Chapter II: Appendix

A. RULES FOR SPELLING 269

B. MODEL OF CONSTITUTION 271

INDEX 273

TABLE OF SECTIONS

[The roman numerals refer to chapters; the arabic, to sections.]

CHAPTER PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. THE SENTENCE: =1.= Phrases, clauses, and
sentences.--=2.= Simple, complex, and compound
sentences.--=3.= Variety in the use of
sentences.--=4.= Periodic sentences.--=5.=
Bad sentences.--=6.= The "comma" sentence.--=7.=
Sentences without unity.--=8.= The formless sentence 4

III. THE PARAGRAPH: =9.= The use of the paragraph.--=10.=
The beginning.--=11.= Unity in the paragraph.--=12.=
The body of the paragraph.--=13.= Too
many paragraphs.--=14.= The end of a paragraph.--=15.=
Quotations 29

IV. WORDS: =16.= How we learn words.--=17.= The size
and character of the English vocabulary.--=18.=
Increasing one's vocabulary.--=19.= Synonyms.--=20.=
Accuracy in the use of words.--=21.= Figures
of speech.--=22.= Mistakes in the use of words.--=23.=
Spelling.--=24.= Slang.--=25.= Errors in the forms
of words 49

V. CONDENSATION, EXPANSION, AND PARAPHRASE: =26.= Writing
in which the ideas are already at hand.--=27.=
Condensation.--=28.= Method in condensation.--=29.=
Expansion.--=30.= The purpose of expansion.--=31.=
Paraphrase.--=32.= Paraphrase of complete compositions 69

VI. WHOLE COMPOSITIONS; OUTLINES: =33.= Whole compositions.--
=34.= Outlines.--=35.= Essentials in a whole
composition.--=36.= How to plan an essay 88

VII. ORAL COMPOSITION: =37.= The great essential.--=38.=
How to be heard.--=39.= Pronunciation.--=40.=
A plan necessary 102

VIII. THE DIARY: =41.= The value of a diary.--=42.=
Contents of a diary.--=43.= Imaginary
diaries.--=44.= The class diary 106

IX. THE LETTER: =45.= Various kinds of letters.--=46.=
Friendly letters.--=47.= Letters of social
intercourse.--=48.= Formal invitations.--=49.=
Telegrams.--=50.= Business letters.--=51.=
Notices.-- =52.= Appeals.--=53.= Petitions.--=54.=
Advertisements 112

X. NARRATION: =55.= The essentials of a good narrative.--
=56.= Autobiography.--=57.= Biography.--=58.=
History.--=59.= Plain reporting of facts.--=60=.
Conversation 137

XI. DESCRIPTION: =61.= Observation.--=62.= General
scientific description.--=63.= Specific scientific
description.--=64.= Technical terms.--=65.= Literary
description.--=66.= Description of people.--=67.=
Longer description.--=68.= Description of
conditions.--=69.= Description by contrast.--=70.=
Description of events.--=71.= Picture making of
scenes of action.--=72.= Travel.--=73.= Descriptions
of an hour 155

XII. NARRATION (_Continued_): =74.= Historical stories.--
=75.= Fictitious stories.--=76.= The beginning.--
=77.= The ending.--=78.= The body 188

XIII. EXPOSITION: =79.= General principles.--=80.=
Explanation of a material process.--=81.= Explanation
of games.--=82.= Exposition of abstract ideas.--=83.=
Exposition by example.--=84.= Exposition by
repetition.--=85.= Exposition by contrast.--=86.=
Exposition by a figure of speech 199

XIV. ARGUMENT: =87.= General principle.--=88.= The
introduction.--=89.= The reasons.--=90.= The
outline.--=91.= The plea.--=92.= Other forms 214

XV. SECRETARIAL WORK (=93=) 225

XVI. VERSIFICATION (=94=) 234

XVII. PUNCTUATION: =95.= General theory of punctuation.--
=96.= The period.--=97.= The question mark.--=98.=
The exclamation point.--=99.= The semicolon.--=100.=
The colon.--=101.= The comma.--=102.= Parentheses
and brackets.--=103.= The dash.--=104.= The
apostrophe.--=105.= Quotation marks.--=106.=
Italics.--=107.= The hyphen.--=108.= Capitals.--
=109.= List of common abbreviations 247

TABLE OF EXERCISES

CHAPTER II. THE SENTENCE

EXERCISES PAGES

1-3. Distinguishing and constructing phrases, clauses,
and sentences 5, 6

4-13. Distinguishing and constructing simple, complex,
and compound sentences 7-13

14, 15. Variety in the form and length of sentences 15, 16

16. Distinguishing the periodic sentence 19

17-21. Constructing the periodic sentence 19-21

22-24. Distinguishing and correcting the "comma"
sentence 22, 23

25. Correcting sentences that are without unity 24

26, 27. Reconstructing formless sentences 26-28

CHAPTER III. THE PARAGRAPH

28. Noting the force of topic sentences 33

29. Supplying topic sentences 34

30. Writing short paragraphs from topic sentences 35

31. Noting when and why paragraphs lack unity 36

32. Making notes for paragraphs suggested by topic
sentences 40

33. Correcting bad division into paragraphs 41

34. Making notes for paragraphs suggested by summary
sentences 43

35. Making summary sentences for paragraphs indicated
by notes 44

36-38. Use of quotation marks 46-48

CHAPTER IV. WORDS

39-45. Increasing the vocabulary 51, 52

46-52. Synonyms 53-57

53. Distinguishing between similar words 59

54-60. Metaphors and similes 60-62

61-62. Slang 64

63-66. Errors in the forms of words 65-67

CHAPTER V. CONDENSATION, EXPANSION, AND PARAPHRASE

67. Condensing paragraphs 70

68-69. Condensing longer passages 75-77

70. Expanding short and suggestive statements 79

71. Expanding for the sake of clearness 80

72-73. Paraphrasing short passages 82-84

74. Paraphrasing complete poems 87

CHAPTER VI. WHOLE COMPOSITIONS; OUTLINES

75-76. Preparing outlines 96, 101

CHAPTER VII. ORAL COMPOSITION

CHAPTER VIII. THE DIARY

77. Imaginary diaries 109

CHAPTER IX. THE LETTER

78. Friendly letters 118

79. Letters of social intercourse 121

80. Formal invitations 123

81. Telegrams 124

82-84. Business letters 126, 128, 129

85-87. Notices 131, 132

88. Appeals 134

89. Petitions 135

90-91. Advertisements 135, 136

CHAPTER X. NARRATION

92. Fables 138

93. Autobiographical sketches 141

94-96. Biographical sketches 142, 143

97. Historical sketches 150

98. Reporting facts 152

99. Fables told by conversation 153

100-101. Imaginary conversations 153, 154

CHAPTER XI. DESCRIPTION

102. Practice in accurate observation 157

103-104. General scientific description 162

105-107. Specific scientific description 163, 164

108-109. Literary description 168, 169

110-111. Description of people and animals 170, 171

112. Longer descriptions 173

113, 114. Description of conditions 175, 176

115. Description by contrast 177

116. Description of events 179

117, 118. Picture making of scenes of action 180, 181

119. Sketches of travel 185

120. Descriptions of an hour 187

CHAPTER XII. NARRATIVE (_Continued_)

121, 122. Historical stories 190, 191

123. Fictitious stories 193

124. Completing stories, when the beginning is given 194

125. Completing stories, when the ending is given 196

126. Completing stories, when the plot is suggested 198

CHAPTER XIII. EXPOSITION

127-129. Explanation of processes 203, 204

130-131. Explanation of games, sports, etc. 206

132. Explanation by comparison and example 209

133. Explanation (general) 211

134. Explanation of proverbs and quotations 212

135. Explanations of national festivals 213

CHAPTER XIV. ARGUMENT

136. Statement and definition of subject 216

137. Pleas 221

138. Argument (general) 222

139. Giving reasons for personal preference 223

CHAPTER XV. SECRETARIAL WORK

140-141. Minutes, official letters, etc. 228, 230

CHAPTER XVI. VERSIFICATION

142. Arranging verse in stanza form 240

Completing rhymes 241

143-144. Putting fables into verse 243

145. Writing letters, invitations, and stories in verse 245

CHAPTER XVII. PUNCTUATION

146. The semicolon 251

147. The colon and the semicolon 252

148. The comma 257

149. Punctuation of direct quotations 260

150. Punctuation of partial quotations 262

151. Punctuation of quotations within quotations 262

152. Capital letters 265

153. Review of punctuation 266

ELEMENTARY COMPOSITION