Chapter VII: Part 7

_Apparatus._--Many of the directions and methods given in the foregoing pages for the collection of Hexapods apply also to the animals named above. Little apparatus is necessary in the collection of spiders and other Arachnids. The essentials are vials containing alcohol, an insect net, a sieve, and forceps. Narrow vials without necks are best for collecting purposes, as the corks can be more quickly inserted. They should be of different sizes, from 1 dram to 4 or 6 drams, and the alcohol used should be at least 50 per cent strong and in some cases it is advisable to use it at a strength of 70 or 80 per cent. The net may be of the same construction as that used to collect insects and is used in the same way. Some arachnologists, however, use a net of a somewhat different make, which is much stronger. The iron ring is heavier and larger than in the case of the insect net, resembling in this respect the ring of the Deyrolle net. The bag is short and the handle is fastened to both sides of the ring. This net is used for beating the leaves of trees, bushes, and grass. Dr. Marx uses a net which is already described and figured under the name of the Umbrella Net (see p. 34, Fig. 52). The sieve is the same as that described on p. 35, Fig. 54, and is used to sift the spiders from leaves and rubbish, especially during winter. A mass of leaves and other material is thrown into the sieve and then shaken, the spiders falling through on a piece of white cloth, which is spread under the sieve on the ground. Many hibernating species can be readily secured in this manner. A forceps similar to that described for the collecting of hexapods should be used to capture or pick up specimens, for if handled with the fingers they are apt to be crushed, especially the smaller forms. As soon as the collecting is finished or the vial is filled a label should be placed in this last indicating place and date of collection. Egg sacs and cocoons should be collected in pill boxes and properly labeled, and if possible the adults should be reared. Both sexes should be collected and descriptive notes or drawings made of the webs as found in nature.

_Time and Locality for Collecting._--The best time to collect spiders is in the early fall, during the months of September and October. The great majority of the species are then mature. Many forms, however, occur in the adult state in late spring and early summer. Numerous species may also be collected during winter, some of these hibernating under stones, the bark of dead trees, etc., and others, more particularly the small forms, under dead leaves and rubbish on the ground in woods. Other species which have hibernated may be found about the earliest flowers in spring. No particular localities can be indicated for the collection of spiders, since they occur in all sorts of places, in wooded or open regions and also in and about dwellings. Many Lycosidae are found in dry and rocky situations and quite a number in open fields. Thomisidae may be found on flowers. The Therididae affect shady places, and many Epeiridae will be found in similar situations. The Attidae love the sun and are found very actively engaged in hunting insects on plants and dead leaves. Many species of this family will be found in cases under loose bark in winter. Evergreen trees are also quite good collecting grounds for Attidae. The Drassidae are ground spiders and are mostly nocturnal, hiding during the day under leaves and stones; a few forms, however, disport in the hottest sunshine. Some genera are found most frequently near water or in damp places, as Dolomedes and Tetragnatha; others in sandy places, as Micaria, Targalia.

COLLECTING OTHER ARACHNIDS: MITES, TICKS, SCORPIONS, ETC.

Other Arachnids--as mites, ticks, scorpions, daddy longlegs or harvest-men--may be collected in the same way as spiders.

The Phalangidae (Harvest-men) somewhat resemble spiders, and are at once recognized by their extremely long legs. They occur about houses, especially in shady places, under the eaves, etc., and in the woods and fields. They are carnivorous and feed on small insects, especially Aphides. They should be pressed a little when captured to extrude the genital apparatus, if possible, and are best collected in the early fall.

The Phrynidae are very peculiar looking animals, the anterior legs being very long and slender and the maxillary palpi very large. The genus _Thelyphonus_ is not uncommon in the South, and is known by its oblong body, ending usually with a long, slender, many-jointed filament, from which they are called Whip-tailed Scorpions. _T. giganteus_ is the common species. They occur in moist situations, and are carnivorous, feeding on insects and small animals.

The false scorpions, Chermetidae, may at once be recognized by their large maxillary palpi, resembling the maxillae of the true scorpion. They are small insects, rarely exceeding a quarter of an inch in length, and are found in dark shady places and feed upon mites, Psoci, and other small insects. A common species is represented at figure 132.

The true scorpions, Scorpionidae, are well-known forms, and are easily recognized by their large, powerful, forceps-like maxillae, and the long slender tail continuous with the thorax and ending with a sting, which is, in most cases, quite poisonous. They are found mostly in the Western and Southwestern States, and are dangerous in proportion to their size. The poisonous nature of the sting of these animals is, however, generally overrated, and the wounds, even of the larger species, are rarely fatal.

The Acarina or true mites are the lowest representatives of the Arachnida and include many genera and species differing very widely in habit and characters. Some of them are mere sacs, on which the mouth parts or other organs are scarcely discernible. In general they resemble spiders. The young, however, when they leave the egg, almost invariably have but three pairs of feet, resembling in this respect the Hexapods. The fourth pair is added in the later stages. They are parasitic on insects and other animals, and some of them are vegetable feeders or live in decaying vegetable and animal matter.

A very interesting group is comprised in the family Phytoptidae or gall-making mites which occur on the leaves of various trees and shrubs and produce curious galls or abnormal growths. These mites are elongate in form, have rudimentary mouth-parts and but four legs. A common form, _Phytoptus quadripes_, produces a gall on the leaves of the soft maple. The galls of all species should be collected and pinned and also preserved in alcohol, and specimens of the mites should be mounted in balsam.

The members of the genus Sarcoptes are very minute and are the active source of the itch in the lower animals and man. Another common genus is Tyroglyphus, which includes the common cheese mite, _T. siro_. Other species of this genus also sometimes occur in enormous numbers in grocers' supplies. Still others are parasitic on insects, and one species, _T. phylloxerae_ Riley, is very beneficial, since, as its name indicates, it feeds on the Phylloxera of the grapevine.

The Ixodidae comprise the ticks which attach themselves to cattle, hogs, and man, and are not at all uncommon objects. These insects can be found on the animals they infest, and distinct species will be found to occur on most wild mammals. The common Cattle tick _Boophilus bovis_ Riley, is represented at Fig. 134.

The family Orobatidae includes a number of small terrestrial mites, which occur on the moss on trees and stones. Some species are known to feed on the eggs of insects, and the one shown in the accompanying figure, _Nothrus ovivorus_ has been observed, by Dr. Packard to eat the eggs of the Canker Worm.

The members of the family Gamasidae are parasitic upon animals, but chiefly upon insects. The Hydrachnidae are parasitic also upon the aquatic insects, and also affect fish or mussels or occur on fresh-water plants.

One of the most important families of mites is the Trombidiidiae which includes a large number of species, some of which occur in immense numbers. Most of them are vegetable feeders, but some species feed on the eggs of insects.

The genus Trombidium includes a number of the Red Mites which feed on insects in all their stages. The Locust Mite, _Trombidium locustarum_ Riley, is one of the most interesting as well as one of the most important of our locust enemies, and will serve to illustrate the habits of the group. It differs so much in infancy and maturity that it has been referred to different genera and is known under different names. The mature form lives on the ground and feeds on all sorts of animal or decomposing vegetable matter, and wherever the ground is filled with locust eggs these afford an abundance of food and the mites flourish and multiply rapidly. In the spring the female lays 300 or 400 minute spherical orange-red eggs in the ground (Fig. 136_a_). From these eggs, as shown enlarged at _c_, _d_, and _e_ (the two latter being the vacated egg shells) emerge the six-legged larva shown at _b_. These are mere specks and crawl actively about, fastening themselves to the locusts mostly at the base of the wings or along the upper veins. They subsist on the juices of their host. They firmly attach themselves by the mouth and increase rapidly in size, the legs not growing and becoming mere rudiments. In this form they are shown at Fig. 137_a_. When fully developed they let go their hold, drop to the ground, and crawl under the shelter afforded by holes in the earth or under sticks. Here, in the course of two or three weeks, they transform within the larval skin to the pupal stage shown at _b_, and eventually break through the old larval skin and escape in the form shown at _c_ and _d_. This mature form passes the winter in the ground and is active whenever the temperature is a few degrees above the freezing point. A larger species _T. giganteum_ Riley, also attacks locusts, while a third species attacks the common House-fly. This was formerly known in the larva state only and was referred to the genus Astoma, to which also the larval form of Trombidium was referred. I have described the adult together with the larva and pupa as _Trombidium muscarum_. An allied mite, _Hydrachna belostomae_, attacks the large aquatic water bug, Belostoma, and has a mode of development precisely similar to that of Trombidium.

To this family also belong the common greenhouse mite, _Tetranychus telarius_, and also the Bryobia mite, _B. pratensis_, which of late years has attracted very considerable attention by its appearance in immense numbers about dwellings, coming from the adjoining fields of clover or grass. Generically allied to the greenhouse mite is the Six-spotted Mite of the Orange (_T. 6-maculatus_ Riley), which is shown in the accompanying figure.

Spiders and mites thus collected may be transferred to alcohol. Dr. Marx, who has had a very considerable experience in the preservation of spiders, recommends the use of the following mixture: Glycerin and Wickersheim's fluid, 11/2 ounces of each, and distilled water 3 ounces, the whole to be shaken and thoroughly mixed and added to 30 ounces of 95 per cent alcohol. Alcohol which has previously been used for preserving spiders, and which has therefore dissolved some of the fatty matters from the specimens, he prefers to pure alcohol, using with this, however, somewhat less of the distilled water. The liquid thus composed answers all demands and keeps the specimens flexible and preserves their coloring. Should the stopper become loose and the liquid evaporate, there is always sufficient liquid, water or glycerine, left in the vial to keep the specimens from drying and thus save them from destruction. Dr. Marx also prefers to use cork stoppers rather than the rubber stoppers recommended for other alcoholic material. His objection to the rubber stopper is that, in a collection in which the specimens are often used and the stoppers are frequently removed, he finds that small particles of the rubber stopper come off and settle upon the specimens as a white dust, which it is difficult to remove. This objection applies only to a poor quality of rubber, and in all other respects the rubber is much to be preferred. The colors of spiders are apt to fade somewhat if exposed to light, and the collection should therefore be kept in closed boxes or in the dark.

COLLECTING MYRIAPODA.

Centipedes and Millipedes are collected in the same manner as spiders. They live in damp places, under sticks and stones, and in decaying vegetation. They should be preserved in alcohol, and on account of their usually strong chitinous covering, precautions as to the strength of the alcohol are less necessary here than with softer-bodied specimens.

The members of this subclass comprise a number of well-marked groups. The Iulidae are cylindrical insects and occur in moist places, as do most of the representatives of this subclass. A common form is represented in the accompanying figure. The Chiliopodae comprise the flattened forms having many-jointed antennae and but a single pair of limbs to each segment of the body, and are the forms to which the name centipede may properly be applied. They are predaceous in habit, live largely on living animal matter, and are very quick in their movements. Some forms are poisonous, having poison glands at the base of the first pair of legs, but the majority of the species are entirely harmless. A number of common species belong to the genus Geophilus and occur under stones and logs. The genus Scolopendra includes some of the larger species of the order. The largest known species, _S. gigantea_, occurs in the East Indies and attains a length of from 9 inches to more than a foot. Several species found within the limits of the United States attain a length of 5 inches or more. The family Cermatiidae includes the very common species _Cermatia forceps_, which, while abundant in the South and West, occurs somewhat more rarely in the North. It is commonly found in moist situations, in houses or conservatories, and on account of its long legs and agile movements frequently creates considerable consternation. It is, however, an entirely harmless and very beneficial species, since it feeds on various household pests, including flies, roaches, etc.

TEXT BOOKS--ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

Bulletin No. 19 of the Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, contains an enumeration of the published synopses, catalogues, and lists of North American insects, together with other information intended to assist the student of American entomology. This can be had upon application, and I would refer the student to it for specific information as to synopses, catalogues, and lists. I have deemed it advisable, however, to include here an enumeration of the more useful works of a general character; a list of the entomological periodicals, both home and foreign; and the entomological works published by the different departments of the Government, with some information as to how and of whom they can be obtained. Many of these publications are no longer to be had except as they may be picked up through book-dealers; but the titles even of those which are out of print will be useful to the student as a guide to what he should find in every good library. Requests for this kind of information are constantly received at the Department of Agriculture and at the National Museum. The most useful general works are given first, and, while a great many others in foreign languages might be cited, I would strongly advise the beginner in America to confine himself to these, and especially to read Harris's Insects Injurious to Vegetation, Kirby & Spence's Introduction, and Westwood's Introduction. This last, though published over half a century ago, is still one of the most useful entomological works in the English language. While these Introductions will be of great service in arranging and classifying material and in giving a knowledge of the relationships of species, there is no better text-book than the great book of nature, which is always ready to unfold its truths to every earnest inquirer. In field and wood alone can he become familiar with the insects in all their wondrous life habits, instincts, and intelligence. There alone will he receive the fullest inspiration and pleasure in his work or find the highest reward for his efforts.

COMPREHENSIVE WORKS MOST USEFUL FOR THE STUDY OF NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS.

H. C. C. BURMEISTER.--Handbuch der Entomologie. Berlin, 1832-1855. 5 vols.

MANUAL OF ENTOMOLOGY.--A translation of the above, by W. E. Shuckard. London, 1836.

J. O. WESTWOOD.--An introduction to the modern classification of insects, founded on the natural habits and corresponding organization of the different families. 2 vols. London, 1839-'40.

THOMAS SAY.--Complete writings on the Entomology of North America; edited by John L. Le Conte. New York, 1859.

H. A. HAGEN.--Bibliotheca Entomologica. Die Litteratur ueber das ganze Gebiet der Entomologie bis zum Jahre 1862. Leipzig, 1862.

A. S. PACKARD.--Guide to the Study of Insects. Henry Holt & Co., Philadelphia and New York. (First edition, Salem, 1869.)

---- Entomology for Beginners. Henry Holt & Co., New York, 1888.

THE STANDARD NATURAL HISTORY.--Edited by John Sterling Kingsley. S. E. Cassino & Co., Boston, 1884-'85.

Volume II contains the insects, which are treated by the following
authors: _Hymenoptera_, J. H. Comstock and L. O. Howard;
_Coleoptera_, George Dimmock; _Lepidoptera_, H'y Edwards and C. H.
Fernald; _Diptera_, S. W. Williston; _Orthoptera_, C. V. Riley;
_Hemiptera_, P. R. Uhler; _Neuroptera_, A. S. Packard; _Arachnida_,
J. H. Emerton.

J. H. COMSTOCK.--An Introduction to Entomology. Published by the author. Ithaca, N. Y. 2 parts. Part I, 1888.

ALPHEUS HYATT AND J. M. ARMS.--Guides for Science Teaching, No. III. Insecta. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, 1890.

GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION.

HYMENOPTERA.

E. T. CRESSON.--Synopsis of the Families and Genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a Catalogue of the described Species and Bibliography. Transactions Am. Entom. Society, Supplementary volume. 2 parts. Philadelphia, 1887.

COLEOPTERA.

JOHN L. LE CONTE AND GEORGE H. HORN.--Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1883.

This is the most recent and the only complete classification of
North American Coleoptera. It contains also Appendix II, a "list of
bibliographical references to memoirs, in which more or less
complete synopses of the families, genera, and species of the
Coleoptera of the United States have been published."

J. T. LACORDAIRE.--Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres, ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes. [Completed by J. Chapuis.] Paris, France, 1854-1876. 12 vols, and 1 vol. plates.

[Out of print.]WILLIAM LE BARON.--Outlines of Entomology, published in connection with the author's Annual Reports upon injurious insects. Part first. Including the Order of Coleoptera. Fourth Annual Report on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois. Sep. Edit. Springfield, 1874.

LEPIDOPTERA.

G. A. W. HERRICH-SCHAEFFER.--Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropaeischer Schmetterlinge. Vol. I. Regensburg, 1850-'58; Vol. II, Pt. 1, 1869.

Contains a classification of the Lepidoptera, which forms the basis
of our present arrangement.

JOHN G. MORRIS.--Synopsis of the described Lepidoptera of North America. Part I. Diurnal and Crepuscular Lepidoptera. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1862.

Compiled descriptions of the North American Lepidoptera, from the
Rhopalocera to the Bombycidae.

H. STRECKER.--Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres et Heteroceres, indigenous and exotic; with descriptions and colored illustrations. Reading, Pa., 1872-'77.

Fifteen parts of this work have been published containing figures
and descriptions of many North American species.

JOHN B. SMITH.--An Introduction to a Classification of the North American Lepidoptera. <Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., Vol. VII, 1884, pp. 70-74 and 81-83.

A synopsis of the families of Lepidoptera based on
Herrich-Schaeffer's classification.

---- Synopsis of the Genera of the North American Rhopalocera. <Bull.
Brookl. Ent. Soc, Vol. VI, 1883, pp. 37-45.

E. DOUBLEDAY AND W. C. HEWITSON.--The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated, with 86 colored plates from drawings by W. C. Hewitson. 2 vols., London, 1846-'52.

This work was completed by Westwood after the death of Doubleday.

S. H. SCUDDER.--Butterflies: Their structures, changes, and life-histories, with special reference to American forms. Being an application of the "Doctrine of descent" to the study of Butterflies, with an appendix of practical instructions. 321 pp. and 201 text figs. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1881.

---- The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada with
special reference to New England. 3 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1889;
pp. 1958, plates 59. (Published by the author. Cost about $75 for
3 vols.)

G. H. FRENCH.--The Butterflies of the Eastern United States. For the use of classes in Zoology and private students. Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co., 1886.

Gives synopses of the genera and species, and description of the
species.

W. H. EDWARDS.--Butterflies of North America. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co.

Two volumes are completed and the third is in course of
publication.

HEMIPTERA.

HERBERT OSBORN.--Classification of Hemiptera. <Entomologica Amer., Vol. I, 1885, pp. 21-27.

Short characterization of the whole order, with tables of suborders
and families.

---- Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting Man and the Lower Animals.
Constituting Bulletin No. 7 of the Division of Entomology, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. Washington, 1891.

P. R. UHLER.--List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 1873. <Bull. U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey of the Terr., Vol. I, 1875, pp. 267-361, Pl. XIX-XXI.

---- Report upon the insects collected by P. R. Uhler during the
exploration of 1875, including monographs of the families Cynidae and
Saldae, and the Hemiptera collected by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D.
<U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey, Bulletin, Vol. III, No. 2, 1877,
pp. 355-475.

TOWNEND GLOVER.--Report of the Entomologist. <Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1877, pp. 17-46.

A popular treatise on the Homoptera, with illustrations.

A. H. HALIDAY.--An Epitome of the British genera in the Order Thysanoptera, with indications of a few of the species. <Entomol. Mag., Vol. III, 1836, pp. 439-451.

DIPTERA.

H. LOEW AND C. R. OSTEN-SACKEN.--Monographs of the Diptera of North America. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.) 4 parts. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1862-'72.

The several monographs will be found enumerated under the
respective families.

H. LOEW.--Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. 2 parts. Berlin, 1861-'72. (Originally published in 10 centuriae in the Berliner Entomol. Zeitschrift.)

Descriptions of 1,000 North American Diptera, but without synoptic
arrangement.

C. R. OSTEN-SACKEN.--Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. <Bull. U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey of the Territories, Vol. III, 1877, pp. 189-354.

F. BRAUER.--Die Zweifluegler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. I-III. Wien, 1880-'83.

Important contributions to the classification of the Diptera.

ORTHOPTERA.

HENRI DE SAUSSURE.--Orthoptera nova Americana (Diagnoses praeliminares). Series I-III. <Revue et Mag. de Zool., 1859-'61.

Contains synoptical tables of species, besides descriptions of
numerous North American Orthoptera.

SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.--Materials for a monograph of the North American Orthoptera. <Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, 1862, pp. 409-480.

Contains synoptical tables and a review of the system used for
classification.

---- Remarks upon the arrangement of the families of Orthoptera. <Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, 1868-'69; also separate under the
title: Entomological Notes, Vol. II, pp. 7-14.

---- Synoptical tables for determining North American insects.
Orthoptera. <Psyche, Vol. I, 1876, pp. 169-171.

Synopsis of families; also list of useful works in the study of
North American Orthoptera.

NEUROPTERA.

HERMANN HAGEN.--Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 1861.

---- Synopsis of the Odonata of America. <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. XVIII, 1875, pp. 20-96.

SIR JOHN LUBBOCK.--Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. London, Ray Society, 1873.

The introduction gives the full bibliography up to date.

MYRIAPODA.

THOMAS SAY.--Descriptions of the Myriapoda of the United States. <Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Vol. II, 1821, pp. 102-114; Say's Entom. Writings, ed. Le Conte, Vol. II, pp. 24-32.

This is the first paper of importance on the North American
Myriapoda.

GEORGE NEWPORT.--Monograph of the class Myriapoda, Order Chilopoda. <Trans. Linnean Soc. of London, Vol. XIX, 1845, pp. 265-302 and 349-439.

HORATIO C. WOOD, Jr.--On the Chilopoda of North America, with Catalogue of all the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. <Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., New Ser., Vol. V, 1863, pp. 5-42.

---- The Myriapoda of North America. <Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol.
XIII, 1865, pp. 137-248, 3 pl.

This is the first and only monograph of the Myriapoda published in
this country.

ROBERT LATZEL.--Die Myriapoden der Oesterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie. Erste Haelfte: Die Chilopoden, Wien, 1880. Zweite Haelfte: Die Symphylen, Pauropoden und Diplopoden, Wien, 1884.

The most recent comprehensive work on this order, and very
important from a classificatory standpoint.

LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD.--The North American Myriapoda. <Entomol. Amer., Vol. I, 1885, pp. 141-151.

A complete bibliographical review of the subject, with tables of
families and genera.

ARACHNIDA.

N. M. HENTZ.--Descriptions and figures of the Araneides of the United States. <Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vols, IV-VI, 1842-'50.

These papers form the basis of the study of American arachnology.
Numerous species are described, but not in synoptic form.

T. THORELL.--On European Spiders. Part I. Review of the European genera of Spiders. Upsala, 1869-'70.

N. M. HENTZ.--Araneae Americae septentrionalis. The Spiders of the United States. Edited by J. H. Emerton and E. Burgess. <"Occasional Papers" of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1875.

A reprint of Hentz's papers on North American spiders.

GRAF EUGEN KEYSERLING.--Amerikanische Spinnen aus den Familien Pholcoidae, Scytodoidae und Dysderoidae. <Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, Vol. XXVII, 1877, pp. 205-234.

---- Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. (Six parts.) <Verh. k. k. Zool.-bot. Ges.
in Wien, Vols. XXIX-XXXIV, 1879-'84.

E. SIMON.--Les Arachnides de France. Paris, Vols. I-V, 1874-'84.

These two works represent the most recent systems of
classification, and are therefore of great general value, although
they deal only with the European fauna.

LUCIEN M. UNDERWOOD.--The Progress of Arachnology in America. <Amer. Natur., Vol. XXI, 1887, pp. 963-975.

A very useful review of the bibliography, with synoptic table of
the families of the Araneae.

AMERICAN PERIODICALS.

THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. A monthly journal devoted to the natural sciences in their widest sense (24 volumes published up to date. Now published at Philadelphia).

[Publication discontinued.]ANNALS OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK (8 volumes, 1824-'67. Continued since 1876 as Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences).

[Publication discontinued.]BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY (7 volumes, 1878-'85. Continued as Entomologica Americana).

BULLETIN OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY (4 volumes completed; 1874 to 1883).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES, F. V. Hayden in charge (Department of the Interior; 1875 to 1879).

BULLETINS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, J. M. Powell, director; beginning with 1883.

BULLETINS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM (Department of the Interior; beginning with 1875).

THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (Published by the Entomological Society of Ontario; 22 volumes issued up to the end of 1890. Published at London, Ontario.)

[Publication discontinued.]ENTOMOLOGICA AMERICANA. (Published by the Brooklyn Entomological Society at Brooklyn, N. Y. 1885 to 1890.)

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences] (Vol. I issued in 1890. Published at Philadelphia).

JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA (commencing with 1817).

MEMOIRS OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY (commencing with 1866).

[Publication discontinued.]NORTH AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (Published by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, 1 volume, Buffalo, N. Y. 1879-'80.)

[Publication discontinued.]PAPILIO. Devoted exclusively to Lepidoptera. Organ of the New York Entomological Club (4 volumes, 1881-'84).

PSYCHE. Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club (5 volumes issued up to date. Published at Cambridge, Mass. Publication begun in 1874).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA (beginning with 1841).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA (beginning with 1860).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY (commencing with 1841).

[Publication discontinued.]PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA (6 volumes, 1861-'67).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (2 volumes, beginning with 1884).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM (Department of the Interior; beginning with 1878).

REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRRITORIES (Department of the Interior; beginning with 1867).

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.; beginning 1862).

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF ST. LOUIS (4 volumes hitherto published).

TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences (beginning with 1868; published at Philadelphia).

TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA (2d series beginning with 1818).

Papers on entomology are also published occasionally in other American periodicals, among which the following might be mentioned:

JOURNAL OF THE ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. Chapel Hill, N. C.

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

NATURALISTE CANADIEN. Edited by Abbe Provancher, Cap Rouge, Quebec.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, San Francisco, Cal.

FOREIGN PERIODICALS.

ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE BELGIQUE. Publication begun in 1857. Brussels.

ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE. Publication begun in 1832. Paris.

[Publication discontinued.]BERLINER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT. 18 volumes, Berlin, 1857-1874.

Succeeded by the Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung.

BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE.

BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE SUISSE. (See Mittheil. d. Schweiz. Entom. Gesell.)

BULLETINO DELLA SOCIETA ENTOMOLOGICA ITALIANA. Florence. (Publication commenced in 1869.)

DEUTSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT. Published by the Entomological Society of Berlin. (Publication begun in 1875.)

ENTOMOLOGISCHE NACHRICHTEN. (Now edited by Dr. F. Karsch. Berlin. Publication commenced in 1875.)

ENTOMOLOGISK TIDSKRIFT; PA FOeRANSTALTANDE AF ENTOMOLOGISKA FOeRENINGEN I STOCKHOLM: (Commenced with 1880.)

[Publication discontinued.]ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG: HERAUSGEGEBEN VON DEM ENTOMOLOGISCHEN VEREIN ZU STETTIN. 36 volumes. Stettin. 1840-'75.

ENTOMOLOGISKE MEDDELELSER UDGIVNE OF ENTOMOLOGISK FORENING. Edited by Fr. Meinert, Copenhagen (beginning with 1887).

THE ENTOMOLOGIST. A popular monthly journal of British entomology. Vol. I, 1840-'42. (Publication resumed in 1864. London.)

[Publication discontinued.]THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL. Edited by H. T. Stainton. London. (Publication begun in 1855; 22 vols. published up to 1876.)

ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE. London (beginning with 1864).

Horae ... Variis sermonibus rossiae usitatis. Societas Entomologica Rossica. (Publication begun in 1861.)

[Publication discontinued.]LINNAE ENTOMOLOGICA. HERAUSGEGEBEN VOM ENTOMOLOGISCHEN VEREINE ZU STETTIN (16 volumes, Berlin, 1846-'66).

MITTHEILUNGEN DER SCHWEIZERISCHEN ENTOMOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique suisse. (Publication begun at Schaffhausen, Switz., in 1862. Afterward published at Geneva.)

REVUE D'ENTOMOLOGIE. (Published by the Societe Francaise d'Entomologie, Caen, France. Publication begun in 1882.)

TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE. NEDERLANDSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VEREINIGUNG, Leiden, Holland (beginning with 1857. Published by the Dutch Entomological Society).

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. (Begun in 1834.)

[Publication discontinued.]WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE MONATSSCHRIFT (8 volumes, Vienna, 1857-'64).

WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG. Vienna. (Commenced 1882.)

[Publication discontinued.]ZEITSCHRIFT FUeR DIE ENTOMOLOGIE. Edited by E. F. Germar (5 volumes. Leipzig, 1839-'44).

ZEITSCHRIFT FUeR ENTOMOLOGIE. VEREIN FUeR SCHLESISCHE INSECKTEN-KUNDE ZU BRESLAU. (Publication begun at Breslau in 1847).

ZEITSCHRIFT FUeR WISSENSCHAFTLICHE ZOOLOGIE. Leipzig. (Begun in 1848).

A large number of other periodicals devoted to entomology have been issued, principally in Europe, but after continuing for a year or more their publication has been abandoned, and they are not included here. Important entomological papers have also been published in many serials devoted to zoology or the natural sciences generally. Among them may be mentioned the following:

ANNALS AND MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. London (beginning with 1838).

ARCHIV FUeR NATURGESCHICHTE. Berlin (beginning with 1835).

OeFVERSIGT AF KONGL. SVENSKA VETENSKAPS ACADEMIENS FOeRHANDLINGAR (beginning with 1844. Published at Stockholm).

Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

REVUE ET MAGASIN DE ZOOLOGIE PURE ET APPLIQUEE. Paris (beginning with 1839).

SITZUNGSBERICHTE DER MATHEMATISCH-NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN CLASSE DER KAISERLICHEN ACADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU WIEN (beginning with 1848).

TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON (beginning with 1791).

TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE. Wellington, New Zealand.

VERHANDLUNGEN DER ZOOLOGISCH-BOTANISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT IN WIEN (beginning with 1852).

LIST OF MORE USEFUL WORKS ON ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W. HARRIS, Insects Injurious to Vegetation. (Flint edition.) New York, Orange Judd Co. $4 or $6. (First edition, Cambridge, 1841.)

[Out of print.]ASA FITCH, Reports of the State Entomologist of New York, I-XIV, Albany, 1855-'70. (For a full account of these, see First Annual Report, by J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, pp. 294-297.)

[Publication discontinued.]The Practical Entomologist. Vols. I and II. Published by the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1865-'67.

[Publication discontinued.]The American Entomologist, edited by B. D. Walsh and C. V. Riley. Vol. I. St. Louis, Mo., 1868. (Out of print.)

[Publication discontinued.]The American Entomologist and Botanist, edited by C. V. Riley and Dr. George Vasey. Vol. II. St. Louis, Mo., 1870.

[Out of print.]The American Entomologist, edited by C. V. Riley. Vol. III. [Second series, Vol. I.] New York, Hub Publishing Co., 1880.

[Out of print.]B. D. WALSH, Annual Report on the Noxious Insects of the State of Illinois. Chicago, Prairie Farmer Co., 1868.

[Out of print.]C. V. RILEY, Reports of the State Entomologist of Missouri, I-IX, Jefferson City, 1869-'77.

[Out of print.]WILLIAM LE BARON, Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois. I-IV, Springfield, 1871-'74.

[Out of print.]CYRUS THOMAS, Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois, I-VI, Springfield, 1876-'81.

J. A. LINTNER, Reports of the State Entomologist of New York. Albany (beginning with 1882).

S. A. FORBES, Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois. Springfield (beginning with 1883).

---- Miscellaneous Essays on Economic Entomology. Springfield, Ill.,
1886. (Published instead of Annual Report.)

MARY TREAT, Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden. New York, Orange Judd Co., 1882. (A small work compiled from Riley's reports.)

WILLIAM SAUNDERS, Insects Injurious to Fruits. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1883.

MATTHEW COOKE, Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Vineyard, etc. Sacramento, 1883. (8vo., pp. 472.)

P. J. VAN BENEDEN, Animal Parasites and Messmates. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1876. International Scientific Series.

[Out of print.]Reports of the Entomologists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, T. Glover (1863-1878), J. H. Comstock (1879-1880), and C. V. Riley (1878-1879, 1880 to date).[10]

[10] The annual reports of the Entomologist are contained in the
corresponding annual reports of the Department of Agriculture. A
limited author's edition, separately bound, and with table of contents
and index, is published each year.

Bulletins of the Division of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, C. V. Riley, Entomologist (1883 to date).

Reports and Bulletins of the U. S. Entomological Commission.

JOHN CURTIS, Farm Insects. London, Blackie & Son, 1860.

ELEANOR A. ORMEROD, Manual of Injurious Insects, and Methods of Prevention, etc. London and Edinburgh, 1881. (A small work, costing about $1.50.)

---- Reports of Observations of Injurious Insects and Common Farm Pests,
with Methods of Prevention and Remedy. London. Simpkin, Marshall,
Hamilton, Kent & Co., limited. (Fourteen reports issued up to 1891.)

J. H. KALTENBACH.--Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Classe der Insekten. 8vo. Stuttgart, 1874. (A useful work for determining what insects infest plants in Europe.)

INSECT LIFE. Periodical Bulletin.--Devoted to the economy and the life-habits of insects, especially in their relations to agriculture. Edited by C. V. Riley, entomologist, and L. O. Howard, first assistant, with the assistance of other members of the divisional force (Publication begun in 1888.)

E. L. TASCHENBERG.--Praktische Insekten-Kunde. Parts I-V. Bremen, 1879.

FELICE FRANCESCHINI.--Gli Insetti Nocivi. Milan, 1891.

J. T. C. RATZEBURG.--Die Waldverderbniss, oder dauernder Schade, welcher durch Insektenfrass, Schaelen, Schlagen, und Verbeissen an lebenden Waldbaeumen entsteht. Two parts. Berlin, 1866-'68.

ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL
COMMISSION AND BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

(Members of the Commission: C. V. Riley, A. S. Packard, jr., and Cyrus Thomas.)

[11]BULLETIN NO. 1.--Destruction of the young or unfledged Locusts (_Caloptenus spretus_). (1877.) [pp. 15.]

[11] All of these bulletins and reports, with the exception of the
fifth report, are out of print.

BULLETIN NO. 2.--On the Natural History of the Rocky Mountain Locust and on the habits of the young or unfledged insects as they occur in the more fertile country in which they will hatch the present year. (1877.) [pp. 14, figs. 10.]

BULLETIN NO. 3.--The Cotton Worm. Summary of its Natural History, with an Account of its Enemies, and the best Means of controlling it; being a Report of Progress of the Work of the Commission. By Chas. V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D. (1880.) [pp. 144, figs. 84, plates 1.]

BULLETIN NO. 4.--The Hessian Fly. Its Ravages, Habits, Enemies, and Means of preventing its Increase. By A. S. Packard, jr., M. D. (1880.) [pp. 43, figs. 1, plates 2, maps 1.]

BULLETIN NO. 5.--The Chinch Bug. Its History, Characters, and Habits, and the Means of destroying it or counteracting its Injuries. By Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D. (1879.) [pp. 44, figs. 10, maps 1.]

BULLETIN NO. 6.--General Index and Supplement to the nine Reports on the Insects of Missouri. By Charles V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D. (1881.) [pp. 177.]

BULLETIN NO. 7.--Insects injurious to Forest and Shade Trees. By A. S. Packard, jr., M. D. (1881.) [pp. 275, figs. 100.]

First Annual Report for the year 1877, relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust and the best Methods of preventing its Injuries and of guarding against its Invasions, in pursuance of an Appropriation made by Congress for this purpose. With maps and illustrations. (1878.) [pp. 477+294, figs. 111, plates 5, maps 1.]

Second Report for the years 1878 and 1879, relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust and the Western Cricket, and treating of the best Means of subduing the Locust in its permanent Breeding grounds, with a view of preventing its Migrations into the more fertile Portions of the trans-Mississippi country, in pursuance of Appropriations made by Congress for this purpose. With Maps and Illustrations. (1880.) [pp. XVIII+322+22, figs. 10, plates 17, maps 7.]

Third Report relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust, the Western Cricket, the Army Worm, Canker Worms, and the Hessian Fly; together with Descriptions of Larvae of injurious Forest Insects, Studies on the embryological Development of the Locust and of other Insects, and on the systematic Position of the Orthoptera in Relation to other Orders of Insects. With Maps and Illustrations. (1883.) [pp. XVIII+347+91, figs. 14, plates 64, maps 3.]

Fourth Report, being a revised Edition of Bulletin No. 3, and the Final Report on the Cotton Worm and Bollworm. By Charles V. Riley, Ph. D. (1885.) [pp. XXXVIII+399+147, figs. 45, plates 64, maps 2.]

Fifth Report, being a revised and enlarged edition of Bulletin No. 7, on Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees. By Alpheus S. Packard, M. D., Ph. D., with woodcuts and 40 plates. (1890 (1). Small edition; only a few for general distribution).

BULLETINS OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, UNDER DIRECTION OF C. V. RILEY, ENTOMOLOGIST.

[Out of print.]No. 1.--Reports of Experiments, chiefly with Kerosene, upon the Insects injuriously affecting the Orange Tree and the Cotton Plant, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1883.) [pp. 62.]

[Out of print.]No. 2.--Reports of Observations on the Rocky Mountain Locust and Chinch Bug, together with Extracts from the Correspondence of the Division on Miscellaneous Insects. (1883.) [pp. 36.]

[Out of print.]No. 3.--Reports of Observations and Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. With plates. (1883.) [pp. 75, plates III.]

No. 4.--Reports of Observations and Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist, together with Extracts from Correspondence on miscellaneous Insects. (1884.) [pp. 102, figs. 4.]

[Out of print.]No. 5.--Descriptions of North American Chalcididae from the Collections of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of Dr. C. V. Riley, with biological Notes. [First paper.] Together with a list of the described North American species of the family. By L. O. Howard, M. Sc., Assistant, Bureau of Entomology. (1885.) [pp. 47.]

[Out of print.]No. 6.--The imported Elm-leaf Beetle. Its Habits and Natural History, and Means of counteracting its Injuries. (1885.) [pp. 18, figs. 1, plates I.]

No. 7.--The Pediculi and Mallophaga affecting Man and the lower Animals. By Prof. Herbert Osborn. (1891.) [pp. 54, figs. 42.]

[Out of print.]No. 8.--The Periodical Cicada. An account of _Cicada septendecim_ and its tredicim race, with a chronology of all of the broods known. By Charles V. Riley, Ph. D. (1885.) [pp. 46, figs. 8.]

No. 9.--The Mulberry Silk-worm; being a Manual of Instructions in Silk culture. By Charles V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D. (1886.) [pp. 65, figs. 29, plates II.]

No. 10.--Our Shade Trees and their Insect Defoliators. Being a consideration of the four most injurious species which affect the trees of the capital, with means of destroying them. By Charles V. Riley, Entomologist. (1887.) [pp. 75, figs. 27.]

[Out of print.]No. 11.--Reports of Experiments with various Insecticide Substances, chiefly upon Insects affecting garden Crops, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1886.) [pp. 34.]

[Out of print.]No. 12.--Miscellaneous Notes on the work of the Division of Entomology for the Season of 1885; prepared by the Entomologist. (1886.) [pp. 45, plates I.]

[Out of print.]No. 13.--Reports of Observations and Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (With illustrations.) (1887.) [pp. 78, figs. 4.]

No. 14.--Reports of Observations and Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1887.) [pp. 62, figs. 2, plates I.]

No. 15.--The Icerya, or Fluted Scale, otherwise known as the Cottony Cushion-scale. (Reprint of some recent Articles by the Entomologist and of a Report from the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California.) (1887.) [pp. 40.]

No. 16.--The Entomological Writings of Dr. Alpheus Spring Packard. By Samuel Henshaw. (1887.) [pp. 49.]

[Out of print.]No. 17.--The Chinch Bug: A general Summary of its History, Habits, Enemies, and of the Remedies and Preventives to be used against it. By L. O. Howard M. S., Assistant Entomologist. (1888.) [pp. 48, figs. 10.]

[Out of print.]No. 18.--The Life and Entomological Work of the late Townend Glover, first Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture. Prepared under the Direction of the Entomologist, by C. R. Dodge. (1888.) [pp. 68, figs. 6, plates I.]

No. 19.--An enumeration of the published Synopses, Catalogues, and Lists of North American Insects; together with other information intended to assist the student of American Entomology. (1888.) [pp. 77.]

[Out of print.]No. 20.--The Root Knot Disease of the Peach, Orange, and other Plants in Florida, due to the Work of Anguillula. Prepared under the Direction of the Entomologist, by J. C. Neal, Ph. D., M. D. (1889.) [pp. 31, plates 21.]

[Out of print.]No. 21.--Report of a Trip to Australia, made under the Direction of the Entomologist to investigate the Natural Enemies of the Fluted Scale, by Albert Koebele. (1890.) [pp. 32, figs. 16.]

No. 22.--Reports of the Observations and Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1890.) [pp. 110.]

No. 23.--Reports of Observations and Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1891.) [pp. 83.]

No. 24.--The Boll Worm. Preliminary Report, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. By F. W. Mally. (1891.) [pp. 50.]

No. 25.--Destructive Locusts. A popular consideration of a few of the more injurious Locusts or "Grasshoppers" of the United States, together with the best means of destroying them. By C. V. Riley, Ph. D. (1891.) [pp. 62, figs. 11, plates 12.]

[12]No. 26.--Reports of Observations and Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1892.)

[12]No. 27.--Reports on the Damage by destructive Locusts during the season of 1891, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1892.) [pp. 64.]

[12]No. 28.--The more destructive Locusts of America, north of Mexico, by Lawrence Bruner, prepared under Direction of the Entomologist. (1892.)

[12] Bulletins 26 and 27 are in press, and Bulletin 28 is in course of
preparation.

SPECIAL REPORTS AND BULLETINS.

[Out of print.]REPORT ON COTTON INSECTS.--By J. Henry Comstock. (1879.) [pp. 511, figs. 77, plates III.]

[13]SPECIAL REPORT, No. 11.--The Silkworm; being a brief Manual of Instructions for the Production of Silk. Prepared, by direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, by C. V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D., Entomologist. (First ed., 1879; fifth ed., 1885.) [pp. 37, figs. 8.]

[13] Bull. No. 9 of the Division of Entomology covers this subject.

[Out of print.]SPECIAL REPORT, No. 35.--Report on Insects injurious to Sugar Cane. Prepared, under Direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, by J. Henry Comstock, Entomologist. (1881.) [pp. 11, figs. 3.]

[Out of print.]DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY.--INSECTS AFFECTING THE ORANGE. --Report on the Insects affecting the Culture of the Orange and other plants of the Citrus Family, with practical Suggestions for their Control or Extermination. By H. G. Hubbard. (1885.) [pp. x+227, figs. 95, plates XIV.]

[Out of print.]SPECIAL REPORT.--Catalogue of the Exhibit of Economic Entomology at the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, New Orleans, 1884-'85. (1888.) [pp. 95.]

SPECIAL BULLETIN.--The Horn Fly (Haematobia serrata), being an account of its Life-history and the means to be used against it. By C. V. Riley and L. O. Howard. (Reprinted from Insect Life, Vol. II, No. 4, October 1889.) (1889.) [pp. 11, figs. 5.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE MORE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN ENONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. By Samuel Henshaw. Parts I, II, and III. The more important writings of Benjamin Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley, Washington, 1890.

HOW TO OBTAIN ENTOMOLOGICAL BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.

Comparatively few of the works treating of the classification of North American insects have been published as separate books; but such as have been so published, if of comparatively recent date, can be obtained through the regular book trade. By far the greater number of the monographs and synopses mentioned in the preceding pages have been published in scientific periodicals and in the proceedings or transactions of scientific societies. These may be obtained either through the societies or through the publishers; but single volumes of transactions or proceedings, and more especially single papers, are seldom sold, and the older volumes are liable to be out of print. Moreover, the expense attending the purchase of all of the periodicals containing the publications on a given order of insects will be so great as to put them beyond the reach of most entomologists. The custom of placing at the disposal of authors a number of separate copies of their papers overcomes this difficulty to some extent and creates a small supply. Thus it often happens that a person interested can obtain a copy of a scientific paper by addressing the author personally. Many of these separate copies also fall into the possession of dealers in second-hand books, and may be purchased from them. The American Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and also a few other societies here and in Europe, offer for sale from their duplicates many of these authors' extras, and in some cases publish lists. There are, moreover, certain business establishments which make a specialty of the sale of works and pamphlets on natural history, including entomology, and it is chiefly through such establishments that the student is enabled to secure the larger portion of the works needed.

By subscribing to the entomological periodicals published in this country (a matter of but slight expense) the student may keep abreast of the current literature. Short book reviews or notes published therein call attention to the more important publications in other countries. Moreover, the Zoologischer Anzeiger, edited by Prof. J. Victor Carus, in Leipzig, Germany, and published every fortnight, gives a tolerably complete bibliography of the current entomological literature at intervals of about six or eight weeks. The "Naturae Novitates," published every fortnight by R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 11, Berlin, Germany, gives the titles of most recent works and pamphlets.

There are also three great annual publications, viz: "Die Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Entomologie," published in Wiegmann's "Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte;" "The Zoological Record," published by the Zoological Record Society, in London, England; and the "Zoologische Jahresberichte," published by the Zoological Station at Naples, Italy, which give the full literature of the previous year, discussing the more important papers and giving a list of the new species, besides other information. These three publications are almost indispensable to the student in any branch of zoology, and some one of them at least ought to be found in every public library in the country. The volumes of the "Zoologische Jahresberichte" since 1887 contain no titles upon systematic and classificatory zoology, but only such as refer to biology.

A not inconsiderable portion of the North American literature on the classification of insects has been published by the Government of the United States through various channels, foremost among which are the Smithsonian Institution, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the U. S. National Museum, the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey, and the various surveys of the Territories. Some of these publications are distributed free of cost; while others, like certain of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution and the Geological Survey, are sold at a moderate price to cover the cost of publication. Many of them are out of print, and can only be obtained through natural history book-dealers.

Of the more general works, some may be obtained direct from the publishers, and in such cases the publishers are mentioned in the general list. The older works are mostly out of print and can only be obtained from second-hand dealers. The current State reports of Lintner and Forbes may be obtained from the secretaries of the respective State agricultural societies at Albany, N. Y., and Springfield, Ill., while the bulletins and reports of the entomologists of the various State experiment stations, of which a large number are being published, may be obtained from the directors of the respective stations. The older reports of the State entomologist of Missouri and the State entomologists of Illinois (Walsh, Le Baron, and Thomas) are all out of print and can only be obtained by purchase from second-hand dealers. The same may be said of the well-known and oft-quoted reports of Dr. Fitch, which were published with the old volumes of the Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society.

* * * * *

The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.

p iii: Detailed instructions for breeding -> rearing
p 5: Spiders, and Myriopods -> Myriapods
p 5: comprising Spiders, Myriopods -> Myriapods
p 7: If we endevor -> endeavor
p 8: of the Sub-orders-> Suborders
p 9: Springtails -> Spring-tails
p 9: Plectoptera -> Plecoptera
p 14: the case of the Horntails -> Horn-tails
p 14: FIG. 8.--Sawfly -> Saw-fly
p 14: Beetles or-> duplicate "or" deleted
p 16: of the common silk-worm -> silkworm
p 16: variety of these larvae -> larvae
p 17: structure of the antennae -> antennae
p 17: HETEROPTERA ([Greek: heteros], -> comma added
p 17: looked upon as a Sub-order -> Suborder
p 17: A Plant-bug Euschistes -> Euschistus
p 18: DIMERA, with two joints; -> comma changed to semicolon
p 19: four or five joints. -> period added
p 20: hatched in the abodmen -> abdomen
p 21: A Locust Acrideum -> Acridium
p 21: Orthoptera -> changed from smallcaps to all capital letters
p 21: Tree-cricket Ocharis -> Orocharis
p 21: Phyllodromia germanica.) -> germanica).
p 22: "Earwigs, consisting -> Earwigs
p 26: A May-fly Protamanthus -> Potamanthus
p 28: (Fig. c) -> (Fig. 45, c)
p 30: frequently have occassion -> occasion
p 47: put in the seive -> sieve
p 51: butterflies, whose larvae -> larvae
p 51: as their mouthparts -> mouth-parts
p 53: and otherwiise dsposed -> otherwise disposed
p 54: animals. The Plantlice -> Plant-lice
p 55: imago--all enlarged -> closing round bracket deleted
p 58: Rove-beetles Staphilinidae -> Staphylinidae
p 58: A Spring-tail -> --A Spring-tail
p 59: Palingenia bilneata -> bilineata
p 70: specimen in the cabinet. -> period added
p 70: e. g. the Sawflies -> Saw-flies
p 71: Moanting -> Mounting
p 73: glue or shell-lac -> shellac
p 75: After Kiesenvetter -> Kiesenwetter
p 75: shown in the accompaying -> accompanying
p 76: FIG. 105. Spreading -> FIG. 105.--Spreading
p 76: FIG. 106. Needle -> FIG. 106.--Needle
p 83: they almost invariable -> invariably
p 83: spirit or petroleum lamp. -> period added
p 89: the external chytinous -> chitinous
p 91: pieces of clean card-board -> cardboard
p 91: beveled on all sides: -> sides;
p 93: bored with a bitt -> bit
p 94: Many larvae -> larvae
p 98: Myriopoda -> Myriapoda
p 99: keeping off musuem -> museum
p 106: all lateral movemnts -> movements
p 106: After Marse -> Morse
p 110: The two particuliarly -> particularly
p 112: endophytous Ienthredinidae -> Tenthredinidae
p 114: (See Figure 124.) -> (See Figure 124)
p 118: Gall-flies Cynipidae -> Cynipidae
p 119: brooded, the larvae -> larvae
p 129: FIG. 125 -> FIG. 125.
p 121: Bakhaus, of Leipsic -> Leipzig
p 132: of the published synoposes -> synopses
p 134: species of each genius -> genus
p 136: HENRI DE SAUSSURE. -> period added
p 136: Amer. Philos. -> period added
p 137: 1874 to 1883 -> 1883)
p 137: 1875 to 1879 -> 1879)
p 138: See Mittheil. -> period added
p 142: plates 2., -> plates 2,
p 143: it or counteractering -> counteracting
p 143: for general distribution -> distribution)
p 144: of the Entomlogist -> Entomologist
p 144: [pp. 46, figs. 8.)-> [pp. 46, figs. 8.]