Chapter III: Part 3

This is a lively and active ladies’ pet dog. The skull is small, slightly domed, and muzzle rather snipy. The eyes are round, dark colored, set low in the head, and convey a lively expression. The ears are set high on the head, carried erect like the wings of a butterfly, from which feature he is often styled the Butterfly Spaniel. The back is straight and not too short or cobby. The tail is carried like that of the squirrel and is long and heavily feathered, which again accounts for him sometimes being called the Squirrel Spaniel. His coat should be long and silky, abundant on the body and tail and ears, but short on the mask.

WIRE-HAIRED DUTCH TERRIER

Color: Red, yellow-brown, dirty yellow with moustaches, beard and eye lashes often black.

Height: 17 in.

Weight: 27 lbs.

This is a rather commonly built dog, lively and intelligent; is a good ratter and is a stable dog rather than a ladies’ pet. The head is rather round and short, with stop well defined and the skull well covered with a short and hard coat. The eyes are rather large and round, dark brown in color, with an intelligent and lively expression. The ears are set on high, carried erect, and cropped to points, covered with coat shorter and softer than on the body. The tail is always docked, carried gaily and should be well coated but without feathering. The coat is hard, wiry and rough, never curly, wavy or woolly.

DUTCH SHEEPDOG

Color: Immaterial, but no pie colors allowed.

Height: 21 in.

Weight: 52 lbs.

A strong, well-built dog, very active and intelligent. The head is rather long and narrow, with flat skull, no stop, ears erect and of medium size, pointed at the tip and set on high. The neck is muscular and clean. Chest deep but not too broad, back strong, and on the short side. The tail is carried low, and is never docked. There are three varieties as to coat. A. A short, smooth coat like that of the smooth collie; B. A long, rough coat similar to the rough collie but without the frill; C. A wiry or broken coat with smooth mask, and with distinct beard and eyebrows.

DANISH POINTER

Color: Yellow-orange with white markings on the legs, feet, chest, muzzle and tip of tail. Self-colored yellow-orange is objectionable.

Height: 26 in.

Weight: 60 lbs.

In general appearance the Danish Pointer is smaller in size than the other varieties; the head is light and fairly long, muzzle long and broad; eyes of medium size and brown topaz in color, giving a pleasant expression, ears soft and hanging gracefully close to the cheeks and moderately long; neck is long, round and arched, free from dewlaps; body though light is powerful looking; back not too short and very strong, with loins and hindquarters full of muscle; stern fine and rather short.

Austro-Hungarian Breeds

AUSTRIAN HOUND
HUNGARIAN SHEEPDOG
BOSNIAN HOUND
DALMATIAN

AUSTRIAN HOUND

Color: Black with tan or yellow, brown and red in all shades and self-colored white.

Height: 21 in.

Weight: About 50 lbs.

A dog of medium size, rather long, strong and of elastic structure. The head is of medium size, broad in skull, eyebrows well defined, and with pendulous lips. Eyes bright, brown and intelligent. Ears of medium length, not too broad, round at the tips, and set high. The body is strong, neck of medium length and very strong, chest broad and fairly long in the back. Stern is long, strong at the root and tapering. The coat: A. smooth, dense and glossy; B. semi-long, wiry and dull.

HUNGARIAN SHEEPDOG

Color: White or dirty white, sometimes seen with a yellow tip on the ears.

Height: 27 in.

Weight: 73 lbs.

This is a well-made muscular dog, with broad skull, long and tapering muzzle. The eyes are small, set in obliquely and rather close together, of dark color and of an energetic and sometimes sour expression. The ears are small and carried close to the head and covered with smooth hair. The back is long, straight and well developed. The tail is carried low. His coat is fairly long, flat, dense and hard, sometimes wavy, but never curly.

BOSNIAN HOUND

Color: Red, brown white with yellow, or red patches and tri-color. Height: 25 in. Weight: 65 lbs.

This is a well-built, lively dog and conveys the impression of great stamina. The head is somewhat like that of the rough-coated German pointer, eyes bright, yellow or light brown in color, and of medium size. His heavy eyebrows give a rather threatening expression. Ears of medium length, broad, rounded at the tips, set on high, and hanging close to the head. He is broad in chest with neck long and well arched and well rounded in rib. Stern of fair length, strong at the root and carried downwards. The coat is hard, wiry and dense.

DALMATIAN

Color: Color together with markings are most important. The ground should be white. He should be spotted with either black or liver-colored spots clearly defined and on no account should the spots run into each other and they should be as round as possible.

Height: 22 in.

Weight: 55 lbs.

A strong, muscular, active dog capable of great endurance. In size, build and outline he very much resembles the pointer.

The eyes are round, bright and sparkling, as dark as possible in the black spotted dogs, though a yellow tint is allowed in the liver dogs. Ears are set on high, of moderate size and carried close to the head, of fine texture, and the more profusely they are spotted the better. His back is strong and muscular, tail of fair length carried with a nice curve upwards but not curled and should be well spotted. The coat is short, hard, dense and fine in texture, but must not be woolly or silky.

Spanish Breeds

SPANISH POINTER
MEDELAN

SPANISH POINTER

Color: Brown and white, red and white, black and white, and pure brown. The white must not predominate.

Height: 24 in.

Weight: 80 lbs.

In general appearance the Spanish Pointer is a somewhat heavy, loosely made dog, larger than the English Pointer. The head is indented between the eyes, broad in skull, square, long and broad in muzzle with lips large and pendulous. The eyes are large and somewhat sunken in the head. Ears thin, loose and of moderate length. Chest broad and deep. Back and hind quarters very muscular. The stern is strong at the root, tapering towards the end and is frequently docked.

MEDELAN

Color: A dirty color or grizzled red with white patches and always shaded with black or darker color, like the St. Bernard and Mastiff.

Height: 27 in.

Weight: 180 lbs.

A powerful and imposing dog resembling in many features the Mastiff and the Bordeaux, but is longer and harder in coat. The head is very heavy, powerful, large and square, with skull broad between the ears. The muzzle short, blunt, broad and square, and the lips have heavy pendulous flews. Eyes are small and brown, and convey a grave and sometimes an almost grumbling expression, and show the haw. Ears small, set on high, and hang close to the head. Body is strong, neck strong, heavy and muscular, chest deep and broad, back long, broad and powerful. Tail long, heavy, and carried downwards. Coat is semi-long, dense and hard.

Swiss Breeds

ST. BERNARD
SWISS SETTER
LUCERN HOUND
BERN HOUND
SWISS HOUND

ST. BERNARD

Color: Red, orange, various shades of brindle, or white with patches on body, of the above named colors. He should have white muzzle, blaze up face, collar, chest, forelegs, feet and end of tail, with black shadings on face and ears.

Height: Not less than 30 in.

Weight: 200 lbs.

This dog is known as the “Saintly” breed and may by his size, magnificent appearance, beautiful temper and docility be justly regarded as one of the finest examples and most noble members of the canine species. The head is large and massive, short and square in the muzzle, with great depth from eye to lower jaw. The eyes are rather small, deeply set and dark in color, the lower eyelid drooping, showing the haw. His expression should betoken benevolence, dignity and intelligence. Ears of medium size and not heavily feathered. Chest wide and deep with level back, well rounded ribs, and very muscular loins. He should be strong and straight on his legs. The tail is long and bushy, carried low when in repose. There are two varieties as regards coat: A. In the long-coated variety it should be dense and flat, rather fuller around the neck, with the thighs well feathered; B. In the short-coated variety, it should be close and hound-like and only slightly feathered on thighs and tail.

SWISS SETTER

Color: Mixed chestnut and grizzle, trout color, or white and chestnut with grizzled patches.

Height: 24 in.

Weight: 52 lbs.

In general appearance the Swiss Setter is a well built, intelligent and rustic looking dog. The head is rather light and short skull round and broad, occipital bone well developed, and with a well defined stop. The eyes should not be too small and should be brown or yellow brown in color. Back straight, strong and muscular, chest well developed, but not too broad, and well rounded in rib. The stern is often docked, otherwise it should be carried scimitar shaped. The coat should be very dense, but not hard.

LUCERN HOUND

Color: Iron-gray, steel-blue, blue mottled with large dark or black patches, and some have the head, body and paws with pale yellow or tan markings. Height: 19 in. Weight: 45 lbs.

A dog of medium size and of fine structure. Head long, narrow and fine, eyes bright, large and intelligent, and dark brown in color, ears set on low, not too broad, are long and carried close to the head, with rounded tips. He is straight and broad in back. Stern of medium length and tapering to a point. The coat is short, smooth, fine and glossy.

BERN HOUND

Color: Tri-color, white, black, brown-yellow, or tan. White with large black patches and tan markings on the eyes, jaws, and inside of the ears.

Height: 21 in.

Weight: 50 lbs.

This is a leggy and longish dog of elegant and muscular build. The head is long, narrow and somewhat pinched. Skull high and occipital bone well developed. The eyes are bright and dark. Ears set on backwards and are long but not too broad. They are rather pointed at the tips. Is deep and broad in chest, long and not too broad in back. Stern is not too heavy, tapers to the point and is carried down. He is smooth, short and fine in coat.

SWISS HOUND

Color: White with large yellow, orange or tan patches. Frequently spotted with red or yellow markings and a black shade with red color is permissible. The skin is often spotted with black, giving him a blue appearance when out of coat.

Height: 20 in.

Weight: 46 lbs.

A dog of medium size, strong but not heavily built. The skull is broad and the occipital bone well developed, eyes rather large but not prominent, hazel brown, bright and intelligent. The ears are not set on too high, are thin and moderately long, and covered with fine hair. Chest deep and not too broad, and is short and broad in back. Stern of medium length, fairly short, strong at the root, and well coated. There are two varieties as to coat: A. Smooth and dense, which is fine and glossy on the head, ears and shoulders, and coarser on the back; B. Medium length, coarse, hard and dull.

Russian Breeds

BORZOI (Russian Wolfhound)
RUSSIAN YELLOW RETRIEVER
RUSSIAN HOUND
OWTCHAR
SAMOYED

BORZOI

Color: Immaterial, except that self-colored specimens or those with heavy, black markings are objectionable.

Height: 33 in.

Weight: 100 lbs.

The Borzoi is one of the most ancient of Russian breeds and should possess great size, great speed and great strength. The head is of extraordinary length, and should appear rather Roman nosed in profile. The eyes are dark, expressive and almond-shaped; ears small, thin and placed well back on the head; the chest is deep and narrow; the back bony, and well arched; loins broad and very powerful, with well sprung ribs; the tail is long and well feathered and carried low; the coat should be long and silky, not woolly, and on the neck it should be profuse and rather curly.

This breed, though originating from Russia, has been bred and exhibited in England since 1872. The Duchess of Newcastle and, a little later, Queen Alexandra, then the Princess of Wales, are mainly responsible for the popular favor in which they are now regarded. The finest collection in the world, however, is owned by the Grand Duke Nicholas, at Perchina, near Moscow. These are said to excel even those possessed by the Czar, from whom dogs cannot be purchased.

RUSSIAN YELLOW RETRIEVER

Color: Yellow or rich red sable.

Height: 28 in.

Weight: 90 lbs.

This dog is similar in all essentials to the English Retriever, except that he is a size bigger and heavier in coat, and of course different in color, as his name implies. He is used principally for tracking wounded deer.

RUSSIAN HOUND

Color: Grizzle or black, with tan markings, often with a white collar, feet and tip of tail.

Height: 20 in.

Weight: 58 lbs.

The head much resembles that of a wolf, being considerably broader between the ears than at the forehead. Eyes of medium size, bright, brown or yellow, sometimes nearly black. Ears small and hanging with a tendency to prick when the dog is angry. Stern is short, strong at the root, and carried straight. The coat is hard and smooth, with a woolly under coat, and the wolf or fox brush.

OWTCHAR (Russian Sheepdog)

Color: Slate color, dirty white, and nearly black.

Height: 32 in.

Weight: 105 lbs.

This is a large and strongly built dog of very great antiquity. His head is massive, round, and covered with softer hair than on the body. The eyes are rather large, dark brown in color, and very intelligent. The ears are of fair size, hanging, well coated, and are sometimes cut and carried semi-erect. He has a short, muscular neck, strong, well developed body, and is the largest of all the varieties of the sheep dogs, and is intended to defend his flocks against wolves. The tail is often docked, otherwise it should be well coated, and his coat is very dense and somewhat woolly.

SAMOYED

Color: White or white with black, brown or wolf patches.

Height: 22 in.

Weight: 65 lbs.

A dog of medium size, well built and cobby, covered with a thick fur. The head is slightly domed and fairly broad. He is rather small in eyes, which should be dark in color and set obliquely in the head, and convey a very intelligent and lively expression. The ears are erect, broad at the root, and taper to a point. The neck is strong and muscular, the chest broad and deep, and back short, straight and strong. Tail is short and heavily coated, and carried curled over the back. His stand-off coat is semi-long, dense and thick, and abundant around the neck, with a short and dense undercoat.

Breeds of the Northern Latitudes of Europe and Asia

FINNISH POM
FINNISH ELKHOUND
NORWEGIAN ELKHOUND
SWEDIAN HOUND
NORWEGIAN HOUND
ICELAND DOG
DOG OF NOORLAND
LAPLAND SHEEPDOG
ESQUIMAU

_Dogs Sledging in the Icefields of the Northern Latitudes._
]

FINNISH POM

Color: Foxy-red or yellow-red, often with a white patch on chest, feet and tip of tail.

Height: 18 in.

Weight: 56 lbs.

A cobbily-built dog with an intrepid and audacious appearance. The head of medium size, lean, not too round, and stop well defined. Eyes are obliquely set in the head, giving him a mild, lively and intelligent expression, and are dark or light brown in color. The ears are set on high, carried erect, very mobile, and of moderate size. Has muscular neck, chest deep but not too broad, and body straight, broad and short. The tail is thick at the root, profusely covered with long hair, and carried curled over the back. His coat is smooth on head and forelegs, but long, dense and perfectly straight on the body with a dense and fluffy undercoat. It should be very abundant around the neck, forming a frill.

FINNISH HOUND

Color: Red-brown, shade of yellow on muzzle and legs; white patches permissible.

Height: 23 in.

Weight: 65 lbs.

A proportionately built dog with long, broad muzzle, light brown eyes, deep chest, muscular loins, rather high on leg in proportion to his body, medium length tail, carried like a saber. His coat is flat, smooth though rather coarse on the back.

NORWEGIAN ELKHOUND

Color: Grizzle in all its shade; grizzle-brown, grizzle-brown and black. A white patch on the chest and feet is permissible. The undercoat should be pale brown.

Height: 20 in.

Weight: 60 lbs.

In stature this dog is rather short, but he has much strength and temerity. The head is carried high, is large and square, broad between the ears, with “stop” well defined. Eyes should be dark brown or yellow-brown and convey an active and courageous expression. The ears are pointed, carried erect and very mobile. The body is short, and the chest broad and deep. The stern is of medium length, thick and heavy and carried curled over the back. His coat is short and flat on the head but hard, coarse and rather long on the body.

SWEDIAN HOUND

Color: Black—the head, chest and legs being tan or dark yellow. White patches on the head, chest, feet and tip of tail are permissible. Also tan or dark yellow with large white patches.

Height: 33 in.

Weight: 65 lbs.

This is a well-built dog with a noble head, which is long and lean. The eyes are bright and for preference are dark in color. Chest deep and straight and broad in the back. Stern of medium length, strong at the root, and carried with a slight curve. His coat is thick, hard, dense and glossy.

NORWEGIAN HOUND

Color: Iron gray patches and spots on blue background; so-called “trout” color with brown-brindle in patches, tan markings; blue-merle; black with tan or brown markings; tan with white patches. Iron-gray with tan markings is not desirable.

Height: 20 in.

Weight: 60 lbs.

This is a strongly built dog rather long in body, and with a grave and intelligent expression. The head is large, of medium breadth, not domed and with distinct “stop.” Eyes are brown. Blue-merle dogs have “China” ears. Ears set on rather high, of medium length and breadth, and hang close to the head. The chest is broad rather than deep. Stern of medium length, carried rather high. The coat is thick and glossy.

ICELAND DOG

Color: Brownish or gray, sometimes dirty white or dirty yellow, and is frequently seen with black on the back.

Height: 14 in.

Weight: 45 lbs.

This is a lightly built dog with a “game” temperament. The head is large in proportion to his body, with broad domed skull, and rather short, snipy muzzle. The ears are large at the base, pointed and carried erect, though sometimes semi-erect. He is large and deep in chest, short in body, with bushy tail carried over the back. His coat is hard, of medium length, flat and shorter on the head and legs.

DOG OF NOORLAND

Color: All shades of grizzle with black or darker tips. The under coat should be as white as possible. A yellow undercoat is a fault.

Height: 22 in.

Weight: 65 lbs.

A strong and well-built dog on rather cobby lines; the head is rather small, slightly arched and without “stop.” Eyes should be dark brown, bright and intelligent. Ears small, very mobile, carried erect and set high on the head. Chest deep and broad. The tail is strong, medium length, and curled over the back. The coat is short and thick on the head, legs and feet, and more abundant on the body.

LAPLAND SHEEPDOG

Color: Black, rusty black, grizzle with white feet. White dogs with reddish brown patches and self-colored yellow-brown ones are highly appreciated, but all white is a fault.

Height: 20 in.

Weight: 56 lbs.

This dog has a rather long body, which is well covered with thick, abundant coat. The skull is broad and domed; ears erect; eyes large, brown and intelligent; chest narrow and deep. His tail is sometimes docked, but when not is well coated and curled over the back. The coat on the head is short, but on the body should be long, thick and dense, and never wavy, and he should have a very dense undercoat and a distinct frill.

ESQUIMAU

Color: Black or rusty black with white patches, and white chest. Sometimes brown with gray patches and all white.

Height: 16 in.

Weight: 56 lbs.

This is a medium-sized, well-boned dog, with broad domed skull, rather snipy muzzle, with well defined “stop.” The ears are broad, pointed and carried erect, and the insides should be well coated. The eyes are small, dark in color, and of intelligent expression. The chest is broad rather than deep and the tail long, bushy and carried over the back. His coat is dense, flat, hard and long, especially on the back, with dense, woolly undercoat.

United States of America Breeds

BOSTON TERRIER
AMERICAN BLOODHOUND
CHESAPEAKE
AMERICAN FOXHOUND

BOSTON TERRIER

Color: Brindle with even white markings.

Weight: Not exceeding 27 lbs., divided into three classes, as follows: A. under 17 lbs.; B. 17 to 22 lbs.; C. 22 to 27 lbs.

The general appearance of the Boston Terrier should be that of a lively, highly intelligent, smooth-coated, short headed, compactly built, short tailed, well balanced dog. The head should indicate a high degree of intelligence, the body rather short and well knit, limbs strong and neatly turned. This dog should convey an appearance of determination, strength and activity, with easy, graceful carriage. Color and even white markings are given particular consideration in the matter of general appearance. The skull is square, flat, free from wrinkles, abrupt brow, eyes wide apart, large and round, and dark in color. The muzzle is short, square, wide and deep, and free from wrinkles, and the ears should be small and thin. The body is deep with wide chest, and well sprung ribs. The tail is set on low, straight or screw, short, fine and tapering, and the coat is short, smooth and of fine texture.

AMERICAN BLOODHOUND

Color: Tan, black and tan. The black and tan must be well defined; white is not allowed except a small spot on the breast. Height: 28 in. Weight: 60 lbs.

A dog showing much hound character, but is smaller and lighter in muzzle and bone than the English Bloodhound. The skull should be rounded crossways with the occiput slightly prominent. The eyes are piercing with hound expression and hazel in color. The ears should reach to end of muzzle and as much longer as possible; they are thin, covered with a soft silky coat, and low set. The neck should be clean and of good length without throatiness. Back broad, strong and short and hind quarters very strong and muscular. The stern is not very strong in bone at the root and of medium length. The coat is not rough, nor so fine as to be silky, wiry or shaggy.

CHESAPEAKE

Color: Nearly resembling wet sedge grass or discolored coat of the Buffalo.

Height: 24 in.

Weight: 65 lbs.

A symmetrical and well built dog with a head somewhat broad, yellow eyes, small ears placed well upon the head, of lively and intelligent expression. Powerfully built, with a somewhat coarse coat which has a tendency to waviness over the shoulders. His skin is protected from the water by a short woolly and dense undercoat.

AMERICAN FOXHOUND

Color: Not material, but usually black and tan and white. Height: Males, 24 in. Weight: 60 lbs.

The American Foxhound is a strong, clean-limbed dog, built on lighter lines than his English brother and resembles him in all other essentials.

Mexican Breeds

MEXICAN HAIRLESS
CHIHUAHUA

MEXICAN HAIRLESS

Color: Generally color of elephant’s hide. The skin always feels cold and is often mottled with flesh-colored, pink or grizzle patches. Weight: From 8 to 20 lbs.

In body properties they somewhat resemble the black and tan “Manchester” terrier. The “points” of this breed are not sufficiently well known to have enabled breeders to formulate a standard.

CHIHUAHUA

Color: Reddish black and fawn. Weight: From 1½ to 4 lbs.

This dog is strictly of Mexican origin, though it is also found in the state of Texas. It is the most diminutive of all breeds. Is remarkably game and exclusive in its affections. His legs are very slender and toe nails very long and strong, features which seem to justify the belief that in early days they inhabited the dense forests of northern Mexico. The head is round with sharp pointed nose, and large erect ears.

This breed is famous as a performing dog, being very intelligent and agile.

Japanese Breed

JAPANESE SPANIEL

JAPANESE SPANIEL

Color: Black and white, or red and white. The term red includes all shades of sable, brindle, lemon and orange, but the brighter and clearer the red the better. The white should be clear white and whatever color the patches are they should be evenly distributed over the body, cheeks and ears.

This is a lively, highly bred little dog, of dainty, smart appearance, compact carriage, profuse coat, and very stylish in movement. The head should be large, broad, and slightly rounded, with strong and wide muzzle, very short from eyes to nose. The under-jaw should be slightly turned up, but the teeth should not be shown. The nose should be wide and open, and must be the color of the dog’s markings. The eyes are large, dark, lustrous, prominent and set wide apart. Ears small, nicely feathered and set high on the head. The body is very compact and squarely built with short cobby back. In fact the length of the dog should be about equal to his total height. The tail is carried in a tight curl over the back and should be profusely feathered, so as to give the appearance of a beautiful plume.

During the last thirty years the popular taste for the Japanese Spaniel has called for smaller and smaller specimens, until now the more diminutive they are the more valuable have they become. In Japan they are affected by the ladies as “sleeve” dogs, such being almost priceless. It is not now uncommon to find them 2½ lbs. weight, though fully matured. These small specimens are now also freely bred in England, the climate of which country appears to suit them very well.

Chinese Breeds

PEKINGESE SPANIEL
HAPPA
CHOW-CHOW
PUG
CHINESE CRESTED
LITTLE LION DOG

PEKINGESE

Color: All colors are allowable—red, fawn, black, black and tan, sable, brindle, white and parti-colors. Those with black masks and “spectacles” around the eyes and lines to ears are the most appreciated.

Weight: A. 10 to 18 lbs.; B. Under 10 lbs.

This is probably the most fashionable pet dog now in vogue. His character is full of dignity and consummate pride, and disgust for anything menial or common. His head is massive, broad, wide and flat between the ears and eyes. The eyes should be large, dark, prominent, round and lustrous. “Stop” deep. Ears heart-shaped, drooping and well feathered. Muzzle very short, broad and wrinkled. He has a heavy-fronted body and light hind quarters, and the great coat on the frill and neck give him a lion-like appearance. The coat should be long, straight and flat, with dense undercoat and well feathered on thighs, legs, tail and toes.

HAPPA

The Happa is identical in every respect with the Pekingese Spaniel, except that his coat is short and smooth.

CHOW-CHOW

Colors: Black, red, yellow, blue, white. All self-colors.

Height: 20 in.

Weight: 50 lbs.

A lively, compact, short-bodied dog with well-knit frame, and tail curled well over the back. The skull is flat and broad, well filled out under the eyes, and broad at the snout. His tongue should be black, eyes dark and small, though in the blue shades a lighter colored eye is permissible. The ears are small, pointed and erect, and should be placed well forward over the eyes, a feature which gives the dog a characteristic expression or “scowl” peculiar to the breed. The chest is broad and deep; back short, straight and strong, and his coat in the rough variety should be abundant, dense, straight, coarse in texture, with a soft woolly undercoat. Smooth-coated Chows are identically the same as above, except that the coat should be smooth, short and dense.

PUG

Color: Silver fawn, apricot fawn, black.

Height: 12 in.

Weight: 17 lbs.

This is a square and cobby dog, short in body, and wide in chest. His compactness of form and hardness of developed muscle are his chief characteristics. The head is large, massive and round, muzzle short, blunt and square, and he should have large and deep wrinkles. The eyes are very large, dark, bold and prominent, with a soft and solicitous expression, and when excited be full of “fire.” The ears are thin, small and soft and of two varieties as regards carriage—“rose” and “button.” The tail is curled as tightly as possible over the hip; a double curl is considered perfection. His coat is fine, smooth, soft, short and glossy, neither too hard nor too woolly.

CHINESE CRESTED DOG

Height: 12 in.

Weight: 20 lbs.

This is a hairless breed, except that he has a silky top-knot or crest, and some feathering or tuft at the root of the tail, which feature is considered very typical of the breed. It is difficult to assign its origin, but they are found freely in the South and Central American States, Mexico, South Africa and China. The ears should be carried erect and are never cut. The conformation of the body is like that of the black and tan terrier, but the head is shorter and the skull more rounded. The skin always feels cold and is of the color of the hide of an elephant. Some are mottled with flesh-colored patches, and sometimes the skin is of a pink color with grizzle patches.

LITTLE LION DOG

Color: All colors, self-colored or parti-colors. The most preferable being the self-colored white, black and lemon.

Height: 14 in.

Weight: 9 lbs.

This is a small ladies’ pet dog, very active and intelligent, generally with one-third of his body clipped or shaved, which gives him the appearance of a lion in miniature. The head is short and broad; eyes large, round and intelligent, and dark in color, and his well feathered ears are long and hanging. The tail is of medium length, is clipped at the root, and well feathered at the tip. The coat is long and wavy, but not curly.

Various Greyhounds

BALEARIC (Spain)
PHU-QUOC (Siam)
PERSIAN
PORTUGUESE
ARABIAN

In addition to the above named varieties of the Greyhound, there are others known as Greyhounds of Crimea, of Caucasus, of Circassia, of Tartary, of Kurdistan, and of Anatoly. None of these, however, have any adopted “points,” but are rather the result of crossings between the Borzoi and the different Asiatic greyhounds which are portrayed in other parts of this work.

As a general rule these dogs are used for hunting various kinds of fleet-footed game, sometimes in the interest of sport, but more frequently in the protection of the homestead against wolves and other kinds of wild beasts.

BALEARIC GREYHOUND

Color: Red fawn or fawn with white patches.

Height: 25 in.

Weight: 66 lbs.

This is a lean-looking dog and by no means elegant. The skull is slightly domed, narrow and long, and the jaws are long and powerful. His almond-shaped, brown eyes convey a sour expression. The ears are pointed, erect, set on high, turned outwards, and very movable. The head is lean and straight, neck straight and rather short, with short and powerful loins. The coat is short, hard and fairly long on the back, neck and tail.

PHU-QUOC GREYHOUND

Color: Reddish fawn with black muzzle and with dark strip down the back.

Height: 21 in.

Weight: 40 lbs.

This is a heavy kind of greyhound with a long, slightly domed skull, broad muzzle, jaw is long and powerful, lips and tongue black and with reddish eyes giving him a savage expression. The ears are carried erect, shell shaped and somewhat pointed. He is coarse in body, very long and flexible in neck, with broad and strong loins. The tail is short, very movable and carried curled over the back. The coat on the body and legs is very short and dense, and this dog is peculiar and different from any other kind in that the hair on the back grows the wrong way, and is much longer and harder there than on the rest of his body.

PORTUGUESE GREYHOUND

Color: Reddish-roe, dark yellow, mouse grey, or black, with small white patch only on the chest.

Height: 29 in.

Weight About 56 lbs.

A muscular and well-built dog, but rather coarse for a greyhound. The head is narrow and pointed, jaws long, strong and powerful, and his hazel-brown eyes convey a lively expression. The ears are large, carried erect, sometimes semi-erect, pointed and set on not too high. The back is long and slightly arched, with muscular and rather coarse body, tail long and fine, carried upwards in a slight curve. Coat is smooth and in others wire-haired or broken.

PERSIAN GREYHOUND

Color: Black, various shades of fawn and sometimes a dirty white.

Height: 28 in.

Weight: 70 lbs.

This is a rather big dog, but delicate and elegant in outline. His head is fine, light, lean and bony, with a slightly domed skull. The eyes are mild, intelligent and dark brown. The ears hang close to the head, are long and well feathered with wavy hair. The neck is arched, elegant and slender. Chest deep and back straight, long and strong. He is moderately long in tail, which is carried hanging like a sabre. The coat is smooth and very soft, but is much longer on the ears and tail, where it is silky and wavy.

ARABIAN GREYHOUND

Color: Light yellow sand color with black mask and black eyelids.

Height: 28 in.

Weight: 65 lbs.

This is a dog of lean, elegant and alert appearance. He is higher on the leg and shorter in the body than the English Greyhound. He is not as long in the head but more domed in the skull than the English dog, and seen in profile the head has some resemblance to that of the Jackal. The eyes are large, dark amber in color, and intelligent in expression. He is rather large in ears, which are folded well down on the neck. He is strong and muscular in neck with hind quarters well developed. The tail is fairly long, fine and carried curved downwards. The coat is smooth, dense and fine.

_Belgian Dogs trained to draw quick-firing guns_
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Dogs in Warfare

_“Cry Havoc! and let slip the dogs of war”_

However trite may be the saying that history repeats itself, it is unquestionably apposite in regard to the employment of dogs in warfare. Great hounds were used to guard the camps of Rome. In even more primitive times they were formidable adversaries in hand-to-hand conflicts, while to come to more modern days Frederick the Great and Napoleon—two of the greatest soldiers the world has ever seen—held a very high opinion of the value of canine sentries. Napoleon, in fact, is said to have urged Marmont to fasten dogs to stakes around the circuit of the walls of Alexandria to keep guard.

Recent wars have served to emphasize the advantages which may be gained by the use of the peculiar qualities of scent and hearing which dogs possess. Their sense of scent we human beings lack almost entirely, while they not only hear audible things more quickly than we do, but also hear things which are quite inaudible to us. Is it to be wondered at, therefore, that military experts have not been slow to recognize such potential properties?

WHAT THEY HAVE DONE

The present-day tendency consequently is to bring dogs more and more into the foreground in warfare. During the Russo-Japanese War the whole of the Manchurian Railway line was guarded by dogs, who gave the alarm, and on several occasions prevented the Japanese crossing the line. Those which were sent out from England with the Abor Expedition, N. W. Frontier, more than once prevented the sentries from being rushed during night duty, owing to their keener sense of hearing. In the Tripoli campaign their value was frequently demonstrated, while the dogs belonging to Major Richardson, the famous English trainer of war dogs, rendered yeoman service to the Bulgarians at the siege of Adrianople, where they were able to give warning of attempted sorties by the Turks. Some of Major Richardson’s well-trained animals were also used in the Spanish trenches in Morocco, being responsible for the finding of hundreds of wounded men who would otherwise have been left to their fate.

USED BY GREAT ARMIES

At the present moment most of the modern armies employ dogs, although naturally opinions differ as to the most suitable type of dog. The Russians have adopted the Caucasian dog; Austria, Dalmatians; Turkey, Asiatic Sheepdogs; France and Belgium, the smugglers’ dogs of the Belgium frontier; while Germany uses Collies, Pointers and Airedales. So far the British Army has ignored the value of trained dogs, though the Admiralty some five years ago instituted a scheme for the use of dogs in naval stations ashore. Major Richardson believes that the only really useful dogs are the Airedale, Sheepdog, and Bloodhound.

What part dogs will play in the present great conflict time only will show, but that it will probably be a large one may be gathered from the fact that the German army alone possesses over 6,000.

_Corps of Sentry Dogs_
]

The importance of determining some efficient and economical form of traction for Infantry machine guns had been under consideration in Belgium before the war. Up till recently, pack-horse transport had been considered the most satisfactory system. Exhaustive trials between this method and that of wheel traction by a pair of dogs of a breed known in that country as the Belgian Mastiff, have, however, resulted in favour of the latter, and the final adoption of this mode of transport for the Machine Gun Units of the Belgium Army. This form of traction is not novel in Belgium in civil life. According to the Journal of the Royal Artillery the breeding of dogs for light draught purposes has long been in vogue in that country, for the purpose of conveying farm produce from the country into the towns. Dog traction is employed by the country people—milkmen, bakers, greengrocers, and many artisans with light carts—in conducting their trade and business. There are reckoned to be 50,000 dogs available for this purpose in Belgium, of which 10,000 are in Brussels alone. They are found to be admirably suited for the purpose. Their bodies are thick-set, loins strong, and they have deep chests, and muscular limbs. A dog of 110 lbs. weight is capable of drawing on a good road a load of 880 lbs., and a horse 1,100 to 1,300 lbs. (or ten times and upwards the weight of one of these dogs), cannot draw much more than the equivalent increase of his weight. With an average load of 660 lbs. behind the team on good roads, a dog can keep up for long distances a pace of 4 or 5 miles an hour; for several hundred yards he can attain a speed of from 6 to 7 miles an hour.

The price of a pack-horse is not less than £40, and his daily forage may be reckoned to cost about ¼–½ a day, without taking into consideration the construction and upkeep of his stable. The pack-saddle costs about £15, whereas dog harness can be purchased for the pair of dogs for something less than £4. A male dog costs £4, and his food per day amounts to about 4½d. Finally, the small carriage for the machine gun or ammunition cart costs about £8, and the net cost for construction and upkeep of kennels is something small. Moreover, as the dog does not require shoes, lameness is rare, which we well know from the enormous distances he can go when hunting. He is intelligent and docile, and puts all his heart into serving his master faithfully under all circumstances. The length of his military service may be taken at from eight to nine years. The discipline of the trained dog is such that an untrained dog, harnessed with him, would be compelled to submit to all the movements of the former. On the march, and under fire, one can rely on his working till absolutely exhausted or mortally wounded. These are the qualities which can be developed in the breeding kennel, and in his subsequent training. The four wheels of the little gun carriage are made of tubes of steel, light, low and stable, and fitted with pneumatic tires. The carriage complete does not weigh more than 220 lbs., and is easily dragged by the team of two dogs, or eventually carried by the four members of the detachment. Its height and breadth are each about 31 inches. The trials were carried out to test the following: Visibility, mobility on roads and across country, overcoming obstacles, and resistance to fatigue. They lasted three weeks in bad weather, during which a distance of 250 miles was covered. The six pack-horses were wither-galled, and had to be successively replaced but not so the dogs. On the march across country, or commons, of from 1½ to 3 miles, where the ground presented obstacles or was broken up, the dogs gained without doubt in mobility and speed over the horses, especially when ditches, hedges and low walls had to be negotiated. The teams crossed with ease ploughed land and crops, copses and banks. Assisted by the detachments they crossed over deep ditches and steep slopes. The horses showed signs of fatigue long before the dogs. The latter were afraid of nothing, and followed perfectly the member of the detachment charged with leading each team. They lay down or resumed the order of march on a signal, without even barking, and in perfect order.

The smallest fold in the ground concealed the teams, and at 300 yards distance, nothing of them could be distinguished. Coming into or out of action was more rapidly effected than in the case of the pack-horses.

_Dog Harness_
]

The regiments to which they were attached had three sections, each of 2 guns and 4 ammunition carts, requiring 36 dogs for the 18 vehicles.

In action the dogs gave every satisfaction, and whilst halted in positions of readiness for often considerable periods, they lay down quietly waiting in their harness.

In coming into action the Nos. 1 had sometimes to creep on in front, accompanied by the team driver of each gun, in order to choose their positions in actions. At a signal, the teams moved quickly up into the emplacements when, the detachments having brought the guns into action, the empty carriages with their drivers proceeded to the rear and rejoined the ammunition carts under cover.

The trials indeed were so successful that orders were issued to erect, for all infantry regiments, kennels for a dozen dogs per unit, and at Beverloo a remount and training establishment for these dogs was to be formed.

It is even reported in the course of the campaign, in Belgium that the war dogs of the machine guns took a still more active part by “going for” German soldiery.

_The Ambulance Dog at Work_
]

AMBULANCE DOGS

Not until the history of the present European war comes to be written will it be known just how great have been the services of the dog for ambulance work. Shortly after the outbreak of this, the world’s greatest war, an Association in Germany, formed about the year 1893, known as the Ambulance Dogs’ Association, greatly increased its activities.

It has been found by experience that the best breeds for ambulance work are collies, retrievers, bloodhounds, Airedale terriers, German shepherd dogs and Dobermann Pinschers. It is absolutely essential that ambulance dogs should be extremely wiry and hardy, and capable of great hardship and endurance, otherwise they are of little use.

The manner in which ambulance, dogs are employed is to help the Red Cross men and doctors to search for wounded within a given area on the battlefield. A dog’s sense of scent and acute hearing enable him frequently to detect the sound of the breathing of a wounded man when inaudible to the human ear. Moreover, a puff of wind often suffices to carry to the dog’s nose the scent of a man lying possibly unconscious in some concealed place.

Fields of battle nowadays are widely extended, and soldiers have to take advantage of every possible bit of natural cover. The instinct of the wounded is to use their last strength in seeking protection from artillery fire, cavalry charges, the wheels of guns, and the other horrors to which they are exposed. They crawl away into the most hidden, safest places. The collection of the wounded is usually at night. This accounts for the large numbers that after each battle are reported as “missing.” In some instances the missing have been more than half as many as the known total of killed and wounded.

They are differently equipped in the armies of different countries. The Germans provide their ambulance dogs with a saddle with pockets in which are bandages and dressings, while around the neck is a wooden flask of stimulant. The Italians and French put the flask in a pocket of the saddle. British experts consider bandages and stimulant unnecessary, as every man has to carry his own first-aid dressing, and the extra weight hinders the dog’s action. In the English army the dogs wear a very light saddle with the Geneva cross on each side, and a loud bell hangs from a leather collar. The Russians provide their ambulance dogs with small lanterns and attach the bells elsewhere on the collar.

In some of the European armies the ambulance dog is trained to return to his master and guide him to the wounded man; in others he is taught to bark and give the news of his discovery in that way. Still another method is to have the dog on a long leash and thus lead the searcher in the right direction.

The Japanese also use scouting dogs in this way, and so do many of the European armies. They are trained to growl at any sudden surprise, their natural temptation to bark being thwarted by muzzling with a leather strap. In sentry duty the muzzle is moved. With an upwind blowing these sentry dogs are able to detect the approach of men and horses an extraordinary distance away.

On the whole, it is found that the speediest method is for the dog to stay beside his “quarry” when found, and bark until the ambulance arrives, but there is the drawback that if several dogs are being employed in a restricted area and several bark simultaneously, it is not always easy to locate whence the barking comes.

The Germans, unlike the French, do not permit their dogs to wear even a collar, as it is thought that this may hinder him in pushing his way through the thicket or hedges. It has often happened that the wounded are found adjacent to some hedge or other cover not easy to search by human aid alone. On the other hand, the French fasten water bottles around the neck of the dog and train him to search for wounded, who, if still conscious, eagerly grasps the welcome and ofttimes life-saving beverage.

Constant practice in this, as in other kinds of dog training, is an absolute essential. As the war proceeds more and more use will be made of the special functions and gifts of dogs, a resumé of which, when peace again reigns, will surely prove one of the most interesting phases of the hostilities now taking place in Europe.

In the annals of the French army Mustache is still a celebrity. Mustache was one of the war dogs in the Italian campaign when Napoleon was first consul. He saved the French army from a night surprise and annihilation. Later he tracked and captured a spy who had secured valuable information. But this dog’s crowning achievement was at the battle of Austerlitz.

The standard bearer of the regiment had just fallen dead. Mustache’s teeth and an Austrian soldier’s hands grasped the tattered, bloodstained banner simultaneously. Mustache flew at his enemy’s throat and bore him down. Then, seizing the flag, he carried it back to the regiment. Napoleon gave Mustache the highest decoration for valor. He met a soldier’s death not long afterward, racing forward beside the flag, leading the regiment in a furious charge.

_The Canine Ambulance Division of the French Army Off to the Front._
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British Sheep Dogs

Public trials of working sheep dogs were first introduced by Mr. Lloyd Price, of Rhiwlas, Bala, North Wales, in 1873. The object for which they were originally instituted was to promote a better training of sheep dogs amongst the Welsh farmers.

Strange as it may seem, though the mountainous districts of Wales have been devoted from time immemorial almost exclusively to sheep rearing, the old-time farmers took little trouble in the training of dogs to collect and work their sheep. In fact, previous to the inauguration of the competitions, the duties of the Welsh sheep dog were confined principally to the task of hunting and chasing sheep back again up the mountains whenever they strayed down to graze upon the more fertile pastures in the valley which the farmers reserved for their cattle. This was well enough so long as the sheep were roaming at will among their native haunts and feeding grounds, but whenever it was necessary for the farmer to gather his flock together the trouble began. The hardy little animals are wild and timid creatures that are not easily induced to leave their mountain home; moreover, when at liberty they are scattered in small lots over immense tracts of country.

To gather sheep from the mountains with the aid of dogs alone was in those days, with few exceptions, an utter impossibility, consequently as many as ten or twelve men had to be employed to scour the mountains, and even then many stragglers were inevitably left behind. Nowadays all that is changed, one man can with the assistance of a good sheep dog do the same work much more thoroughly and satisfactorily, and without hustling or distressing the sheep themselves.

The systematic training of sheep dogs has indeed accomplished for the sheep-rearing hill farmer almost as much in the way of labor-saving as the adoption of agricultural machinery has done for the farmer who cultivates the lowlands.