. This is a concentrated stock solution. In use 1 pt. of solution and 10 lbs. of cement are mixed with enough water to make a mixture that will lather freely under the brush. Two coats of this wash are applied, the second at any time after the first is dry, and the first as soon as the forms are removed from the concrete. The wash should be applied to a wet surface, if the concrete is dry it should be wet down with a brush ahead of the wash.

~Sylvester Mortars.~--In this class of coatings the alum and soap are added to the mortar which is used for facing. A successful recipe for such a mortar is given as follows: To 1 part cement and 2 parts sand add ¾ lb. of pulverized alum for each cubic foot of sand and mix these ingredients dry; then add the proper quantity of water, in which has been dissolved ¾ lb. of soap to the gallon, and mix the mortar thoroughly. Such a mortar is but slightly inferior in strength to ordinary mortar of the same proportions. In plastering a clear water well to prevent leaking a 1-2 mortar was made as follows: 1¼ lbs. of soap were dissolved in 15 gallons of water and 3 lbs. of powdered alum were mixed with 1 bag of cement. Two coats of plaster of an aggregate thickness of ½ in. were applied and completely stopped the leaking. The cost of this treatment was as follows:

2 lbs. soap (with 24 gals. water) at 7½ cts. $0.15 12 lbs. alum at 3½ cts. 0.42 ------ Total per barrel of cement $0.57

In lining a new reservoir near Wilmerding, Pa., a mortar was made as follows: A stock solution of 2 lbs. caustic potash and 5 lbs. alum to 10 quarts of water was made in barrel lots, from which 3 quarts were taken for each batch of 2 bags of cement and 4 bags of sand. A batch of mortar covered an area 6×8 ft. with a 1-in. coat. The extra cost of the waterproofing was:

100 lbs. caustic potash at 10 cts. $10.00 70 lbs. caustic potash at 9 cts. 6.30 960 lbs. alum at 3½, 3¾ and 4 cts. 34.38 60 hours mixing at 15 cts. 9.00 Freight, express and haulage 11.50 ------ Total for 74,800 sq. ft. $71.18

This gives a cost of 95 cts. per 1,000 sq. ft., or less than 0.1 ct. per sq. ft. It was found that if less than 2 parts of sand to 1 part of cement was used the mortar cracked badly in setting. Clean sand was imperative, as any organic impurities soon decomposed, leaving soft spots. Do not use an excess of potash; a slight excess of alum, however, does not decrease the strength of the mortar.

~Hydrolithic Coating.~--This waterproofing is a dry mortar composed by mixing a cementing compound with sand, and sold dry in sacks containing 96 lbs. each. The dry mortar is mixed with water to proper consistency for plastering, and is applied as a plaster to the surfaces to be waterproofed. The dry mortar is mixed with water to a grout of the consistency of thick cream and then this grout is stiffened to the proper consistency by adding more dry mortar. Thoroughness of mixing is absolutely essential. The concrete surface is prepared by picking and scoring sufficiently to get a fresh surface and washing away all chips, dust and loose material, or instead of picking in new work the outer skin may be removed by a 1 to 9 muriatic acid solution and then washed free of all acid and scrubbed with wire brushes. After preparing the fresh surface it is well wetted; in fact water soaked, so that, while not oozing moisture it will absorb no more water. The mixed mortar is then applied with a trowel in a workmanlike manner. In mixing, no more than 8 gallons of water per barrel of mortar should be used. The coatings used are 3/8 to 5/8 in. for walls and ½ to ¾ in. for floors. The following estimate of cost is made by the manufacturers, the E. J. Winslow Co., Chicago, Ill. The figures are presented with the understanding that they are to be considered merely as average costs for waterproofing, without special construction, and subject to change in accordance with local conditions, and to the time of year when the work will need to be performed:

Per sq. ft.
To prepare surfaces to receive "coating" may
cost the contractor 5½ cts.
The coating material, f. o. b. Chicago, may
cost the contractor 4½ cts.
The labor of application may cost the contractor 7½ cts.
Administration and incidental expenses may
cost the contractor 7½ cts.
--------
25 cts.

The lowest price yet asked for work was 20 cts., and the highest, 55 cts., these two prices representing the opposite extremes of conditions that different jobs will present.

~Cement Mortar Coatings.~--Rich cement mortar mixtures offer considerable resistance to penetration by water and when well made may be used with a fair degree of success to waterproof ordinary concrete. European engineers make wide use of mortar coatings for waterproofing tanks and reservoirs and appear to have good success with them. The experience in this country is that no great reliance can be placed on them, where the pressures are at all large. Records of work done show both successes and failures, with no apparent reason for either so far as composition of mortar or quality of workmanship goes. A rich mortar plaster will reduce leakage, and may prevent it entirely, but it is uncertain how far it will prove water tight.

~Oil and Paraffin Washes.~--The theory of the use of oil and paraffin washes is that the material soaks into the concrete and closes the surface pores against the penetration of water. Paraffin has been quite widely used for preserving stone masonry walls for buildings. It is applied hot, and in the best practice is applied to a dry heated surface. Concerns doing such work on buildings have portable devices for heating the masonry. Oil is sometimes applied hot but is more often flushed onto the surface and allowed to soak in as it will.

~IMPERMEABLE DIAPHRAGMS.~--The most generally employed method of waterproofing concrete structures, with the possible exception of painting and coating methods, is to embed in the wall, roof and floor slabs a diaphragm that is impervious to water. Such diaphragms are usually composed of layers of waterproof felt or paper cemented together and to the concrete by asphalt, coal tar pitch or patented cementing compound. Another construction consists of a layer of asphaltic compound between two layers of cement mortar. In some cases also the combination felt and cementing compound diaphragm is further strengthened by placing it between layers of mortar. In wall work the diaphragm is frequently applied to the face of a single layer brick wall and the concrete filled against it. The brick wall may be further waterproofed by laying the brick in hot asphalt instead of in mortar.

Within the last few years a number of firms have devoted their efforts to producing special fabrics (felts or papers) and special cementing compounds designed to be used with the fabrics for waterproofing concrete. These fabrics and cements are in most cases superior in toughness, flexibility, ease of application, etc., to the ordinary roofing and waterproofing fabrics designed originally for general building purposes.

~Long Island R. R. Subway.~--In constructing the Long Island R. R. subway the roof was waterproofed according to specifications as follows: After the roof concrete was crowned, brought to a smooth surface and thoroughly dried, it was swabbed over with hot melted "medium hard" coal tar pitch to an even thickness of not less than 1-16 in. Immediately upon the first coat of pitch and while it was still melted was laid a covering of single-ply roofing felt, with the sheets lapping 4 ins. on all cross joints and 12 ins. on longitudinal joints. This felt was in turn mopped with pitch, and upon that again was laid another layer of roofing felt, which was given a final coating of pitch. The pitch used was of a grade somewhat softer than that used for roofing purposes, or such as would soften at a temperature of 60° F. and melt at a temperature of 100° F. The felt used consisted of pure wood paper pulp or asbestos pulp, which had been thoroughly treated and soaked in refined coal tar and which weighed for single ply at least 15 lbs. per 100 sq. ft.

After the waterproofing with pitch and felt had thoroughly hardened it was plastered over with a trowel with a 1-in. layer of Portland cement mortar, laid in uniform squares, in every respect similar to the plaster on top of granolithic pavement. The dimensions of the squares were 5×5 ft. Their purpose was to take up expansion and contraction in the coating.

During the year 1903, there were laid 9,056 sq. yds. of the waterproofing described. The labor cost of placing the two layers of felt and the three coats of pitch was as follows: 206 days labor at a cost of $498 (or an average of $2.41 per day) for the 9.056 sq. yds., which is equivalent to 5½ cts. per sq. yd. for labor. Since this is for two layers of felt the labor cost was 2¾ cts. per sq. yd. of single layer. The labor cost of mixing and placing the 1-in. mortar covering was as follows: It required 589 days at a cost of $1,306 (or an average of $2.22 per day) to place 9,056 sq. yds., which is equivalent to 14½ cts. per sq. yd. The total cost of labor for two layers of tar felt and the layer of cement mortar was, therefore, 20 cts. per sq. yd.

~New York Rapid Transit Subway.~--The waterproofing consisted of alternate layers of asbestos felt and asphalt laid on the concrete and covered with concrete. A coat of hot asphalt was laid on the concrete and on this a layer of felt, then another coat of asphalt and another layer of felt, and so on until the required number of layers of felt, from 2 to 6, were laid with asphalt between and on top and bottom. Natural asphalt containing not less than 95 per cent bitumen was specified. The felt was required to weigh 10 lbs. per 100 sq. ft. In constructing sidewalls the alternative was allowed of placing the waterproofing layer between a 4-in. outside wall of brick laid in asphalt and the concrete lining. On two sections of the work the actual cost of waterproofing was as follows:

98,074 sq. yds. Single-Ply Felt. Per sq. yd.
Labor laying $0.05
Materials and plant 0.10
------
Total $0.15

1,337 cu. yds. Brick in Asphalt: Per cu. yd.

Labor laying $6.32
Materials and plant 11.48
------
Total $17.80

INDEX.

A
Page

Abutment Construction
Cost of
Bridges Over City Streets 254
Ernst St. Bridge, Cincinnati, O. 257
Kansas City Outer Belt & Electric Ry. 253
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 256
Railway Bridge 106
Methods of
Bridges over City Streets 253
Illinois & Mississippi Canal 196, 197
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 254, 255
Railway Bridge 105, 250
Summary of 230

Aggregates
Balanced, Value of 14
Broken Stone 13
Cinders 14
Cost of 15
Gravel 14
Heating (See Heating Aggregates)
Kinds Used 13
Measuring, Methods of 42
Open Box 42, 50
Trump Automatic Measurer 44
Quantities in Concrete, Test Determinations 192
Screened or Crusher Run, Stone for 15
Sizes Used 15
Slag 14
Voids in 25
Weighing, Apparatus for 102

Aqueduct Construction
Cost of
Cedar Grove Reservoir 549, 550
Salt River Irrigation Work 540
Methods of
Cast Pipe Swansea, England 584
Cedar Grove Reservoir 545
Jersey City Water Supply 544
Salt River Irrigation Works 538
Torresdale Filters 540

Asphalt Concrete
Definition of 108
Furnace for Heating 109, 110
Machine Mixing of 111

Asphalt Concrete Construction
Cost of
Base for Mill Floor 110, 111
Slope Paving for Dam 109
Methods of
Base for Mill Floor
Slope Paving for Dam 108, 109

B

Bags (See Cement Bags)
Depositing Concrete Under Water 89, 90

Barrels (See Cement Barrels)

Belt Conveyors
Capacity of 65
Gas Works Foundations, Astoria, N. Y. 64
Horse Power Required 65

Bench Monuments
Construction of 656
Cost of 657

Blasting Concrete 655

Bonding New Concrete to Old 659

Breakwater Construction
Cost of
Buffalo, N. Y. 214
Marquette, Mich. 209, 212
Methods of
Buffalo, N. Y. 212, 214
Marquette, Mich. 208, 212

Bridge Centers (See Centers)

Bridge Construction
Cost of
Arch Viaduct 373
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 397
Elkhart, Ind., Arch 398
Five Span Arch 407
Girder Highway 377, 379
Grand Rapids Bridge 410, 413
Molded Slab Girders 387
Plainwell, Mich., Arch 399
Railway Bridge 375
Methods of
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 387
Elkhart, Ind., Arch 397
Five Span Arch 400
Girder Highway 367, 377
Grand Rapids, Mich., Arch 407
Molded Slab Girders 384
Plainwell, Mich., Arch 398

Bridge Pier Construction
Cost of
Calf Killer River Bridge 243, 245
City Island Bridge 236
Miami River Bridge 257
Steel Cylinder 241
Viaducts, Cincinnati, O. 258
Williamsburg Bridge 230, 231
Methods of
Calf Killer River Bridge 241, 245
City Island Bridge 235
K. C., M. & O. Ry. 245, 250
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 254, 255
Miami River Bridge 256
Nova Scotia Railways 108
Railway Bridge 231, 235
Scottish Railways 107, 108
Summary of 230
Tharsis & Calamas Ry. 106, 107
Williamsburg Bridge 237, 241

Broken Stone
Crushing (See Stone Crushing)
Quarrying (See Quarrying)
Rocks for, Best 13
Shoveling (See Shoveling)
Screened or Crusher Run 15
Voids in
Amount of 29, 30
Effect of Granulometric Composition 30
Effect of Hauling 33, 34
Effect of Loading 29
Variation, Causes of 28
Weight no Index 32
Weight of 32, 33

Building Construction
Cost of
Four-Story Garage 510
Wall Columns for Power Station 490
Walls for Factory Building 507
Divisions of Work 433
Methods of
Four-Story Garage 509
One-Story Car Barn 495
Six-Story Building 491
Wall Columns 488
Walls for Factory Building 505

C

Cableways
Capacity of 64
Construction of Bridge Work 369
Cost of 64
Fortification Work 186
Retaining Wall Work 269

Cars
Mixer Charging 72

Carts (See Concrete Carts, Horse Carts)

Cement
Classification of 1
Natural Definition of 2
Portland, Definition of 1
Quantity in Concrete
Formula for Computing 37
Rule for Figuring 40
Tables Showing 39, 40, 41
Quantity in Mortar
Formula for Computing 36
Tables Showing 38
Test Determinations 40, 41
Theory of 35
Shrinkage by Wetting 35
Slag, Definition of 2
Weight 2, 4

Cement Bags
Capacity of 2
Packing for Shipment 3
Rebate on 3
Storage House for 3

Cement Barrels
Capacity of 2, 3, 4
Dimensions of 4

Cement Specifications 4

Cement Testing, Cost of 4

Centers
Computation of
Luten Arch 566
Construction of
Conditions Governing 363
Cocket, 50 ft. Span 364
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392
Five Span Arch 400
Grand Rapids Bridge 408
Luten Arch 365
Mechanicsville Bridge 365
Parabolic Arch 366
Supported, 50 ft. Span 364
Walnut Lane Bridge 368
Cost of
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 393
Deflection of
Test Determinations 367
Types of 363

Charging Barrows
Ransome, Description 71
Sterling, Description 71

Charging Buckets
Wheeled 74

Charging Mixer
Cost of 270, 272
Gravity from Bins 69
Methods of
Car Plants 72
Charging Barrows 70, 71
Derricks and Buckets 73
Elevating Charging Hoppers 70
Enumeration 68
Gravity from Bins 68, 69
Shoveling 72, 73
Wheelbarrows 70
Wheeled Bucket for 74

Chutes
Cement Bag, Construction of 65
Concrete. Examples of 66, 67, 68
Working Gradients 65, 66

Cinders 15

Cofferdam Construction
Cost of Bridge Pier 232

Coloring Concrete, Recipes for 666

Colors for Mortar, Recipes for 666

Concrete
Asphalt (See Asphalt Concrete)
Definition of 1
Depositing (See Depositing Concrete)
Mixers (See Mixers)
Mixing (See Mixing Concrete)
Proportioning, Methods of 25

Concrete Bucket
Side Dumping 486
Subaqueous
Cyclopean 87
O'Rourke 86
Stuebner 88

Concrete Block
Molding (See Molding Concrete Blocks)
Sling for Handling 216

Concrete Cars
Lock Work, Coosa River 195

Concrete Carts
Hand, Capacity of 53, 54
Horse, Briggs 298
Ransome Two-Wheeled 53

Culvert Construction
Characteristics of 414
Cost of
Arch 26 ft. Span 425
Arch, N., C. & St. L. Ry. 418, 419, 422
Kalamazoo, Mich. 430
Kansas City Outer Belt & Electric Ry. 252
Pennsylvania R. R. 424
Methods of
Arch, N., C. & St. L. Ry. 417
Arch, Wabash Ry. 422
Box, C., B. & Q. R. R. 414
Kalamazoo, Mich. 427
Pennsylvania R. R. 423

Curb and Gutter Construction
Cost of
Champaign, Ill. 326
Estimating 321
Ottawa. Ont. 324
Methods of
Champaign, Ill. 325
General Discussion 321
Kinds of 318
Ottawa, Ont. 321

Curbing, Wood for Shafts 160, 161

D

Dam Construction
Cost of
Hemet 104
Richmond, Ind. 224
Rock Island, Ill. 225
Spier Falls 103
Methods of
Barossa Dam 101
Boonton, N. J., Dam 103
Boyds Corner Dam 105
Chaudiere Falls, Quebec 228
Chattahoochee River Dam 100
Hemet Dam 103, 104
McCall Ferry, Pa. 225, 228
Richmond, Ind. 223
Rock Island, Ill. 224, 225
Spier Falls Dam 103
Water Works Reservoir 104

Depositing Concrete
Subaqueous
Bags
Bridge Foundations 91
Marquette Breakwater 209, 210
Peterhead Pier 89, 90
Buckets
Marquette Breakwater. 208, 209
Pier Construction 222
Characteristics of 86
Closed Buckets 86, 87, 88
Tremie
Charlestown Bridge Foundations 92, 93
Masonry Bridge Foundations, France 93, 94
Harvard Bridge Foundations 91
Nussdorf Lock Foundations 94, 95

Drilling Concrete, Drill Mounting for 653

Dumping Concrete
Cost of
Wheelbarrows 55
Methods of
Chutes 55
Wheelbarrows 55

Dump Wagons for Transporting Concrete 54

E

Efflorescence
Causes of 126
Preventing, Methods of 126, 127
Removing, Cost of 127

Ejecters for Washing Sand 7

Erecting Derrick
Cost of Bridge Pier 232

Erecting Forms
Derrick for 501
Directions for Building Work 460

Erecting Molded Columns
Cost of 520
Methods of 520

Erecting Molded Roof Slabs
Cost of 522

Excavating Cofferdams
Cost of 232, 244, 250

F

Fabricating Reinforcement
Bending Machine for 468
Bending Tables for 466
Methods of
Building Work 464
Five Span Arch Bridge 402

Falseworks in Form Construction 144

Finishing Concrete Surfaces
Methods of
Acid Etching and Washing 133
Careful Mixing and Placing
Concrete 125, 126
Coloring 135
Form Construction 124, 125
Grout Washing 130
Mortar Facing 128, 129
Plastering 128
Scrubbing and Washing 131, 132, 133, 134
Spading and Troweling 127, 128
Special Facing Mixtures 130
Stuccoing 128
Tooling 133, 134
Washed Gravel or Pebble 134

Form Construction
Cost of
Aqueduct, Cedar Grove Reservoir 550
Arch Culverts 418, 419, 422, 425, 430
Battery Emplacement 188
Bridge Abutment 257
Bridge 233, 235, 250
Bridge Pier Work 243
Building Work 493, 496, 501, 503, 507, 511
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392, 393
Dam Rock Island, Ill. 225
Effect of Design on 137
Estimating, Method of 146, 147, 148, 149
Girder for Separate Casting 517
Girder Highway Bridge 377, 380, 382
Grand Rapids Bridge 412
Guard Lock, Ill., & Miss. Canal 201
Gun Emplacements 185
Lock, Coosa River 196
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 202, 206, 207
Mortar Battery Platform 187
Permanent Way Structures 252
Piers for Taintor Gates 198
Pier Superior Entry, Wis. 222
Reservoir for Fire Protection 591, 592, 593
Retaining Walls 273, 275
Retaining Wall Work 270, 272
Slab and I-Beam Floors 450
Subway Lining 362
Economics of 136
Falseworks and Bracing 144, 145
Methods of
Aqueduct, Cedar Grove Reservoir 546
Aqueduct Torresdale Filters 541
Arch Culvert 427
Arch Culverts 421
Blocks for Lake Pier 216
Blocks Molded Under Water 217-219
Box Culverts 417
Bridge Piers 255
Building Work 492, 495
Cement Pipe Molded in Place 577
Circular Columns 445
Columns 434
Connecticut Ave. Bridge 392
Coping for Walls 264
Culvert Pipe 431
Curb and Gutter 319, 321, 323
Dam Abutments 196
Dam, Rock Island, Ill. 228
Five Span Arch Bridge 400
Gasholder Tank 612
Girder for Separate Casting 516
Guard Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 200
Lock, Coosa River 195
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal 201, 203
Manhole Hartford, Conn. 536
Marquette Breakwater 211, 212
Ornamental Columns 446, 447
Piers for Taintor Gates 198
Polygonal Columns 443, 444
Rectangular Columns 435, 443, 490, 492, 511
Reservoir Bloomington, Ill. 605
Reservoir, Ft. Meade, S. Dak. 600
Retaining Wall, C., B. & Q. R. R. 262
Retaining Wall, Chicago Drainage Canal 275
Retaining Wall, Grand Central Terminal 281
Retaining Walls, N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. 261, 262
Salt River Aqueduct 539
Sewer, Cleveland, O. 564
Sewer Invert, Haverhill, Mass. 554
Sewer, Invert, Medford, Mass. 535
Sewer, Invert, Middlesborough, Ky. 561
Sewer, South Bend, Ind. 551
Sewer, Wilmington, Del. 572
Sidewalks 309
Six-Story Building 492
Slab and Girder Floors 450, 456, 492
Slab and I-Beam Floors 448, 450
Slab Girders 385
Steel for Conduits 533
Steel, McCall Ferry Dam 227, 228
Steel Sheathed Collapsible for Conduits 533
Tunnel Centers 335, 341, 352, 358
Tunnel Sidewalls 330, 335, 340, 351, 358
Wall 456, 460, 505
Wall Columns for Factory 498
Computation, Methods of 140, 141
Design
Considerations in 141
Details Entering 142, 143
Lubrication, Methods of 144
Lumber
Dressing, Purpose of 138
Finish and Dimensions 138, 139
Kinds Suitable 138
Mortar Facing 129
Pile
Round 179
Rectangular Pier
Cost of, Rule for Calculating 14
Removing, Time of, Directions for 145, 146
Unit Construction, Purposes of 143
Steel, Opportunity for Development 136

Fortification Construction
Cost of
Battery Emplacement 188, 189, 190
Gun Emplacements 185
Mortar Battery Platform 187
Methods of
Battery Emplacement 187, 189
Gun Emplacements 185
Mortar Battery Platform 186

Foundation Construction
Street Railway
Cost of Continuous Mixer 301
Methods of Continuous Mixer 300, 301

Freezing Weather, Laying Concrete in 112

G

Grain Elevator Bins
Construction, Methods of 635

Gravel
Characteristics of 14
Commercial Sizes of 22
Screening and Washing Plants 23
Screening (See Screening Gravel)
Voids in
Amount of 30, 31
Effect of Granulometric Composition 29, 30
Weight no Index 32
Amount of 31, 32

Grouting Under Water
Hermitage Breakwater 96
Tests of Efficiency of 95

H

Heating Aggregates
Efficiency of 114
Methods of
Bridge Work, Plano, Ill. 118
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 118
Hot Water Tanks 120
Huronian Power Co.'s Dam Work 118
Portable Combination Heater 115
Stationary Bin Outfits 115, 116
Steam Box 119
Steam Jets 119
Wachusett Dam Work 117
Water Power Plant, Billings, Mont. 116, 117

Hoists
Gallows, Frame and Horse 54
Ransome 476
Wallace-Lindesmith 474

Housing Concrete Work
Methods of
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. 119
Dam, Chaudiere Falls, Quebec 120, 121
Portable Unit System for Buildings 122, 123

I

Inclines
Grades of 62

L

Laying Concrete Blocks
Cost of 526, 529

Loading Concrete
Characteristic Features 53
Rate of 53

Loading Materials
Cost of
Shoveling into Wheelbarrows 47
Rate of 6

Lock Construction
Cost of
Coosa River 196
Ill. & Miss. Canal 200, 202, 205, 207
Cascades Canal 190, 191, 192, 193
Coosa River 194, 195
Ill. & Miss. Canal 200, 207
Lock Foundation 207

M

Manhole Construction
Cost of
Rye, N. Y. 577
Methods of
Rye, N. Y. 576

Mixers
Batch
Chicago 662
Chicago Improved Cube 75, 661
Cropp 661
Forms of 75
Koehring 662
Polygon 663
Ransome 75, 661
Rate of Output 83, 84
Smith 77, 662
Snell 660
Charging (See Charging Mixers)
Continuous
Advanced 660
Eureka Automatic Feed 78, 660
Forms of 78
Foote 297
Scheiffler 660
Efficiency of
Rating, Methods of 84, 85
Gravity
Forms of 79
Gilbreth Trough 80
Hains, Fixed Hopper 80, 81
Hains, Telescoping Hopper 81
Output
Conditions Affecting 83, 84
Hains Gravity 83
Types of 74

Mixing Concrete
Hand
Cost of
Abutment Construction 197
Culvert Work 428, 430
Fortification Work 189
Girder Highway Bridge 380, 382
Lock, Cascades Canal 192
Marquette Breakwater, 209, 210, 212
Retaining Wall, Allegheny 284
Superintendence, 57, 58
Cost of, 52, 59
Methods of Abutment Construction, 196, 197
Examples from Practice, 49
Fortification Work, 189
Lock Foundation, 207
Marquette Breakwater, 209
Retaining Wall, Allegheny, 283, 284
Rates of, 50, 51, 52
Specific Directions, Necessity, 51, 52
Machine
Cost of, 361, 362, 518
Buffalo Breakwater, 214
Building Work, 504, 507, 511
Dam Work, Rock Island, Ill., 225
Fortification Work, 190
Hains Gravity Mixer, 83
Lock, Cascades Canal, 193
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207
Pier, Superior Entry, Wis., 222
Retaining Wall, Allegheny, 284
Retaining Wall Work, 270, 273, 275
Methods of
Bridge Abutment Work, 253, 254
Building Work, 471
Fortification Work, 189
Hains Gravity Mixer, 82, 83
Operations Enumerated, 61
Piers in Caissons, 165, 166

Mixing Plants
Construction
Battery Emplacement, 187, 188
Bridge Construction, 369, 371, 372, 374, 386, 389, 403.
Culvert Work, 415, 416, 418, 420, 422, 423
Dam, McCall Ferry, Pa., 226
Lock, Cascades Canal, 190, 191
Lock Work, Coosa River, 194
Lock Work, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 198, 199, 204
Pier Work, Superior, Wis., 221
Retaining Wall, Grand Central Terminal, 277
Scow, Port Colborne Harbor, 216, 217
Traveling, Chaudiere Falls Dam, 228
Traveling, Chicago Track Elevation, 267
Traveling, Galveston Sea Wall, 268
Cost of
Lock Work, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 199
Retaining Walls, Chicago Drainage Canal, 274

Mixing Water
Reducing Freezing Point
Methods of, 112
Salt (Sodium Chloride), 113
Solutions for, Composition of, 113

Molding Blocks
Cost of, 524, 528, 530, 531
Marquette Breakwater, 211
Connecticut Ave. Bridge, 395
Separate Casting, 519
Methods of, 523, 526
Connecticut Ave. Bridge, 393
Marquette Breakwater, 211
Pier, Port Colbourne Harbor, 215
Separate Casting, 513, 515

Molding Cement Pipe
Cost of
Irrigon, Ore., 584
Ransome Mold, 577, 579
Methods of
Irrigon, Ore., 581
Ransome Mold, 577

Molding Culvert Pipe
Cost of
Chic. & En. Ill. R. R., 432
Methods of
Chic. & En. Ill. R. R., 430

Molding Girders
Cost of
Separate Casting, 519
Methods of
Separate Casting, 513, 514, 515

Molding Piles
Forms for (See Forms)
Methods of
Corrugated Polygonal, 176
Round, 179
Plant Arrangements for, 169
Cost of, 522

Molding Roof Slabs
Methods of, 521

Mortar Facing
Cost of
Lock, Ill. Miss. Canal, 206
Forms for, 129

N

Natural Cement (See Cement)

O

Ornament Construction
Methods of
Iron Molds, 644
Molding in Place, 647
Plaster Molds, 646
Sand Molding, 644
Wooden Molds, 637

P

Pavement Base Construction
Cost of
Batch Mixer, 306
Batch Mixer and Wagon Haulage, 302
Brick, Champaign, Ill., 296
Continuous Mixers, 298, 300, 305
Miscellaneous Examples 294, 295, 296
New Orleans 293
Stone Block, New York 292
Toronto, Ont. 293
Traction Mixer 304
Methods of
Batch Mixer 305
Batch Mixer and Wagon Haulage 302
Continuous Mixers 297-300, 304
Hand Mixing 290
Machine Mixing 290, 291
Traction Mixer 303
Mixtures Employed 288
Organization for 288
Stock Pile Distribution 289

Pavement Construction
Cost of
Fortification Work 186
Richmond, Ind. 318
Windsor, Ont. 317
Methods of
Richmond, Ind. 318
Windsor, Ont. 316

Pier Construction
Cost of
Lonesome Valley Viaduct 255
Superior Entry, Wis. 222, 223
Taintor Gates 198
Methods of
Port Colborne Harbor 215-217
Superior Entry, Wis. 217-223

Piers in Caissons
Construction of
Methods of 159-168
Cost of 168, 169

Pile Construction. (See Molding Piles, Pile Driving.)
Cost of
Ocean Pier 173, 174
Raymond Process 152, 154, 155
Methods of
Building Foundation Work 174, 175, 178, 179
Compressed Process 158, 159
Enumeration of 151
Molding in Forms 161-170, 172, 179, 180
Molding in Place 151
Ocean Pier 172, 173
Raymond Process 152
Rolling Process 181
Simplex Process 155, 156, 157
Spread Footing Process 157, 158
Track Scales 181

Pile Driving
Conditions Requisite for
Cost of
Ocean Pier 173, 174
Methods of
Corrugated Polygonal 177, 178
Hammer 179, 180, 181
Water Jetting 172, 177

Pile Driving Caps 177, 178, 180

Pile Rolling Machine 182

Piles (See Molding Piles)
Construction
Compressol Process 158, 159
Octagonal 180
Rolling Process 181
Round Piles 178, 179
Spread Footing Process 157, 158
Square 179, 180
Cost of
Rolling Process 183
Driving (See Pile Driving)
Handling, Sling for 175
Raymond
Construction, Method of 151, 152
Cost of 152, 154, 155
Simplex
Construction, Methods of 155, 156, 157

Placing Concrete
Cost of
Bags, Under Water 210
Belt Conveyors 275
Buckets Under Water 209
Buffalo Breakwater 214
Car and Trestle Plant 196, 201, 202, 206, 207, 244
280, 422
Cars and Chute 193
Cars and Derrick 285
Derricks 192, 233, 235
Port Colborne Harbor 217
Pneumatic Caissons 230
Retaining Wall Work 270, 272
Steel Cylinder Pier 241
Subaqueous Buckets 223
Wheelbarrows 189, 197, 198, 257, 285, 418, 419, 423
Methods of
Building Work 486
Locks Coosa River 194
Pneumatic Caissons 237, 238
Retaining Wall Work 266
Sewer Work 537

Placing Reinforcement
Cost of
Building Work 494
Directions for 470
Permanent Way Structures 252

Pole Base, Cost of 658

Portland Cement (See Cement)

Proportioning Concrete (See Concrete)

Q

Quarrying
Cost of
Limestone 18, 276
Trap Rock 17
Methods of
Limestone 18
Trap Rock 17

R

Ramming Concrete (See also Placing Concrete)
Cost of 423
Conditions Governing 56
Examples from Practice 56, 57
Pavement Base 292, 294
Methods of
Piers, Lonesome Valley Viaduct 255
Specific Directions, Necessity of 57

Raymond Piles (See Piles)

Reinforcement
Weight in Concrete
Tables for Estimating, 663-665

Removing Forms
Derrick for, 502
Methods of
Building Work, 461
Time for
Building Work, 462

Reservoir Construction
Cost of
Covered for Fire Protection, 594, 595
Ft. Meade, S. Dak., 601
Methods of
Bloomington, Ill., 603
Covered for Fire Protection, 588
Fort Meade, S. Dak., 597

Reservoir Lining
Cost of
Canton, Ill., 629
Chelsea, Mass., 623
Jerome Park, 628
Pittsburg, Pa., 630
Quincy, Mass., 619
Methods of
Chelsea, Mass., 620
Jerome Park, 628
Quincy, Mass., 617

Reservoir Roof, Cost of 632

Retaining Wall Construction
Cost of, 286
Chicago Drainage Canal, 273-277
Footing for Masonry, 283
Grand Central Terminal, 280
Railway Yard, 282
Methods of
Allegheny Track Elevation, 283
Chicago Drainage Canal, 272-277
Grand Central Terminal, 277-281
Subway in Trench, 269, 270

Retaining Walls
Comparison of Plain and Reinforced, 260, 261
Types of, 259

Rubble Concrete Construction
Cement, Saving in, 98
Cost of
Abutment, Railway Bridge, 106
Hemet Dam, 104
Spier Falls Dam, 103
Economy, Limitations to, 98, 99
Methods of
Abutment, Railway Bridge, 105
Barossa Dam, 101
Boonton Dam, 103
Bridge Piers, Nova Scotia, 108
Bridge Piers, Scotland, 107, 108
Bridge Piers, Spain, 106, 107
Chattahoochee River Dam, 100
Dams for Waterworks, 104, 105
Hemet Dam, 103, 104
Spier Falls Dam, 103
Percentages Rubble Stone, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108
Shape of Stones for, 99

Runway Construction, Methods of, 48

S

Salt
Percentages in Mixing Water, 114

Sand
Balanced, Value of, 6
Cleanness, Value of, 5
Cost of
Excavating and Loading, 6
Granulometric Composition, 28
Prices Charged for, 6
Sharpness, Value of, 5
Substitutes for, 5
Voids in
Amount of, 26, 28
Conditions Affecting, 25
Effect of Moisture, 25
Effect of Size of Grains, 27
Volume in Concrete, 5
Weight of, 6, 26

Sand Washing
Cost of
Ejector Method, 10
Hose Method, 7
Tank Method, 13
Methods of
Ejectors, 7
Hose, 7
Tank, 10
Rate of
Ejector Method, 9
Hose Method, 7
Tank Method, 10, 12, 13
Water Required
Ejector Method, 9

Sand Washing Plants, 7-13

Screening Gravel
Cost of
L. S. & M. S. Ry., 22
Stewart-Peck Sand Co., 24
Methods of
Handwork, 19
Lock, Cascades Canal, 191
Scraper into Wagons, 21
Stewart-Peck Sand Co, 23

Sewer Construction
Cost of
Cleveland, O., 566
Coldwater, Mich., 574
Haverhill, Mass., 557
Medford, Mass., 535
Middlesborough, Ky., 562
St. Louis, Mo., 560, 561
South Bend, Ind., 554
Wilmington, Del., 571, 573
Methods of
Cleveland, O., 563
Coldwater, Mich., 573
Haverhill, Mass., 554
Medford, Mass., 535
Middlesborough, Ky., 561
Pipe, St. Joseph, Mo., 579
St. Louis, Mo., 558
South Bend, Ind., 551
Wilmington, Del., 569

Shoveling
Cost of
Concrete into Barrows, 197
Rate of
Broken Stone from Piles, 46
Broken Stone from Shoveling Boards, 46
Broken Stone from Cars, 45
Gravel Against Screens, 21
Sand into Wheelbarrows, 46

Shoveling Boards Wooden, for Broken Stone, 46

Sidewalk Construction
Cost of
Estimation of, 311, 312
Quincy, Mass., 314
San Francisco, Cal., 315
Toronto, Ont., 313
Methods of
Bonding Wearing Surface to Base, 310
Edger for, 310
General Discussion, 307
Points for, 310
Prevention of Cracks, 311
Protection from Weather, 311
Quincy, Mass., 314
Toronto, Ont., 313
San Francisco, Cal., 314

Silo Construction
Cost of, 632
Methods of, 631

Slag, 14

Slag Cement (See Cement)

Specific Gravity, Stone, Various, 32, 33

Spreading Concrete
Cost of, 197
Effect of Method of Dumping on, 55

Standpipe Construction
Cost of
Attleborough, Mass., 611
Methods of
Attleborough, Mass., 609

Stock Piles
Capacity of, 46
Distribution, Pavement Work, 289
Purposes of, 45

Stone
Specific Gravity, 32, 33

Stone Crushing
Cost of
Cobblestone, 20
Limestone, 18, 225, 273, 276
Trap Rock, 17
Methods of
Cobblestone, 19
Limestone, 18
Trap Rock, 17

Stone Crushing Plant
Construction
Lock Work. Ill. & Miss. Canal, 200

Stone Dust, Value for Mortar, 5

Storing Materials, Cost of, 185, 225

Subway Lining
Cost of
Long Island R. R., 361
New York Rapid Transit Ry, 357, 358
Methods of
Long Island R. R., 361
New York Rapid Transit Ry., 356

Superintendence
Cost of, 57, 58, 185, 193, 197, 210, 211, 212, 273, 275, 397

T

Tamping Concrete
Cost of, 197
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207
Method of
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 204

Tank Construction
Methods of
Gas Holder, Des Moines, Ia., 609
Gas Holder, New York, 614

Tooling Concrete
Cost of, 394, 396

Transporting Concrete
Cost of
Cableways, 270
Cars, 280
Chutes, 67
Cars and Derricks, 285
Car and Trestle Plant, 63, 210, 212, 222
Wheelbarrows, 53, 189, 197, 272, 285, 293, 294, 296
Methods of
Belt Conveyors (See also Belt Conveyors), 64-65
Bucket Hoists, 474
Building Work, 472
Cableways, 64, 186, 289, 369, 370
Cars, 404, 421
Cars and Chute, 191, 192
Car and Trestle, 63, 243, 246, 377
Chutes (see also Chutes), 66, 67, 68
Derricks, 479
Dump Wagons, 54
Effect on Placing, 54
Enumeration of, 52
Hand Costs, 53
Hoist and Cars, 372
Platform Hoists, 479
Pulley and Horse, 489
Traveling Derrick Plant, 374
Trestle Runways, 54
Wheelbarrows, 53

Transporting Materials
Cars for, 45
Cost of
Bridge Pier Work, 243
Cars, 275
Car and Trestle Plant, 222
Dam, Rock Island, Ill., 225
Horse Carts, 49, 270, 273
Lock, Ill. & Miss. Canal, 206, 207
Wheelbarrows, 47, 48, 189, 197, 214, 280, 292, 293, 294, 296, 419
Methods of
Belt Conveyors (see also Belt Conveyors), 64-65
Cableways, 64, 269
Carrying in Shovels, 47
Chutes (see also Chutes), 46, 65, 66
Hand Carts, 48
Horse Carts 48
Indians 62
Shoveling to Derrick Buckets 46
Trestle and Car Plants 63
Wheelbarrows 47

Trestle Runways, Cost of 54, 55

Trestles
Car, Cost of 63
Structural Details 63

Tunnel Construction (See Tunnel Lining)

Tunnel Lining
Backfilling Machine for 330
Cost of
Cascade Tunnel 338
Gunnison Tunnel 355
Hodges Pass Tunnel 345
Mullan Tunnel 333
Peekskill Tunnel 336
Short Railway 344
Methods of
Burton Tunnel 347
Capitol Hill, Washington, D. C. 329
Cascade Tunnel 336
General Discussion 328
Gunnison Tunnel 353
Hodges Pass Tunnel 338
Mullan Tunnel 332
Peekskill, N. Y. 333
Mortar Car for 333
Removing Old, Methods of 332
Traveling Derrick for 330
Traveling Platform for 337, 350

U

Unloading Materials
Cost of
Grab Buckets 62
Methods of
Grab Buckets 62

V

Voids (See also Gravel, Sand, Stone)
Conditions Governing 25

W

Wall Ties
Construction of 265

Washing Gravel
Cost of
L. S. & M. S. Ry. 22
Stewart-Peck Sand Co. 24

Washing Gravel
Methods of
Lock, Cascades Canal 191
Stewart-Peck Sand Co. 23

Water
Quantity in Concrete
Rule for Figuring 42

Waterproofing
Cost of
Hydrolithic Coating 677
Long Island R. R. Subway 679
New York Subway 680
Sylvester Mortar 675
Sylvester Wash 674
Methods of
Bituminous Coatings 670
Covered Reservoir for Fire Service 596
Hydrolithic Coating 676
Impervious Mixtures 668
Long Island R. R. Subway 678
Medusa Compound 669
Moisture Coatings 677
New York Subway 679
Novoid Compound 670
Oil and Paraffin Washes 677
Star Stellen Cement 669
Sylvester Mortar 675
Sylvester Wash 673
Szerelmey Wash 673

Wheelbarrows
Loads for 47