Chapter IV: Part 4

On file in the office of the City Clerk in Portsmouth are two certificates of marriage made out by Thomas Salter Bowles. The first is for his marriage to Hannah Ham, a ceremony performed on September 21, 1809, by Joseph Walton, one of the pastors of a church dissenting from the Puritan regime. Hannah was the daughter of William Ham, a brother of Supply Ham (1788-1862), a noted local clockmaker. Bowles may have served an apprenticeship in that shop before he married Hannah. Two other members of the Ham family--George Ham and Henry H. Ham--worked as watchmakers in Portsmouth in the same period.

A search of the cemeteries has indicated that Hannah Ham Bowles died in 1811, age 20. She is buried with her infant son in North Cemetery.[126]

Thomas Bowles's second marriage certificate in Portsmouth is for his marriage on September 29, 1813--two years after Hannah's death--to Abiah Emerly Bradley of Haverhill, Massachusetts.

Little is known about the work of Bowles as an instrument maker except through a few of his instruments. He is listed in the first Portsmouth directory, of 1821, as a "mathematical instrument maker" with a place of business on Daniel Street; his home was given as Austin Street in Portsmouth. He did not appear in the city's directories of 1827 and 1834. It is assumed that he may have left Portsmouth in the interim, possibly to settle in his wife's home town of Haverhill.

Three instruments signed by Bowles have survived, and all show signs of considerable wear. They are surveying compasses made of walnut, having maple sighting bars and a silvered brass vernier set under the glass. Two examples, one in the Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures at Yale University and one owned by this writer are almost identical in size, form, and details. The only variation is that the Yale example (fig. 67) has a bubble level under a brass strip set into one end, an item lacking in the other example (fig. 68).

The compass card, made from a line engraving, is identical in each of the three examples. A floriated fleur-de-lis on the North point has a compass and square at its base, and the name T. S. BOWLES is on a riband over it. Adorning the East point is an American eagle bearing a shield with stars and stripes and clutching arrows in one claw and a laurel twig in the other. In a ring within the central medallion is inscribed (see fig. 68), "* T. S. BOWLES * PORTSMOUTH, N.H. *"

The most interesting of the three instruments was acquired by the Dartmouth Museum as part of a collection of the late Frank C. Churchill, an inspector in the Indian Service. The instrument (fig. 69) is a quarter circle with a compass in its center and sighting bars mounted on a swinging arm that reads the angle of the brass scale on the arc by means of a vernier. It is mounted on a wooden tripod with the customary ball-and-socket joint, which permits it to be placed on a vertical plane. A built-in plumb bob at the side helps to establish the vertical.[127]

Interesting features of this instrument are two inscriptions engraved on the brass strip on the top of the dial. One states that it was "INVENTED BY P. MERRILL ESQ." and the other relates that it was "MADE BY JOHN KENNARD NEWMARKET." No information about P. Merrill has been found, and it is presumed that it was he who conceived the idea of combining the various elements into a single instrument and that it was made under his direction by Kennard.

Some data on Kennard is available in a history of Newfields (formerly Newmarket) by Reverend Fitts. John Kennard was born in Kittery, Maine, in 1782. He learned the trade of clockmaker in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, presumably working with the members of the Ham family or others. On July 3, 1806, he married Sarah Ewer. He lived for various periods in Nashua and Concord before moving to Newfields in 1812. He lived in the Palmer house (which was burned in September 1899), and he kept a store in the little community and also served as its postmaster from 1822 to 1824. The post office was the only public office in the town until the cotton mills were built on the Lamprey River in 1823. Kennard later built and occupied the Kennard house on Piscassic Street, which was subsequently owned by Jeremiah Towle and has since been burned. In December 1830 he established an iron foundry together with Temple Paul and the Drake family, but in 1834 he sold his interest to Amos Paul and others. He was the father of six children and he died in 1861. During his lifetime he had specialized in making tall case and banjo clocks.[128]

_The New Era_

The beginning of the 19th century saw increased trading and shipping resulting from the economic development of the new republic, and the westward surge brought increased preoccupation with the settlement of communities and the development of land areas. As a consequence, the demand for instruments likewise increased.

Whereas during the 18th century and until some time after the end of the Revolutionary War probably not more than a dozen instrument makers and dealers are known to have emigrated from England or elsewhere to make their homes and careers in the American Colonies, the beginning of the 19th century saw substantial numbers of English and French instrument makers and dealers immigrate to the United States, to establish shops in the major centers of trade.

And whereas the names of scarcely a hundred mathematical-instrument makers who worked in the American Colonies during the 18th century are known today, the names of hundreds of similar 19th-century craftsmen and dealers are to be found.

As Derek Price[129] has so cogently stated: "For scientific instrument makers, one need only examine the nineteenth century city directories of Boston, Philadelphia and New York to find hundreds of names of craftsmen and firms. It is, to be sure, an antiquarian research, for one does not expect to find great discoveries coming from these people. But just as in Europe, it is a populous trade, influential in the growth of science and highly effective in spreading and intensifying the itch for ingenious instruments and devices. It is by these men that the basic skills of the Industrial Revolution were populated...." By such means did American science and technology come of age.

_The National Collection_

_Early American Scientific Instruments and Related Materials in the United States National Museum, Listed by Makers and Users_

ADAMS, GEORGE; Fleet Street, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew; Surveying Instrument.)

BARDIN, W. & T. M.; 16 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, London. (See Priestley, Joseph: Globes.)

BENNET, N. (fl. 1777); Middleboro, Mass., or Middleboro, Pa. _Alidade_, plane table, scale 7-7/8 in. radius, compass 5-3/8 in. long. Brass scale and sights with compass in wooden box. Instrument inscribed "N. Bennet--Middlebor 1777." Although the name of this instrument maker does not appear on list of English or American makers, it is believed that he was American. USNM 319076.

ELLICOTT, ANDREW (1754-1820); Baltimore, Md. _Instrument Box_ for astronomical instruments. Made of rosewood, with a hinged top, green felt underlining, brass lock, size 3 in. by 3 in. by 11 in. Owned and used by Andrew Ellicott for storage and transportation of small astronomical equipment.

Gift of John E. Reynolds, Ellicott's great-grandson, of Meadville, Pa., in 1932. USNM 310418.

_Journal_ and _Astronomical Notebook_, manuscript written by Andrew Ellicott while locating the U.S. boundary line between the United States and the Spanish territory of Florida, 1797-1801. Contains day-by-day entries of experiences, field notes, and calculations made by Ellicott. The major part of the manuscript was published in _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_.[130] Bound volume with brown leather covers, end opening, marked "And. Ellicott," 6-1/2 in. by 8 in. by 2 in. First page has signature "Andrew Ellicott 1788."

Formerly the property of Ellicott's eldest daughter, Jane Judith Ellicott, from whom it passed to her youngest son, William Reynolds. It was inherited by the latter's son, John Reynolds of Meadville, Pa., who presented it as a gift to the U.S. National Museum in 1932. USNM 310417. FIGURES 70, 71.

_Pocket Slate_ 7-1/4 in. long and 4 in. wide, with wooden frame 7-1/4 in. long and 4 in. wide. Slate 5-3/4 in. long and 2-1/2 in. wide. Part of field equipment used by Ellicott.

Gift of Charles Ellicott of Dansville, N.Y., in 1960. USNM 318292.

_Quadrant_ of brass made and used by Ellicott. Quadrant has a radius of 12 in., is on a stand 17 in. high, and has the original lenses. Simple construction with easy adjustment, accomplished by means of two plumb lines. A tangent screw for slow motions was designed and added in 1885 by Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Ellicott's grandson. Instrument was made by Ellicott about 1790 and was used in running the southern boundary of the United States in 1796 and 1800, and on other surveys.

Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM 152081. FIGURE 72.

_Surveying Instrument_, with brass disk 10-1/2 in. in diameter laid off in degrees, minutes, and seconds with vernier points. Two telescopes, one fixed and the other revolving. The instrument is mounted on a tripod or Jacob's staff by means of a socket on the underside. Complete with original painted pine case. The name of the maker, "G. Adams London," is engraved on the dial.

George Adams (1704-1773) was mathematical instrument maker to King George III. After serving an apprenticeship from 1718, he made instruments for the East India Company in 1735 and 1736, and established a shop at "Tycho Brahe's Head" at the corner of Raquet Court, Fleet Street. He specialized in terrestrial and celestial globes and microscopes. Following his death he was succeeded in business by his son George Adams the Younger (1750-1795), who also served as mathematical-instrument maker to the king.

This instrument is believed by the donor to have been used by either Andrew Ellicott or by his son-in-law David Bates Douglass.

Gift of Charles B. Curtis of Litchfield, Conn., in 1945. USNM 312932.

_Telescope_, consisting of a brass tube 3-1/2 in. long with an aperture of 2-3/4 in.; on its original brass tripod, with a serviceable altazimuth mounting. Late 18th century. Made by "W. & S. Jones/135 Holborn/London."

The firm of "W. & S. Jones" was a partnership of two brothers, Samuel and William Jones, opticians, who worked at 30 Lower Holborn and at 135 Holborn in London, from 1793. They bought the copyright to the books of George Adams, and subsequently largely carried on the original business of the Adams instrument makers.

In _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author describes this instrument as the first of "Two Acromatic Telescopes for Taking signals, with sliding tubes, one of them drew out to upwards of 4 feet, and the other to about 15 inches, the latter for its length is remarkably good, it shows the satellites of Jupiter very distinctly."

Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Tucson, Ariz., in 1899. USNM 152082. FIGURE 73.

_Telescope_, draw type, made of brass with acromatic lens, length 11 in. Incomplete, and maker not known. The second of the instruments described in _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ as an acromatic telescope. Used for taking signals, with sliding tubes, which draw out to about 15 in. It was considered to be remarkably good for its length, and showed the satellites of Jupiter very distinctly.

Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM 152085.

_Transit and Equal Altitude Instrument_, made entirely of brass, with original lens now broken. The instrument is described by Ellicott in the following extract from _The Journal of Andrew Ellicott_:

Preparatory to beginning the ten mile square [of Washington] a
Meridian was traced at Jones' Point on the West of the Potomac.
From this Meridian an angle of 45 degrees was laid off North
Westerly and a straight line continued in that direction ten
miles.... From the termination of this second line a third making a
right angle with it was carried South-Easterly ten miles: and from
the beginning on Jones' Point a fourth was carried ten miles to the
termination of the third. These lines were measured with a chain
which was examined and corrected daily, and plumbed whenever the
ground was uneven, and traced with a transit and equal altitude
instrument which I constructed and executed in 1789 and used in
running the Western boundary of the State of New York. This
instrument was similar to that described by Le Monnier in his
preface to the French "Histoire Celeste." ... All the lines in this
city in which I have been concerned were traced with the same
instrument which I used on the lines of the ten mile square but as
the Northern part was not finished when I left that place, I cannot
pretend to say what method has since been pursued.

Deposit of Andrew Ellicott Douglass of Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1931. USNM 152080. FIGURE 10.

ELLIS, ORANGE WARNER (18th century). _Theodolite_, about 1780, brass; horizontal circle 5 in., vertical circle 5 in., telescope 7-1/2 in., compass 3 in.; spirit level set into compass card; spirit level attached to telescope; fixed vertical circle; unsigned. Used by Orange Warner Ellis about 1780 in the surveying of the boundary between the United States and Canada, the area which is now Vermont.

Acquired from Miss Mary N. Ellis of Chicago, Ill., in 1929. USNM 309596. FIGURE 74.

FRYE, JOSEPH (fl. 1762-1783), Fryeburg, Maine. _Manuscript Booklet_ of "Tables Useful in Surveying Land, made and presented by Joseph Frye to his son, Joseph Frye, Jr., November 18, A. D. 1783." Size 6-1/4 in. by 3-7/8 in., 16 pages, paper covers, marked "Fryeburg Joseph Frye AD MDCCLXXXIII."

Loan from Laurits C. Eichner of Clifton, New Jersey, in 1957. USNM 315062. FIGURE 45.

(See Greenough, Thomas, for surveying compass used by Joseph Frye.)

GREENOUGH, THOMAS (1710-1785), Boston, Mass. _Surveying Compass_, made of hickory with engraved paper compass card. Over-all length 11 ft.; dial 5-1/2 in. in diameter. Central medallion on card depicts man along shoreline using a Davis quadrant with a schooner offshore, with touches of red. Inscribed in gilt in band around central medallion: "Made and Sold by THOMAS GREENOUGH, Boston, New Eng." Used by Joseph Frye in 1762 for surveying his land grant in what is now Fryeburg, Maine. Loan from Laurits C. Eichner, Clifton, N.J., in 1957. USNM 315001. FIGURE 44.

(See also, Frye, Joseph, manuscript booklet of "Tables Useful for Surveying Land ...")

HAGGER, WILLIAM GUYSE, (C. 1748?-1830?), Newport, R.I. _Backstaff_, or _Davis Quadrant_, about 1760-1770, made of dark wood with scales and sights of boxwood, 25 in. long, 14 in. wide at large arc and 5 in. wide at small arc. Inscribed as follows: "W^m G. Hagger Newp^t R. Island/For M^r----." The name of the original owner has been blocked out by the insertion of a piece of ivory. This quadrant was acquired from Mrs. Carola Paine of Bethel, Conn., in 1961. USNM 319029. FIGURE 59.

Davis quadrants signed by Hagger are in the Comstock Memorial Collection of the Rhode Island Historical Society (dated 1776); in the Shepley Library in Providence, R.I. (dated 1768); and in the Peabody Museum at Salem, Mass. (dated 1775).

Also in the U.S. National Museum is an unsigned quadrant (USNM 178975) that is almost identical in detail to the one signed by Hagger. It is the gift of A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn. Another almost identical instrument, in the collection of the Franklin Institute, is signed "C. Elliott, New London, 1764"; it differs from the other two only in that a lens is combined in the middle sight.

HOLBECHER, JOHN, (fl. 1738). _Backstaff_, or _Davis Quadrant_, of dark wood with boxwood scales and vanes. Length 25-1/2 in.; large arc 15 in. Inscribed "Made by John Holbecher/ For Capt. Joseph Swan--1738."

Holbecher is not listed as an English or American instrument maker, but it is believed that the instrument is American.

Acquired from Bern C. Ritchie & Co., Chicago, Ill., in 1960. USNM 318439.

JOHNSON, JOHN, Surveyor, 1818. (See Rittenhouse & Evans, surveying compass.)

JONES, W. & S., 135 Holborn, London. (See Ellicott, Andrew, telescope.)

PIERCE, ABNER, (c. 1790). _Surveying Compass_ with Jacob's staff. Made of brass; 12 in. long; 5 in. in diameter; with needle lift. Jacob's staff 4 ft. high and with wood shaft about 1-1/2 in.; brass head. Unsigned. Used about 1790 by Abner Pierce, who built Pierce's Mill in Rock Creek, District of Columbia.

Gift of Mrs. Francis D. Shoemaker of Washington, D.C., in 1930. USNM 309826.

PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804), Northumberland, Pa.

_Chemical Apparatus_ that formed part of the laboratory of Joseph Priestley at his home. It includes the following specimens: 3 chemical retorts, 6 bell jars, 1 gas collecting flask, 6 flasks, 4 funnels, 23 miscellaneous metal and glass objects, and 1 eudiometer. A special exhibition of some of this chemical apparatus was held in the U.S. National Museum in 1958 (see fig. 69).

Gift of Miss Frances D. Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM 315341-315358. FIGURE 75.

_Globes_, one terrestrial (fig. 76) and one celestial (fig. 77), that formed part of the equipment used by Dr. Joseph Priestley. The terrestrial globe, of 26 in. diameter, has a Sheraton mahogany tripod stand and is inscribed--

To the Rt. Honorable/Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B./President of the
Royal Society/containing all the latest Discoveries and
Communications from the most/correct surveys to the year 1798/by
Capt. Cook and more recent Navigators. Engraved upon an accurate
degree by Mr. Arrowsmith, Geographer/Respectfully Dedicated/by
his most obedient servant/W. & T. M. Bardin/Manufactured and Sold
Wholesale and Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet
Street, London.

The celestial globe, also with a Sheraton mahogany tripod stand, has a diameter of 23 in. and is inscribed--

To the Rev./Nevil Maskelyne, D. D. F. R. S./Astronomer Royal/This
New British Celestial Globe/containing the positions of nearly
6,000 stars, clusters, nebulae, Planetary Nebulae/& correctly
computed & laid down for the year 1800 from the latest observations
and discoveries by Dr. Maskelyne, Dr. Herschel, the Rev. Mr.
Wollaston, etc., etc./Is respectfully dedicated by his most
obedient hmbl Servants W. & T. M. Bardin, Manufactured and sold
Wholesale & Retail by W. & T. M. Bardin/16 Salisbury Square/Fleet
Street, London.

Gifts of Mrs. Eliza R. Lyon of Williamsport, Pa., in 1893. USNM 53253, 53254. FIGURES 76, 77.

_Orrery_, mounted on three legs 31 in. high, round top 22-1/2 in. in diameter. The planets shown are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. The base is not original. Maker not known; English, 18th century.

Gift of Miss Frances Priestley of Northumberland, Pa., in 1958. USNM 315353. FIGURES 76, 77.

RITTENHOUSE, BENJAMIN (1740-c. 1820).

_Surveying Compass_, about 1796, of brass, 13-1/2 in. long over-all and 6-1/2 in. diameter. Supported on a tripod by means of a ball-and-socket joint and screw-tightening device. The name "A. Ellicott" is inscribed on one arm outside the bezel of the dial, and the name "B. Rittenhouse" is inscribed on the other arm. The number "10" is marked on the reverse of this instrument, which is listed in the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ as Item 9: "A Surveying Compass made by Mr. Benjamin Rittenhouse upon the newest and most approved plans."

Gift of Henry B. Douglass of Newton, N.J., in 1934. USNM 310815. FIGURE 78.

RITTENHOUSE, DAVID (1732-1796), Philadelphia, Pa.

_Surveying Compass_, brass, over-all length 14 in., diameter 6-1/2 in., silvered dial marked with eight-pointed star indicating the cardinal and intermediate points, glazed. Inscribed "Rittenhouse, Philadelphia." Fitted with a ball-and-socket joint for mounting on a tripod, and complete with wooden field case.

Stated to have been used by General Washington for laying out the estate of Mount Vernon, according to family manuscripts. It was made by David Rittenhouse and presented by him to General Washington, who subsequently gave it to Capt. Samuel Duvall.

A manuscript consisting of 14 letters relating to the surveying compass is filed in the U.S. National Museum (USNM 92542). The letters were written in 1851 and 1852 by George Washington Parke Custis, Anthony Kimmel, and other Washington descendants.

Gift of Anthony Kimmel to the U.S. Government, and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92538. FIGURE 79.

_Zenith Sector_ for measuring the angle between a star at its zenith and the vertical. Made of brass, with focal length of 6 ft. and an aperture of 2-1/2 in. The original lens was made in London about 1780. The instrument was made in the old pattern with brass tube and mountings and a wooden supporting post. The tube is suspended by trunnions at the top and swings against a graduated arc extending north and south for measuring zenith distances in the meridian. It is adjusted in the vertical by a plumb line whose errors are eliminated by reversing the whole mounting about the supporting post. Constructed principally by David Rittenhouse, with some modifications by Andrew Ellicott.

In the _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ its author referred to this sector as follows:

The boundary line to the North of Pennsylvania was fixed by Dr.
Rittenhouse and Captain Holland in the year 1774 and completed in
1786 and 1787. We commenced operations by running a guide line west
from the point mentioned on the Delaware 20-1/4 miles and there
corrected by the following Zenith distances taken at its West
termination by a most excellent sector constructed and executed by
Dr. Rittenhouse.

The zenith sector is again mentioned in the appendix of the _Journal_: "One Zenith Sector of nearly six feet radius similar to the one made by Mr. [George] Graham for Dr. Bradley and Mr. Molyneux, with which the aberrations of the stars and mutation of the earth's axis were discovered, and the quantities determined."

Gift of Andrew Ellicott Douglass, Tucson, Ariz., in 1931. USNM 152078. FIGURE 11.

_Zenith Sector_, made of brass, original lens broken. Constructed by David Rittenhouse with some additions made by Andrew Ellicott. In The _Journal of Andrew Ellicott_ the instrument is described as a Zenith Sector of 19 inches radius to be used when the utmost accuracy was not necessary, and where the transportation of the large one could not be effected without great expense and difficulty. These instruments were principally executed by my late worthy and ingenious friend, Mr. Rittenhouse, except some additions which I have made myself. The plumb lines of both Sectors are suspended from a notch above the axis of the instruments in the manner described by the Rev. Dr. Maskelyne, the present Astronomer Royal at Greenwich, in the introduction to the first volume of his Astronomical Observations. A particular description of those instruments is rendered unnecessary by being accurately done in a number of scientific works, particularly by M. de Maupertius in his account of the measurement of a degree of the meridian under the Arctic Circle--The Sector is of all instruments the best calculated for measuring zenith distances which come within its arc. The large one above mentioned [large Zenith Sector] extends to 5 degrees North, and South of the Zenith. Stars when so near the Zenith are insensibly affected by the different refractive powers of the Atmosphere arising from its different degrees of density. Add to this that the error of the visual axis is completely corrected by taking the Zenith distances of the stars with the plane, or face of the instrument both East and West.

USNM 152079. FIGURE 80.

RITTENHOUSE & EVANS, Philadelphia, Pa., 18th century.

_Surveying Compass_, about 1780, made of brass, overall length 13-3/4 in., diameter of dial 5-1/4 in., silvered bubble level, vernier on alidade. The glazed dial, engraved "Rittenhouse & Evans," is fitted with a brass cover.

This instrument was made during a brief partnership between David Rittenhouse and David Evans, a clock- and watchmaker of Philadelphia and Baltimore. It was one of several owned and used by John Johnson in 1818 for surveying the boundaries between Canada and Maine.

The survey, made in compliance with the Treaty of Ghent, is described in _The Collections of the Maine Historical Society_ (Portland: Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, 1881, vol. 8, p. 20):

Thomas Barclay, of whom we have heard more than once before, as a
Commissioner under the treaty, on the part of Great Britain, and
Cornelius P. Van Ness, on the part of the United States, were
appointed Commissioners to ascertain and run the line. An actual
survey was arranged, and surveyors appointed, to wit: Charles
Turner, Jr., on the part of the United States, and Colin Campbell
on the part of Great Britain. About twenty miles of the line was
surveyed, then the work was discontinued, never to be resumed; but
an exploring survey was commenced by Colonel Bouchette, on the part
of Great Britain, and John Johnson, on the part of the United
States. These gentlemen made an exploring line in 1817, extending
ninety-nine miles from the monument at the head of the river St.
Croix, and made separate reports of their doings. In 1818 Mr.
Johnson, with Mr. Odell, who had taken the place of Col.
Bouchette, finished running the exploring line to the Beaver or
Metis River....

Gift of John Johnson Allen of Burlington, Vt., in 1927. USNM 309543. FIGURE 81.

THOMPSON, Captain SAMUEL ROWLAND (18th century); Lewes, Del. _Octant_ made of dark wood and with lignum vitae; brass fittings. This harbormaster's instrument, used by Captain Thompson during the second half of the 18th century, is without numerical designations on the arc. The eighth part of a circle is connected to an apex by two side pieces with a swinging arm hinged at the apex, with a blade at its end that moves along a checkered scale on the arc.

Gift of George Andrews Thompson of Baltimore, Md., in 1926. USNM 308473.

VOIGHT, HENRY (1738-1814), Philadelphia, Pa.

_Equal Altitude Telescope_ of brass, 17 in. long, on wooden tripod about 46 in. high. Objective lens is missing. Signed "Henry Voigt." Made about 1790 and used for determining meridian lines and time observation of the sun's noon transit. This form of instrument was originally invented about 1716 by Roger Cotes, professor of astronomy at Cambridge, as a simple instrument for the determination of time.

Deposited in the U.S. National Museum by the Smithsonian Institution in 1939. USNM 311772. FIGURE 31.

WASHINGTON, GENERAL GEORGE (1732-1799), Mount Vernon, Va.

_Compass Sundial_ described by the donor as having been presented to Gen. George Washington by General Braddock on the retreat through Paris Gap, Fairfax County, Va. Gift of Samuel Keese in 1902. USNM 9842.

_Field Glass_, brass tube in three sections, length closed 9 in., opened 22-1/2 in. Diameter of object lens 1-3/4 in., of ocular lens 1-1/8 in. With original case of russet leather, which is 9-1/2 in. long and 2-1/2 in. in diameter. Maker not known. Stated to have been used by Washington during the Revolutionary War at the campaign of Valley Forge.

According to related correspondence, when not in use the instrument was carried by the General's body servant, Billy Lee. The General presented the field glass to Major Lawrence Lewis, his favorite nephew, in 1799, the last year of his life.

Purchased by the U.S. Government from the Lewis heirs in 1878 and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92424, 92425. FIGURE 82.

_Spyglass or Telescope_, made of wood, 9-sided, wrapped throughout with twine, 62 in. long. Brass mountings for object and ocular lenses made by "Cole, Fleet Street, London." Diameter of object lens 2-3/4 in., diameter of ocular lens 1 in.

The maker, Benjamin Cole (1725-1813), was the third generation of instrument makers of the same name. Other instruments by this maker are in the National Maritime Museum and the Whipple Museum, Cambridge.

This telescope, used by General Washington at Mount Vernon, "was kept behind the hall door and his favorite amusement was to look out over the river with it." According to Mrs. Lewis, the General used it to observe life on the river and especially to discover guests approaching Mount Vernon, as many of their visitors arrived by boat. Benjamin Latrobe, the architect, on a visit to Mount Vernon made an amusing sketch of his host looking anxiously up the stream for some belated dinner guests.

Part of the collection purchased from the Lewis heirs in 1878 by the U.S. Government and transferred to the U.S. National Museum in 1883. USNM 92423. FIGURE 83.

_Survey of Land_, drawn and documented by George Washington on April 2, 1751 for Thomas Loftan of Frederick County, Va. Paper, 12 in. wide by 7-3/4 in. high.

This survey was made by Washington when he was 19 years of age, and it is believed to be the only such document relating to his earliest period as a surveyor. Washington was licensed as a surveyor by the President and Masters of William and Mary College in 1749. On July 20th of the same year he was appointed surveyor in Culpepper County, Va., by Governor Dinwiddie.

Acquired in 1961. USNM 238367. FIGURE 84.

WHITE, PEREGRINE (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.

_Surveying Compass_, about 1790, made of brass, complete with original case, tripod, and gunter's chain. The instrument measures 12-1/4 in. overall. The dial, with a diameter of 5-5/8 in. and a pewter vernier ring, is inscribed "PEREGRINE WHITE/Woodstock." Tripod is 57-1/2 in. long and has walnut legs and a brass universal socket joint. Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Arthur M. Greenwood.

USNM 388993. FIGURE 23.

WHITNEY, THOMAS (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia, Pa.

_Pocket Compass_ of brass encased in brassbound mahogany box with separate carrying case. Paper dial is inscribed "T. Whitney/ Phil^a." Carried by Capt. William Clark on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to the Pacific Coast in 1803-1806.

USNM 38366. FIGURE 85.

Appendix

SURVIVING WOODEN SURVEYING COMPASSES

(Asterisk denotes information unavailable)

_Length
_Height of _Maker
_Collection_ _Type _Length _Width of bars needle and
of (in.)_ (in.)_ (in.)_ (in.)_ period_
wood_

Preston R. Maple 9 5 3-1/4 * Unsigned (18th
Bassett century)

Bucks County Cherry 11 5-1/2 6-5/8 2-3/8 Thomas Greenough
Historical of Boston
Society (1710-1785)

Bostonian Apple or 13-7/8 * * 4-3/4 John Dupee of
Society walnut Boston (after
1761)

Dartmouth Walnut 7-3/4 * * * Thomas S. Bowles
College Museum of Portsmouth,
N.H. (c.
1765-1821)

* 12 8 * * Unsigned (18th
century)

* 8-3/8 4-5/8 * * Unsigned (18th
century)

L. C. Eichner Hickory 11 5-1/2 3 4 Thomas Greenough
(U.S. National of Boston
Museum) (1710-1785)

Farmer's Museum Oak 12-3/4 6-1/2 5 * Unsigned (18th
century)

Franklin Gum 13-3/4 5-3/4 4 5 Thomas Greenough
Institute of Boston
(1710-1785)

Mariner's * * * * * Charles Thacher
Museum (18th century)

Old Sturbridge Maple 13 4 * * Unsigned (18th
century)

Maple 11-5/8 5-7/8 * * Thomas Greenough
of Boston
(1710-1785)

Walnut 18 8 * * Aaron Breed of
Boston (1791-1861)

New Hampshire Maple 11 5-3/4 2-1/2 4-5/8 Joseph Halsy of
Historical Boston (fl.
Society 1697-1762)

N. Parker Walnut 13-1/2 4-7/8 5 * John Dupee of
Boston (after
1761)

Peabody Museum * 11 * * 3 James Halsy II of
Boston (1695-1767)

Worth Shampeny * * * * * Jedidiah Baldwin
of Hanover, N.H.
(c. 1777-1829)

South Natick Apple or 13-16 * * 4-7/8 John Dupee of
Historical walnut Boston (after
Society 1761)

Streeter Coll., Birch 13 6 * 4 Thomas S. Bowles
Yale University of Portsmouth,
N.H. (c.1765-1821)

Cherry 11-5/6 6 4 * Jere Clough of
Boston (18th
century)

Cherry 12 6 3-1/2 * Benjamin Warren of
Plymouth, Mass.
(fl. 1740-1790)

Roleigh L. Cherry 7-1/2 3-3/4 3 * Unsigned
Stubbs

Silvio A. Walnut 12 5-3/8 5 4 Thomas S. Bowles
Bedini of Portsmouth,
N.H. (c.
1765-1821)

Pine 5-3/4 3-1/2 2-1/2 * Unsigned (18th
century)

Mahogany * * * * Unsigned (18th
century)

Basswood 12 5-3/4 2-3/4 4 Thomas Greenough
of Boston
(1710-1785)

Birch 18 7-1/2 7-1/2 6 Samuel Thaxter of
Boston (1769-1842)

Mahogany 13 7-1/4 4-1/4 6 Samuel Thaxter of
Boston (1769-1842)

Yellow 8-1/4 4 * 4-1/4 Benjamin K. Hagger
birch of Boston and
Baltimore (c.
1769-1834)

Cherry 14 5-1/2 6-3/8 4-3/4 Gurdon Huntington
of Windham, Conn.
and Walpole, N.H.
(1763-1804)

Yale Gallery Mahogany 11-1/2 5 * * Andrew Newell of
of Fine Art Boston (1749-c.
1798)

MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS

_Alphabetical List_

(Asterisk denotes information unavailable.)

_Name_ _Period_ _Place_ _Types of
instruments_

Bailey, John fl. 1778 Fishkill, N. Y. Surveying; surgical

Bailey, John, II 1752-1823 Hanover and Lynn, Surveying
Mass.

Baily, Joel 1732-1797 West Bradford,
(practitioner) Pa.

Baldwin, Jedidiah c. 1777-1829 Salem, Boston, Surveying
and Northampton,
Mass.; Hanover,
N. H.

Banneker, Benjamin c. 1734-1806 Baltimore
(practitioner)

Benson, John fl. 1793-1797 * Optical

Biddle, Owen 1737-1799 Philadelphia
(practitioner)

Biggs, Thomas fl. 1792-1795 New York and Surveying
Philadelphia

Blakslee, Ziba 1768-1834 Newtown, Conn. Surveying

Blundy, Charles fl. 1753 Charleston, S. C. Thermometric;
watches

Bowles, Thomas S. c. 1765-1821 Portsmouth, N. H. Surveying

Breed, Aaron 1791-1861 Boston Surveying

Brokaw, Isaac fl. 1771 Philadelphia *

Bulmain & Dennies fl. 1799 New York Nautical

Burges, Bartholomew fl. 1789 Boston Scientific

Burnap, Daniel 1759-1838 East Windsor and Surveying; clocks
Coventry, Conn.

Caritat, H. fl. 1799 New York Astronomical

Chandlee, Benjamin, 1723-1791 Nottingham, Md. Surveying; clocks
Jr.

Chandlee & Bros. fl. 1790-1791 Nottingham, Md. Clocks; surveying

Chandlee, Ellis 1755-1816 Nottingham, Md. Surveying; clocks

Chandlee, Ellis & fl. 1791-1797 Nottingham, Md. Clocks; surveying
Bros.

Chandlee, Goldsmith c. 1751-1821 Winchester, Va. Surveying;
astronomical;
clocks

Chandlee, Isaac 1760-1813 Nottingham, Md. Surveying; clocks

Clark, Robert fl. 1785 Charleston, S.C. Nautical; surveying
optical

Clough, Jere 18th century Boston Surveying

Condy, Benjamin fl. 1756-1798, Philadelphia Mathematical; sand
d. 1798 glasses

Crow, George c. 1726-1772 Wilmington, Del. Surveying; clocks

Dabney, John, Jr. fl. 1739 Boston Mathematical

Dakin, Jonathan fl. 1745 Boston Mathematical;
balances

Davenport, William 1778-1829 Philadelphia Mathematical;
surveying

Dean, William (?-1797) Philadelphia Surveying; nautical

Devacht, Joseph and fl. 1792 Gallipolis, Ohio Watches; compasses;
Francois sundials

Donegan (or fl. 1787 New York Glass;
Denegan), John philosophical

Donegany, John (see
Donegan)

Doolittle, Enos 1751-1806 Hartford, Conn. Surveying;
clocks nautical;

Doolittle, Isaac 1721-1800 New Haven, Conn. Clocks; scientific

Doolittle, Isaac, 1759-1821 New Haven, Conn. Surveying; clocks
Jr.

Dupee, John fl. after 1761 Boston Surveying

Ellicott, Andrew 1754-1820 Baltimore Surveying;
(also practitioner) astronomical

Emery, Samuel 1787-1882 Salem, Mass. Mathematical

Evans, George fl. 1796; d. Philadelphia Mathematical
1798

Fairman, Gideon 1774-1827 Newburyport, Mathematical
(See Hooker and Mass.
Fairman)

Fisher, Martin fl. 1790 Philadelphia Glass

Folger, Peter 1617-1690 Nantucket
(practitioner?)

Folger, Walter, Jr. 1765-1849 Nantucket Astronomical;
surveying

Ford, George fl. late 18th Lancaster, Pa. Surveying; nautical
century to
1842

Ford, George, II fl. 1842 Lancaster, Pa. Surveying; nautical

Fosbrook, W. fl. 1786 or New York Surgical; dental
earlier

Gatty, Joseph fl. 1794 New York and Glass;
Philadelphia philosophical

Gilman, Benjamin C. 1763-1835 Exeter, N.H. Mathematical;
clocks

Gilmur, Bryan fl. end of Philadelphia Mathematical;
18th century clocks

Godfrey, Thomas 1704-1749 Philadelphia Improved reflecting
backstaff

Gould, John fl. 1794 Philadelphia Nautical; surgical;
optical

Grainger, Samuel fl. 1719 Boston
(practitioner)

Greenleaf, Stephen 1704-1795 Boston Mathematical

Greenough, Thomas 1710-1785 Boston Mathematical;
surveying;
nautical;
astronomical

Greenough, William fl. 1785 Boston Surveying

Greenwood, Isaac, fl. 1726 Boston Surveying
Sr. (practitioner)

Greenwood, Isaac, 1730-1803 Boston Mathematical
Jr.

Grew, Theophilus fl. 1753 Philadelphia
(practitioner)

Hagger, Benjamin c. 1769-1834 Boston and Mathematical;
King Baltimore surveying

Hagger, William c. 1744-1830? Newport, R.I. Nautical
Guyse

Halsie, James, I fl. 1674 Boston
(practitioner)

Halsy, James, II 1695-1767 Boston Mathematical;
surveying

Halsy, John fl. 1700 Boston Mathematical

Halsy, Joseph fl. 1697-1762 Boston Surveying; nautical

Ham, James fl. 1754-1764 New York and Mathematical
Philadelphia

Ham, James, Jr. fl. 1780 Philadelphia Mathematical

Hamlin, William 1772-1869 Providence, R. I. Mathematical;
nautical;
astronomical

Hanks, Benjamin 1755-1824 Mansfield and Surveying
Litchfield, Conn.

Hanks, Truman fl. 1808 Mansfield and Surveying
Litchfield, Conn.

Harland, Thomas 1735-1807 Norwich, Conn. Surveying; clocks

Heisely, Frederick 1759-1839 Frederick, Md.; Mathematical;
A. Lancaster, surveying; clocks
Harrisburg, and
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Heisely, George 1789-1880 Harrisburg, Pa. Clocks;
mathematical

Hinton, William fl. 1772 New York Mathematical

Hoff, George 1740-1816 Lancaster, Pa. Clocks; surveying

Holcomb, Amasa 1787-1875 Southwick, Mass. Surveying;
(also practitioner) astronomical

Hooker & Fairman before 1810 Newburyport, Mathematical
(William Hooker and Mass.
Gideon Fairman)

Houghton, Rowland c. 1678-1744 Boston Surveying

Huntington, Gurdon 1763-1804 Windham, Conn., Surveying and
and Walpole, N.H. other; clocks

Jacks, James fl. 1780's Charleston, S.C. Mathematical;
surveying

Jayne, John late 18th Salem, Mass. Mathematical
century

Kennard, John 1782-1861 Newmarket, N.H. Surveying; clocks

Ketterer, Alloysius fl. 1789 Philadelphia Glass

King & Hagger 1759 or 1760 Newport, R.I. Mathematical;
(Benjamin King and until early nautical
William Guyse 1760's
Hagger)

King, Benjamin 1707-1786 Newport, R.I. Mathematical;
nautical

King, Benjamin 1740-1804 Salem, Mass. Nautical

King, Daniel 1704-1790 Salem, Mass. Mathematical

King, Samuel 1748-1819 Newport, R.I. Mathematical

Lamb, A. & Son 1780's New York Mathematical

Lamb, Anthony 1703-1784 England; Mathematical;
Virginia; surveying; nautical
Philadelphia; New
York; Hunter's
Key, N.Y.

Lamb, John 1735-1800 New York Mathematical

Mendenhall, Thomas fl. 1775 Lancaster, Pa. Mathematical;
clocks

Miller, Aaron fl. 1748-1771 Elizabethtown, Surveying; clocks;
N.J. compasses

Morris, M. fl. 1785 New York Protractors

Newell, Andrew 1749-1798 Boston Mathematical;
compasses

Newell, Joseph fl. 1800-1813 Boston Surveying

Pease, Paul fl. 1750 Probably Rhode Quadrant
Island

Platt, Augustus 1793-1886 Columbus, Ohio Mathematical;
surveying

Platt, Benjamin 1757-1833 Danbury, Compasses;
Litchfield, and surveying; clocks
New Milford,
Conn.; Lanesboro,
Mass.; Columbus,
Ohio

Pope, Joseph 1750-1826 Boston Scientific; clocks

Potter, John fl. 1746-1818 Brookfield, Mass. Surveying

Potts, W. L. late 18th Bucks County, Pa. Surveying
century

Prince, John 1751-1836 Salem, Mass. Scientific
(practitioner)

Prince, Nathan fl. 1743 Boston
(practitioner)

Pryor, Thomas fl. 1778 Philadelphia Mathematical

Revere, Paul 1735-1818 Boston Gunnery

Rittenhouse, 1740-c.1820 Philadelphia Astronomical;
Benjamin surveying

Rittenhouse, David 1732-1796 Philadelphia and Astronomical;
(practitioner) Norriton, Pa. surveying

Rittenhouse & Evans fl. 1770's Philadelphia Surveying

Sibley & Marble late 18th New Haven, Conn. Mathematical;
(Clark Sibley and century clocks; watches
Simeon Marble)

Smith, Cordial fl. 1775 Connecticut Surveying

Sommer, widow fl. 1753 New York Optical
Balthaser

Sower, Christopher c. 1724-1740 Germantown and Mathematical;
Philadelphia, Pa. clocks

Stiles & Baldwin fl. 1791 Northampton, Surveying
(Jedidiah Baldwin) Mass.

Stiles & Storrs fl. 1792 Northampton, Surveying
(Nathan Storrs and Mass.
Jedidiah Baldwin)

Taws, Charles fl. 1795 Philadelphia Mathematical

Thacher, Charles 18th century Probably Boston Surveying

Thaxter, Samuel 1769-1842 Boston Nautical;
mathematical
surveying

Voight, Henry 1738-1814 Philadelphia Astronomical;
clocks; watches

Wall, George, Jr. fl. 1788 Bucks County, Pa. Surveying

Walpole, Charles fl. 1746 New York Mathematical

Warren, Benjamin fl. 1740-1790 Plymouth, Mass. Surveying; nautical

White, Peregrine 1747-1834 Woodstock, Conn. Surveying; clocks

Whitney, John fl. 1801 Philadelphia Mathematical;
optical

Whitney, Thomas fl. 1798-1823 Philadelphia Mathematical;
optical; surveying

Williams, William 1737 or Boston Mathematical;
1738-1792 nautical

Willis, Arthur fl. 1674 Possibly
(practitioner) Massachusetts

Wilson, James 1763-1855 Bradford, Vt. Globes

Wistar, Richard fl. 1752 Wistarburg, N.J. Glass

Witt, Christopher fl. 1710-1765 Germantown, Pa. Mathematical;
(practitioner) clocks

Wood, John fl. 1790 Philadelphia Compasses

Youle, James 1740-1786 New York Surgical

Youle, John fl. 1786 New York Surgical

MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND INSTRUMENT MAKERS

_Geographical Listing_

CONNECTICUT

Coventry: Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and
clocks.

Danbury: Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.

East Windsor: Daniel Burnap (1759-1838); surveying instruments and
clocks.

Hartford: Enos Doolittle (1751-1806); surveying and navigational
instruments, compasses, and clocks.

Litchfield: Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments and
clocks.

Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.

Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.

Mansfield: Benjamin Hanks (1755-1824); surveying instruments.

Truman Hanks (fl. 1808); surveying instruments.

New Haven: Isaac Doolittle (1721-1800); clocks and scientific
instruments.

Isaac Doolittle, Jr. (1759-1821); surveying instruments
and clocks.

Sibley & Marble (late 18th century); clocks and
mathematical instruments.

New Milford: Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); compasses and clocks.

Newtown: Ziba Blakeslee (1768-1834); surveying instruments.

Norwich: Thomas Harland (1735-1807); surveying instruments and
clocks.

Windham: Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying
and other instruments.

Woodstock: Peregrine White (1747-1834); surveying instruments and
clocks.

----: Smith, Cordial (fl. 1775); surveying instruments.

DELAWARE

Wilmington: George Crow (c. 1726-1772); surveying instruments
and clocks.

MARYLAND

Baltimore: Benjamin Banneker (c. 1734-1806), practitioner.

Andrew Ellicott (1754-1820), practitioner; surveying
and astronomical instruments.

Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and
surveying instruments.

Frederick: Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
mathematical instruments.

Nottingham: Benjamin Chandlee, Jr. (1723-1791); clocks and
surveying instruments.

Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791); clocks and surveying
instruments.

Ellis Chandlee (1755-1816); surveying instruments and
clocks.

Ellis Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797); clocks and
surveying instruments.

Isaac Chandlee (1760-1813); surveying instruments and
clocks.

MASSACHUSETTS

Boston: Jedidiah Baldwin (c. 1777-1829); surveying instruments.

Aaron Breed (1791-1861); surveying instruments.

Bartholomew Burges (fl. 1789); scientific instruments.

Jere Clough (18th century); surveying instruments.

John Dabney, Jr. (fl. 1739); mathematical instruments.

Jonathan Dakin (fl. 1745); mathematical instruments
and balances.

John Dupee (fl. after 1761); surveying instruments.

Samuel Grainger (fl. 1719), practitioner.

Stephen Greenleaf (1704-1795); mathematical instruments.

Thomas Greenough (1710-1785); mathematical, surveying,
astronomical, and nautical instruments.

William Greenough (fl. 1785); surveying instruments.

Isaac Greenwood, Sr. (c.1725-1750), practitioner.

Isaac Greenwood, Jr. (1730-1803); mathematical
instruments.

Benjamin K. Hagger (c. 1769-1834); mathematical and
surveying instruments.

James Halsie I (fl. 1674), practitioner.

James Halsy II (1695-1767); mathematical and surveying
instruments.

John Halsy (fl. 1700); mathematical instruments.

Joseph Halsy (fl. 1697-1762); surveying instruments.

Rowland Houghton (1678-1744); surveying instruments.

Andrew Newell (1749-1798); surveying instruments.

Joseph Newell (fl. 1800-1813); surveying instruments.

Joseph Pope (1750-1826); scientific instruments and
clocks.

Nathan Prince (fl. 1743), practitioner; scientific
instruments.

Paul Revere (1735-1818); gunnery instruments.

Charles Thacher (18th century); surveying instruments.

Samuel Thaxter (1769-1842); surveying, nautical, and
mathematical instruments.

William Williams (1737/8-1792); mathematical and
nautical instruments.

Brookfield: John Potter (1746-1818); surveying instruments.

Hanover: John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.

Lanesboro: Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments,
clocks, and compasses.

Lynn: John Bailey II (1752-1823); surveying instruments.

Nantucket: Peter Folger (1617-1690), practitioner(?).

Walter Folger (1765-1849), practitioner; clocks and
astronomical instruments.

Newburyport: Gideon Fairman (1774-1827); mathematical instruments.

Hooker & Fairman (before 1810); mathematical
instruments.

Northampton: Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.

Stiles & Baldwin (fl.1791); surveying instruments.

Stiles & Storrs (fl.1792); surveying instruments.

Plymouth: Benjamin Warren (fl.1740-1790); surveying and nautical
instruments.

Salem: Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.

Samuel Emery (1787-1882); mathematical instruments.

John Jayne (late 18th century); mathematical
instruments.

Benjamin King (1740-1804); nautical instruments.

Daniel King (1704-1790); mathematical instruments.

John Prince (1751-1836), practitioner; scientific
instruments.

Southwick: Amasa Holcomb (1787-1875); surveying and mathematical
instruments.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Exeter: Benjamin C. Gilman (1763-1835); mathematical
instruments and clocks.

Hanover: Jedidiah Baldwin (c.1777-1829); surveying instruments.

Newmarket: John Kennard (1782-1861); surveying instruments.

Portsmouth: Thomas S. Bowles (c.1765-1821); surveying instruments.

Walpole: Gurdon Huntington (1763-1804); clocks and surveying
and other instruments.

NEW JERSEY

Elizabeth: Aaron Miller (fl. 1748-1771); surveying instruments,
clocks, and compasses.

Wistarburg: Richard Wistar (fl. 1752); glass and thermometric
instruments.

NEW YORK

Fishkill: John Bailey (fl. 1778); surveying and surgical
instruments.

New York: Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792); surveying instruments.

Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799); nautical instruments.

H. Caritat (fl. 1799); astronomical prints.

John Donegan (fl. 1787); barometers, thermometers,
and philosophical instruments.

W. Fosbrook (fl. 1786); surgical and dental
instruments.

Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers and
philosophical instruments.

James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.

William Hinton (fl. 1772); mathematical instruments.

A. Lamb & Son (fl. late 18th century); mathematical
instruments.

Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.

John Lamb (1735-1800); mathematical instruments.

M. Morris (fl. 1785); protractors.

Widow Balthaser Sommer (fl. 1753); optical instruments.

Charles Walpole (fl. 1746); mathematical instruments.

James Youle (1740-1786); surgical instruments.

John Youle (fl. 1786); surgical instruments.

OHIO

Columbus: Augustus Platt (1793-1886); mathematical instruments.

Benjamin Platt (1757-1833); surveying instruments and
clocks.

Gallipolis: Joseph (fl. 1792) and Francois Devacht; watches,
compasses, and sundials.

PENNSYLVANIA

Bucks County: W. L. Potts (late 18th century); surveying instruments.

George Wall, Jr. (fl. 1788); surveying instruments.

Germantown: Christopher Sower (c. 1724-1740); mathematical
instruments and clocks.

Christopher Witt (fl. 1710-1765); mathematical
instruments and clocks.

Harrisburg: Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
mathematical instruments.

George Heisely (1789-1880); clocks and mathematical
instruments.

Lancaster: George Ford (late 18th century to 1842); surveying
and nautical instruments.

George Ford II (fl. 1842); surveying and nautical
instruments.

Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
mathematical instruments.

George Hoff (1740-1816); clocks, surveying instruments.

Thomas Mendenhall (fl. 1775); mathematical instruments
and clocks.

Norristown: David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner;
astronomical and surveying instruments.

Philadelphia: Owen Biddle (1737-1799), practitioner.

Thomas Biggs (fl. 1792-1795); surveying instruments.

Isaac Brokaw (fl. 1771).

Benjamin Condy (fl. 1756, d. 1798); mathematical
instruments and sand glasses.

William Davenport (1778-1829); surveying and
mathematical instruments.

William Dean (?-1797); surveying and nautical
instruments.

George Evans (fl. 1796, d. 1798); mathematical
instruments.

Martin Fisher (fl. 1790); glass instruments.

Joseph Gatty (fl. 1794); barometers, thermometers,
and philosophical instruments.

Bryan Gilmur (end of 18th century); mathematical
instruments and clocks.

Thomas Godfrey (1704-1749); improved reflecting
backstaff.

John Gould (fl. 1794); nautical, surveying,
and optical instruments.

Theophilus Grew (fl. 1753), practitioner.

James Ham (fl. 1754-1764); mathematical instruments.

James Ham, Jr. (fl. 1780); mathematical instruments.

Alloysius Ketterer (fl. 1789); glass instruments.

Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.

Thomas Pryor (fl. 1778); mathematical instruments.

Benjamin Rittenhouse (1740-c.1820); surveying and
astronomical instruments.

David Rittenhouse (1732-1796), practitioner;
astronomical and surveying instruments.

Christopher Sower [Sauer] (c. 1724-1740); mathematical
instruments and clocks.

Charles Taws (fl. 1795); mathematical instruments.

Henry Voight (1738-1814); clocks, watches, and
astronomical instruments.

John Whitney (fl. 1801); mathematical and optical
instruments.

Thomas Whitney (fl. 1798-1823); mathematical and
optical instruments.

John Wood (fl. 1790); compasses.

Pittsburgh: Frederick A. Heisely (1759-1839); clocks and
mathematical instruments.

West Bradford: Joel Baily (1732-1797), practitioner.

RHODE ISLAND

Newport: William G. Hagger (c.1744-1830?); quadrants.

King & Hagger (1759/60); mathematical and nautical
instruments.

Benjamin King (1707-1786); mathematical and nautical
instruments.

Samuel King (1748-1819); mathematical instrument.

Paul Pease (fl. 1750); quadrants.

Providence: William Hamlin (1772-1869); mathematical,
astronomical, and nautical instruments.

SOUTH CAROLINA

Charleston: Charles Blundy (fl. 1753); thermometric instruments.

Robert Clark (fl. 1785); nautical, surveying, and
optical instruments.

James Jacks (fl. 1780's); mathematical and surveying
instruments.

VERMONT

Bradford: James Wilson (1763-1855); globes.

VIRGINIA

Winchester: Goldsmith Chandlee (c.1746-1821); surveying and
astronomical instruments and clocks.

Anthony Lamb (1703-1784); mathematical instruments.

TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR MAKERS

_(Categories based on specific designations noted in advertisements)_

ASTRONOMICAL

Caritat, H. (fl. 1799), New York.

Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made surveying instruments and clocks.

Ellicott, Andrew (1754-1820), Baltimore; also made surveying instruments.

Folger, Walter, Jr. (1765-1849), Nantucket, Mass.; also made surveying instruments.

Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical, surveying, and nautical instruments.

Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical and nautical instruments.

Holcomb, Amasa (1787-1875), Southwick, Mass.; also made surveying instruments.

Rittenhouse, Benjamin (1740-c.1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.

Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), Philadelphia and Norristown, Pa.; also made surveying instruments.

Voight, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made clocks and watches.

GLASS AND THERMOMETRIC

Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made watches.

Donegan, Joseph (fl. 1787), New York and Philadelphia; also made philosophical instruments.

Fisher, Martin (fl. 1790), Philadelphia.

Gatty, Joseph (fl. 1794), New York and Philadelphia; also made philosophical instruments.

Ketterer, Alloysius (fl. 1789), Philadelphia.

Wistar, Richard (fl. 1752), Wistarburg, N.J.

HOROLOGICAL

Blundy, Charles (fl. 1753), Charleston, S.C.; also made thermometric instruments.

Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made surveying instruments.

Chandlee, Benjamin (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying instruments.

Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying instruments.

Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying instruments.

Chandlee, Goldsmith (1751-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made astronomical and surveying instruments.

Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made surveying instruments.

Crow, George (c.1726-1772), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.

DeVacht, Joseph and Francois (fl. 1792), Gallipolis, Ohio; also made compasses and sundials.

Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying and nautical instruments.

Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made scientific instruments.

Doolittle, Isaac Jr. (1759-1821), New Haven, Conn.; also made surveying instruments.

Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made mathematical instruments.

Gilmur, Bryan (fl. end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made mathematical instruments.

Harland, Thomas (1735-1807), Norwich, Conn.; also made surveying instruments.

Heisely, Frederick A. (1759-1839), Frederick, Md.; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.

Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made mathematical instruments.

Hoff, George (1740-1816), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying instruments.

Huntington, Gurdon (1763-1804), Windham, Conn., and Walpole, N.H.; also made surveying and other instruments.

Kennard, John (1782-1861), Newmarket, N.H.; also made surveying instruments.

Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made mathematical instruments.

Miller, Aaron (fl. 1748-1771), Elizabethtown, N.J.; also made compasses and surveying instruments.

Platt, Benjamin (1757-1833), Danbury, Litchfield, and New Milford, Conn.; Lanesboro, Mass.; Columbus, Ohio; also made compasses and surveying instruments.

Pope, Joseph (1750-1826), Boston; also made scientific instruments.

Sibley & Marble (Clark Sibley and Simeon Marble) (late 18th century), New Haven, Conn.; also made mathematical instruments.

Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.; also made mathematical instruments.

Voigt, Henry (1738-1814), Philadelphia; also made astronomical instruments.

White, Peregrine (1747-1834), Woodstock, Conn.; also made surveying instruments.

Witt, Christopher (practitioner) (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also made mathematical instruments.

MATHEMATICAL (GENERAL)

Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-1792, d. 1798), Philadelphia.

Dabney, John, Jr. (fl. 1739), Boston.

Dakin, Jonathan (fl. 1745), Boston; also made balances.

Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.

Doolittle, Isaac (1721-1800), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks.

Emery, Samuel (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.

Evans, George (fl. 1796, d. 1798), Philadelphia.

Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.

Gilman, Benjamin C. (1763-1835), Exeter, N.H.; also made clocks.

Gilmur, Bryan (end of 18th century), Philadelphia; also made clocks.

Greenleaf, Stephen (fl. 1745), Boston.

Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made surveying, astronomical, and nautical instruments.

Greenwood, Isaac, Jr. (1730-1803), Boston.

Hagger, Benjamin K. (c.1769-1834), Boston and Baltimore; also made surveying instruments.

Halsy, James, II (1695-1767), Boston; also made surveying instruments.

Halsy, John (fl. 1700), Boston.

Ham, James (fl. 1754-1764), New York and Philadelphia.

Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia.

Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made nautical and astronomical instruments.

Heisely, Frederick (1759-1839), Frederick, Md., and Lancaster, Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa.; also made clocks and surveying instruments.

Heisely, George (1789-1880), Harrisburg, Pa.; also made clocks.

Hinton, William (fl. 1772), New York.

Hooker & Fairman (before 1810), Newburyport, Mass.

Jacks, James (fl. 1780's), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying instruments.

Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.

King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made nautical instruments.

King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made nautical instruments.

King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.

King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.

Lamb, A. & Son (1780's), New York.

Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made surveying and nautical instruments.

Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made nautical and surveying instruments.

Mendenhall, Thomas (fl. 1775), Lancaster, Pa.; also made clocks.

Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made compasses and surveying instruments.

Platt, Augustus (1809-1886), Columbus, Ohio; also made surveying instruments.

Pryor, Thomas (fl. 1778), Philadelphia.

Revere, Paul (1735-1818), Boston, Mass.

Sibley & Marble (late 18th century), New Haven, Conn.; also made clocks and watches.

Sower, Christopher (c. 1724-1740), Germantown and Philadelphia, Pa.; also made clocks.

Taws, Charles (fl. 1795), Philadelphia.

Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made surveying and nautical instruments.

Walpole, Charles (fl. 1746), New York.

Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made optical instruments.

Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made optical and surveying instruments.

Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made nautical instruments.

Witt, Christopher (fl. 1710-1765), Germantown, Pa.; also made clocks.

NAUTICAL

Bulmain & Dennies (fl. 1799), New York.

Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made surveying and optical instruments.

Condy, Benjamin (fl. 1756-92, d. 1798), Philadelphia; also made mathematical instruments.

Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.

Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made surveying instruments.

Doolittle, Enos (1751-1806), Hartford, Conn.; also made surveying instruments, directional compasses and clocks.

Emery, Samuel (1787-1882), Salem, Mass.

Fairman, Gideon (1774-1827), Newburyport, Mass.; also made mathematical instruments.

Ford, George, I (late 18th century to 1840), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying instruments.

Ford, George, II (fl. 1842), Lancaster, Pa.; also made surveying instruments.

Godfrey, Thomas (1704-1749), Philadelphia.

Gould, John (fl. 1794), Philadelphia; also made surveying and optical instruments.

Greenough, Thomas (1710-1785), Boston; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.

Hagger, William G. (c.1744-1830?), Newport, R.I.

Ham, James (fl. 1754-64), New York and Philadelphia; also made mathematical instruments.

Ham, James, Jr. (fl. 1780), Philadelphia; also made mathematical instruments.

Hamlin, William (1772-1869), Providence, R.I.; also made mathematical instruments.

Jayne, John (late 18th century), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical instruments.

King & Hagger (1759/60 to early 1760's), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical instruments.

King, Benjamin (1707-1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical instruments.

King, Benjamin (1740-1804), Salem, Mass.

King, Daniel (1704-1790), Salem, Mass.; also made mathematical instruments.

King, Samuel (fl. 1786), Newport, R.I.; also made mathematical instruments.

Lamb, A., & Son (1780's), New York; also made mathematical instruments.

Lamb, Anthony (1703-1784), Virginia, Philadelphia, New York, and Hunter's Key, N.Y.; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.

Lamb, John (1735-1800), New York; also made surveying and mathematical instruments.

Newell, Andrew (1749-1798), Boston; also made mathematical instruments.

Pease, Paul (fl. 1750), probably Rhode Island.

Thaxter, Samuel (1769-1842), Boston; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.

Warren, Benjamin (fl. 1740-1790), Plymouth, Mass.; also made surveying instruments.

Williams, William (1737/38-1792), Boston; also made mathematical instruments.

OPTICAL

Benson, John (fl. 1793-1797).

Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and surveying instruments.

Sommer, Widow Balthaser (fl. 1753), New York.

Whitney, John (fl. 1801), Philadelphia; also made mathematical instruments.

Whitney, Thomas (fl. 1798-1821), Philadelphia; also made mathematical and surveying instruments.

SURGICAL

Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surveying instruments.

Fosbrook, W. (fl. 1786), New York; also made dental instruments.

Youle, James (1740-1786), New York.

Youle, John (fl. 1786), New York.

SURVEYING

Bailey, John (fl. 1778), Fishkill, N.Y.; also made surgical instruments.

Bailey, John, II (1752-1823), Hanover and Lynn, Mass.

Baldwin, Jedidiah (c. 1777-1829), Salem, Boston, and Northampton, Mass., and Hanover, N.H.

Biggs, Thomas (fl. 1792-1795), New York and Philadelphia.

Blakeslee, Ziba (1768-1834), Newtown, Conn.

Bowles, Thomas S. (c. 1765-1821?), Portsmouth, N.H.

Breed, Aaron (late 18th to mid-19th centuries), Boston.

Burnap, Daniel (1759-1838), East Windsor and Coventry, Conn.; also made clocks.

Chandlee, Benjamin, Jr. (1723-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.

Chandlee & Bros. (fl. 1790-1791), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.

Chandlee, Ellis (1755-1816), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.

Chandlee, Ellis & Bros. (fl. 1791-1797), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.

Chandlee, Goldsmith (c.1746-1821), Winchester, Va.; also made clocks and sundials.

Chandlee, Isaac (1760-1813), Nottingham, Md.; also made clocks.

Clark, Robert (fl. 1785), Charleston, S.C.; also made nautical and optical instruments.

Clough, Jere (18th century), Boston.

Crow, George (fl. 1754-1772), Wilmington, Del.; also made clocks.

Davenport, William (fl. 1800-1820), Philadelphia; also made mathematical instruments.

Dean, William (?-1797), Philadelphia; also made nautical instruments.