Chapter XXIV: Part III: Biology--Of the Whole in Singulars (11)

2836. The sensation of the electrical relations is called _Smelling_. The olfactory sense is an air-sense. We smell nothing but the electricity, and neither the contact, nor the impressions, &c. of the particles that find their way into the nose. These particles would have no effect upon the nasal organ, if they did not stand in an electrical relation unto it.

2837. Now, the electrical bodies in nature are the resins or Inflammables. What salt is for the gustatory, that is resin for the olfactory sense. The nose is an electrical, a resinous organ.

2838. In like manner the solubility of bodies in the air is as requisite for smell, as that in water is for taste. The water is the menstruum of the sapid, as the air is of odorous, bodies; and this indeed of necessity, because water and air are the antetypes of these mineral classes.

2839. In order to be an odorous body or object of smell, the resin must resolve itself into air, or become aeriform. Aeriform resin is æthereal oil. Bodies such as those which part rapidly with their electricity, substances containing hydrogen, æthereal oils and burnt spirits, are the usual objects appreciated by the olfactory sense.

2840. The hydrogenous body is therefore provided with a sweet scent. Most bodies which are evolved by fermentation, in so far as they are electrical, are odoriferous. Most blossoms smell agreeably, because they secrete aerial matters.

2841. The products of putrefaction emit a fetid odour, because they indicate the presence not of aerial, but aqueous and terrestrial matters. Nearly all animal bodies stink, besides many secretions of the sexual parts, because they belong to the vegetable nature.

2842. The objects of taste have their residence in what is inorganic, but those of smell, as being objects of a higher sense, have it in the vegetable kingdom. The succeeding or auditory sense has the animal kingdom for its object, while the eye scans the universe.

2843. The nose is in every respect an electrical organ; it is an electrophore, or rather a battery consisting of numerous plates. Of the truth of this, its numerous tortuous passages and laminated bones are striking proofs.

2844. That the nose consists of a great number of blood-vessels, as well as of arteriose olfactory nerves, is quite commensurate with its character or signification, as being a higher pulmonary organ.

2845. The objects of the three vegetative senses are the three elements of the planet, earth, water and air; in the first of these reside the relation of the gravity, rest, and crystallization; in the last the relation of the electricity; in the water that of the chemism. The sense of feeling is an earth-sense, that of taste a salt-sense, that of smell a resin-sense.

b. _Functions of the Animal Senses._

2846. The objects of the animal senses are no longer matter, nor its chemical qualities, but the higher relations of the solar system, and the highest organizations, the animals themselves. Throughout the supra-planetary solar system there is naught to be conceived but motion and light in action. Wherever there is æther, it is in motion; the corresponding organs of sense must therefore perceive these two relations. Now, since the animal is also motion and light, and this alone, so by means of these senses will the innermost of animality be at once perceived. Animals become acquainted with themselves only through these senses, and by them only enter, in so far as they are animals, into communication with each other. In so far as they are mere masses of matter, they are capable of self-perception through other senses. These senses may therefore also be called cosmical, while the three former are terrestrial.

2847. They correspond thus with each other. The tactile sense is a precursor of the sense of motion, and represents the motion, gravity, and pressure, after a terrestrial manner; the two splanchnic senses are the precursors of the light-sense, since they dwell upon the qualities of the matter, while the light also is only a quality of the æther. The sense of smell, being as it were an air-sense, will in particular border most closely upon the light-sense.

2848. Through the two cosmic senses the universe is translated into the animal, like the planet is through the terrestrial senses; through the former also the animal spirit, which is a transcript of the universal spirit, passes over into other animals. They are the senses of the highest instruction, of freedom.

4. _Function of the Auditory Sense._

In the æther resides the movement of the world.

2849. To the motor system that only which is its equal, and thus the movement of nature, can of necessity become an object. The motor system represented as a sense, cannot, however, perceive the borrowed or derived motion, not the planetary or massive motion, but the primary motion of the æther. The planetary motion is related to the primary motion as the oxydation is to the electrism, as chemical analysis to chemical affinity, and consequently also as respiration to smelling, as digestion to tasting, in short, as the material metatype to the spiritual antetype.

2850. The limbs are the planetary motion organized, and therefore perceive only this material motion--pressure. Touch is related to the animal sense of motion, as digestion is to the tasting.

2851. Smell and taste no longer perceive the bodies in the very act of decomposition, but their laws or their spiritual operations; so will the motor sense not perceive, like the sense of touch, the mass when in motion, but only the _motor laws of the mass_.

2852. These laws of motion are those of the primary motion. This is, however, a product of the light in the æther, an effect of polarity, and that indeed the first polarity which was manifested in the universe. The motor sense therefore perceives only a motion which has originated through primary polarity.

2853. Such motion is not relative in kind, i. e. it does not affect several portions of the matter in reference to some other matter; but it affects the whole matter internally, or its atoms, so that all matter may remain in its place and yet every atom of it be moved.

2854. This motion is like the motion of heat in the matter. By it heat is excited. For internal motion of the atoms, when aroused by polarity, so that every atom enters into a state of motion against the other, is a discharging of the poles, and consequently development of heat.

2855. This internal motion has, however, been produced by an external; for the external motion acts by contact, and this is a process of polarization. Now, the interior of a mass is only moved by repeated contact, or through the restlessness of polarization and by a proper amount of force, or one which is proportional to the mechanical resistance of the mass to be excited. The last of these is the stroke or blow, the first the vibration of the body. By vibration or oscillation only can a body be internally polarized; for, if it does not oscillate upon the shock being applied, it is still indeed set in motion, but "en masse," so that the internal parts remain in a state of rest.

2856. Oscillation is distinguished from continuous or progressive motion by its affecting the _atoms_ of the body, while the latter acts upon the body itself. Through the vibration heat is engendered, because the poles are free and the matter passes over into æther.

2857. Vibration must endure the longest in solid bodies, and thus in that which belongs to the earth. Among these the hard bodies must take precedence, because the soft are of an aqueous nature. Among the hard bodies again the heaviest must vibrate most effectually, because they offer a longer resistance, and do not yield so soon as light bodies to the effort made at separation. The purest representative of the earth-element or the _metal_ is thus the best instrument or means of vibration, and consequently the object of the motor sense.

2858. Thus as the salt of the earth-element is the object of taste, and as the resin of the earth-element is the object of smell, so would the metal be the object of this motor sense.

2859. But no sense-object is without its medium for transmission, except in the case of the sense of feeling or touch. The salt is only tasted by means of the water, the Inflammable only smelt by means of the air; the metal's primary motion could not therefore be perceived directly by the auditory sense. It must be propagated through the medium which ranks next to the heat, and whose atoms insinuate themselves most easily into those of the vibrating body--thus through the air. Man perceives the primary motion, in which things tend to resolve themselves into æther, through the air. By the metal, or by every vibrating body, the vibration of the air is communicated.

2860. This vibration is not, however, a general movement to and fro, but a dissolution of the material bands. This dissolution can only take place according to the laws of the primary motion. They are rigidified in the solid masses as crystalline forms. Every law of motion is a crystalline form which has become free or spiritually manifested. Through the vibration forms are engendered in bodies, which are commensurate with the substance and form of the mass and the degree of vibration. These forms, being as it were the ghosts or phantoms of crystals, are called _sonorous figures_.

2861. If the air be displaced when in a state of covibration, it is not thrown into undulatory circles or waves, like water into which a stone has been cast, but in each of its parts the sonorous figure of the rigid body is repeatedly represented. The vibration of air is a progressive motion of sonorous figures.

2862. If the sonorous figures are not incommensurable, several may be at one and the same time in a _single_ portion of air, without interfering with each other. They harmonize, because they have originated according to concordant laws. But if they are products of different laws, they are then confused, and an indeterminate _offensive_ vibration originates, just as savours become loathsome if they depart from their laws.

2863. These figures of the air are only perceived by the _Ear_. The ear is the only sense in which the motor system is represented in a _pure_ state, devoid of any vegetal signification, and simply endowed with nervose nobility. The ear is therefore the only organ which can perceive the primary motion of the matter; for like acts only in or upon its like.

2864. The metals are the ear of nature, the salt her tongue, the resin her nose, the earth her hand.

2865. The power or capacity excited by sonorous figures of covibrating according to the same laws, constitutes _Hearing_; the phenomenon is called _Sound_. Hearing is a primary motion in the musculo-osseous system of the ear, which is communicated to the auditory nerve. The auditory sense is æther-sense, metal-sense. Hearing is magnetizing.

2866. The sonorous figures are formed in the auditory organ, and even in the auditory nerves, just as they have been represented upon an infinitely small scale in the air. The nerve becomes in hearing a sonorous figure.

2867. It is not the mere motion in the auditory organs which produces the sensation of sound; the nerve certainly perceives each movement in the ears, because none is possible apart from or without primary motion; only such a motion is no sound, but only a noise. What has been written in the tingling metal according to eternal laws, is transcribed or copied in the auditory nerve; it is only this writing, but no massive motion of the air, which is legible by the nerve.

2868. Melody is a retrogression of the matter into æther, of the formed world into the primary world; through melody is the spirit of the world revealed. The ear is the first liberation of the animal from all terrestrial matter; through the ear the animal becomes for the first time spiritual.

2869. Melody is the voice of the universe, whereby it proclaims its scheme, or its innermost essence. Hence the wondrous, mysterious action of harmony, the secret sovereignty of music. Music is the expression of the ardent desire to revert to the primary idea. It makes man unconsciously yearn after a condition which he knoweth not; it transports him unconsciously into this condition of divine repose and godly bliss.

_Speech._

2870. That which melodizes proclaims its spirit: the melody of animals displays their internal law.

2871. _The musical system of all animal laws is Speech._

2872. Speech is the representation of all nature's sonorous figures in the human organ of sound.

2873. Through speech Man delineates himself in spiritual outlines or sketches, which, devoid of matter (or body), he sets down before himself. Such sketches are easily seen through, since to them every material covering is wanting, and they lie purely before the sensation, as the law, the will of nature.

2874. Through speech Man appears as a double essence. He is a corporeal essence; and the spoken word appears before him in the same outlines, but without body. When conversing, Man is a _self-manifestation unto self_.

2875. Previous to speech no self-consciousness originates.

2876. Without an auditory organ there is no self-consciousness.

2877. To the organ of hearing, however, belongs also the auditory nerve and the cerebellum. Without a cerebellum there is no self-consciousness.

2878. While Man appears unto himself, he appears also to change. Nature is gloomy, incomprehensible; the spirit is clear, and enlightens her.

2879. Manifestation is only possible through self-manifestation; through a doubling of itself, through its expression.

2880. Animals appear only, in so far as they are individual self-manifestations of Man.

2881. With speech Man creates unto himself his world. Without speech there is no world. For the Apes there is no world, but only tree-fruits, female and male.

2882. Through speech Man becomes acquainted with or learns to know himself; through it he becomes a self-substantial essence, which resembles God, because it creates for itself its world, and recognizes itself, i. e. speaks.

2883. Words are forms of our body mathematically laid down.

2884. A single world is dead, so also are many.

2885. Words, which are connected together according to organic laws, form an organic system, are at once alive, and have a meaning.

2886. Speech originates gradually like the organs, like Man. Speech grows like a plant; at first it is only root, next it puts forth a stem, then leaves, and finally blossoms, when it is the perfect expression of the animal body.

2887. The organ of speech is composed of the three terrestrial organs of sense, the air-, water-, and earth-sense.

2888. The air-organs are the principal medium, because they must produce the sonorous figures; the tongue imparts to them the specific modification; but the lips and jaws, as being motor members, afford the articulation or the _movement_ proper. The lungs and nose breathe out the tones; the tongue digests them; the lips move them, and fashion them into perfect bodies--words.

2889. A word is at once for itself a regularly inter-articulated body. The sounds are its members, its organs or fundamental formations.

2890. Speaking is a gentle respiration, carried on by the mouth, nose, and limbs or jaws.

2891. As respiration has a special thorax, so also has speaking. The speech-(or voice-) thorax is the larynx.

2892. The larynx represents the ribs and arms, which all move in order to form a sound. The tongue is, so to speak, the head upon this thorax.

2893. The nose imparts euphony to the sounds. It tests their fragrancy. The tongue gives them a special quality, their chemical character or taste; the teeth and lips furnish the cadence as a kind of joint to the sounds, or in other terms the words.

2894. Four organs of sense belong to speech, viz:

Touch in the Jaws.
Taste in the Tongue.
Smell in the Nose.
Hearing in the Ear.

2895. The ear receives the products of the three vegetative organs of sense. It is a synthetic sense.

2896. The tongue gives the vowels; the jaws the consonants.

2897. In accordance with this the vowels are the _body_ of speech, and the consonants the _limbs_ or members, whereby it effects its movements.

2898. Vowels express time, consonants space; the one the chemical import, the other the form.

2899. The vowel E expresses the present, A that which has just past, O that which has quite passed, U that which has passed long ago, I the future.

2900. The more consonants there are in the words, so much the richer is the language; the more vowels, the poorer it is. Such is the speech of savages or wild men.

2901. The speech of animals is a vocal or vowel-speech.

5. _Function of the Optic Sense._

2902. As the primary motion of the world is manifested to the animal through the ear; so does the primitive cause of the motion, that of every activity and every phenomenon, i. e. light, appear unto the nerve-sense.

2903. The light-sense is similarly formed or modelled according to the light of nature, and kindles also the light within itself, just as the light originated in the æther; viz. through primary antagonism taking place in its own substance.

2904. Light is the binary division of the æther-mass, not an antagonism between it and some other matter; in like manner sight is a binary division of the nerve-mass in itself, without antagonism to other organs.

2905. Sight is the tension of the æther directly continued into the animal æther, just as taste was a chemical action continued into the animal chemism, and smell an electrical process continued into the animal electrism.

2906. In sight the nervous mass is completely self-antagonized, is a phenomenon unto itself; the eye is the brain placed opposite to the brain.

2907. Sight is thus a tension between optic and central brain; as illumination is tension between planetary and solar æther.

2908. Illumination and vision are of one kind, only occurring in two different sorts of worlds. The planet sees by means of the illumination, the animal illuminates or gives out light by means of seeing. Sight is a light-sense.

2909. Now, the illumination is a fixation of æther, a coloration, and thus a descent of the æther into what is terrestrial. In seeing we perceive the æther, as to how it becomes world; in hearing we perceived the world, as to how it became æther.

2910. Seeing and hearing are opposite functions; the first indicates the creation, the latter the return of the creation into chaos.

2911. Through sight we become acquainted with the universe, through hearing with the miniature universe, or man. Sight passes out of us, hearing into us; or through sight Man is posited in the world, through hearing among his fellow-men. Sight is the speech of the world, hearing that of the planet.

2912. Sight is the speech or language of the universe, hearing the language of Man. Through sight the world reveals unto us its spirit or its thoughts; but through hearing man only discloses what are his own. As words are but the representations of the disintegrated body of Man, so are the world-forms the representatives of the disintegrated body of the primary spirit. The word is a rigidified, crystallized thought of Man; a natural body is a rigidified, crystalline thought of the primary act--a word of God.

2913. Through hearing self-consciousness originates; through sight consciousness of the world, universal consciousness. By means of the former we only become acquainted with human relations--which is _understanding_; by the latter with those that are universal--this being _reason_.

2914. Without the ear there would be no understanding, without the eye no reason.

2915. Understanding is microcosm, reason macrocosm. From what is intelligent we expect human wisdom, from what is rational world-wisdom.

2916. That the light also has a medium, whereby it acts upon us, is at once evident from our existing in such a medium; but it could also act directly upon us, were it not inevitably broken up beforehand into colours in traversing the media. All terrestrial elements may be a medium for the transmission of light, such as the gaseous, fluid, and solid, i. e. if they are transparent.

2917. We perceive only coloured light, because our organ of light is only a rigidified colour, a material light. There is no pure light for us; there is none also in general.

2918. Sight is thus a terrestrial light-tension, a colour-becoming.

2919. This happens only through refraction. The eye is a refracting medium. It is distinguished from the brain by being a translucent, refractive, encephalic substance.

2920. Light does not stream into the eye like water into the sponge, but it progresses gradually into and operates upon it.

2921. The eye, in order to experience the sensation of light, is placed in a similar tension to the air, water, or crystal. This tension between it and the brain is perceived by the latter as illumination. The eye is a prism, in which the brain sees the world, in which the brain observes its own tension, or the production of colour. Sight is a deoxydation of the eye.

2922. The optic nerve is an organized ray of light, the brain an organized sun, the eye an organized chromatic sun or rainbow.

2923. Just as the sonorous figures are delineated in the ears, and as the nerve perceives these, but not any concussion of the air; so also does the optic nerve perceive not the light in general, but its terrestrial formation or the chromatic image, which has been propagated into the eye.

2924. In an eye, while seeing, the world is depicted; as in the ear, when hearing, the crystalline forms of the air are delineated.

2925. The eye does not on that account see two worlds. For the chromatic image is nothing else than that which is external to or without the eye. It is verily one and the same influence of light, which acts continuously in a straight line between the chromatic image and the object apparent or beheld.

2926. As a stick thrusts us from the side whither it comes; so does the chromatic image from the side whence the light comes. The exit and entrance of the light are not distinct from each other. The objects could not therefore appear reversed, because we do not _see_ the image in the eye, but _feel_ its process of deoxydation along with its direction.

2927. The objects of the eye are colours. Like as they are related in nature, so also must they be in sight; for they are only the eye extended, or this again is only the formed colour.

2928. We see nothing else but colours, no bodies. For the eye there is no material world. It directly perceives the spirit, and indeed its own spirit, or the world of light.

2929. There is no pre-established harmony, but complete conformity between the world and organ of sense. (Vid. Oken's Essays, "Ueber das Universum als fort-gesetztes System der Sinne," and "Erste Ideen zur Theorie des Lichts." Jena bei Fromann, 1808.)

II. _Functions of the Sexual Animal._

A. VEGETAL SEXUAL ORGANS.

1. _Of the Sexual Intestine._

2930. As the sexual animal is in every respect the encephalic animal reversed, so also is this the case in respect to its functions. The sexual intestine gives out through its mouth or anus, while the other or animal gut takes in. As being the intestine of the vegetal animal it receives the fermented product of digestion, or the excrement, and conveys it backwards towards the sexual orifice or mouth.

2931. The intestinal function of the sexual animal is an act of vomition. The evacuation is an act of vomition, seeing that the intestinal contents are moved backwards.

2932. The sexual stomach is the rectum. In it the excrementitious matter is accumulated, so that it may be ready for being broken away in the process of evacuation.

2933. The commencement of the sexual intestine is the cæcum, its extremity the anus.

2. _Functions of the Sexual Lung._

2934. We may distinguish two circulations, the splanchnic or visceral, which takes place between the lung, intestine, and liver, and the great circulation, which instead of going to the viscera passes to the other organs, and is called the bodily or systemic circulation. The liver excretes the product which results from the splanchnic circulation; the systemic circulation has its organ also, but one which does not secrete a special, but general product.

2935. The general secernent organ of the whole body together with all its systems is the sexual system, which having been elevated by virtue of this general character to the rank even of an animal, is a true sexual animal. That which is a general and not a partial excretion, is imparted by the sexual animal. It is the animal reversed.

2936. Thus the secernent organ of the general circulation must belong to the sexual system, and perform in it that which the liver, or in other words the reverse of the lungs, has done in the splanchnic circulation. The _kidneys_ are the lungs reversed.

2937. If the bile be an extract from the visceral blood, so is the urine an extract from the body's blood, and is consequently the purest reflex or pattern of the former.

2938. The urine is sexual blood, just as the excrement is a product of the sexual digestion. The urine is reversed blood.

2939. The formation of urine is a retro-formation of the blood into digestive fluid or sap. The urine is blood of the sexual animal which has become chyle. It has both properties in itself. It is discoloured blood, and consists for the greatest part of water and salts, all of which are characters belonging unto chyle. It, however, contains urea, which corresponds to the noblest parts of the blood. This substance, like fibrine, consists for the greatest part of nitrogen; it may be called dissolved or decomposed fibrine. It imparts colour to the urine; it is converted by oxydation into lithic or uric acid, and is precipitated of a red colour analogous to that of the blood-globules. In addition to this, albumen, gelatine, carbonate of lime, and phosphorus, consequently the whole blood, are present in the urine.

2940. In urea the muscle flows or runs out of the animal, in albumen the nerve, in lime and phosphorus the bone, in gelatine the tegumentary together with the visceral system, lastly, in water the menstruum of the digestion and respiration.

2941. Thus the urine, just like the blood, is the whole body rendered fluid, but only in a sexual manner, namely, as being half decomposed.

2942. So the bile, from its not representing the whole body, does not contain the latter in itself. It properly contains only the excretion of the intestinal process.

2943. The kidneys stand accordingly opposed without distinction to all the organs, in so far as all of them are affected by the circulation. Their remote sympathy, or if we please, their antagonism, is with the animal systems, or with bone, muscle, and nerve. With the osseous, as being the profoundest system, there is of necessity also a close sympathy. In diseases of bone the bones, as well as the _morbid matter_, flow away principally through the urine. Their most intimate sympathy must be with the organs of circulation, with the lung, liver, intestine, and skin. As the skin is also an organ of evaporation, so is the antagonism between it and the kidneys of a direct or immediate kind. The skin is the kidneys expanded into a large cyst. These are in turn, just as the lung is, the inverted skin.

2944. A lung in the reversed animal can do nothing else but expire. It only expels the evaporated matter of the sanguinary system, but takes in none, so as to alter or support the blood. The sexual animal aims at the destruction of the animal. The urinary cyst, as being the remnant of the allantois, and of the primordial kidneys or sexual branchiæ, is simply destined to purposes of expulsion. It is the larynx reversed. Micturition takes place through contraction of the cyst, as does expiration by that of the lungs in Reptilia. It is a cough.

B. FUNCTIONS OF THE ANIMAL SEXUAL ORGANS.

2945. The sexual functions proper correspond to the sensorial functions, though to these upon an inferior stage. They are sensorial functions, which are simply occupied with the materials of the senses, so that they are vegetative senses. They are a prefiguration of the sense of feeling, taste, and smell.

1. _Functions of the Male Organs._

2946. The testes secrete semen in the same manner that the salivary glands do their fluid or juice.

2947. The semen is sexual saliva, and is thus sexual virus or poison. Like the saliva destroys that which is living, so does the semen. The saliva, however, destroys it in order to form a new animal out of the food; with the same motive the semen destroys it. But both differ in this, that the saliva takes care of the body to which it belongs, while the semen attends to another body, the foetus or fruit.

2948. The saliva is only the highest condition of the digestive fluid, and is thus a totality merely of the intestinal system; the urine is the total product of the vascular system in its antagonism with the lung; but the semen is the product of the whole body. Through the semen the whole body, rendered fluid or reduced to the primary form, runs away. The semen is the chyle already prepared for all parts; but because it is in a sexual animal, it thus takes the reverse direction and passes out.

2949. A fluid, in which the whole animal has been dissolved, is parallel to the nerve-or point-mass. The semen is a fluid point-or nerve-mass, the fluid brain.

2950. Even what is spiritual directly resides in the semen; it need only assume a form and the cerebral functions commence.

2951. The penis, as being the sexual tongue, has only retained the sensibility of the sense of touch and the function of ingestion.

2. _Functions of the Female Parts._

2952. The female aperture is the pharynx for the ingestion.

2953. It is by means of the female parts that the whole sexual system becomes for the first time equal to the perfected animal; through them for the first time the male tongue obtains an oral cavity.

2954. In the total representation of the sexual animal the female parts environ and include the male. This moment is called _copulation_.

2955. Copulation is the representation of the entire animal out of two incomplete ones. The sexual animal is only an entire beast in copulation, and is only then to be considered as equal to the encephalic animal. Copulation is a representation of the hermaphrodite.

2956. This propensity for bringing about the sexual animal's completion is sexual passion or lust.

2957. In copulation the male parts are "par excellence" the sensorial organ, the female only the recipient mouth. Both are properly organs of sense, but the one is operative or active, the other patient or passive.

2958. Previous to copulation the female parts are consequently inactive, just as digestion is before taste. As digestion first commences after taste has given up the food and excited the stomach to activity, so also the sexual function first commences in female animals, after the act of tasting is past.

2959. Through copulation what is female becomes masculine. It now secretes for the first time self-substantial semen. Through impregnation the female ovaria are first excited to secrete the saliva, which the whole animal contains in a state of solution.

2960. As the chyle becomes what it is, or is derived from the saliva and food; so from the semen and vitellus proceeds the foetus, but in such a manner that the female substance gives it the mass, while upon this the male only bestows the polarity.

2961. Thus, were the male semen to actually solidify into the foetus; it is still not its mass which comes into consideration in the latter, but only its polarizing strength. It supplies the place of the nervous system. This power appears to reside principally in the (seminal) Infusoria or animalcules, just as that of the blood does in the blood-globules. Meanwhile both are only signs of the maturity of their respective juices, as the Infusoria in sea-water are a proof also that the sea can produce other animals from its mucus or slime. The Infusoria are the primary mass of the Organic. Its life is only a manifestation of the seminal polarity. The Infusoria are semen which has been poured out over the earth. Propagation is only possible through reduction taking place to the infusorial primary mass.

2962. The semen and the ovum first meet or come together in the uterus.

2963. The ovum is the mean between vegetable and animal semen. As the former is distinctly formed and at once represents, upon a small scale within itself, the principal parts of the future plant, so does the ovum; but only in parts, from which the animal organs first of all grow forth, upon which having commenced, the former or vegetal parts are cast aside.

2964. The ovum is the entire animal in idea, or in design, but not yet in structure; it is the thought unto the animal; it is related to the animal as the thought is to the word.

2965. The ovum has therefore no organ of the animal preformed within itself, but only the materials requisite thereunto. But the materials are not so general in character, that like as from the infusorial mass, everything could become or derive its existence from everything else. But they are at once destined for definite organs, as the vitellus for the intestine, the albumen probably for the integument.

2966. In an ovum therefore the animal resides preformed only in a spectral or phantom-like manner. There are principal masses present in it, from which the principal organs originate.

_Mammæ._

2967. In the oviparous animals the secretion of the vitellus is distinct from that of the albumen; the one takes place in the ovarium, the other in the oviduct or uterus.

2968. By degrees the albumen-secreting vessels advance further outwards upon the orifice of the sexual parts, and are then called milk-organs--_Mammæ_.

2969. Mammæ are only the vascular bundles of the oviduct placed in the direction outwards, or albumen-glands of the integument.

2970. Mammalia are those animals where the ovarium has completely separated into albumen-and vitellus-organ.

2971. Those mammæ which have scarcely been detached from the oviduct, and become free, are necessarily more incomplete, and are situated in the neighbourhood of the sexual parts--as udders.

2972. As the separation of the substances composing the ovum is an advancing-step towards their improvement, so also is the removal of the albumen-glands from the vitelline sac a nobler condition. They cannot, however, remove further off than to the thorax, because this is the highest post or station of the vegetative parts.

2973. Milk is a vegetable product of the animal.

2974. Numerous mammæ are a lower development.

2975. The milk is albumen, which has been secreted by tegumentary glands; it is animal albumen. The lacteal or milk-organs therefore belong to the sexual system.

2976. As the male parts are only the female otherwise developed, it is to be comprehended why the male animals also have mammæ. They are probably the embryo's principal organ of absorption.

_Functions of the Uterus._

2977. Now, the uterus obtains the sexual food in a living state, and from its being such is affected by it.

2978. The uterus must be thus a world for the living germ. Two processes are, however, indispensable for the germ, namely _nutrition_ and _respiration_; both of which are furnished by the uterus.

2979. The uterus is to be regarded as the water, the sea in which the germ or embryo is developed. The water decomposes into basic nutritive matter and oxygenous matter of respiration. The water of the uterus is the blood; this is separated through the antagonism of the foetus into mucus and oxygen. The mucus penetrates into the amnion, the oxygen into the chorion, or the placenta.

2980. The fundus of the uterus is more arteriose than the os uteri, and stands therefore in opposition with it.

3. _Development of the Foetus._

a. _Anatomy._

2981. The germ may be regarded as a vesicle, full of nutritive matter or albumen, situated within the cavity of the uterus, the walls of which act upon it.

2982. As the fundus of the uterus is the arterial pole, so it oxydizes the vesicle and repels that part which lies close upon it. Through this originates a saccular inversion, as in the mesentery of the peritoneum, and the vesicle separates into three divisions. In itself it is amnion, the inverted part is the integument of the embryo, the tube which unites these the umbilical cord.

2983. The amnion is thus the root or primary cyst of the integument.

2984. Through continuous oxydation blood-vessels are developed upon the surface of the amnion, which finally withdraw to constitute a special integument, which is called chorion. Its vessels are in like manner repelled from the fundus uteri, and prolonged into the inversion of the umbilical cord and the embryo. The chorion is thus the root or primary cyst of the vascular system.

2985. These two bladders, sacs, or cysts are the only general ones which circumscribe or invest the entire embryo, because there are only two general vegetative systems, namely, the tegumentary and vascular.

2986. The embryo has not originated freely in these shut sacs, but only through their introversion; it is itself a portion of these sacs.

2987. The embryo properly lies external to its envelopes, as the intestine does in respect to the mesentery.

2988. Just as the two general vegetative systems have been developed from primary cysts, so also are there sacs for the two special vegetative systems, or the intestinal and sexual; but, on that very account, these cannot be general sacs, nor any longer envelop the embryo.

2989. At the entrance of the inversion of the umbilical cord is situated a small vesicle, which divides and is prolonged into the two intestines. It is therefore the root or primary sac of the intestinal system, and is called in Man the 'vesicula umbilicalis,' in the Mammalia the 'tunica erythroides,' and in oviparous animals the 'vitellus.'

2990. In the same situation is placed another cyst, which is prolonged into what has been called the 'urachus' and the urinary cyst, and from which the primordial kidneys, the true kidneys, and the sexual parts are developed by sacciform eversion. This sac is called the 'allantois,' 'tunica allantoides,' and is consequently the root or primary sac of the sexual system.

2991. These cysts or sacs are consequently not envelopes that serve for the protection of the foetus, but its developmental organs, which disappear, so soon as their prolongations into the foetus itself enable them to exercise their functions.

2992. There are thus as many developmental sacs or cysts, as there are vegetative systems present, viz.:

a. Two General Cysts.
1. The Vascular cyst--Chorion.
2. Tegumental cyst--Amnion.

b. Two Special Cysts.
3. The Intestinal cyst--Vitellus.
4. Sexual cyst--Allantois.

2993. It is only the vegetative systems which take root in the foetal envelopes, but not the animal systems. There is no developmental cyst for the nervous, muscular, and osseous systems.

2994. The persistent vegetative systems are the developmental organs for the animal systems; as the intestine for the bones, the veins for the muscles, the tegument or branchial sac for the nerves.

2995. The foetus consists of three floors or stories like a house, whereof one has been based upon, or rather developed out of the other, viz.:

a. Of the Developmental cysts.
b. " Vegetative systems.
c. " Animal systems.

2996. According to time the sacs are developed in the following series. The first sac is that of the vitellus or the intestine, which is also the first that is present in the development of the animal kingdom. Upon this vitelline membrane the blood-vessels ('vasa omphalomesenterica') are developed, are prolonged into the body with the intestine, turn again outwards and form the chorion. From this the amnion next separates into the envelopes, and the integument upon the embryo. Lastly, the allantois appears, and in its prolongation the sexual parts.

2997. Originally the whole chorion is replete all around with vessels; but as the process of oxydation occurs most powerfully upon the fundus uteri, so are the vessels developed most abundantly in that very situation, and form the placenta.

2998. The placenta is no peculiar organ, but only the more energetic part of the chorion.

2999. It must necessarily be placed around the insertion of the umbilical cord, because at this spot the inversion takes place, on account of the strong oxydation.

3000. The placenta is always situated upon the fundus uteri, because it originates only through its influence. It cannot therefore begin to suck, like the mouth of a leech, in a fortuitous or voluntary manner anywhere. If it is found occupying some other situation, it is a proof that the oxydizing process of the uterus has been displaced. This is consequently an abnormal situation.

3001. Opposite to the foetal vascular system is first of all developed the general system of animal life, namely, the nervous system, and indeed the spinal chord, or what has been called the 'carina' or primary streak.

3002. The development of all other systems oscillates in this antagonism of blood and nerves.

3003. In the antagonism of the placenta is formed the liver, which in the embryo is one of the largest organs, and in its antagonism the brain is developed.

3004. In the antagonism of the amnion the integument is evolved, and in its antagonism the branchiæ and lungs.

3005. In obedience to the antagonism of the arteries and veins, the vitelline sac divides into small and large intestine. The one pursues a course towards the arterial extremity of the body, the brain, the other towards the venous or sexual parts; mouth and anus.

3006. Finally, from the antagonism of the allantois the sexual parts emerge at the very extremity of the body, which is placed opposite to the mouth.

3007. The osseous and muscular system first makes its appearance, when the vegetative parts are present.

3008. The intestines, the vessels, and the commencement of the sexual parts are originally situated in the umbilical cord, which is itself surrounded by the integument. The umbilical cord is therefore nothing else than the posterior extremity of the body or abdomen, through which the embryo respires and is nourished.

3009. The first respiration and deglutition is therefore a respiration and deglutition effected by the sexual parts, as in the lowest animals.

b. _Functions of the Foetus._

1. _Nutrition._

3010. The juices which are contained in the developmental sacs are nutritive juices or chyle; they contain principally albumen. The chyle of the intestinal vesicle depends upon the vitellus.

3011. The foetal water in the amnion is derived from albumen in the ovum; it is here secreted by the oviduct, but in the Mammalia by the internal wall of the uterus, and absorbed by the general envelopes.

3012. The cause of this secretion resides in the decomposition of the blood through the influence of the chorion. Thus if the maternal blood become deoxydized, it must necessarily revert to the condition of chyle. This chyle is the foetal water.

3013. The foetal water is absorbed by the embryo through the integument.

3014. No blood is transferred from the mother directly to the foetus.

3015. The blood-vessels of the uterus and placenta do not open into or communicate with each other.

3016. The foetal water corresponds to the albumen or the white of eggs, not to the vitellus. This becomes also during incubation consumed in the formation of the body of the chick, and not the vitelline mass, which is first of all destined for the intestine.

3017. Towards the termination of pregnancy, when the foetus is endowed with muscular motion, the foetal water is also absorbed. Nutrition is therefore in the commencement an absorption carried on by the integument, and lastly by the intestine.

2. _Respiration._

3018. The respiratory organ of the foetus is the chorion, and in particular the placenta. Its tissue is like that of the branchiæ or spleen.

3019. The arterial blood transmitted through the umbilical vein is conducted through the foramen ovale into the left ventricle of the heart, and from thence directly to the principal organ of the foetus, the brain and spinal cord. From hence it returns, venous in quality, to the right side of the heart, and from thence through the ductus arteriosus into the inferior or descending aorta, from which, pursuing its course through the umbilical arteries, it again reaches the placenta, in which it undergoes a renewed oxydation.

3020. If therefore the umbilical cord be compressed, the foetus dies suddenly, as happens indeed accidentally in certain cases, which completely resemble those of death produced by suffocation. The chick when in the egg dies, if the egg-shell be coated over with varnish, or if the egg be submitted to the noxious influence of gases which are devoid of oxygen.

3021. The respiration effected through means of the placenta, admits also of being proved by the sudden change which occurs in the circulation after birth. No arterial blood being then any longer brought to the heart through the umbilical vein, the left heart is no longer stimulated, and the foramen ovale collapses and is closed. Thus, all the blood enters the right side of the heart, and finding no thoroughfare into the ductus arteriosus, it is driven forcibly into the lungs, which now expand, and thereby leave an empty space between the pulmonary vessels, into which the air rushes in.

3022. The first act of respiration is therefore the result of the lungs being injected with venous blood, and thus of necessity ensues. When, on the contrary, cases arise causing pulmonary suffocation, the blood then regurgitates to the umbilical vessels, in order to reach the original branchia or placenta.

3023. Another process of respiration is found to take place in the vessels of the allantois. Its fluid becomes oxydized and penetrates through the urinary cyst into what have been called primordial kidneys. This kind of respiration through the anus is persistent in many Worms and larvæ of Insects.

3024. Finally, there is a respiratory process on the body of the embryo itself through the branchial apertures on its neck; these in the Frogs and Salamanders still continue visible after their exclusion from the egg. This oxygen must be derived from the foetal water.

3025. Without doubt also the vitelline vessels respire, and thus each vegetative system has its own process of respiration. The intestine respires through the vitelline vessels, the vascular system through the vessels of the chorion, the sexual system through those of the allantois, the integument through the branchial apertures. The lungs belong to, and perform respiration for the whole body.

_Decay of the Developmental Organs._

3026. When all the organs are developed, the intestines are drawn together with the vitellus into the abdomen. The chick is still nourished several days after exclusion from the egg by the vitelline mass, which passes through the vitelline canal into the intestine. The vitelline membrane subsequently becomes flaccid, and finally disappears through maceration. In the Mammalia the umbilical vesicle separates at an earlier period from the intestine, and continues to lie in the umbilical cord.

3027. The secernent point of the vitelline membrane or of the umbilical vesicle is the coecum.

3028. There are therefore two intestinal systems, which branch off in a bifurcated manner from the coecum, namely, the sexual intestine and the small or truncal intestine.

3029. All embryos have originally umbilical herniæ, which do not originate through protrusion of the intestines out of the abdominal cavity, but through their entrance into the latter being retarded.

3030. The umbilical herniæ therefore indicate an earlier condition of the animal, which has originated through arrest of the development.

3031. At birth all the enveloping membranes die, and their point of liberation is called the navel or umbilicus.

3032. The animal has originated through the umbilicus, and through this has it respired.

3033. All animals which breathe by the anus, do so properly through the navel; animals of this kind are fundamentally umbilical animals.

_Parallelism of the Foetus with the Animal Classes._

3034. During its development the animal passes through all stages of the animal kingdom. The foetus is a representation of all animal classes in time.

3035. At first it is a simple vesicle, stomach, or vitellus, as in the Infusoria.

3036. Then the vesicle is doubled through the albumen and shell, and obtains an intestine, as in the Corals.

3037. It obtains a vascular system in the vitelline vessels, or absorbents, like as in the Acalephæ.

3038. With the blood-system, liver, and ovarium, the embryo enters the class of bivalved Mollusca.

3039. With the muscular heart, the testicle, and the penis, into the class of Snails.

3040. With the venous and arteriose hearts, and the urinary apparatus, into the class of Cephalopods or Cuttle-fish.

3041. With the absorption of the integument, into the class of Worms.

3042. With the formation of branchial fissures, into the class Crustacea.

3043. With the germination or budding forth of limbs, into the class of Insects.

3044. With the appearance of the osseous system, into the class of Fishes.

3045. With the evolution of muscles, into the class of Reptiles.

3046. With the ingress of respiration through the lungs, into the class of Birds. The foetus, when born, is actually like them, edentulous.

3047. After birth it is suckled or fed. The milk is the nutrition continued by means of albumen; for the mammæ are verily only the albuminous vessels of the Bird, which are placed free and external in the Mammiferous animal. After the time for sucking is past the young one obtains teeth; and thereby becomes for the first time independent of the mother, and passes over into the class Mammalia. Now, should the sketch here afforded of these parallels be not in all respects correct or justifiable, still sufficient proof remains, that a perfect parallelism is found to take place between the development of the foetus and that of the animal kingdom.

3048. Animals are only the persistent foetal stages or conditions of man.

3049. Malformations are only persistent foetal conditions, or animal formations in individual animal bodies.

3050. Diseases are vital processes in animals. Pathology is the physiology of the animal kingdom. A human foetus is a whole animal kingdom. (Vid. Oken's 'Die Zeugung,' 'Beyträge zur vergl. Anatomie,' and 'Ueber die Nabelbrüche.')

_Periods of Life._

3051. If the young in the ovum or in the mother's body resembles the aquatic animals, and has passed through their organization; so after birth does it belong to the air-breathing animals and traverse their organization.

3052. One period is that of sucking; the edentulous condition of the Bird. This is called the suckling age, baby-hood or infancy.

3053. One is that of the eruption and persistence of the milk-teeth; the condition of the Rodentia, a repetition of the gelatinous animals. This is the age of childhood.

3054. One is the eruption of the permanent set of teeth until the attainment of puberty, or the development of the sexual functions; the condition of the Marsupialia; repetition of the Conchozoa or Shell-animals. This is boyhood.

3055. From the state of puberty until the development of the faculty of understanding; the condition of the Shrews and Bats, the repetition of Insects. The age of youth.

3056. The period of the understanding passes through the Ungulata, and is a repetition of Fishes, Reptiles, and Birds. This is the first stage of manhood.

3057. After the understanding the reason matures; this is the condition of the higher Mammalia up to Man; it is a repetition of the Mammalia. This is adult age or mature manhood.

3058. Then follows the decadence or dying off of the sexual functions; a retrogression through the animal classes. Gray old age.

3059. Finally, the reason and understanding die; childhood returns and terminates with the death of the vegetable in the animal.

3060. Death results through the sexual animal.

3061. Death is only a continuous growth through retrogression into the organic primary matter or Infusoria.

3062. Death is an organized decomposition.

3063. Decomposition is a forming of seeds, ova, and foetuses.

3064. Dying is a multiplication of self.

III. ZOOLOGY.

3065. Zoology is Zoogeny divided and self-substantially represented. What in Zoogeny was the organ of a single indivisible animal here becomes the organ of a separated animal, or becomes a self-substantial animal.

3066. The self-substantial animals are only parts of the Great animal, which is the Animal Kingdom.

3067. The animal kingdom is only _one_ animal, i. e. the representation of animality with all its organs, each of which is a whole for itself.

3068. A single animal originates, if a single organ frees itself from the general animal body, and yet exercises the essential animal functions.

3069. The animal kingdom is only a dismemberment of the highest animal, i. e. of _Man_.