Chapter XVIII: Act 1895: has afforded a cheap and speedy remedy to all classes (6)

Dodona is not unfrequently mentioned by ancient writers. It is spoken of in the _Iliad_ as the stormy abode of Selli who sleep on the ground and wash not their feet, and in the _Odyssey_ an imaginary visit of Odysseus to the oracle is referred to. A Hesiodic fragment gives a complete description of the Dodonaea or Hellopia, which is called a district full of corn-fields, of herds and flocks and of shepherds, where is built on an extremity ([Greek: ep eschatie]) Dodona, where Zeus dwells in the stem of an oak ([Greek: phegos]). The priestesses were called doves ([Greek: peleiai]) and Herodotus tells a story which he learned at Egyptian Thebes, that the oracle of Dodona was founded by an Egyptian priestess who was carried away by the Phoenicians, but says that the local legend substitutes for this priestess a black dove, a substitution in which he tries to find a rational meaning. From inscriptions and later writers we learn that in historical times there was worshipped, together with Zeus, a consort named Dione (see further ZEUS; ORACLE; DIONE).

The ruins, consisting of a theatre, the walls of a town, and some other buildings, had been conjectured to be those of Dodona by Wordsworth in 1832, but the conjecture was changed into ascertained fact by the excavations of Constantin Carapanos. In 1875 he made some preliminary investigations; soon after, an extensive discovery of antiquities was made by peasants, digging without authority; and after this M. Carapanos made a systematic excavation of the whole site to a considerable depth. The topographical and architectural results are disappointing, and show either that the site always retained its primitive simplicity, or else that whatever buildings once existed have been very completely destroyed.

To the south of the hill, on which are the walls of the town, and to the east of the theatre, is a plateau about 200 yds. long and 50 yds. wide. Towards the eastern end of this terrace are the scanty remains of a building which can hardly be anything but the temple of Zeus; it appears to have consisted of pronaos, naos or cella, and opisthodomus, and some of the lower drums of the internal columns of the cella were still resting on their foundations. No trace of any external colonnade was found. The temple was about 130 ft. by 80 ft. It had been converted into a Christian church, and hardly anything of its architecture seems to have survived. In it and around it were found the most interesting products of excavation--statuettes and decorative bronzes, many of them bearing dedications to Zeus Naius and Dione, and inscriptions, including many small tablets of lead which contained the questions put to the oracle. Farther to the west, on the same terrace, were two rectangular buildings, which M. Carapanos conjectures to have been connected with the oracle, but which show no distinguishing features.

Below the terrace was a precinct, surrounded by walls and flanked with porticoes and other buildings; it is over 100 yds. in length and breadth, and of irregular shape. One of the buildings on the south-western side contained a pedestal or altar, and is identified by M. Carapanos as a temple of Aphrodite, on the insufficient evidence of a single dedicated object; it does not seem to have any of the characteristics of a temple. In front of the porticoes are rows of pedestals, which once bore statues and other dedications. At the southern corner of the precinct is a kind of gate or propylaeum, flanked with two towers, between which are placed two coarse limestone drums. If these are _in situ_ and belong to the original gateway, it must have been of a very rough character; it does not seem probable that they carried, as M. Carapanos suggests, the statuette and bronze bowl by which divinations were carried on.

The chief interest of the excavation centres in the smaller antiquities discovered, which have now been transferred from M. Carapanos's collection to the National Museum in Athens. Among the dedications, the most interesting historically are a set of weapons dedicated by King Pyrrhus from the spoils of the Romans, including characteristic specimens of the pilum. The leaden tablets of the oracle contain no certain example of a response, though there are many questions, varying from matters of public policy or private enterprise to inquiries after stolen goods.

The temple of Dodona was destroyed by the Aetolians in 219 B.C., but the oracle survived to the times of Pausanias and even of the emperor Julian.

See C. Wordsworth, _Greece_ (1839), p. 247; Constantin Carapanos,
_Dodone et ses ruines_ (Paris, 1878). For the oracle inscriptions, see
E. S. Roberts in _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, vol. i. p. 228. (E.
GR.)

DODS, MARCUS (1834-1909), Scottish divine and biblical scholar, was born at Belford, Northumberland, the youngest son of Rev. Marcus Dods, minister of the Scottish church of that town. He was trained at Edinburgh Academy and Edinburgh University, graduating in 1854. Having studied theology for five years he was licensed in 1858, and in 1864 became minister of Renfield Free Church, Glasgow, where he worked for twenty-five years. In 1889 he was appointed professor of New Testament Exegesis in the New College, Edinburgh, of which he became principal on the death of Dr Rainy in 1907. He died in Edinburgh on the 26th of April 1909. Throughout his life, both ministerial and professorial, he devoted much time to the publication of theological books. Several of his writings, especially a sermon on Inspiration delivered in 1878, incurred the charge of unorthodoxy, and shortly before his election to the Edinburgh professorship he was summoned before the General Assembly, but the charge was dropped by a large majority, and in 1891 he received the honorary degree of D.D. from Edinburgh University. He edited Lange's _Life of Christ_ in English (Edinburgh, 1864, 6 vols.), Augustine's works (1872-1876), and, with Dr Alexander Whyte, Clark's "Handbooks for Bible Classes" series. In the Expositor's Bible series he edited Genesis and 1 Corinthians, and he was also a contributor to the 9th edition of the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ and Hastings' _Dictionary of the Bible_. Among other important works are: _The Epistle to the Seven Churches_ (1865); _Israel's Iron Age_ (1874); _Mohammed, Buddha and Christ_ (1877); _Handbook on Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi_ (1879); _The Gospel according to St John_ (1897), in the Expositor's Greek Testament; _The Bible, its Origin and Nature_ (1904), the Bross Lectures, in which he gave an able sketch of the use of Old Testament criticism, and finally set forth his Theory of Inspiration. Apart from his great services to Biblical scholarship he takes high rank among those who have sought to bring the results of technical criticism within the reach of the ordinary reader.

DODSLEY, ROBERT (1703-1764), English bookseller and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1703 near Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, where his father was master of the free school. He is said to have been apprenticed to a stocking-weaver in Mansfield, from whom he ran away, taking service as a footman. In 1729 Dodsley published his first work, _Servitude; a Poem ... written by a Footman_, with a preface and postscript ascribed to Daniel Defoe; and a collection of short poems, _A Muse in Livery, or the Footman's Miscellany_, was published by subscription in 1732, Dodsley's patrons comprising many persons of high rank. This was followed by a satirical farce called _The Toyshop_ (Covent Garden, 1735), in which the toyman indulges in moral observations on his wares, a hint which was probably taken from Thomas Randolph's _Conceited Pedlar_. The profits accruing from the sale of his works enabled Dodsley to establish himself with the help of his friends--Pope lent him L100--as a bookseller at the "Tully's Head" in Pall Mall in 1735. His enterprise soon made him one of the foremost publishers of the day. One of his first publications was Dr Johnson's _London_, for which he gave ten guineas in 1738. He published many of Johnson's works, and he suggested and helped to finance the _English Dictionary_. Pope also made over to Dodsley his interest in his letters. In 1738 the publication of Paul Whitehead's _Manners_, voted scandalous by the Lords, led to a short imprisonment. Dodsley published for Edward Young and Mark Akenside, and in 1751 brought out Thomas Gray's _Elegy_. He also founded several literary periodicals: _The Museum_ (1746-1767, 3 vols.); _The Preceptor containing a general course of education_ (1748, 2 vols.), with an introduction by Dr Johnson; _The World_ (1753-1756, 4 vols.); and _The Annual Register_, founded in 1758 with Edmund Burke as editor. To these various works, Horace Walpole, Akenside, Soame Jenyns, Lord Lyttelton, Lord Chesterfield, Burke and others were contributors. Dodsley is, however, best known as the editor of two collections: _Select Collection of Old Plays_ (12 vols., 1744; 2nd edition with notes by Isaac Reed, 12 vols., 1780; 4th edition, by W. C. Hazlitt, 1874-1876, 15 vols.); and _A collection of Poems by Several Hands_ (1748, 3 vols.), which passed through many editions. In 1737 his _King and the Miller of Mansfield_, a "dramatic tale" of King Henry II., was produced at Drury Lane, and received with much applause; the sequel, _Sir John Cockle at Court_, a farce, appeared in 1738. In 1745 he published a collection of his dramatic works, and some poems which had been issued separately, in one volume under the modest title of _Trifles_. This was followed by _The Triumph of Peace, a Masque occasioned by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle_ (1749); a fragment, entitled _Agriculture_, of a long tedious poem in blank verse on _Public Virtue_ (1753); _The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green_ (acted at Drury Lane 1739, printed 1741); and an ode, _Melpomene_ (1757). His tragedy of _Cleone_ (1758) had a long run at Covent Garden, 2000 copies being sold on the day of publication, and it passed through four editions within the year. Lord Chesterfield is, however, almost certainly the author of the series of mock chronicles of which _The Chronicle of the Kings of England_ by "Nathan ben Saddi" (1740) is the first, although they were included in the _Trifles_ and "ben Saddi" was received as Dodsley's pseudonym. _The Economy of Human Life_ (1750), a collection of moral precepts frequently reprinted, is also by Lord Chesterfield. In 1759 Dodsley retired, leaving the conduct of the business to his brother James (1724-1797), with whom he had been many years in partnership. He published two more works, _The Select Fables of Aesop translated by R. D._ (1764) and the _Works of William Shenstone_ (3 vols., 1764-1769). He died at Durham while on a visit to his friend the Rev. Joseph Spence, on the 23rd of September 1764.

See also _Shadows of the Old Booksellers_, by Charles Knight (1865),
pp. 189-216; "At Tully's Head" in _Eighteenth Century Vignettes_, 2nd
series, by Austin Dobson (1894); E. Solly in _The Bibliographer_, v.
(1884) pp. 57-61. Dodsley's poems are reprinted with a memoir in A.
Chalmers's _Works of English Poets_, vol. xv. (1810).

DODSWORTH, ROGER (1585-1654), English antiquary, was born near Oswaldkirk, Yorkshire. He devoted himself early to antiquarian research, in which he was greatly assisted by the fact that his father, Matthew Dodsworth, was registrar of York cathedral, and could give him access to the records preserved there. He married the widow of Laurence Rawsthorne of Hutton Grange, where he subsequently resided till his death in August 1654. At various times in his life he was enabled to study the records in the library of Sir Robert Cotton, in Skipton Castle, and in the Tower of London. He collected a vast store of materials for a history of Yorkshire, a _Monasticon Anglicanum_, and an English baronage. The second of these was published with considerable additions by Sir William Dugdale (2 vols., 1655 and 1661). The MSS. were left to Thomas, third Lord Fairfax, who by his will bequeathed them (160 volumes in all) to the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Portions have been printed by the Yorkshire Archaeological Society (_Dodsworth's Yorkshire Notes_, 1884) and the Chetham Society (copies of Lancashire postmortem inquisitions, 1875-1876).