Chapter XXI: Appendix: A. Rules for Spelling

I. For dropping or retaining the final _e_.

1. Words ending in _e_, preceded by a consonant, usually drop _e_ on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel.

move moving
believe believing
conceive conceiving
receive receiving
achieve achieving

2. Words ending in _ue_ drop _e_ on taking a suffix.

argue arguing
fatigue fatiguing
_Exception_: vague, vaguely, vagueness.

3. Words ending in _e_ retain _e_ on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant.

move movement
large largely
hoarse hoarseness
peace peaceful
sense senseless
whole wholesome
remorse remorseless
advertise advertisement

4. Words ending in _ce_ or _ge_ retain _e_ on adding _able_, _ably_, or _ous_.

change changeable
courage courageous
notice noticeable
outrage outrageous

II. For doubling the final consonant.

1. Words of one syllable (and words of more than one syllable if accented on the last syllable), ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the first consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

thin thinner forgot forgotten
slap slapping trot trotting
acquit acquitting begin beginner

2. When the accent is thrown back upon another syllable, after the derivative is formed, the final consonant is not doubled.

refer reference
prefer preference

3. When preceded by two vowels, the final consonant is not doubled.

toil toiling
keep keeper

III. For final _y_.

1. Words ending in _y_, preceded by a consonant, retain _y_ before a suffix beginning with _i_; on taking a suffix beginning with any other letter, _y_ is in most cases changed to _i_.

cry crying lazy laziness
fly flying duty dutiable
try trying happy happiness

2. Words ending in _y_, preceded by a vowel, retain _y_ before a suffix.

buy buying gray grayness
play playing stay staying
joy joyful obey obeying

_B._ MODEL OF CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE I. _Name._--This club shall be known as the ......

ARTICLE II. _Object._--Its object shall be the ......

ARTICLE III. _Officers._--Its officers shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary, and a treasurer. There shall also be ...... committees of ...... each. These officers and committees shall be elected by the club at each annual meeting, as provided for in the by-laws.

ARTICLE IV. _Meetings._--The club shall hold an annual business meeting on ......, and a regular meeting every ...... None but members shall be present, except as provided in the by-laws. ...... members shall constitute a quorum. Special meetings may be called by the president upon the written application of ...... members.

ARTICLE V. _Membership._--......

ARTICLE VI. _Dues._--The [annual] dues shall be ...... payable on ......

BY-LAWS

ARTICLE I. _Duties of Officers._--SECTION 1. President and vice-president.--The President shall preside at meetings of the club and shall ...... The vice-president shall preside at meetings in the absence of the president and shall ......

SECT. 2. The Secretary.--The secretary shall keep a correct record of all meetings and shall ......

SECT. 3. The Treasurer.--The treasurer shall receive and pay out all money, subject to the order of the club, and shall keep a correct account in detail of all receipts and expenditures, and shall render a report in writing at the annual meeting.

SECT. 4. Standing Committees.--The duties of the committees shall be as specified below ......

ARTICLE II. _Election of Members._--......

ARTICLE III. _Visitors._--......

ARTICLE IV. _Programme of Meetings._--......

ARTICLE V. _Amendments._--This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the club by a two-thirds vote of the members present, provided that written notice of the intended change has been given at the previous meeting.

INDEX

(THE NUMERALS REFER TO PAGES.)

I. SUBJECTS TREATED

Advertisements, 135.

Appeals, 133.

Argument, general principle of, 214;
the introduction, 215;
the reasons, 217;
the outline, 220;
the plea, 221;
other forms of, 221.

Autobiography, 140.

Biography, 142.

Clause, defined, 4;
dependent or subordinate, 4;
independent or principal, 5.

Condensation, 67;
method in, 71.

Description, observation necessary in, 155;
general scientific description, 158;
specific scientific, 162;
use of technical terms in, 163;
literary description, 164;
of people, 169;
longer description, 172;
description of conditions, 174;
by contrast, 176;
of events, 177;
picture making of scenes of action, 179;
description of travel, 182;
descriptions of an hour, 185.

Diary, value of, 106;
contents of, 107;
imaginary diaries, 109;
class diaries, 109.

Expansion, 78;
purpose of, 79.

Exposition, general principles of, 199;
explanation of a material process, 201;
of games, 204;
of abstract ideas, 208;
by example and comparison, 208;
by repetition, 210;
by contrast, 211;
by a figure of speech, 211.

Figures of speech, 59.

History, 144.

Invitations, formal, 122.

Letters, various kinds of, 112;
friendly, 113;
of social intercourse, 119;
formal invitations, 122;
telegrams, 123;
business letters, 125.

Metaphor, 59.

Narration, essentials of a good narrative, 137;
autobiography, 140;
biography, 142;
history, 144;
plain reporting of facts, 150;
conversation, 152;
travel, 182;
historical stories, 188;
fictitious stories, 191;
the beginning of a narrative, 193;
the ending, 196;
the body, 197.

Notices, 130.

Oral composition, 102.

Outlines, 92, 98, 220.

Paragraph, defined and described, 29;
beginning of or topic sentence, 30;
unity in, 35;
body of, 37;
too many paragraphs, 41;
end of paragraph or summary sentence, 42;
arrangement in a whole composition, 96.

Paraphrase, 80, 84.

Petitions, 134.

Phrase, defined, 4.

Pronunciation, 104.

Punctuation, 246.

Quotations, how punctuated, 44, 259.

Secretarial work, 225.

Sentence, distinguished from phrase and clause, 4;
simple, complex, and compound, 7;
variety in the use of sentences, 14, 19;
length of, 14;
periodic, 17;
loose, 18;
bad, 21, 22, 23, 25;
"comma" sentence, 22;
with and without unity, 23;
formless, 25.

Simile, 59.

Slang, 63.

Spelling, 62.

Synonyms, 53.

Telegrams, 123.

Travel, 182.

Unity, in sentences, 23;
in paragraphs, 35;
in whole compositions, 97.

Versification, 234.

Vocabulary, size and character of English, 50;
increasing one's vocabulary, 50.

Whole composition, 88;
outline of, 92, 98, 220;
arrangement of paragraphs in, 96;
essentials of, 97;
how to plan a, 98.

Words, 49;
vocabulary, 50;
synonyms, 53;
choice of words, 55;
accuracy in the use of, 58;
errors in the use of, 62.

II. ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS

Addison, Joseph, The Spectator, 209, 212.

Ames, Azel, How the Pilgrims Came to Plymouth, 144.

Baldwin, James, A Story of the Golden Age, 30.

Bryant, William C., To the Fringed Gentian, 158.

Buckley, Arabella, Fairyland of Science, 70.

Burroughs, John, Locusts and Wild Honey, 156;
Squirrels and Other Fur-bearing Animals, 192.

Cooper, James Fenimore, The Pilot, 71.

Dickens, Charles, A Child's History of England, 69, 75, 177, 188;
David Copperfield, 167, 169, 186.

Franklin, Benjamin, Autobiography, 43.

Garland, Hamlin, Main-traveled Roads, 174.

Gregory, Lady, Through Portugal, 182.

Hardy, Thomas, Far from the Madding Crowd, 179.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, Mosses from an Old Manse, 83.

Hughes, Thomas, Tom Brown's Schooldays, 63.

Irving, Washington, Rip Van Winkle, 43;
Astoria, 81, 82;
Life of Columbus, 83;
Stratford-on-Avon (The Sketch-Book), 88.

Kane, Elisha E., Arctic Explorations, 70.

Leavitt, R. G., Outlines of Botany, 158.

Lockyer, J. N., Astronomy, 92.

Long, William J., Ways of Wood Folk, 31.

Longfellow, Henry W., The Courtship of Miles Standish, 82;
The Bridge of Cloud, 83;
Walter Von der Vogelweid, 85.

Lowell, James R., The Vision of Sir Launfal, 84.

Main, E., Cities and Sights of Spain, 204.

Merriam, Florence A., Birds through an Opera Glass, 160, 162.

Motley, J. L., Correspondence, 170.

Nicolay, Helen, The Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln, 32.

Parkman, Francis, The Conspiracy of Pontiac, 180.

Prescott, William H., The Conquest of Mexico, 82.

Sheridan, Richard B., The Rivals, 58.

Thoreau, Henry D., Excursions, 165.

Whittier, John G., The Barefoot Boy, 84.

Yonge, Charlotte M., A Book of Golden Deeds, 93.

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