Chapter I: Preface

Three Friars, says a legend, hid themselves near the Witch Sabbath orgies that they might count the devils; but the Chief of these, discovering the friars, said--'Reverend Brothers, our army is such that if all the Alps, their rocks and glaciers, were equally divided among us, none would have a pound's weight.' This was in one Alpine valley. Any one who has caught but a glimpse of the world's Walpurgis Night, as revealed in Mythology and Folklore, must agree that this courteous devil did not overstate the case. Any attempt to catalogue the evil spectres which have haunted mankind were like trying to count the shadows cast upon the earth by the rising sun. This conviction has grown upon the author of this work at every step in his studies of the subject.

In 1859 I contributed, as one of the American 'Tracts for the Times,' a pamphlet entitled 'The Natural History of the Devil.' Probably the chief value of that essay was to myself, and this in that its preparation had revealed to me how pregnant with interest and importance was the subject selected. Subsequent researches in the same direction, after I had come to reside in Europe, revealed how slight had been my conception of the vastness of the domain upon which that early venture was made. In 1872, while preparing a series of lectures for the Royal Institution on Demonology, it appeared to me that the best I could do was to print those lectures with some notes and additions; but after they were delivered there still remained with me unused the greater part of materials collected in many countries, and the phantasmal creatures which I had evoked would not permit me to rest from my labours until I had dealt with them more thoroughly.

The fable of Thor's attempt to drink up a small spring, and his failure because it was fed by the ocean, seems aimed at such efforts as mine. But there is another aspect of the case which has yielded me more encouragement. These phantom hosts, however unmanageable as to number, when closely examined, present comparatively few types; they coalesce by hundreds; from being at first overwhelmed by their multiplicity, the classifier finds himself at length beating bushes to start a new variety. Around some single form--the physiognomy, it may be, of Hunger or Disease, of Lust or Cruelty--ignorant imagination has broken up nature into innumerable bits which, like mirrors of various surface, reflect the same in endless sizes and distortions; but they vanish if that central fact be withdrawn.

In trying to conquer, as it were, these imaginary monsters, they have sometimes swarmed and gibbered around me in a mad comedy which travestied their tragic sway over those who believed in their reality. Gargoyles extended their grin over the finest architecture, cornices coiled to serpents, the very words of speakers started out of their conventional sense into images that tripped my attention. Only as what I believed right solutions were given to their problems were my sphinxes laid; but through this psychological experience it appeared that when one was so laid his or her legion disappeared also. Long ago such phantasms ceased to haunt my nerves, because I discovered their unreality; I am now venturing to believe that their mythologic forms cease to haunt my studies, because I have found out their reality.

Why slay the slain? Such may be the question that will arise in the minds of many who see this book. A Scotch song says, 'The Devil is dead, and buried at Kirkcaldy;' if so, he did not die until he had created a world in his image. The natural world is overlaid by an unnatural religion, breeding bitterness around simplest thoughts, obstructions to science, estrangements not more reasonable than if they resulted from varying notions of lunar figures,--all derived from the Devil-bequeathed dogma that certain beliefs and disbeliefs are of infernal instigation. Dogmas moulded in a fossil demonology make the foundation of institutions which divert wealth, learning, enterprise, to fictitious ends. It has not, therefore, been mere intellectual curiosity which has kept me working at this subject these many years, but an increasing conviction that the sequelæ of such superstitions are exercising a still formidable influence. When Father Delaporte lately published his book on the Devil, his Bishop wrote--'Reverend Father, if every one busied himself with the Devil as you do, the kingdom of God would gain by it.' Identifying the kingdom here spoken of as that of Truth, it has been with a certain concurrence in the Bishop's sentiment that I have busied myself with the work now given to the public.

CONTENTS

Part I.

Chapter I.

Dualism.

Origin of Deism--Evolution from the far to the near--Illustrations
from Witchcraft--The primitive Pantheism--The dawn of Dualism

Chapter II.

The Genesis of Demons.

Their good names euphemistic--Their mixed character--Illustrations:
Beelzebub, Loki--Demon-germs--The knowledge of good and
evil--Distinction between Demon and Devil

Chapter III.

Degradation.

The degradation of Deities--Indicated in names--Legends of
their fall--Incidental signs of the divine origin of Demons and
Devils

Chapter IV.

The Abgott.

The ex-god--Deities demonised by conquest--Theological animosity--
Illustration from the Avesta--Devil-worship an arrested Deism--
Sheik Adi--Why Demons were painted ugly--Survivals of their beauty

Chapter V.

Classification.

The obstructions of man--The twelve chief classes--Modifications of
particular forms for various functions--Theological Demons

Part II.

Chapter I.

Hunger.

Hunger-demons--Kephn--Miru--Kagura--Ráhu the Hindu sun-devourer--
The earth monster at Pelsall--A Franconian custom--Sheitan as
moon-devourer--Hindu offerings to the dead--Ghoul--Goblin--
Vampyres--Leanness of demons--Old Scotch custom--The origin of
sacrifices

Chapter II.

Heat.

Demons of fire--Agni--Asmodeus--Prometheus--Feast of fire--Moloch
--Tophet--Genii of the lamp--Bel-fires--Hallowe'en--Negro
superstitions--Chinese fire-god--Volcanic and incendiary demons--
Mangaian fire-demon--Demons' fear of water

Chapter III.

Cold.

Descent of Ishtar into Hades--Bardism--Baldur--Herakles--Christ--
Survivals of the Frost Giant in Slavonic and other countries--
The Clavie--The Frozen Hell--The Northern abode of Demons--North
side of churches

Chapter IV.

Elements.

A Scottish Munasa--Rudra--Siva's lightning eye--The flaming
sword--Limping Demons--Demons of the storm--Helios, Elias,
Perun--Thor arrows--The Bob-tailed Dragon--Whirlwind--Japanese
Thunder God--Christian survivals--Jinni--Inundations--Noah--Nik,
Nicholas, Old Nick--Nixies--Hydras--Demons of the Danube--Tides
--Survivals in Russia and England

Chapter V.

Animals.

Animal demons distinguished--Trivial sources of Mythology--
Hedgehog--Fox--Transmigrations in Japan--Horses bewitched--
Rats--Lions--Cats--The Dog--Goethe's horror of dogs--Superstitions
of the Parsees, people of Travancore, and American Negroes, Red
Indians, &c.--Cynocephaloi--The Wolf--Traditions of the Nez Perces
--Fenris--Fables--The Boar--The Bear--Serpent--Every animal power
to harm demonised--Horns

Chapter VI.

Enemies.

Aryas, Dasyus,
Nagas--Yakkhos--Lycians--Ethiopians--Hirpini--Polites--Sosipolis--
Were-wolves--Goths and Scythians--Giants and Dwarfs--Berserkers--
Britons--Iceland--Mimacs--Gog and Magog

Chapter VII.

Barrenness.

Indian Famine and Sun-spots--Sun-worship--Demon of the Desert--The
Sphinx--Egyptian Plagues described by Lepsius: Locusts, Hurricane,
Flood, Mice, Flies--The Sheikh's ride--Abaddon--Set--Typhon--The
Cain wind--Seth--Mirage--The Desert Eden--Azazel--Tawiscara and
the Wild-rose

Chapter VIII.

Obstacles.

Mephistopheles on crags--Emerson on Monadnoc--Ruskin on Alpine
peasants--Holy and unholy mountains--The Devil's Pulpit--
Montagnards--Tarns--Tenjo--T'ai-shan--Apocatequil--Tyrolese
legends--Rock ordeal--Scylla and Charybdis--Scottish giants--
Pontifex--Devil's bridges--Le géant Yéous

Chapter IX.

Illusion.

Maya--Natural Treacheries--Misleaders--Glamour--Lorelei--Chinese
Mermaid--Transformations--Swan Maidens--Pigeon Maidens--The
Seal-skin--Nudity--Teufelsee--Gohlitsee--Japanese Siren--Dropping
Cave--Venusberg--Godiva--Will-o'-Wisp--Holy Fräulein--The Forsaken
Merman--The Water-Man--Sea Phantom--Sunken Treasures--Suicide

Chapter X.

Darkness.

Shadows--Night Deities--Kobolds--Walpurgisnacht--Night as
Abettor of Evil-doers--Nightmare--Dreams--Invisible Foes--Jacob
and his Phantom--Nott--The Prince of Darkness--The Brood of
Midnight--Second-Sight--Spectres of Souter Fell--The Moonshine
Vampyre--Glamour--Glam and Grettir--A-Story of Dartmoor

Chapter XI.

Disease.

The Plague Phantom--Devil-dances--Destroying Angels--Ahriman in
Astrology--Saturn--Satan and Job--Set--The Fatal Seven--Yakseyo--
The Singhalese Pretraya--Reeri--Maha Sohon--Morotoo--Luther on
Disease-demons--Gopolu--Madan--Cattle-demon in Russia--Bihlweisen
--The Plough

Chapter XII.

Death.

The Vendetta of Death--Teoyaomiqui--Demon of Serpents--Death on
the Pale Horse--Kali--War-gods--Satan as Death--Death-beds--
Thanatos--Yama--Yimi--Towers of Silence--Alcestis--Herakles,
Christ, and Death--Hell--Salt--Azraël--Death and the Cobbler--
Dance of Death--Death as Foe and as Friend

Part III.

Chapter I.

Decline of Demons.

The Holy Tree of Travancore--The growth of Demons in India,
and their decline--The Nepaul Iconoclast--Moral Man and unmoral
Nature--Man's physical and mental migrations--Heine's 'Gods in
Exile'--The Goban Saor--Master Smith--A Greek caricature of
the Gods--The Carpenter v. Deity and Devil--Extermination of
the Were-wolf--Refuges of Demons--The Giants reduced to Little
People--Deities and Demons returning to nature

Chapter II.

Generalisation of Demons.

The Demons' bequest to their
conquerors--Nondescripts--Exaggerations of Tradition--Saurian
Theory of Dragons--The Dragon not primitive in Mythology--Monsters
of Egyptian, Iranian, Vedic, and Jewish Mythologies--Turner's
Dragon--Della Bella--The Conventional Dragon

Chapter III.

The Serpent.

The beauty of the Serpent--Emerson on ideal forms--Michelet's
thoughts on the viper's head--Unique characters of the
Serpent--The Monkey's horror of Snakes--The Serpent protected
by superstition--Human defencelessness against its subtle
powers--Dubufe's picture of the Fall of Man

Chapter IV.

The Worm.

An African Serpent-drama in America--The Veiled Serpent--The
Ark of the Covenant--Aaron's Rod--The Worm--An Episode on the Dii
Involuti--The Serapes--The Bambino at Rome--Serpent-transformations

Chapter V.

Apophis.

The Naturalistic Theory of Apophis--The Serpent of Time--Epic of
the Worm--The Asp of Melite--Vanquishers of Time--Nachash-Beriach
--The Serpent-Spy--Treading on Serpents

Chapter VI.

The Serpent in India.

The Kankato na--The Vedic Serpents not worshipful--Ananta and
Sesha--The Healing Serpent--The guardian of treasures--Miss
Buckland's theory--Primitive rationalism--Underworld
plutocracy--Rain and lightning--Vritra--History of the word
'Ahi'--The Adder--Zohak--A Teutonic Laokoon

Chapter VII.

The Basilisk.

The Serpent's gem--The Basilisk's eye--Basiliscus
mitratus--House-snakes in Russia and Germany--King-snakes--Heraldic
Dragon--Henry III.--Melusina--The Laidley Worm--Victorious
Dragons--Pendragon--Merlin and Vortigern--Medicinal dragons
361

Chapter VIII.

The Dragon's Eye.

The Eye of Evil--Turner's Dragons--Cloud-phantoms--Paradise and
the Snake--Prometheus and Jove--Art and Nature--Dragon forms:
Anglo-Saxon, Italian, Egyptian, Greek, German--The modern
conventional Dragon

Chapter IX.

The Combat.

The pre-Munchausenite world--The Colonial Dragon--Io's
journey--Medusa--British Dragons--The Communal Dragon--Savage
Saviours--A Mimac helper--The Brutal Dragon--Woman protected--The
Saint of the Mikados

Chapter X.

The Dragon-slayer.

Demi-gods--Alcestis--Herakles--The Ghilghit Fiend--Incarnate
deliverer of Ghilghit--A Dardistan Madonna--The religion
of Atheism--Resuscitation of Dragons--St. George and his
Dragon--Emerson and Ruskin on George--Saintly allies of the
Dragon

Chapter XI.

The Dragon's Breath.

Medusa--Phenomena of recurrence--The Brood of Echidna and their
survival--Behemoth and Leviathan--The Mouth of Hell--The Lambton
Worm--Ragnar--The Lambton Doom--The Worm's Orthodoxy--The Serpent,
Superstition, and Science

Chapter XII.

Fate.

Doré's 'Love and Fate'--Moira and Moiræ--The 'Fates'
of Æschylus--Divine absolutism surrendered--Jove
and Typhon--Commutation of the Demon's share--Popular
fatalism--Theological fatalism--Fate and Necessity--Deification
of Will--Metaphysics, past and present

Part IV.

Chapter I.

Diabolism.

Dragon and Devil distinguished--Dragons' wings--War in Heaven--
Expulsion of Serpents--Dissolution of the Dragon--Theological
origin of the Devil--Ideal and Actual--Devil Dogma--Debasement
of ideal persons--Transmigration of phantoms

Chapter II.

The Second Best.

Respect for the Devil--Primitive Atheism--Idealisation--Birth of
new gods--New gods diabolised--Compromise between new gods and
old--Foreign deities degraded--Their utilisation

Chapter III.

Ahriman, the Divine Devil.

Mr. Irving's impersonation of Superstition--Revolution against
pious privilege--Doctrine of 'Merits'--Saintly immorality in
India--A Pantheon turned Inferno--Zendavesta on Good and Evil--
Parsî Mythology--The Combat of Ahriman with Ormuzd--Optimism--
Parsî Eschatology--Final Restoration of Ahriman

Chapter IV.

Viswámitra, the Theocratic Devil.

Priestcraft and Pessimism--An Aryan Tetzel and his Luther--Brahman
Frogs--Evolution of the Sacerdotal Saint--Viswámitra the Accuser
of Virtue--The Tamil Passion-Play 'Harischandra'--Ordeal of
Goblins--The Martyr of Truth--Virtue triumphant over ceremonial
'Merits'--Harischandra and Job

Chapter V.

Elohim and Jehovah.

Deified power--Giants and Jehovah--Jehovah's manifesto--The various
Elohim--Two Jehovahs and two Tables--Contradictions--Detachment
of the Elohim from Jehovah

Chapter VI.

The Consuming Fire.

The Shekinah--Jewish idols--Attributes of the fiery and
cruel Elohim compared with those of the Devil--The powers of
evil combined under a head--Continuity--The consuming fire
spiritualised

Chapter VII.

Paradise and the Serpent.

Herakles and Athena in a holy picture--Human significance of
Eden--The legend in Genesis puzzling--Silence of later books
concerning it--Its Vedic elements--Its explanation--Episode of
the Mahábhárata--Scandinavian variant--The name of Adam--The
story re-read--Rabbinical interpretations

Chapter VIII.

Eve.

The Fall of Man--Fall of gods--Giants--Prajápati and Ráhu--Woman
and Star-Serpent in Persia--Meschia and Meschiane--Bráhman
legends of the creation of Man--The strength of Woman--Elohist
and Jehovist creations of Man--The Forbidden Fruit--Eve reappears
as Sara--Abraham surrenders his wife to Jehovah--The idea not
sensual--Abraham's circumcision--The evil name of Woman--Noah's
wife--The temptation of Abraham--Rabbinical legends concerning
Eve--Pandora--Sentiment of the Myth of Eve

Chapter IX.

Lilith.

Madonnas--Adam's first wife--Her flight and doom--Creation of
Devils--Lilith marries Samaël--Tree of Life--Lilith's part
in the Temptation--Her locks--Lamia--Bodeima--Meschia and
Meschiane--Amazons--Maternity--Rib-theory of Woman--Káli and
Durga--Captivity of Woman

Chapter X.

War in Heaven.

The 'Other'--Tiamat, Bohu, 'the Deep'--Ra and Apophis--Hathors
--Bel's combat--Revolt in Heaven--Lilith--Myth of the Devil at
the creation of Light

Chapter XI.

War on Earth.

The Abode of Devils--Ketef--Disorder--Talmudic legends--The
restless Spirit--The Fall of Lucifer--Asteria, Hecate, Lilith--The
Dragon's triumph--A Gipsy legend--Cædmon's Poem of the Rebellious
Angels--Milton's version--The Puritans and Prince Rupert--Bel
as ally of the Dragon--A 'Mystery' in Marionettes--European
Hells

Chapter XII.

Strife.

Hebrew God of War--Samaël--The father's blessing and curse--
Esau--Edom--Jacob and the Phantom--The planet Mars--Tradesman
and Huntsman--'The Devil's Dream'

Chapter XIII.

Barbaric Aristocracy.

Jacob, the 'Impostor'--The Barterer--Esau, the 'Warrior'--Barbarian
Dukes--Trade and War--Reconciliation of Jacob and Esau--Their
Ghosts--Legend of Iblis--Pagan Warriors of Europe--Russian
Hierarchy of Hell

Chapter XIV.

Job and the Divider.

Hebrew Polytheism--Problem of Evil--Job's disbelief in a
future life--The Divider's realm--Salted sacrifices--Theory
of Orthodoxy--Job's reasoning--His humour--Impartiality of
Fortune between the evil and good--Agnosticism of Job--Elihu's
Eclecticism--Jehovah of the Whirlwind--Heresies of Job--Rabbinical
legend of Job--Universality of the legend

Chapter XV.

Satan.

Public Prosecutors--Satan as Accuser--English Devil-Worshipper
--Conversion by Terror--Satan in the Old Testament--The trial of
Joshua--Sender of Plagues--Satan and Serpent--Portrait of Satan
--Scapegoat of Christendom--Catholic 'Sight of Hell'--The ally
of Priesthoods

Chapter XVI.

Religious Despotism.

Pharaoh and Herod--Zoroaster's mother--Ahriman's emissaries--Kansa
and Krishna--Emissaries of Kansa--Astyages and Cyrus--Zohák--Bel
and the Christian

Chapter XVII.

The Prince of this World.

Temptations--Birth of Buddha--Mara--Temptation of Power--Asceticism
and Luxury--Mara's menaces--Appearance of the Buddha's
Vindicator--Ahriman tempts Zoroaster--Satan and Christ--Criticism
of Strauss--Jewish traditions--Hunger--Variants

Chapter XVIII.

Trial of the Great.

A 'Morality' at Tours--The 'St. Anthony' of Spagnoletto--Bunyan's
Pilgrim--Milton on Christ's Temptation--An Edinburgh saint and
Unitarian fiend--A haunted Jewess--Conversion by fever--Limit of
courage--Woman and sorcery--Luther and the Devil--The ink-spot at
Wartburg--Carlyle's interpretation--The cowled Devil--Carlyle's
trial--In Rue St. Thomas d'Enfer--The Everlasting No--Devil of
Vauvert--The latter-day conflict--New conditions--The Victory of
Man--The Scholar and the World

Chapter XIX.

The Man of Sin.

Hindu myth--Gnostic theories--Ophite scheme of redemption--
Rabbinical traditions of Primitive Man--Pauline Pessimism--Law
of death--Satan's ownership of Man--Redemption of the Elect--
Contemporary statements--Baptism--Exorcism--The 'new man's'
food--Eucharist--Herbert Spencer's explanation--Primitive
ideas--Legends of Adam and Seth--Adamites--A Mormon 'Mystery'
of initiation

Chapter XX.

The Holy Ghost.

A Hanover relic--Mr. Atkinson on the Dove--The Dove in the Old
Testament--Ecclesiastical symbol--Judicial symbol--A vision of
St. Dunstan's--The witness of chastity--Dove and Serpent--The
unpardonable sin--Inexpiable sin among the Jews--Destructive
power of Jehovah--Potency of the breath--Third persons of
Trinities--Pentecost--Christian superstitions--Mr. Moody on the sin
against the Holy Ghost--Mysterious fear--Idols of the cave

Chapter XXI.

Antichrist.

The Kali Age--Satan sifting Simon--Satan as Angel of Light--
Epithets of Antichrist--The Cæsars--Nero--Sacraments imitated
by Pagans--Satanic signs and wonders--Jerome on Antichrist--
Armillus--Al Dajjail--Luther on Mohammed--'Mawmet'--Satan
'God's ape'--Mediæval notions--Witches' Sabbath--An Infernal
Trinity--Serpent of Sins--Antichrist Popes--Luther as Antichrist
--Modern notions of Antichrist

Chapter XXII.

The Pride of Life.

The curse of Iblis--Samaël as Democrat--His vindication by
Christ and Paul--Asmodäus--History of the name--Aschmedai of the
Jews--Book of Tobit--Doré's 'Triumph of Christianity'--Aucassin
and Nicolette--Asmodeus in the convent--The Asmodeus of Le
Sage--Mephistopheles--Blake's 'Marriage of Heaven and Hell'--The
Devil and the artists--Sádi's Vision of Satan--Arts of the
Devil--Suspicion of beauty--Earthly and heavenly mansions--Deacon
versus Devil

Chapter XXIII.

The Curse on Knowledge.

A Bishop on intellect--The Bible on learning--The Serpent and
Seth--A Hebrew Renaissance--Spells--Shelley at Oxford--
Book-burning--Japanese ink-devil--Book of Cyprianus--Devil's
Bible--Red Letters--Dread of Science--Roger Bacon--Luther's
Devil--Lutherans and Science

Chapter XXIV.

Witchcraft.

Minor gods--Saint and Satyr--Tutelaries--Spells--Early Christianity
and the poor--Its doctrine as to pagan deities--Mediæval
Devils--Devils on the stage--An Abbot's revelations--The fairer
deities--Oriental dreams and spirits--Calls for Nemesis--Lilith
and her children--Neoplatonicism--Astrology and Alchemy--Devil's
College--Shem-hammphorásch--Apollonius of Tyana--Faustus--Black Art
Schools--Compacts with the Devil--Blood covenant--Spirit-seances in
old times--The Fairfax delusion--Origin of its devil--Witch, goat,
and cat--Confessions of Witches--Witchcraft in New England--Witch
trials--Salem demonology--Testing witches--Witch trials in
Sweden--Witch Sabbath--Mythological elements--Carriers--Scotch
Witches--The cauldron--Vervain--Rue--Invocation of Hecaté--Factors
of Witch persecution--Three centuries of massacre--Würzburg
horrors--Last victims--Modern Spiritualism

Chapter XXV.

Faust and Mephistopheles.

Mephisto and Mephitis--The Raven Book--Papal sorcery--Magic
seals--Mephistopheles as dog--George Sabellicus alias Faustus--The
Faust myth--Marlowe's 'Faust'--Good and evil angels--'El Magico
Prodigioso'--Cyprian and Justina--Klinger's 'Faust'--Satan's
sermon--Goethe's Mephistopheles--His German characters--Moral
scepticism--Devil's gifts--Helena--Redemption through Art--Defeat
of Mephistopheles

Chapter XXVI.

The Wild Huntsman.

The Wild Hunt--Euphemisms--Schimmelreiter--Odinwald--Pied Piper
--Lyeshy--Waldemar's Hunt--Palne Hunter--King Abel's Hunt--Lords
of Glorup--Le Grand Veneur--Robert le Diable--Arthur--Hugo--Herne
--Tregeagle--Der Freischütz--Elijah's chariot--Mahan Bali--Déhak
--Nimrod--Nimrod's defiance of Jehovah--His Tower--Robber Knights
--The Devil in Leipzig--Olaf hunting pagans--Hunting-horns--Raven
--Boar--Hounds--Horse--Dapplegrimm--Sleipnir--Horse-flesh--The
mare Chetiya--Stags--St. Hubert--The White Lady--Myths of Mother
Rose--Wodan hunting St. Walpurga--Friar Eckhardt

Chapter XXVII.

Le Bon Diable.

The Devil repainted--Satan a divine agent--St. Orain's
heresy--Primitive universalism--Father Sinistrari--Salvation of
demons--Mediæval sects--Aquinas--His prayer for Satan--Popular
antipathies--The Devil's gratitude--Devil defending
innocence--Devil against idle lords--The wicked ale-wife--Pious
offenders punished--Anachronistic Devils--Devils turn to
poems--Devil's good advice--Devil sticks to his word--His love
of justice--Charlemagne and the Serpent--Merlin--His prison of
Air--Mephistopheles in Heaven

Chapter XXVIII.

Animalism.

Celsus on Satan--Ferocities of inward nature--The Devil
of Lust--Celibacy--Blue Beards--Shudendozi--A lady in
distress--Bahirawa--The Black Prince--Madana Yaksenyo--Fair
fascinators--Devil of Jealousy--Eve's jealousy--Noah's wife--How
Satan entered the Ark--Shipwright's Dirge--The Second Fall--The
Drunken curse--Solomon's Fall--Cellar Devils--Gluttony--The Vatican
haunted--Avarice--Animalised Devils--Man-shaped Animals

Chapter XXIX.

Thoughts and Interpretations 421