Chapter XXIX: Conclusion (1)

The time was drawing near for my departure. Once more I was about to leave the ruins amidst which I had spent so many happy hours, and to which I was bound by so many pleasant and solemn ties; and probably to return no more.

I only waited the arrival of Abde, the late Pasha of Baghdad, who was now on his way to his new government of Diarbekir. He was travelling with a large company of attendants, and without a strong escort it was scarcely prudent to venture on a journey. It was doubly necessary for me to have proper protection, as I took with me the valuable collection of bronzes and other small objects discovered in the ruins. I gladly, therefore, availed myself of this opportunity of joining so numerous and powerful a caravan.

At length, after the usual Eastern delays, the Pasha arrived at Mosul. He remained encamped outside the town for two or three days, and during that time visited the excavations, his curiosity having been excited by the description he had received of the wondrous idols dug out of the ruins. He marvelled at what he saw, as a Turk marvels at strange things which he can neither understand nor explain. It would be in vain to speak to him of the true objects of such researches, the knowledge they impart, the lessons they teach, or the thoughts they beget.

In these pages I have occasionally indulged in reflections suggested by the scenes I have had to describe, and have ventured to point out the moral of the strange tale I have had to relate. I cannot better conclude than by showing the spirit in which Eastern philosophy and Mussulman resignation contemplate the evidences of ancient greatness and civilization, suddenly rising up in the midst of modern ignorance and decay. A letter in my possession contained so true and characteristic a picture of the feelings that such an event excites in the mind of a good Mohammedan, that I here give a literal translation of its contents. It was written to a friend of mine by a Turkish Cadi, in reply to some inquiries as to the commerce, population, and remains of antiquity of an ancient city, in which dwelt the head of the law. These are its words:--

"My Illustrious Friend, and Joy of my Liver!

"The thing you ask of me is both difficult and useless. Although I
have passed all my days in this place, I have neither counted the
houses nor have I inquired into the number of the inhabitants; and as
to what one person loads on his mules and the other stows away in the
bottom of his ship, that is no business of mine. But, above all, as to
the previous history of this city, God only knows the amount of dirt
and confusion that the infidels may have eaten before the coming of
the sword of Islam. It were unprofitable for us to inquire into it.

"Oh, my soul! oh, my lamb! seek not after the things which concern
thee not. Thou camest unto us, and we welcomed thee: go in peace.

"Of a truth, thou hast spoken many words; and there is no harm done,
for the speaker is one and the listener is another. After the fashion
of thy people thou hast wandered from one place to another until thou
art happy and content in none. We (praise be to God) were born here,
and never desire to quit it. Is it possible then that the idea of a
general intercourse between mankind should make any impression on our
understandings? God forbid!

"Listen, oh my son! There is no wisdom equal unto the belief in God!
He created the world, and shall we liken ourselves unto him in seeking
to penetrate into the mysteries of his creation? Shall we say, behold
this star spinneth round that star, and this other star with a tail
goeth and cometh in so many years! Let it go! He from whose hand it
came will guide and direct it.

"But thou wilt say unto me, Stand aside, oh man, for I am more learned
than thou art, and have seen more things. If thou thinkest that thou
art in this respect better than I am, thou art welcome. I praise God
that I seek not that which I require not. Thou art learned in the
things I care not for; and as for that which thou hast seen I defile
it. Will much knowledge create thee a double belly, or wilt thou seek
Paradise with thine eyes?

"Oh, my friend! If thou wilt be happy, say, There is no God but God!
Do no evil, and thus wilt thou fear neither man nor death; for surely
thine hour will come!

"The meek in spirit (El Fakir),
"IMAUM ALI ZADE."

On the 28th of April I bid a last farewell to my faithful Arab friends, and with a heavy heart turned from the ruins of ancient Nineveh.

THE END.

INDEX.

A.

_Abde Pasha_, 383, 540.

_Abdi Agha_, 52.

_Abd-ul-Azeez_, mound of, 187.
Hills of, 259.

_Abou-Jerdeh_, mound, 186.

_Abou-Khameera_, ruins of, 201, 202.

_Abou-Maria_, excavations at, 278.

_Abou-Sheetha_, mound of, 188.

_Abraham_ thrown into the furnace by Nimrod, 403.

_Adremit_, village of, 338.

_Adrammelech_, name of, according to Rawlinson, 497.

_Æthiopia_, mentioned in inscriptions, 121.

_Afaij_, visit to tribe of, 438.
Their boats, 443.
Their huts, 445.

_Agab_, Sheikh of the Afaij, 446.

_Agammi_ river, 124, 475.

_Agayl_, tribe of, 395.

_Akhlat_, village of, 30.

_Akhtamar_, patriarch of, 339.
Visit to the island of, _ib._
Church of, _ib._

_Akkari_, sea of the Mediterranean, 296.

_Akker-Kuf_, ruin of, 382.

_Akko_, a Yezidi chief, 42, 47.

_Albanian_, an, 313.

_Alabaster_, jars in, 164, 165.

_Alexander the Great_, 174, 190.
Wish to uncover ruins of Temple of Belus, 420.
To rebuild it, 426.
To restore canals, 428.

_Ali-Baba_ mountains, 24.

_Altars_ discovered at Khorsabad, 110.
At Nimroud, 288.

_American_ missionaries, their establishments, 313, 332, 334, and _note_.
Their schools at Ooroomiyah, 334.
Intercourse with Nestorians, 347.

_Amran_, mound of, 390.
Discoveries in, 414.

_Ana_, town of, mentioned in inscriptions, 294.

_Anana_, ruin and village, 436.

_Antioch_, Egyptian monument at, 295, _note_.

_Ararat_, name of Armenia, 403.
View of mount, 423.

_Araxes_ river, 25.

_Arban_, arrival at, 223.
Description of, 226.
Excavations at, 228.
Departure from, 252.

_Arbela_, battle of, 174.

_Arabs._ _See_ Bedouins.

_Arab_ workmen, 88.
Instances of honesty in, 470.

_Arabkha_, a city under Sennacherib, 120.

_Aramæans_ defeated by Sennacherib, 118.

_Arch_ at Nimroud, 138.

_Architecture_, Armenian, 35.
Assyrian, 120.
Babylonian, 423.
Early Persian, 460.
Comparison between Assyrian and Jewish, 517.

_Armenia_, a bishop of, 27, 392.
Ploughs in, 29, 38.
Schools in, 331.
Reform in church, 332.
Books in language of, 334.
Ignorance of Christians in, 335.

_Armour_, parts of, discovered, 152, 162.
Worn by Bedouins, 251.

_Arms_ in iron and bronze discovered, 162.

_Arrows_, heads of, discovered, 162.

_Art_, Assyrian, of lower period, 369.

_Arvad_, name of, in inscriptions, 296.

_Ascalon_, name of, in inscriptions, 122.

_Ashayansk_, village of, 340.

_Ashtoreth_, or Astarte, the moon, 291, and _note_.

_Ashur_, the supreme god of the Assyrians, 504.

_Ashurakhbal._ _See_ Sardanapalus.

_Ass_, a wild, 224.
White, of Bagdad, 379.

_Assordanes_, name in inscriptions, 365.

_Assurnadin_, son of Sennacherib, 124.

_Assyria_, computation of time in, 178.
Greek coin of, 479.
Name of, on Egyptian monuments, 505.
Records of, compared with Jewish, 506.
Nature of government, 507.
Bounds of empire, 509.

_Athur_ or _Assur_, mound of, 139.

_Azeez Agha_, a young Sheikh, 393.

B.

_Baashiekhah_, village of, 112.

_Baazani_, village of, 111.

_Babel_, mound of, 389, 397.
Excavations and discoveries in, 408.
Small objects from, 409.

_Babylon_ taken by Sennacherib, 118, 178, 500.
In possession of early Nimroud king, 293.
Name of, in Wan inscriptions, 327.
Approach to ruins of, 389.
Excavations commenced at, 394.
Walls of, not traced, 397.
Dimensions of walls, 398.
General plan of, 400.
Hanging gardens of, 405.
Temple of Belus, 406.
Painted walls at, 412.
Deities of, 413.
Jews of the captivity at, 415.
Building materials of, 420.
History of, 425.
Destruction of, 427.
Commerce of, 428.
Fabrics of, 431.
Inhabitants impaled by Darius, 295, _note_.
Common origin of inhabitants with Assyrians, 423.
Cupidity of their priests, 427.
Commerce and roads of, 428.
Corruption of, 432.
Cylinders and gems of, 488.

_Badger_, the Rev. Mr., his intercourse with the Nestorians, 347, _note_.

_Baghdad_, departure for, 373.
Entrance to, 380.
Description of, 381.
Departure from, 465.

_Baiandour_, Sultan, the tomb of, 31.

_Bairam_, Mussulman feast of, 330.

_Bash-Kalah_, castle of, 315.

_Bavian_, sculptures of, 173.
Inscriptions of, 177, 494.

_Baz_, district of, 353.

_Beavers_ of the Khabour, 247.

_Bedouins_, customs of, with regard to captured horses, 184.
On seeing a stranger, 202.
Their women, 217.
Their bread, 239.
Their hospitality, 240.
Their food, _ib._
Diseases amongst, 242.
Their Cadis, 253.
Lovemaking of, 262.
Laws of Dakheel, or protection, 263.
Their poetry, 265.
Their sagacity, 269.
Their horses, 272.
Their honesty, 470.

_Belad_, ancient district of, 99.

_Belib_, made king of Babylon, 118, 500.

_Bells_ discovered at Nimroud, 151.
Analyses of copper of, 160.

_Benjamin_ of Tudela, his description of Babylon, 402.
Of tomb of Ezekiel, 407.
Of tomb of Ezra, 407, _note_.
Account of captive Jews, 416.

_Beth-Khumri_, or Samaria, 494.

_Bimerstein_, Dr., 323, _note_.

_Birs-Nimroud_, the, 401.
Restoration of, 404.

_Bishi_ country conquered by Sennacherib, 119.

_Bitlis_, town of, 38.

_Bitumen_ pits fired, 168.
Used for cement, 422.

_Blood-revenge_ among Bedouins, 253.

_Boats_ of Afaij, 443.

_Borsippa_, the Birs Nimroud, 402.

_Bowen_, the Rev. Mr., 300, 319, 334.

_Bowls_ of bronze from Nimroud, 153.
Earthenware with Hebrew inscriptions, 415.
Date of, 417.

_Brant_, Mr., 20.

_Bread_, Arab mode of baking, 239.
Unlawful to see among Afaij, 457.

_Bricks_, painted, at Khorsabad, 110.
Nimroud, 139.
Babylonian, 141, 405.

_Bronzes_, discovery of, 151.
Analysis of, 160.
Origin of, 161.

_Buffalos_ of Arabs, 406.

_Bukra_, village of, 209.

_Bulls_, winged, transport of represented in bas-reliefs, 91, 99.
At gateway, 102.
In façade of Kouyunjik, 115.
At Arban, 228.

_Burchardt_, his account of the Bedouins, 199, _note_, 263.

_Bustard_, the, 205.
Hawking the, 386.

C.

_Calah_, ancient name of Nimroud, 294.

_Caldrons_, discovery, at Nimroud, 151.
Value of, among ancients, 152.
Represented in bas-relief, 588.

_Camanus_ mountain. _See_ Kamana.

_Camels_ of Nimroud, 36.
Abstinence from water, 215, _note_.
Represented in bas-reliefs, 476.

_Canals_ of Babylonia, 478.

_Canning_, Sir S., 17.
Protects reformed Armenians, 333.

_Captives_ in bas-reliefs, with feathers in their heads, 139.
With feathered head-dress, 192.

_Captivity_, Prince of the, 417.
The history of the Jews of the, 416.

_Carchemish_, 195, 236, 238.

_Cavalry_, Turkish irregular, 267.

_Cavern_, a natural, 255.
Artificial, at Wan, 328.

_Cedar-wood_ brought by Assyrians from Lebanon, 297, 521.
Discovered at Nimroud, 297.
Employed in palaces, 527.

_Centre Palace_, Nimroud, builder of, 497.
State of, 534.

_Chaldæans_ defeated by Sennacherib, 118.

_Chariot_, an Assyrian, 130.
Royal, 364.

_Chark_, a hawk used by Bedouins, 387.

_Charms_, Eastern, 418.

_Chellek_, village of, 48.

_Cherubim_ of Jews compared with Assyrian figures, 519.

_Chinese_ bottles discovered at Arban, 332.

_Chesney_, Col., expedition under, 381.

_Cock_, image of, on Babylonian gems, 432.

_Commerce_ of Babylon, 432.

_Coffins_ of earthenware at Arban, 234.
At Niffer, 449.
Of wood, at Babel, 408.

_Colonies_, Assyrian, 513.

_Colors_ on bricks, 139.

_Columns_ not found at Babylon, 423.
Used at Nineveh, 526.

_Cooper_, Mr., 16, 88.
Returns to England, 337.

_Copper_ used in colors, 297.

_Convent_, a Nestorian, 311.
An Armenian, 339.

_Corinthian_ capital, 194.

_Cowley_, Lord, protects the Armenians, 333.

_Ctesiphon_, ruin of, 460.
Tradition connected with, 461.

_Cuneiform_, progress in deciphering, 492.

_Cuth_, country of, 432, _note_.

_Cylinders_, of Sennacherib, 136.
Babylonian, 432.
Assyrian, 488.
Phoenician, 487.
Persian, 488.
Used as seals, 490.

_Cyprus_, Assyrian tablet found in, 499.

_Cyrus_, description of, 357.
Takes Babylon, 426.

D.

_Dagon_, represented in bas-reliefs, 284, 289.

_Dakheel_, the law of, among Bedouins, 263.

_Dam_, building up a, 385.

_Dumlamajeh_, spring of, 540.

_Darius_, cylinder of, 489.

_Deloul._ _See_ Dromedary.

_Denarii_ found at Kouyunjik, 479.

_Dereboun_, village of, 52.

_Dereh Beys_, the, 22.

_Dervish_, a Persian, 32.

_Desert_, the, described, 204, 205, 250.

_Divanubar_, name of Assyrian king, 496.

_Diz_, district of, 349.

_Dizza_, town of, 313.

_Dromedary_, the, 196, _note_, 249, 278.

_Ducks_, in marble, &c. used as weights, 486, and _note_.

_Dudjook_ tribes, 21.

_Dujail_, canal of, 465.

_Dura_, plain of, 376.

E.

_Earring_ of gold from Kouyunjik, 482.
Moulds for casting, _ib._

_Eclipse_, Eastern prejudice concerning, 444, and _note_.

_Effendi_, the, a Yezidi chief, 200.

_Egypt_, seal of king of, 134.
Bronzes of Egyptian character, 154, 156, 157.
Relics of, discovered at Kouyunjik, 482.
Conquered by Essarhaddon, 501.

_Egyptians_, mode of transport of great stones, 98.
Defeated by Sennacherib, 121.
Antiquities of, at Antioch, 295.
Weights used by, 487.

_Elam_, ancient name of, 124, 365.
Conquest of, 178, 292, 362, 473.

_Elulæus_, king of Tyre, mentioned in inscriptions, 121.

_Ekron_, name in inscriptions, 121.

_Embossing_ on bronze vessels, 153.

_Enamel_, Assyrian, 165, 297.
Babylonian, 412.

_Enoch_, book of, 418.

_Erzeroom_, roads to city of, 17, 20.

_Eski Baghdad_, ruins of, 377.

_Eski Mosul_, ruins at, 278.

_Essarhaddon_, name of, 136.
Cylinder of, 286.
Name at Nebbi Yunus, 484.
His monuments, 501.
His palace at Nimroud, 532.

_Essarhaddon's son_, his bas-reliefs, 362.
His name, 365.
His palace at Shereef-Khan, 484.
His monuments, 501.

_Eulæus_, river, 125.

_Eunuch_, represented in bas-relief, 364.

_Euphrates_, river, 27.
Represented in bas-reliefs, 359.
Banks of, deserted, 374.
Navigation of, 381.
State of, _ib._
Changes in its course at Babylon, 399.

_Evemerus_, king of Parthia, sends Babylonians to Media, 427.

_Evil Spirit_, the, represented in bas-reliefs, 289.

_Eyes_ in marble and enamel, 297.

_Ezekiel_, tomb of, 407.

_Ezra_, tomb of 407, _note_.

F.

_Façade_ of Kouyunjik palace, 115.

_Falcons._ _See_ Hawking.

_Faras_, Sheikh of the Tai, 147.

_Fawaz_, a hawk, 224.

_Fergusson_, Mr., remarks on Assyrian cornice, 110.
Restoration of Assyrian palaces, 519, 520, 523, 526.

_Ferhan_, son of Sofuk, 276.

_Ferry-boat_ at Mosul, 300.

_Fish-god._ _See_ Dagon.

_Footstool_ of bronze discovered, 166.

_Ford_, the Rev. Mr., 198.

_Fountain_, an Assyrian, 180.

_Funduk_, village of, 49.

_Futhliyah_, village and mound of, 111.

_Fynyk_, rock sculptures at, 50.

G.

_Galleys_ represented in bas-reliefs, 192.

_Gate_ of Eastern cities, 52.
Of Nineveh, 101.
Of palace, 529.
None discovered at Nimroud, 535.

_Gaza_, name of, in inscriptions, 122.

_Gazelle_, hawking the, 387.

_Ghazir_ river, the, 148, 303.

_Gherdi_, district of, 306.

_Gherara_, mound of, excavated, 383.

_Glass_ bowls, 164.
Vase of Sargon, 164.
From Babel, 409.
From Kouyunjik, 480.

_Gods_, the twelve Assyrian, 291.
Table of, 504.

_Gold_ inlaid in bronze, 165.
Laid over figures in temples, 529.

_Gomel_ river, 173.

_Greek_ art, resemblance to Assyrian, 369.
Remains at Kouyunjik, 480.

_Greyhound_, Persian, 47.

_Guagamela_, battle of, 173.

_Gula Shailu_ lake, 28.

_Guli_, village of, 23.

_Gunduk_, Assyrian bas-reliefs at, 304.

_Guzelder_, village of, 43.

H.

_Hadj_, the, or caravan to Mecca, 433.

_Hagarenes_, conquered by Sennacherib, 119.

_Hakkiari_, pashalic of, 307.

_Hall_, great, in palace of Kouyunjik, 360.

_Hamki_, village of, 40.

_Hangings_ of silk in Babylonian palace, 422.
At Nineveh, 529.

_Hanging gardens_, 194, 405.

_Harisa_, an Arab dish, 77.

_Hartushi_ Kurds, 344.

_Haroun_, mound of, 440.

_Hatem Tai_, anecdote of, 146, _note_.

_Hawking_, 223, 248.
Falcons, 277.
Training, 387.

_Hazael_, king of Syria, mentioned in inscriptions, 494.

_Hebar._ _See_ Khabour.

_Hercules_, the Assyrian, 114, 179, 482, 484.

_Herki_, tribe of, 183.

_Hermus_, river, mentioned in inscriptions, 294.

_Hezekiah_, name of, in inscriptions, 121.
Wars of Sennacherib with, 122.

_Hillah_, arrival at, 391.
Governor of, 393.
Built of Babylonian bricks, 412.

_Hincks_, the Rev. Dr., translations of inscriptions, 99, 117, 177, 291.
Discovery of name of Sennacherib, 116.
Of Nebuchadnezzar, 116, _note_.
Of syllabarium, 286.
Discoveries, 492.
On Wan inscriptions, 327, 329.
Translation of inscription of Nebuchadnezzar, 422.

_Hindiyah_ canal and marshes, 383, 401.

_Hittites_, the, name of Syrians, 120.
Tribute of, 293.
Name of, on Egyptian monuments, 505.

_Horses_, trappings of, 151.
Pedigrees of Bedouin, 184.
Bedouin, 215.
Turkish, 267.
Arab breeds, 272.
Represented in bas-reliefs, 282.
Clothed in armour, 363.

_Howar_, Sheikh of the Tai, 144, 183.

_Hymer_, the ruins of, 436.

I. J.

_Idols_ of Assyrians carried away, 179.
Taken by Assyrians, 191, 474.

_Jehesh_, tribe of, 200.

_Jehu_, name of, on obelisk, 493.

_Jelu_, mountains of, 350.
Valley of, 350.
Ancient church in, 352.
Bishop of, 352.

_Jerraiyah_, mound of, 83.

_Jews_ represented in bas-reliefs, 131, 367.
Dress of, 131.
Captives on the Hebar, 235, 359.
Families in Kurdistan, 308.
Nomades, 317.
Pilgrimage to Ezekiel's tomb, 407.
Relics of, from Babylon, 414.
Their history after the captivity, 415.
Ancient political state of, compared with Assyria, 509.

_Jiulamerik_, town of, 346.

_Illibi_, a country conquered by Sennacherib, 120.

_Impalement_, 295.

_India_, overland road to, 375.
Intercourse of Babylonians with, 429.
Dogs of, brought to Babylon, 430.

_Inclined_ way discovered, 370.

_Inclosures_ of Nimroud and Kouyunjik, 514, 534.

_Inlaying_, art of, known to Assyrians, 164.

_Inscriptions_ deciphered, 100.
Progress made in, 492.

_Jones_, Capt. Conduct towards Arabs, 455.

_Jonah_, tomb of, 482.
Excavations in mound of, 483.
His preaching, 507.

_Jovian_, retreat of, 377.

_Iron_, bronze cast over, 163.
Objects discovered in, 297, 482.

_Judi_ mountain, ark rested on, 501.
Tablet at foot of, _ib._

_Jumjuma._ _See_ Amran.

_Ivory_, objects in, discovered, 297.

K.

_Kadesia_, site of battle, 378.

_Kalah-Sherghat_, excavations at, 471.

_Kamana_, mountain of, mentioned in inscriptions, 296.

_Kara-chok_, hills of, 185.

_Karagol_, village of, 26.

_Kar-Duniyas_, a city of Chaldæa, 118, 178, 295.

_Karboul_ Sheikh, 440.

_Karnaineh_ Khan, 468.

_Karnessa ou Daoleh_ mountain, 345.

_Kasr_, the, of Rich, 411. _See_ Mujelibé.

_Kathimain_, tombs of, 379, 465.

_Keshaf_, mound of, 183.

_Khabour_ river, 52, 56.
Journey to, 195.
Arrival at, 223.
Discoveries on, 234.
Ancient condition of country on, 235.
Course of, 256.
Sources of, 259.

_Khan-i-resh_, village of, 308.

_Khan Mahmoud_, a Kurdish chief, 323, 340.

_Kharareh_, subdued by Sennacherib, 119.

_Kharkhar_, a country conquered by Sennacherib, 120.

_Khatouniyah_, lake of, 270.

_Khauser_, the river, 71, 101, 177.

_Khazana Kapousi_, tablet at Wan, 326.

_Khelath._ _See_ Akhlat.

_Kherimmi_ conquered by Sennacherib, 120.

_Khoraif_, a Bedouin, 197.

_Khorkhor_, name of gardens at Wan, 326.

_Khorsabad_, discoveries at, 109.
Builder of, 126.
Inclosure of, 449.

_Kiamil Pasha_, 71.

_Kifil_, tomb of Ezekiel, 407.

_King_, bas-relief of, at Nimroud, 290.
On bas-relief, 358.
Table of names, 502.

_Kirikor_, an Armenian monk, 338.

_Kochers_, or nomades, 184, 307.

_Kormawor_, inscription in church of, 335.

_Kosh-ab_, castle of, 317.

_Kosli_, village of, 25.

_Koukab_, volcanic hill of, 226, 255, 268.

_Kouyunjik_, discoveries at, 61, 69, 99, 118, &c.
General description of, 70.
Excavations renewed in, 85, 88.
Grand entrance discovered, 114.
Descending passage, 280.
Residence at, 301.
Extent of ruins excavated, 476.
Small objects from, 478, 481, 482.
Restoration of palace, 521, 527.
Inclosure and defences, 535.

_Kurdistan_, journey into, 305.
Dialects of, 309.
Chiefs of, 391.

_Kurds_, chief of, 49, 309.
Character of, 307.
Fanaticism, 310.

L.

_Lachish_, siege of, represented, 128.
Name of, on bas-reliefs, 130, 131, _note_.

_Lak_, mounds of, 109.

_Lead_ found in ruins, 297.

_Lebanon_, cedar wood from, 101, 297.
Conquered by Sardanapalus, 299.

_Ledjmiyat_, encampment at, 248.

_Lens_ of rock crystal, 164.

_Levers_ used by Assyrians, 98.

_Limestone_ in palace of Kouyunjik, 368.

_Lions_ brought as tribute, 115.
Statue of at Arban, 231.
Found on the Khabour, 245.
Colossal statues, at Nimroud, 298.
Tame, at Hillah, 393.
Found in marshes of Babylonia, 456.
Mode of capturing, 456.
Bronze weights, 486, and _note_.

_Lions_ (_winged_), removal of, 137, 167.
Sent to Baghdad, 170.
Colossal, discovered at Nimroud, 288.

_Lion_ (_headed_) figure, 370.

_Locusts_ represented in bas-reliefs, 281.

_Loftus_, Mr., discoveries at Wurka, 437.

M.

_Mahmoudiyah_ valley and town of, 316.

_Maidan_ Arabs, 456.

_Makhoul_ hills, 468.

_Makloub_ hills, 302.

_Malan_, Rev. Mr., 300.

_Mar Shamoun_, 352.

_Mansouriyah_, village of, 51.

_Median Wall_, 378, 467.

_Marduk_, a god of the Babylonians, 422.

_Mecca_, return of caravan from, 433.

_Marshes_ represented in bas-reliefs, 475.
Of the Afaij, 443.
Of Southern Mesopotamia, 455.

_Mar Shamoun_, 346.

_Mediterranean_ Sea mentioned in inscriptions, 296.

_Meher_-Kapousi, inscription of, 327.

_Mehemet_, Pasha of Wan, 320.

_Melek Beniamen_, 350.

_Melek Taous_ of Yezidis, 46.

_Menahem_, discovery of name, 497.

_Merodach Baladin_, his name in inscriptions, 117, 124, 178.
War against, described by Eusebius, 500.

_Meroe._ _See_ Æthiopia.

_Mesopotamia_, ancient state of, 204, 296, 513.
Journey into Southern, 437.
Present state of, 454.

_Metallurgy_ of Assyrians, 161.

_Mirage_, remarkable effect of, 461.

_Mijwell_, a Bedouin chief, 253.

_Mirkan_, village of, 208.

_Milli_ Kurds, 257, 8.

_Minuas_, name of Armenian king, 327, 336.

_Mirza_ Agha, a Yezidi chief, 44.

_Mohammed Emin_, Sheikh, 196, 227.
His tents, 223, 237, 276.

_Mokhamour_, ruins of, 185.

_Monoliths_ at Nimroud, 291, 298.

_Moses of Chorene_, description of Wan, 322.

_Mosul_, arrival at, 54.

_Motassem Billah_, palace of, at Samarrah, 377.

_Mousa Bey_, a Kurdish chief, 309.

_Moulds_ for earrings discovered, 482.

_Mound_, building represented, 96.

_Moxoene._ _See_ Mukus.

_Montefik_ Arabs, 454.

_Mujelibé_, mound of, 390.
Discoveries in, 411.
Painted walls and basalt lion, 412.
Tree on, 413.

_Mukus_, pass into, 341.
District of, _ib._

_Musseiyib_, village of, 385.

N.

_Nabathæans_, conquered by Sennacherib, 119.

_Naghit_, cities of, 124.

_Nahiri._ _See_ Mesopotamia.

_Naharwan_, canal, 377.

_Nahr-el-Kelb_, tablets of Sennacherib at, 176.

_Nahum_, tomb of, 483, _note_.

_Narek_, village and church of, 340.

_Namet Agha_, chief of Zibari, 306.

_Names_, Assyrian royal, 125.

_Nasr_, Sheikh, 75.

_Navkur_, plain of, 305.

_Nazi_, a Yezidi chief, 47.

_Nazik_, lake of, 28.

_Nebbi Unus._ _See_ Jonah.

_Nebuchadnezzar_, name of, 116, _note_.
His golden image at Dura, 376.
Bricks and stones bearing his name, 402, 410.
Rebuilt Babylon, 425.
Tablet of, 424.

_Nedjd_, road to, 279.
Present state of, 434.

_Negoub_, tablet from tunnel of, 497.

_Nergal_, an idol, 432.

_Nerib_, a city taken by Assyrians, 293.

_Nestorian_ villages near Akra, 304.
Families in Gherdi, 309.
Bishop of Shemisden, 311.
Patriarch, 346.
Turkish oppression, 348.
A bishop, 352.
A church, _ib._

_Nimroud_, return to, 85.
Discoveries at, 104.
Flood at, 287.
Small temples at, 288, 297.
Account of building of north-west palace in inscriptions, 293.
Restoration of platform, 530.

_Niebuhr_, remarks on Greek art, 369.

_Niffer_, first view of, 442.
Description of, 442.
Excavations at, 443.
Coffins discovered, 450.

_Nimroud Dagh_ mountains, 36.

_Nineveh_, Roman coins of, 479.
Its founder, according to Rawlinson, 495.
Name of, on Egyptian monuments, 505.
Extent of, 513, 515.
Described by old English travellers, 539.

_Ninos_, castle of, on site of Nineveh, 478.

_Noah_, a temple to, 485, _note_.

_Nur Ullah Bey_, murderer of Schulz, 314.

_Nuvaki_, ancient name of Susiana or Elam, 292, 365.

O.

_Oannes._ _See_ Dagon.

_Obelisk_, from Nimroud, by whom raised, 493.
Name of Jehu on, _ib._

_Omri_, name of, on inscriptions, 493.

_Ooroomiyah_, American schools at, 334.

_Ormuzd_, form of, 490.

_Orontes_, river mentioned in inscriptions, 295.

_Oxus_ river, supposed to be mentioned in inscriptions, 498.

P.

_Palace_, at Nimroud built, 293.
Of Nebuchadnezzar, 422.
Assyrian mode of lighting, 524.
More than one story, 527.
Internal decorations, 528.

_Parasang_, its length, 55.

_Patriarch_, of Akhtamar, 338.
Bodies of Chaldæan patriarchs discovered, 233.

_Pearls_ brought to Babylon, 430.

_Pedestals_ discovered at Kouyunjik, 477.

_Persia_, frontiers of, 314.
Costume of ancient kings of, 358, 363.
A prince of, 384.
Conquest of Babylon, 426.
Relics of, at Kouyunjik, 485.

_Persian_ Gulf navigated by Babylonians, 429.
Cylinders, 489.
Houses compared with Assyrian, 525.

_Phoenician_ seals, 138.
Letters on bronze, 159.
Workers in metal, 161.
Coast conquered by Assyrians, 192.
Tribute to Assyrian king, 295.
Trade with Babylon, 430.
Cylinders, 489.

_Pine-apple_ in bas-reliefs, 281.

_Plaster_ on walls of palaces, 421, 530.

_Plough_, Armenian, 314.

_Poetry_ of Bedouins, 266.

_Poole_, Mr. Stuart, note on denarii, 479.

_Pottery_ from Babylon, 409.
From Kouyunjik, 480.

_Priest_, Assyrian, sacrificing, 191.

_Protestant_ religion, extension of, in Turkey, 331.

_Propylæum_ at Khorsabad, 109.

_Pul_, monuments of, 498.

_Pyramid_ at Nimroud, excavations in, 104.

Q.

_Quarries_ of alabaster, 112.

_Quintus Curtius_, description of Persian king, 358.

R.

_Rafts_ of skins, 194, 373.

_Rassam_, Mr. Hormuzd, 88.

_Rathaiyah_, the wife of Suttum, 219.

_Rawlinson_, Col., 87.
Sculptures purchased by, 110.
Discovery of annals of Sennacherib, 117;
of name of father of Sargon, 291.
Theory as to Babylon, 407.
Discoveries, 492, _etc._

_Records_, chamber of, 286.
Of early Nimroud king, 298.
Nature of Assyrian, 511.

_Rediff_, meaning of term, 236.

_Redwan_, town of, 44.

_Reshid_ Pasha, 20.

_Rich_, Mr., description of Babylon, 396, _note_.
Sketch of the Birs Nimroud, 404.
Discoveries at Babel, 408.

_Rishwan_, an Arab Sheikh, 214.

_Roads_, Turkish, 18.
Babylonian, 429.

_Roman_ relics discovered at Kouyunjik, 479.

_Ross_, Dr., 380.

S.

_Sabaco_, seal of, 134.

_Sabæan_ letters and dialect on Babylonian bowls, 417.

_Sahiman_, brother of Suttum, 215, 464.

_Saladin_, birthplace of, 374.

_Samarrah_, town of, 377.

_Samaria_, name in inscriptions, 498.

_Sand hills_, moving, 439.

_Sandwith_, Dr., 16, 337.

_Sardanapalus_, or Ashurakhbal, his tomb, 106.
Name read by Col. Rawlinson, 291.
His records, 290.
Builds a city on the Euphrates, 294.
Campaigns of, 294.
Small statue of, 299.
His records, 492, 494.

_Sargon_, name of, 127, and _note_.
Name on glass vase, 164.
His cotemporary at Wan, 329.
Monuments of, 498.

_Sassanian_ ruins, 377.

_Saulcy_, M. de, investigations of, 492.

_Saw_ of iron from Nimroud, 163.

_Scarabs_ on bronzes, 164.
Egyptian, discovered at Arban, 233.
At Nineveh, 482.

_Sceptre_ of ivory found at Nimroud, 164.

_Schools_, Armenian, at Wan, 331.
In Turkey, 332.

_Schulz_ murdered, 314.
His account of Wan, 322.

_Seals_, Assyrian, discovered, 132.
Phoenician and Egyptian, 132.
Of king of Egypt, 134.
Importance of, in East, 490, _note_.

_Seleucia_, ruins of, 461.

_Seleucus_ founded Seleucia, 427.

_Seleucidæ_, remains of period of, at Kouyunjik, 480.

_Semiramis_ founded Wan, 321.

_Sennacherib_ superintending transport of colossi, 95.
His annals discovered, 117.
Name of, 126.
His Signet, 135.
His sculptures at Bavian, 173.
His buildings at Shomamok, 186.
Name at Shereef-Khan, 484.
Date of accession, 494.
His monuments, 528.

_Sert_, river of, 38.

_Seven_ Sleepers, the cave of, 173.

_Shabbak_, sect of, 181.

_Shahan_ Bey, 22.

_Shaheen_, a falcon, 386.

_Shammar_, Gebel, present state of, 434.

_Shalmaneser_, name of, 127, and _note_.
Name on Monuments, 499.

_Shat-el-Arab._ _See_ Euphrates.

_Shell_, engraved, from Wurka, 453.

_Shedadi_, mound of, 247.

_Sheikh_-Adi, 72.
Ceremonies at, 74.

_Sheikh_ Tahar, 310.

_Shepherds' Gate_, tradition of, at Wan, 327.

_Shereef-Khan_, excavations at, 484.

_Sharutinian_, the, 295.
The Shairetana of the Egyptians, _ib._ _note_.

_Shomamok_, plain of, 146.
Excavations in, 186.
The Kasr, 187.
The Gla, 188.

_Shushan_, city of, represented, 366.
Name of, in inscriptions, 367.

_Sidon_, name of, in inscriptions, 120, 296.
Mariners of, employed by Sennacherib, 124.
Workers in metal of, 161.

_Singara_, coin of, 207.
_See_ Sinjar.

_Suidones_, 431.

_Sinjar_, the, 205, 207, 269.

_Skins_ used for rafts, and to cross rivers, 373.

_Snake-charmer_, a, 212.

_Sockets_ of gates of palace, 137.

_Solomon_, bronze vessels of, 161.
Jewish kingdom under, 510.
His buildings compared with Assyrian, 517.
Form of his house, 518.

_Statue_, an entire, discovered, 299.

_Steamer_, English, on Tigris, 381.

_Stewart_, Mr., Babylonian bowls from his collection, 414.

_Storms_, 201, 245, 301.

_Studs_, in mother of pearl and ivory, 151.

_Subhan_ mountain, 316.

_Suleiman_ Agha, visit to, 252, 257.

_Summer_, in Assyria, 301.

_Summaichah_, village of, 465.

_Susiana_, conquest of, 124.
Rivers of, 365.
_See_ Elam.

_Susubira_, king of Chaldæa, 124, 475.

_Suttum_, a Bedouin Sheikh, 196, 198, 202.
His mare, 213.
His encampment, 215.
Rathaiyah, his wife, 219.
Adla, his wife, 244.
His hawk, 249.
His honesty, 470.
His death, _ib._ _note_.

_Syria_, conquered by Sennacherib, 120.

_Syriac_ characters on Babylonian bowl, 415.

T.

_Tablets_, set up by Sennacherib, 120.
At Bavian, 174.
At Nahr-el-Kelb, 176, _note_.
Of Assyrian Kings, 290.
At Wan, 322.
From Wurka, 453.

_Tai_, tribe of, attack on Nimroud, 142.
Visit to, 144.

_Talent_, the Babylonian, 486, and _note_.

_Talmud_, the, 416.

_Tekrit_, town of, 378, 468.

_Tel Ermah_, mound, 202.

_Tel Kef_, village of, 54.

_Temple_ of Jerusalem, compared with Assyrian palaces, 518.

_Tent_, an Arab, 144, 216.

_Thief_, a Bedouin, 246.
Tracing, 269.

_Throne_, a, 128.
Discovery of, 165.

_Tiglath Pileser_, monuments of, 498.
His annals said to be discovered, 498.

_Tigris_, the river, 47, 200.
Changes in course of, 71, _note_.
Sources of Eastern branch, 344.
Head waters of, 344.
Description of banks of, 374.
Navigation of, 378.

_Timour Mirza_, 384.

_Tin_, mixed with bronze, 160.

_Tkhoma_, district of, 354.

_Tokkari_, conquered by Sennacherib, 124, 193.

_Tombs_, in the rock, 31.
At Bavian, 175.
Mussulman, 967.
At Wan, 322, 325.
At Kouyunjik, 480.

_Tortures_, represented, 367.

_Tower_ at Nimroud discovered, 104.
Tomb in, 106.

_Treasure_ chamber discovered, 150.

_Trebizond_, 19.

_Tripod_, stands of bronze, 151.

_Trumpet_ speaking in bas-reliefs, 94.

_Tulip_, an Assyrian ornament, 155.

_Turkey_, reforms in, 22.
State of frontiers, 317.

_Turks_, destructive policy of, 145, 374, 381, 454.

_Turtle_, a, taken in the Khabour, 245.

_Tyre_, mariners of, employed by Sennacherib, 124.
Name of, in inscriptions, 296.

U. V.

_Vault_ at Nimroud, 138.

_Venus_, the Assyrian, images of, 388.

_Verhan-Shehr_, 260.

_Umjerjeh_, encampment at, 260.

_Volcano._ _See_ Koukab.

W.

_Wali_ Bey, a Turcoman chief, 147.

_Walls_ represented, 193.
Of Kouyunjik, 539.

_Walpole_, Hon. F., 300.

_Wan_, first view of, 29, 316.
Jewish families taken there by Tigranes, 316.
Arrival at, 319.
History of, 322.
Inscriptions at, 325.
List of kings from monuments of, 327.
Language of inscriptions of, 329.

_Weights_, Assyrian, discovered at Nimroud, 486.

_Well_, a, at Kouyunjik, 66.
At Nimroud, 150.

_Wine-strainer_ of bronze, 152.

_Women_, Arab, their dress, 217.
Of the Milli tribe, 260.
Singing, represented in bas-reliefs, 367.

_Wothaiyah_, 435.

_Wurka_, coffins discovered at, 451.

X.

_Xenophon_, retreat of the Ten Thousand, remarks on, 47, 50, 55, _note_,
188.
Description of Cyrus, 357.

_Xerxes_, inscription of, at Wan, 329.
Destroyed the temples of Babylon, 420.

Y.

_Yavan_, the Greek islands, 120.
Mariners of, employed by Sennacherib, 124.

_Yedi Klissia_, convent of, 335.
Cuneiform inscriptions at, 336.

_Yusuf Cawal_, 17, 40, 171.

_Yezidis_, state of, 17.
Reception by, 40, 42.
Bronze bird of, 46.
A meeting with, 53.
Sacred ceremonies of, 74.
A book of the, 80.
Customs of, 81.
A marriage, 171.
Of the Sinjar, 208.
Their houses, 209.
Their dress, 210.
On Persian frontiers, 317.

Z.

_Zab_ river, 146, 183, 209, 345.

_Zerga_, plain of, 200.

_Zibari_ Kurds, 307.
Chiefs of, 308.

_Zibbliyah_, ruin of, 459.

_Zidkaha_, king of Sidon, 121.

_Zobeide_, tomb of, 379.
Tribe of, 390.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The most unobservant and hasty traveller in Turkey would soon become acquainted with this fact, could he read the modest and pious inscription, carved in relief on a small marble tablet of the purest white, adorning almost every half-ruined fountain at which he stops to refresh himself by the wayside.

[2] Anabasis, lib. iv. c. 5.

[3] The small building which sometimes covers a Mohammedan tomb is so called.

[4] Shah Armen, _i. e._, King of Armenia, was a title assumed by a dynasty, reigning at Akhlat, founded by Sokman Kothby, a slave of the Seljuk Prince, Kothbedin Ismail, who established an independent principality at Akhlat in A. D. 1100, which lasted eighty years.

[5] The lowest order of the Yezidi priesthood.

[6] A large drum beaten at both ends, and a kind of oboe or pipe.

[7] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 245.

[8] Anab. book iv. c. 3.

[9] It was at the foot of this steep descent that Xenophon was compelled to turn off, as caravans still are, from the river, and to brave the difficulties of a mountain pass, defended by the warlike Carduchi or Kurds.

[10] The custom of assembling and transacting business in the gate is continually referred to in the Bible. See 2 Sam. xix. 8., where king David is represented as sitting in the gate; comp. 2 Chron. xviii. 9., and Dan. ii. 49. The gates of Jewish houses were probably similar to that described in the text. Such entrances are also found in Persia. Frequently in the gates of cities, as at Mosul, these recesses are used as shops for the sale of wheat and barley, bread and grocery. Elisha prophesies that a measure of fine flour shall be sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, _in the gate_ of Samaria. 2 Kings, vii. 1. and 18.

[11] Mr. Ainsworth would take the Greeks up to the modern ferry, where there could never have been a ford, and which would have been some miles out of their route. (Travels in the Track of the Ten Thousand.)

[12] In Chapter X. will be found some farther remarks on this subject.

[13] He probably took the more difficult road over the pass, and not that round the spur, in order to cross the Khabour by a bridge or ferry. It must be remembered that it was winter, and that the rivers were consequently swollen.

[14] This halt, after so short a day's march, may have been occasioned by the Hazel. The distance corresponds with sufficient accuracy.

[15] It is a matter of surprise that Cyrus should have chosen the very middle of summer for his expedition into Babylonia, and still more wonderful that the Greeks, unused to the intense heats of Mesopotamia, and encumbered with their heavy arms and armour, should have been able to brave the climate. No Turkish or Persian commander would in these days venture to undertake a campaign against the Arabs in this season of the year; for, besides the heat, the want of water would be almost an insurmountable obstacle. During their retreat, the Greeks had to encounter all the rigor of an Armenian winter; so that, during the few months they were under arms, they went through the most trying extremes of climate. The expedition of Alexander was also undertaken in the middle of summer. It must, however, be borne in mind, that Mesopotamia was probably then thickly peopled and well cultivated, and that canals and wells of water must have abounded.

[16] Had he seen this large inland sea, he would probably have mentioned it.

[17] In no way, however, would a _direct_ line of march between these two rivers, nor between any other two rivers which can possibly answer to his description, tally with the distances given by Xenophon.

[18] See Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 112.

[19] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 107.

[20] The long lines of variously armed troops, described in my former work (vol. ii. p. 107), as covering several slabs from top to bottom, form the army of the king marching to this campaign.

[21] It is still the custom in Persia, and was so until lately in Turkey, for soldiers to bring the heads of the slain to their officers after a battle, and to claim a small pecuniary reward.

[22] For an account of these mounds represented in the Assyrian sculptures, and the manner in which they illustrate various passages in Scripture see my Nineveh and its Remains, vol ii. p. 281 and _note_.

[23] Such is the costume of the women in ships in a bas-relief discovered during my former researches (see Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 116), and which, I have conjectured, may represent the capture of Tyre and Sidon.

[24] See Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 131, for a description of the discoveries previously made in this mound.

[25] "The little sheep." Kouyunjik is, however, generally known to the Arabs by the name of Armousheeyah.

[26] The river Tigris flows in this part of its course, and until it reaches Saimarrah, on the confines of Babylonia, through a valley varying from one to two miles in width, bounded on both sides by low limestone and conglomerate hills. Its bed has been undergoing a continual and regular change. When it reaches the hills on one side, it is thrown back by this barrier, and creeps gradually to the opposite side, leaving a rich alluvial soil quickly covered with jungle. This process it has been repeating, backwards and forwards, for countless ages, and will continue to repeat as long as it drains the great highlands of Armenia. At Nimroud it is now gradually returning to the base of the mound, which it deserted some three thousand years ago; but centuries must elapse before it can work its way that far.

[27] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. ch. ix.

[28] A mixture of bruised wheat, chopped meat, milk and curds, boiled into a thick pulpy mass, over which melted butter is poured. It is a favorite dish in Syria and Mesopotamia, and is cooked by families on great festivals, or on certain days of the year, in consequence of vows made during sickness or in travel.

[29] For a translation of this singular poem, see the larger work, of which the present volume is an abridgment.

[30] This reminds me of the Bedouins, who, when they come into a town in a party, send one of their number to the mosque to pray for his companions as well as himself.

[31] At Mosul, a bullock, very small certainly when compared with our high-fed cattle, is sold for forty or fifty piastres, 8_s._ or 10_s._; a fat sheep for about 4_s._; a lamb for 2_s._ or 2_s._ 6_d._ Other articles of food are proportionably cheap. The camel-load of barley was selling at my departure for ten or twelve piastres (2_s._ or 2_s._ 6_d._). A common horse is worth from 3_l._ to 5_l._; a donkey about 10_s._; a camel about the same as a horse.

[32] See p. 64.

[33] It will be borne in mind that it was necessary to carry tunnels round the chambers, and along the walls, leaving the centre buried in earth and rubbish, a very laborious and tedious operation with no more means at command than those afforded by the country.

[34] All these entrances were formed in the same way as that in the south-eastern side, described p. 66., namely, by a pair of human-headed bulls, flanked on each side by a winged giant, and two smaller figures one above the other.

[35] P. 67.

[36] P. 66. I assume the building to be due north and south, although it is not so. It faces nearly north-east and south-west.

[37] In my former work I had stated that _all_ the Assyrian sculptures were carved in their places against the walls of the building.

[38] I have described the mode of irrigation now generally employed by the Mesopotamian Arabs, in my "Nineveh and its Remains," vol. ii. p. 321.

[39] It may be remarked, that precisely the same framework was used for moving the great sculptures in the British Museum.

[40] See woodcut, p. 92.

[41] Although in these bas-reliefs, as in other Assyrian sculptures, no regard is paid to perspective, the proportions are very well kept.

[42] 1 Kings, vi. 23. I shall hereafter compare the edifices built by Solomon with the Assyrian palaces, and point out the remarkable illustrations of the Jewish temple afforded by the latter.

[43] A peculiar deity is mentioned who probably presided over the earth, but his name is as yet unknown; it is here denoted by a monogram.

[44] Nahum, iii. 13.

[45] Anab. lib. iii. c. 4.

[46] Col. Rawlinson remarks in his memoir on the "Outlines of Assyrian History" (published by the Royal Asiatic Society in 1842), that "the great pyramid at Nimroud was erected by the son of the builder of the north-west palace;" and as the Greeks name that monument the tomb of Sardanapalus, he believes that "a shaft sunk in the centre of the mound, and carried down to the foundations, would lay bare the original sepulchre. The difficulties (he adds) of such an operation have hitherto prevented its execution, but the idea is not altogether abandoned." He appears thus, curiously enough, to be ignorant of the excavations in that ruin described in the text, although he had just visited Nimroud. The only likely place not yet examined would be _beneath_ the very foundations.

[47] Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis restored, p. 223.

[48] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii.--plan of Kouyunjik.

[49] I had also shown the probability that the palace of Khorsabad owed its erection to a monarch of this dynasty, in a series of letters published in the Malta Times, as far back as 1843.

[50] Vol. xxii. p. 34. I take this opportunity of attributing to their proper source the discoveries of the names of Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon, inadvertently assigned to others in my "Nineveh and its Remains." We owe these, with many others of scarcely less importance, to the ingenuity and learning of Dr. Hincks. (Literary Gazette, June 27, 1846.)

[51] Isaiah, xxxix. 1, and 2 Kings, xx. 12, where the name is written Berodach.

[52] Col. Rawlinson reads Bel-adon. This Belib is the Belibus of Ptolemy's Canon. The mention of his name led Dr. Hincks to determine the accession of Sennacherib to be in 703 B. C.

[53] Col. Rawlinson gives 11,180 head of cattle, 5230 camels, 1,020,100 sheep, and 800,300 goats. He has also pointed out that both Abydenus and Polyhistor mention this campaign against Babylon.

[54] Joseph. 1. ix. c. 14., and see Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 306, where I had long before the deciphering of the inscriptions endeavoured to point out the representation of this event, in some bas-reliefs at Kouyunjik.

[55] Isaiah, xxxvii. 2 Kings, xix. 9.

[56] 2 Kings, xviii. 13.; and compare Isaiah, xxxvi. 1.

[57] "And the king of Assyria appointed unto Hezekiah, king of Judah, 300 talents of silver and 30 talents of gold." (2 Kings, xviii. 14.)

[58] Shalmaneser, who made war against Hosea, and who is generally supposed to have carried away the ten tribes from Samaria, although the sacred historian does not distinctly say so (2 Kings, xvii.), is identified by general consent with Sargon, who sent his general against Ashdod (Isaiah, xx.).

[59] Chap. VIII.

[60] Xenophon Cyrop. lvii. c. 3. Quintus Curtius, liii. c. 3.

[61] Botta's Monumens de Ninive, Plate 146.

[62] 2 Kings, xviii. 14. Isaiah xxxvi. 2. From 2 Kings, xix. 8., and Isaiah, xxxvii. 8., we may infer that the city soon yielded.

[63] Isaiah, iii. 18--24. &c. (See translation by the Rev. J. Jones.) This description of the various articles of dress worn by the Jewish women is exceedingly interesting. Most of the ornaments enumerated, probably indeed the whole of them, if we were acquainted with the exact meaning of the Hebrew words, are still to be traced in the costumes of Eastern women inhabiting the same country. Many appear to be mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions amongst objects of tribute and of spoil brought to the king. See also Ezekiel xvi. 10--14. for an account of the dress of the Jewish women.

[64] M. Botta also found, at Khorsabad, the ashes of string in lumps of clay impressed with a seal, without being aware of their origin.

[65] The impressions of the signets of the Egyptian and Assyrian kings, besides a large collection of seals found in Kouyunjik, are now in the British Museum.

[66] The sockets, which are now in the British Museum, weigh 6 lb. 3-3/4 oz.; the diameter of the ring is about five inches. The hinges and frames of the brass gates at Babylon were also of brass (Herod. i. 178).

[67] "Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh." (Gen. x. 11.)

[68] On Egyptian monuments captives are portrayed with similar feathers attached to their heads; but they appear to be of a negro race, whilst those on the Nimroud bricks bear no traces of negro color or physiognomy. (Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians, vol. 1. plate, p. 385.)

[69] That is, as will be hereafter shown, to Pul, or Tiglath Pileser.

[70] The canvass of such tents is divided into strips, which, packed separately on the camels during a march, are easily united again by coarse thread, or by small wooden pins.

[71] The reader may remember a well-known anecdote of this celebrated Sheikh, still current in the desert. He was the owner of a matchless mare whose fame had even reached the Greek Emperor. Ambassadors were sent from Constantinople to ask the animal of the chief, and to offer any amount of gold in return. When they announced, after dining, the object of their embassy, it was found, that the tribe suffering from a grievous famine, and having nothing to offer to their guests, the generous Hatem had slain his own priceless mare to entertain them.

[72] It was parallel to, and to the south of, the chamber marked A A, in the plan of the north-west palace. (Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. Plan III.)

[73] Few wells in the plains bordering on the Tigris yield sweet water.

[74] The caldrons contained about eighty bells. The largest are 3-1/4 inches high, and 2-1/4 inches in diameter, the smallest 1-3/4 inch high, and 1-1/4 inch in diameter. With the rest of the relics they are now in the British Museum.

[75] 2 Chron. iv. 2. The dimensions, however, of this vessel were far greater. It is singular that in some of the bas-reliefs large metal caldrons supported on brazen oxen are represented.

[76] They were dedicated to the gods in temples. Coloeus dedicated a large vessel of brass, _adorned with griffins_, to Heré. Herod. iv. 152.

[77] The Egyptian goddess Athor is represented with similar ears and hair.

[78] 1 Kings, vii. 13, 14. 2 Chron. iv.

[79] 2 Kings, xxiv. 14, 16. Jeremiah xxiv. 1.; xxix. 2.

[80] In ancient history, embossed or inlaid goblets are continually mentioned amongst the offerings to celebrated shrines. Gyges dedicated goblets, Alyattes, a silver cup, and _an inlaid iron saucer_ (the art of inlaying having been invented, according to Herodotus, by Glaucus), and Croesus similar vessels, in the temple of Delphi. (Herod. i. 14. and 25. Pausanias, l, x.) They were also given as acceptable presents to kings and distinguished men, as we see in 2 Sam. viii. 10. and 3 Chron. ix. 23, 24. The Lacedæmonians prepared for Croesus a brazen _vessel ornamented with forms of animals round the rim_ (Herod. i. 70.), like some of the bowls described in the text. The embossings on the Nimroud bronzes may furnish us with a very just idea of the figures and ornaments of the celebrated shield of Achilles, which were probably much the same in treatment and execution.

[81] Such may have been "the bosses of the bucklers" mentioned in Job, xv. 26.

[82] 1 Kings, x. 16, 17.; xiv. 25, 26.

[83] Jer. li. 11. Ezek. xxi. 21., and compare Isaiah, xlix. 2., where a polished _shaft_ is mentioned.

[84] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 319.

[85] Ezek. xxvii. 15. Ivory was amongst the objects brought to Solomon by the navy of Tharshish (1 Kings x. 22).

[86] The height of the glass vase is 3-1/4 inches; of the alabaster, 7 inches.

[87] See p. 129.

[88] 1 Kings, x. 18. This is a highly interesting illustration of the work in Solomon's palaces. The earliest use of metal amongst the Greeks appears also to have been as a casing to wooden objects.

[89] Herod, i. 14.

[90] Both sculptures have, however, been completely restored in the British Museum.

[91] No tradition is more generally current in the East than the well known story of the Seven Sleepers and their Dog. There is scarcely a district without the original cave in which the youths were concealed during their miraculous slumber.

[92] They were first visited by the late M. Rouet, French consul at Mosul. In my Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 114 note, will be found a short description of the sculptures by my friend Mr. Ross. These are the rock-tablets which have been recently described in the French papers, as a new discovery by M. Place, and as containing a series of portraits of the Assyrian kings!

[93] These tombs are not of the Assyrian epoch. The Jews, as well as other nations of antiquity, were, however, accustomed to make such rock-chambers for their dead, as we learn from Isaiah, xxii. 16. "What hast thou here? and whom hast thou here, that thou hast hewed thee out a sepulchre here, as _he that heweth him out a sepulchre on high_, and that graveth an habitation for himself in a rock?"

[94] I examined the remarkable tablets at the Nahr-el-Kelb, on my return to Europe in 1851. They were sculptured, as I stated in my first work, by Sennacherib, the king of the Bavian monuments.

[95] See p. 117.

[96] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. chap. 12.

[97] The names of the principal are Tel-el-Barour, Abbas, Kadreeyah, Abd-ul-Azeez, Baghurtha, Elias Tuppeh, Tarkheena, and Doghan.

[98] Anab. b. ii. c. 4.

[99] See p. 56.

[100] Isaiah, xxxvi. 18, 19.

[101] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. ii. p. 104.

[102] See p. 124.

[103] 2 Kings, xviii. 11. Ezek. i. 2.

[104] 2 Chron. xxxv. 20.

[105] I use the word "dromedary" for a swift riding camel, the _Deloul_ of the Arabs, and _Hejin_ of the Turks: it is so applied generally, although incorrectly, by Europeans in the East.

[106] Burckhardt, the English traveller best acquainted with the Bedouin character, and admirably correct in describing it, makes the following remarks: "With all their faults, the Bedouins are one of the noblest nations with which I ever had an opportunity of becoming acquainted.... The sociable character of a Bedouin, when there is no question of profit or interest, may be described as truly amiable. His cheerfulness, wit, softness of temper, good nature and sagacity, which enable him to make shrewd remarks on all subjects, render him a pleasing, and often a valuable companion. His equality of temper is never ruffled by fatigue or suffering." (Notes on the Bedouins, pp. 203, 208.) Unfortunately, since Burckhardt's time, closer intercourse with the Turks and with Europeans, has much tended to destroy many good features in the Arab character.

[107] See p. 187.

[108] The following are the names of the principal mounds seen during this day's march: Ermah, Shibbit, Duroge, Addiyah, Abou-Kubbah, and Kharala, each name being preceded by the Arabic word Tel, _i. e._ mound. They are laid down in the map accompanying this volume, their positions having been fixed by careful bearings, and in some instances by the sextant.

[109] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 258.

[110] Nineveh and its Remains, vol. i. p. 259.

[111] The traveller who has looked down from Mardin, for the first time, upon the plains of Mesopotamia, can never forget the impression which that singular scene must have made upon him. The view from the Sinjar hill is far more beautiful and varied.

[112] In the spring months, when the pastures are good, the sheep and camels of the Bedouins require but little water, and the tents are seldom pitched near a well or stream; frequently as much as half a day's journey distant. Suttum assured me that at this time of the year the camels need not be watered for two months, such is the richness of the grass of the Desert.

[113] It is an error to suppose that the Bedouins never ride horses; for several reasons, however, they seldom do so.

[114] It is considered exceedingly inhospitable amongst the Shammar to place a hot dish before guests, as they are obliged to eat quickly out of consideration for others, who are awaiting their turn, which they cannot do, unless the mess be cool, without burning their mouths, or wasting half their time picking out the colder bits. On one occasion, Ferhan, the great chief of the Shammar, and a large number of horsemen having alighted at my tent, I prepared a dinner for them. The Sheikh was afterwards heard to say that the Bey's feast was sumptuous, but that he had not treated his guests with proper hospitality, as the dishes were so hot nobody could eat his fill.

[115] These are "the rings and nose jewels," which Isaiah (iii. 21.) describes as worn by the Jewish women. It is curious that no representation of them has hitherto been found in the Assyrian sculptures. I take this opportunity of mentioning, that I saw a finger-ring sculptured on a fragment at Khorsabad.

[116] As this was known to be a mere matter of form with me, as I made it a rule never to accept presents of this kind, Suttum might have offered me his bay colt, the most valuable horse amongst the Shammar, to increase the display of hospitality. The reason he did not was this, that although he knew I would have returned the horse, I might have expressed a wish to buy it, and have offered a price. An offer of this kind would have at once injured the value of the animal in the eyes of the Bedouins, and its owner might have been ultimately compelled to sell it. On one occasion, when I was amongst the Shammar, at Al Hather, an Arab rode into my encampment on a beautiful grey colt. I was so much struck with the animal, that I at once expressed a wish to its rider to purchase it. He merely intimated that the sum I named was beneath the value. I increased it, but he only shook his head, and rode off. Nevertheless, the report spread amongst the tribes that he had bargained for the sale of his horse. Although of the best blood, the animal was looked upon with suspicion by the Bedouins, and the owner was, some months after, obliged to sell him at a lower price than I had bid, to a horse-dealer of Mosul! A knowledge of such little prejudices and customs is very necessary in dealing with the Arabs of the Desert, who are extremely sensitive, and easily offended.