Chapter XXV: Book 1: relates to God; 2, angels; 3, the soul; 4, the substance of the (2)

The first edition of the _Encyclopedie_, in 17 vols. folio, 16,288
pages, was imitated by a counterfeit edition printed at Geneva as the
volumes appeared in Paris. Eleven folio volumes of plates were
published at Paris (1762 to 1772), containing 2888 plates and 923
pages of explanation, &c. A supplement was printed at Amsterdam and
Paris (1776-1777), fol. 5 vols., 3874 pages, with 224 plates. History
was introduced at the wish of the public, but only "the general
features which mark epochs in the annals of the world." The astronomy
was by Delalande, mathematics by Condorcet, tables by Bernouilli,
natural history by Adanson, anatomy and physiology by Haller.
Daubenton, Condamine, Marmontel and other old contributors wrote many
articles, and several were taken from foreign editions. A very full
and elaborate index of the articles and subjects of the 33 volumes was
printed at Amsterdam in 1780, fol. 2 vols. 1852 pages. It was made by
Pierre Mouchon, who was born at Geneva on the 30th of July 1735,
consecrated minister on the 18th of August 1758, pastor of the French
church at Basel 1766, elected a pastor in Geneva on the 6th of March
1788, principal of the college there 22nd of April 1791, died on the
20th of August 1797. This _Table analytique_, which took him five
years to make, was undertaken for the publishers Cramer and De
Tournes, who gave him 800 louis for it. Though very exact and full, he
designedly omits the attacks on Christianity. This index was rendered
more useful and indispensable by the very diffuse and digressive style
of the work, and by the vast number of its articles. A complete copy
of the first edition of the _Encyclopedie_ consists of 35 vols. fol.,
printed 1751-1780, containing 23,135 pages and 3132 plates. It was
written by about 160 contributors. About 1761 Panckoucke and other
publishers in Paris proposed a new and revised edition, and bought the
plates for 250,000 livres. But, as Diderot indignantly refused to edit
what he considered a fraud on the subscribers to the as yet unfinished
work, they began simply to reprint the work, promising supplementary
volumes. When three volumes were printed the whole was seized in 1770
by the government at the complaint of the clergy, and was lodged in
the Bastille. The plan of a second French edition was laid aside then,
to be revived twenty years later in a very different form. Foreign
editions of the _Encyclopedie_ are numerous, and it is difficult to
enumerate them correctly. One, with notes by Ottavio Diodati, Dr
Sebastiano Paoli and Carlo Giuliani, appeared at Lucca (1758-1771),
fol. 17 vols. of text and 10 of plates. Though it was very much
expurgated, all engaged in it were excommunicated by the pope in 1759.
An attempt made at Siena to publish an Italian translation failed. An
addition by the abbe Serafini and Dr Gonnella (Livourne, 1770), &c.,
fol. 33 vols., returned a profit of 60,000 piastres, and was protected
by Leopold II., who secured the pope's silence. Other editions are
Geneve, Cramer (1772-1776), a facsimile reprint. Geneve, Pellet
(1777-1779), 4to, 36 vols. of text and 3 of plates, with 6 vols. of
Mouchon's index (Lyon, 1780), 4to; Geneve et Neufchatel, Pellet
(1778-1779), 4to, 36 vols. of text and 3 of plates; Lausanne
(1778-1781), 36 vols. 4to, or 72 octavo, of text and 3 of plates
(1779-1780); Lausanne et Bern, chez les Societes Typographiques
(1780-1782), 36 vols. 8vo of text and 3 vols. 4to of plates (1782).
These four editions have the supplement incorporated. Fortune
Barthelemy de Felice, an Italian monk, born at Rome on the 24th of
August 1723, who had been professor at Rome and Naples, and had become
a Protestant, printed a very incorrect though successful edition
(Yverdun, 1770-1780) 4to, 42 vols. of text, 5 of supplement and 10 of
plates. It professed to be a new work, standing in the same
relationship to the _Encyclopedie_ as that did to Chambers's, which is
far from being the case. Sir Joseph Ayloffe issued proposals, 14th
December 1751, for an English translation of the _Encyclopedie_, to be
finished by Christmas 1756, in 10 vols. 4to, with at least 600 plates.
No. 1 appeared in January 1752, but met with little success. Several
selections of articles and extracts have been published under the
title of _L'Esprit de l'Encyclopedie_. The last was by Hennequin
(Paris, 1822-1823), 8vo, 15 vols. An English selection is _Select
Essays from the Encyclopedy_ (London, 1773), 8vo. The articles of most
of the principal contributors have been reprinted in the editions of
their respective works. Voltaire wrote 8 vols. 8vo of a kind of
fragmentary supplement, _Questions sur l'Encyclopedie_, frequently
printed, and usually included in editions of his works, together with
his contributions to the _Encyclopedie_ and his _Dictionnaire
philosophique_. Several special dictionaries have been formed from the
_Encyclopedie_, as the _Dictionnaire portatif des arts et metiers_
(Paris, 1766), 8vo, 2 vols. about 1300 pages, by Philippe Macquer,
brother of the author of the _Dict. de chimie_. An enlarged edition by
the abbe Jaubert (Paris, 1773), 5 vols. 8vo, 3017 pages, was much
valued and often reprinted. The books attacking and defending the
_Encyclopedie_ are very many. No original work of the 18th century,
says Lanfrey, has been more depreciated, ridiculed and calumniated. It
has been called chaos, nothingness, the Tower of Babel, a work of
disorder and destruction, the gospel of Satan and even the ruins of
Palmyra.

The _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, "by a society of gentlemen in Scotland, printed in Edinburgh for A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar, and sold by Colin Macfarquhar at his printing office in Nicolson Street," was completed in 1771 in 3 volumes 4to, containing 2670 pages, and 160 copperplates engraved by Andrew Bell. It was published in numbers, of which the two first were issued in December 1768, "price 6d. each, or 8d on a finer paper," and was to be completed in 100 weekly numbers. It was compiled, as the title-page says, on a new plan. The different sciences and arts were "digested into distinct treatises or systems," of which there are 45 with cross headings, that is, titles printed across the page, and about 30 other articles more than three pages long. The longest are "Anatomy," 166 pages, and "Surgery," 238 pages. "The various technical terms, &c., are explained as they occur in the order of the alphabet." "Instead of dismembering the sciences, by attempting to treat them intelligibly under a multitude of technical terms, they have digested the principles of every science in the form of systems or distinct treatises, and explained the terms as they occur in the order of the alphabet, with references to the sciences to which they belong." This plan, as the compilers say, differs from that of all the previous dictionaries of arts and sciences. Its merit and novelty consist in the combination of De Coetlogon's plan with that in common use,--on the one hand keeping important subjects together, and on the other facilitating reference by numerous separate articles. It is doubtful to whom the credit of this plan is due. The editor, William Smellie, a printer (born in 1740, died on the 24th of June 1795), afterwards secretary and superintendent of natural history to the Society of Scottish Antiquaries, is said by his biographer to have devised the plan and written or compiled all the chief articles; and he prints, but without date, part of a letter written and signed by Andrew Bell by which he was engaged in the work:--"Sir, As we are engaged in publishing a dictionary of the arts and sciences, and as you have informed us that there are fifteen capital sciences which you will undertake for and write up the subdivisions and detached parts of these conform to your plan, and likewise to prepare the whole work for the press, &c., &c., we hereby agree to allow you L200 for your trouble, &c." Prof. Macvey Napier says that Smellie "was more likely to have suggested that great improvement than any of his known coadjutors." Archibald Constable, who was interested in the work from 1788, and was afterwards intimately acquainted with Bell, says Colin Macfarquhar was the actual projector of the _Encyclopaedia_, and the editor of the two first editions, while Smellie was merely "a contributor for hire" (_Memoirs_, ii. 311). Dr Gleig, in his preface to the third edition, says: "The idea had been conceived by him (Colin Macfarquhar) and his friend Mr Andrew Bell, engraver. By whom these gentlemen were assisted in digesting the plan which attracted to that work so much public attention, or whether they had any assistance, are questions in which our readers cannot be interested." Macfarquhar, according to Constable, was a person of excellent taste and very general knowledge, though at starting he had little or no capital, and was obliged to associate Bell, then the principal engraver in Edinburgh, as a partner in his undertaking.

The second edition was begun in 1776, and was published in numbers, of which the first was issued on the 21st of June 1777, and the last, No. 181, on the 18th of September 1784, forming 10 vols. 4to, dated 1778 to 1783, and containing 8595 pages and 340 plates. The pagination is continuous, ending with page 9200, but 295 pages are inserted in various places, and page 7099 is followed by 8000. The number and length of the articles were much increased, 72 have cross headings, and more than 150 others may be classed as long articles. At the end is an appendix ("Abatement" to "Wood") of 200 pages, containing, under the heading Botanical Table, a list of the 931 genera included in the 58 natural orders of Linnaeus, and followed by a list of 526 books, said to have been the principal authorities used. All the maps are placed together under the article "Geography" (195 pages). Most of the long articles have numbered marginal titles; "Scotland," 84 pages, has 837. "Medicine," 309 pages, and "Pharmacy" have each an index. The plan of the work was enlarged by the addition of history and biography, which encyclopaedias in general had long omitted. "From the time of the second edition of this work, every cyclopaedia of note, in England and elsewhere, has been a cyclopaedia, not solely of arts and sciences, but of the whole wide circle of general learning and miscellaneous information" (_Quarterly Review_, cxiii. 362). Smellie was applied to by Bell to edit the second edition, and to take a share of one-third in the work; but he refused, because the other persons concerned in it, at the suggestion of "a very distinguished nobleman of very high rank" (said by Professor Napier to have been the duke of Buccleuch), insisted upon the introduction of a system of general biography which he considered inconsistent with the character of a dictionary of arts and sciences. James Tytler, M.A., seems to have been selected as the next most eligible compiler. His father, a man of extensive knowledge, was 53 years minister of Fearn in Forfarshire, and died in 1785. Tytler (outlawed by the High Court of Justiciary, 7th of January 1793, buried at Salem in Massachusetts on the 11th of January 1804, aged fifty-eight) "wrote," says Watt, "many of the scientific treatises and histories, and almost all the minor articles" (_Bibliotheca Brit._).

After about a year's preparation, the third edition was announced in 1787; the first number was published early in 1788, and the first volume in October 1788. There were to be 300 weekly numbers, price 1s. each, forming 30 parts at 10s. 6d. each, and 15 volumes, with 360 plates. It was completed in 1797 in 18 vols. 4to, containing 14,579 pages and 542 plates. Among the multifarious articles represented in the frontispiece, which was required by the traditional fashion of the period, is a balloon. The maps are, as in subsequent editions, distributed among the articles relating to the respective countries. It was edited by Colin Macfarquhar as far as the article "Mysteries" (by Dr Doig, vol. xii.), when he died, on the 2nd of April 1793, in his forty-eighth year, "worn out," says Constable, "by fatigue and anxiety of mind." His children's trustees and Andrew Bell requested George Gleig of Stirling (consecrated on the 30th of October 1808 assistant and successor to the bishop of Brechin), who had written about twelve articles, to edit the rest of the work; "and for the time, and the limited sum allowed him for the reward of contributors, his part in the work was considered very well done" (Constable, ii. 312). Professor Robison was induced by Gleig to become a contributor. He first revised the article "Optics," and then wrote a series of articles on natural philosophy, which attracted great attention and were long highly esteemed by scientific men. The sub-editors were James Walker (Primus Scotiae Episcopus 27th of May 1837, died on the 5th of March 1841, aged seventy) until 1795, then James Thomson, succeeded in November 1796 by his brother Thomas, afterwards professor of chemistry at Glasgow, who remained connected with the _Encyclopaedia_ until 1800. According to Kerr (_Smellie's Life_, i. 364-365), 10,000 copies were printed, and the profit to the proprietors was L42,000, besides the payments for their respective work in the conduct of the publication as tradesmen,--Bell as engraver of all the plates, and Macfarquhar as sole printer. According to Constable (_Memoirs_, ii. 312), the impression was begun at 5000 copies, and concluded with a sale of 13,000. James Hunter, "an active bookseller of no character," who had a shop in Middle Row, Holborn, sold the book to the trade, and on his failure Thomson Bonar, a wine merchant, who had married Bell's daughter, became the seller of the book. He quarrelled with his father-in-law, who would not see him for ten years before his death in 1809. When the edition was completed, the copyright and remaining books were sold in order to wind up the concern, and "the whole was purchased by Bell, who gave L13 a copy, sold all the complete copies to the trade, printed up the odd volumes, and thus kept the work in the market for several years" (Constable, ii. 312)

The supplement of the third edition, printed for Thomson Bonar, and edited by Gleig, was published in 1801 in 2 vols. 4to, containing 1624 pages and 50 copperplates engraved by D. Lizars. In the dedication to the king, dated Stirling, 10th December 1800, Dr Gleig says: "The French _Encyclopedie_ had been accused, and justly accused, of having disseminated far and wide the seeds of anarchy and atheism. If the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ shall in any degree counteract the tendency of that pestiferous work, even these two volumes will not be wholly unworthy of your Majesty's attention." Professor Robison added 19 articles to the series he had begun when the third edition was so far advanced. Professor Playfair assisted in "Mathematics." Dr Thomas Thomson wrote "Chemistry," "Mineralogy" and other articles, in which the use of symbols was for the first time introduced into chemistry; and these articles formed the first outline of his _System of Chemistry_, published at Edinburgh in 1802, 8vo, 4 vols.; the sixth edition, 1821.

The fourth edition, printed for Andrew Bell, was begun in 1800 or 1801, and finished in 1810 in 20 vols. 4to, containing 16,033 pages, with 581 plates engraved by Bell. The dedication to the king, signed Andrew Bell, is dated Lauristoun, Edinburgh, 1809. The preface is that of the third edition with the necessary alterations and additions in the latter part. No articles were reprinted from the supplement, as Bell had not the copyright. Professor Wallace's articles on mathematics were much valued, and raised the scientific character of the work. Dr Thomas Thomson declined the editorship, and recommended Dr James Millar, afterwards editor of the _Encyclopaedia Edinensis_ (died on the 13th of July 1827). He was fond of natural history and a good chemist, but, according to Constable, slow and dilatory and not well qualified. Andrew Bell died on the 10th of June 1809, aged eighty-three, "leaving," says Constable, "two sets of trustees, one literary to make the money, the other legal to lay it out after it was made." The edition began with 1250 copies and concluded at 4000, of which two-thirds passed through the hands of Constable's firm. Early in 1804 Andrew Bell had offered Constable and his partner Hunter the copyright of the work, printing materials, &c., and all that was then printed of the fourth edition, for L20,000. This offer was in agitation in March 1804, when the two partners were in London. On the 5th of May 1804, after Lord Jeffrey's arrival in Edinburgh, as he relates to Francis Horner, they entrusted him with a design, on which he found that most of his friends had embarked with great eagerness, "for publishing an entire new encyclopaedia upon an improved plan. Stewart, I understand, is to lend his name, and to write the preliminary discourse, besides other articles. Playfair is to superintend the mathematical department, and Robison the natural philosophy. Thomas Thomson is extremely zealous in the cause. W. Scott has embraced it with great affection.... The authors are to be paid at least as well as reviewers, and are to retain the copyright of their articles for separate publication if they think proper" (Cockburn, _Life of Lord Jeffrey_, 1852, ii. 90). It was then, perhaps, that Constable gave L100 to Bonar for the copyright of the supplement.

The fifth edition was begun immediately after the fourth as a mere
reprint. "The management of the edition, or rather mismanagement, went
on under the _lawyer trustees_ for several years, and at last the
whole property was again brought to the market by public sale. There
were about 1800 copies printed of the five first volumes, which formed
one lot, the copyright formed another lot, and so on. The whole was
purchased by myself and in my name for between L13,000 and L14,000,
and it was said by the wise booksellers of Edinburgh and others that
I had completely ruined myself and all connected with me by a purchase
to such an enormous amount; this was early in 1812" (Constable, ii.
314). Bonar, who lived next door to the printing office, thought he
could conduct the book, and had resolved on the purchase. Having a
good deal of money, he seemed to Constable a formidable rival, whose
alliance was to be secured. After "sundry interviews" it was agreed
that Constable should buy the copyright in his own name, and that
Bonar should have one-third, and also one-third of the copyright of
the supplement, for which he gave L200. Dr James Millar corrected and
revised the last 15 volumes. The preface is dated the 1st of December
1814. The printing was superintended by Bonar, who died on the 26th of
July 1814. His trustees were repaid his advances on the work, about
L6000, and the copyright was valued at L11,000, of which they received
one-third, Constable adding L500, as the book had been so extremely
successful. It was published in 20 vols., 16,017 pages, 582 plates,
price L36, and dated 1817.

Soon after the purchase of the copyright, Constable began to prepare
for the publication of a supplement, to be of four or, at the very
utmost, five volumes. "The first article arranged for was one on
'Chemistry' by Sir Humphry Davy, but he went abroad [in October 1813]
and I released him from his engagement, and employed Mr Brande; the
second article was Mr Stewart's Dissertation, for which I agreed to
pay him L1000, leaving the extent of it to himself, but with this
understanding, that it was not to be under ten sheets, and might
extend to twenty" (Constable, ii. 318). Dugald Stewart, in a letter to
Constable, the 15th of November 1812, though he declines to engage to
execute any of his own suggestions, recommends that four discourses
should "stand in front," forming "a general map of the various
departments of human knowledge," similar to "the excellent discourse
prefixed by D'Alembert to the French _Encyclopedie_," together with
historical sketches of the progress since Bacon's time of modern
discoveries in metaphysical, moral and political philosophy, in
mathematics and physics, in chemistry, and in zoology, botany and
mineralogy. He would only promise to undertake the general map and the
first historical sketch, if his health and other engagements
permitted, after the second volume of his _Philosophy of the Human
Mind_ (published in 1813) had gone to press. For the second he
recommended Playfair, for chemistry Sir Humphry Davy. He received
L1000 for the first part of his dissertation (166 pages), and L700 for
the second (257 pages), the right of publication being limited to the
Supplement and _Encyclopaedia_. Constable next contracted with
Professor Playfair for a dissertation "to be equal in length or not to
Mr Stewart's, for L250; but a short time afterwards I felt that to pay
one eminent individual L1000 because he would not take less would be
quite unfair, and I wrote to the worthy Professor that I had fixed his
payment at L500." Constable gave him L500 for the first part (127
pages), and would have given as much for the second (90 pages) if it
had been as long. His next object was to find out the greatest defects
in the book, and he gave Professor Leslie L200 and Graham Dalyell L100
for looking over it. He then wrote out a prospectus and submitted it
in print to Stewart, "but the cautious philosopher referred" him to
Playfair, who "returned it next day very greatly improved." For this
Constable sent him six dozen of very fine old sherry, only feeling
regret that he had nothing better to offer. He at first intended to
have two editors, "one for the strictly literary and the other for the
scientific department." He applied to Dr Thomas Brown, who "preferred
writing trash of poetry to useful and lucrative employment." At last
he fixed on Mr Macvey Napier (born 1777), whom he had known from 1798,
and who "had been a hard student, and at college laid a good
foundation for his future career, though more perhaps in general
information than in what would be, strictly speaking, called
scholarship; this, however, does not fit him the less for his present
task." Constable, in a letter dated the 11th of June 1813, offered him
L300 before the first part went to press, L150 on the completion at
press of each of the eight half volumes, L500 if the work was
reprinted or extended beyond 7000 copies and L200 for incidental
expenses. "In this way the composition of the four volumes, including
the introductory dissertations, will amount to considerably more than
L9000." In a postscript the certain payment is characteristically
increased to L1575, the contingent to L735, and the allowance for
incidental expenses to L300 (Constable, ii. 326). Napier went to
London, and obtained the co-operation of many literary men. The
supplement was published in half-volume parts from December 1816 to
April 1824. It formed six volumes 4to, containing 4933 pages, 125
plates, 9 maps, three dissertations and 669 articles, of which a list
is given at the end. The first dissertation, on the "progress of
metaphysical, ethical and political philosophy," was by Stewart, who
completed his plan only in respect to metaphysics. He had thought it
would be easy to adapt the intellectual map or general survey of human
knowledge, sketched by Bacon and improved by D'Alembert, to the
advanced state of the sciences, while its unrivalled authority would
have softened criticism. But on closer examination he found the
logical views on which this systematic arrangement was based
essentially erroneous; and, doubting whether the time had come for a
successful repetition of this bold experiment, he forebore to
substitute a new scheme of his own. Sir James Mackintosh characterized
this discourse as "the most splendid of Mr. Stewart's works, a
composition which no other living writer of English prose has
equalled" (_Edinburgh Review_, xxvii. 191, September 1816). The second
dissertation, "On the progress of mathematics and physics," was by
Playfair, who died 19th July 1819, when he had only finished the
period of Newton and Leibnitz. The third, by Professor Brande, "On the
progress of chemistry from the early middle ages to 1800," was the
only one completed. These historical dissertations were admirable and
delightful compositions, and important and interesting additions to
the _Encyclopaedia_; but it is difficult to see why they should form a
separate department distinct from the general alphabet. The preface,
dated March 1824, begins with an account of the more important
previous encyclopaedias, relates the history of this to the sixth
edition, describes the preparation for the supplement and gives an
"outline of the contents," and mentions under each great division of
knowledge the principal articles and their authors' names, often with
remarks on the characters of both. Among the distinguished
contributors were Leslie, Playfair, Ivory, Sir John Barrow, Tredgold,
Jeffrey, John Bird Sumner, Blanco White, Hamilton Smith and Hazlitt.
Sir Walter Scott, to gratify his generous friend Constable, laid aside
_Waverley_, which he was completing for publication, and in April and
May 1814 wrote "Chivalry." He also wrote "Drama" in November 1818, and
"Romance" in the summer of 1823. As it seemed to the editor that
encyclopaedias had previously attended little to political philosophy,
he wrote "Balance of Power," and procured from James Mill "Banks for
Savings," "Education," "Law of Nations," "Liberty of the Press," and
other articles, which, reprinted cheaply, had a wide circulation.
M'Culloch wrote "Corn Laws," "Interest," "Money," "Political Economy,"
&c. Mr Ricardo wrote "Commerce" and "Funding System," and Professor
Malthus, in his article "Population," gave a comprehensive summary of
the facts and reasonings on which his theory rested. In the article
"Egypt" Dr Thomas Young "first gave to the public an extended view of
the results of his successful interpretation of the hieroglyphic
characters on the stone of Rosetta," with a vocabulary of 221 words in
English, Coptic, Hieroglyphic and Enchorial, engraved on four plates.
There were about 160 biographies, chiefly of persons who had died
within the preceding 30 years. Constable "wished short biographical
notices of the first founders of this great work, but they were, in
the opinion of my editor, too insignificant to entitle them to the
rank which such separate notice, it was supposed, would have given
them as literary men, although his own consequence in the world had
its origin in their exertions" (_Memoirs_, ii. 326). It is to be
regretted that this wish was not carried out, as was done in the
latter volumes of Zedler. Arago wrote "Double Refraction" and
"Polarization of Light," a note to which mentions his name as author.
Playfair wrote "Aepinus," and "Physical Astronomy." Biot wrote
"Electricity" and "Pendulum." He "gave his assistance with alacrity,"
though his articles had to be translated. Signatures, on the plan of
the _Encyclopedie_, were annexed to each article, the list forming a
triple alphabet, A to XXX, with the full names of the 72 contributors
arranged apparently in the order of their first occurrence. At the end
of vol. vi. are Addenda and Corrigenda, including "Interpolation," by
Leslie, and "Polarization of Light," by Arago.

The sixth edition, "revised, corrected and improved," appeared in
half-volume parts, price 16s. in boards, vol. xx. part ii. completing
the work in May 1823. Constable, thinking it not wise to reprint so
large a book year after year without correction, in 1820 selected Mr
Charles Maclaren (1782-1866), as editor. "His attention was chiefly
directed to the historical and geographical articles. He was to keep
the press going, and have the whole completed in three years." He
wrote "America," "Greece," "Troy," &c. Many of the large articles as
"Agriculture," "Chemistry," "Conchology," were new or nearly so; and
references were given to the supplement. A new edition in 25 vols. was
contemplated, not to be announced till a certain time after the
supplement was finished; but Constable's house stopped payment on the
19th of January 1826, and his copyrights were sold by auction. Those
of the _Encyclopaedia_ were bought by contract, on the 16th of July
1828, for L6150, by Thomas Allan, proprietor of the _Caledonian
Mercury_, Adam Black, Abram Thomson, bookbinder, and Alexander Wight,
banker, who, with the trustee of Constable's estate, had previously
begun the seventh edition. Not many years later Mr Black purchased all
the shares and became sole proprietor.

The seventh edition, 21 vols. 4to (with an index of 187 pages,
compiled by Robert Cox), containing 17,101 pages and 506 plates,
edited by Macvey Napier, assisted by James Browne, LL.D., was begun in
1827, and published from March 1830 to January 1842. It was reset
throughout and stereotyped. Mathematical diagrams were printed in the
text from woodcuts. The first half of the preface was nearly that of
the supplement. The list of signatures, containing 167 names, consists
of four alphabets with additions, and differs altogether from that in
the supplement: many names are omitted, the order is changed and 103
are added. A list follows of over 300 articles, without signatures, by
87 writers. The dissertations--1st, Stewart's, 289 pages; 2nd,
"Ethics" (136 pages), by Sir James Mackintosh, whose death prevented
the addition of "Political Philosophy"; 3rd, Playfair's, 139 pages;
4th, its continuation by Sir John Leslie, 100 pages--and their index
of 30 pages, fill vol. i. As they did not include Greek philosophy,
"Aristotle," "Plato" and "Socrates" were supplied by Dr Hampden,
afterwards bishop of Hereford. Among the numerous contributors of
eminence, mention may be made of Sir David Brewster, Prof. Phillips,
Prof. Spalding, John Hill Burton, Thomas De Quincey, Patrick Fraser
Tytler, Capt. Basil Hall, Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Antonio Panizzi,
John Scott Russell and Robert Stephenson. Zoology was divided into 11
chief articles, "Mammalia," "Ornithology," "Reptilia," "Ichthyology,"
"Mollusca," "Crustacea," "Arachnides," "Entomology," "Helminthology,"
"Zoophytes," and "Animalcule"--all by James Wilson.

The eighth edition, 1853-1860, 4to, 21 vols. (and index of 239 pages,
1861), containing 17,957 pages and 402 plates, with many woodcuts, was
edited by Dr Thomas Stewart Traill, professor of medical jurisprudence
in Edinburgh University. The dissertations were reprinted, with one on
the "Rise, Progress and Corruptions of Christianity" (97 pages), by
Archbishop Whately, and a continuation of Leslie's to 1850, by
Professor James David Forbes, 198 pages, the work of nearly three
years, called by himself his "magnum opus" (Life, pp. 361, 366). Lord
Macaulay, Charles Kingsley, Isaac Taylor, Hepworth Dixon, Robert
Chambers, Rev. Charles Merivale, Rev. F.W. Farrar, Sir John
Richardson, Dr Scoresby, Dr Hooker, Henry Austin Layard, Edw. B.
Eastwick, John Crawfurd, Augustus Petermann, Baron Bunsen, Sir John
Herschel, Dr Lankester, Professors Owen, Rankine, William Thomson,
Aytoun, Blackie, Daniel Wilson and Jukes, were some of the many
eminent new contributors found among the 344 authors, of whom an
alphabetical list is given, with a key to the signatures. In the
preface a list of 279 articles by 189 writers, classed under 15 heads,
is given. This edition was not wholly reset like the seventh, but many
long articles were retained almost or entirely intact.

The publication of the ninth edition (A. & C. Black) was commenced in
January 1875, under the editorship of Thomas Spencer Baynes until
1880, and subsequently of W. Robertson Smith, and completed in 1889,
24 vols., with index. This great edition retained a certain amount of
the valuable material in the eighth, but was substantially a new work;
and it was universally acknowledged to stand in the forefront of the
scholarship of its time. Its contributors included the most
distinguished men of letters and of science. In 1898 a reprint, sold
at about half the original price, and on the plan of payment by
instalments, was issued by _The Times_ of London; and in 1902, under
the joint editorship of Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, President Arthur
T. Hadley of Yale University, and Hugh Chisholm, eleven supplementary
volumes were published, forming, with the 24 vols. of the ninth
edition, a tenth edition of 35 volumes. These included a volume of
maps, and an elaborate index (vol. 35) to the whole edition,
comprising some 600,000 entries. In May 1903 a start was made with the
preparation of the 11th edition, under the general editorship of Hugh
Chisholm, with W. Alison Phillips as chief assistant-editor, and a
staff of editorial assistants, the whole work of organization being
conducted up to December 1909 from _The Times_ office. Arrangements
were then made by which the copyright and control of the
_Encyclopaedia Britannica_ passed to Cambridge University, for the
publication at the University Press in 1910-1911 of the 29 volumes
(one being Index) of the 11th edition, a distinctive feature of this
issue being the appearance of the whole series of volumes practically
at the same time.

A new and enlarged edition of the _Encyclopedie_ arranged as a system of separate dictionaries, and entitled _Encyclopedie methodique ou par ordre de matieres_, was undertaken by Charles Joseph Panckoucke, a publisher of Paris (born at Lille on the 26th of November 1736, died on the 19th of December 1798). His privilege was dated the 20th of June 1780. The articles belonging to different subjects would readily form distinct dictionaries, although, having been constructed for an alphabetical plan, they seemed unsuited for any system wholly methodical. Two copies of the book and its supplement were cut up into articles, which were sorted into subjects. The division adopted was: 1, mathematics; 2 physics; 3, medicine; 4, anatomy and physiology; 5, surgery; 6, chemistry, metallurgy and pharmacy; 7, agriculture; 8, natural history of animals, in six parts; 9, botany; 10, minerals; 11, physical geography; 12, ancient and modern geography; 13, antiquities; 14, history; 15, theology; 16, philosophy; 17, metaphysics, logic and morality; 18, grammar and literature; 19, law; 20, finance; 21, political economy; 22, commerce; 23, marine; 24, art militaire; 25, beaux arts; 26, arts et metiers--all forming distinct dictionaries entrusted to different editors. The first object of each editor was to exclude all articles belonging to other subjects, and to take care that those of a doubtful nature should not be omitted by all. In some words (such as air, which belonged equally to chemistry, physics and medicine) the methodical arrangement has the unexpected effect of breaking up the single article into several widely separated. Each dictionary was to have an introduction and a classified table of the principal articles. History and its minor parts, as inscriptions, fables, medals, were to be included. Theology, which was neither complete, exact nor orthodox, was to be by the abbe Bergier, confessor to Monsieur. The whole work was to be completed and connected together by a Vocabulaire Universel, 1 vol. 4to, with references to all the places where each word occurred, and a very exact history of the _Encyclopedie_ and its editions by Panckoucke. The prospectus, issued early in 1782, proposed three editions--84 vols. 8vo, 43 vols. 4to with 3 columns to a page, and 53 vols. 4to of about 100 sheets with 2 columns to a page, each edition having 7 vols. 4to of 250 to 300 plates each. The subscription was to be 672 livres from the 15th of March to July 1782, then 751, and 888 after April 1783. It was to be issued in livraisons of 2 vols. each, the first (jurisprudence, vol. i., literature, vol. i.) to appear in July 1782, and the whole to be finished in 1787. The number of subscribers, 4072, was so great that the subscription list of 672 livres was closed on the 30th of April. Twenty-five printing offices were employed, and in November 1782 the 1st livraison (jurisprudence, vol. i., and half vol. each of arts et metiers and histoire naturelle) was issued. A Spanish prospectus was sent out, and obtained 330 Spanish subscribers, with the inquisitor-general at their head. The complaints of the subscribers and his own heavy advances, over 150,000 livres, induced Panckoucke, in November 1788, to appeal to the authors to finish the work. Those _en retard_ made new contracts, giving their word of honour to put their parts to press in 1788, and to continue them without interruption, so that Panckoucke hoped to finish the whole, including the vocabulary (4 or 5 vols.), in 1792. Whole sciences, as architecture, engineering, hunting, police, games, &c., had been overlooked in the prospectus; a new division was made in 44 parts, to contain 51 dictionaries and about 124 vols. Permission was obtained on the 27th of February 1789, to receive subscriptions for the separate dictionaries. Two thousand subscribers were lost by the Revolution. The 50th livraison appeared on the 23rd of July 1792, when all the dictionaries eventually published had been begun except seven--jeux familiers and mathematiques, physics, art oratoire, physical geography, chasses and peches; and 18 were finished,--mathematics, games, surgery, ancient and modern geography, history, theology, logic, grammar, jurisprudence, finance, political economy, commerce, marine, arts militaires, arts academiques, arts et metiers, encyclopediana. Supplements were added to military art in 1797, and to history in 1807, but not to any of the other 16, though required for most long before 1832. The publication was continued by Henri Agasse, Panckoucke's son-in-law, from 1794 to 1813, and then by Mme Agasse, his widow, to 1832, when it was completed in 102 livraisons or 337 parts, forming 166-1/2 vols. of text, and 51 parts containing 6439 plates. The letterpress issued with the plates amounts to 5458 pages, making with the text 124,210 pages. To save expense the plates belonging to architecture were not published. Pharmacy (separated from chemistry), minerals, education, ponts et chaussees had been announced but were not published, neither was the Vocabulaire Universel, the key and index to the whole work, so that it is difficult to carry out any research or to find all the articles on any subject. The original parts have been so often subdivided, and have been so added to by other dictionaries, supplements and appendices, that, without going into great detail, an exact account cannot be given of the work, which contains 88 alphabets, with 83 indexes, and 166 introductions, discourses, prefaces, &c. Many dictionaries have a classed index of articles; that of economie politique is very excellent, giving the contents of each article, so that any passage can be found easily. The largest dictionaries are medicine, 13 vols., 10,330 pages; zoology, 7 dictionaries, 13,645 pages, 1206 plates; botany, 12,002 pages, 1000 plates (34 only of cryptogamic plants); geography, 3 dictionaries and 2 atlases, 9090 pages, 193 maps and plates; jurisprudence (with police and municipalities), 10 vols., 7607 pages. Anatomy, 4 vols., 2866 pages, is not a dictionary but a series of systematic treatises. Assemblee Nationale was to be in three parts,--(1) the history of the Revolution, (2) debates, and (3) laws and decrees. Only vol. ii., debates, appeared, 1792, 804 pages, Absens to Aurillac. Ten volumes of a Spanish translation with a vol. of plates were published at Madrid to 1806--viz. historia natural, i. ii.; grammatica, i.; arte militar, i., ii.; geografia, i.-iii.; fabricas, i., ii., plates, vol. i. A French edition was printed at Padua, with the plates, says Peignot, very carefully engraved. Probably no more unmanageable body of dictionaries has ever been published except Migne's _Encyclopedie theologique_, Paris, 1844-1875, 4to, 168 vols., 101 dictionaries, 119,059 pages.

No work of reference has been more useful and successful, or more frequently copied, imitated and translated, than that known as the _Conversations Lexikon_ of Brockhaus. It was begun as _Conversations Lexikon mit vorzuglicher Rucksicht auf die gegenwartigen Zeiten_, Leipzig, 1796 to 1808, 8vo, 6 vols., 2762 pages, by Dr Gotthelf Renatus Lobel (born on the 1st of April 1767 at Thalwitz near Wurzen in Saxony, died on the 14th of February 1799), who intended to supersede Hubner, and included geography, history, and in part biography, besides mythology, philosophy, natural history, &c. Vols. i.-iv. (A to R) appeared 1796 to 1800, vol. v. in 1806. Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (q.v.) bought the work with its copyright on the 25th of October 1808, for 1800 thalers from the printer, who seems to have got it in payment of his bill. The editor, Christian Wilhelm Franke, by contract dated the 16th of November, was to finish vol. vi. by the 5th of December, and the already projected supplement, 2 vols., by Michaelmas 1809, for 8 thalers a printed sheet. No penalty was specified, but, says his grandson, Brockhaus was to learn that such contracts, whether under penalty or not, are not kept, for the supplement was finished only in 1811. Brockhaus issued a new impression as _Conversations Lexikon oder kurzgefasstes Handworterbuch_, &c, 1809-1811, and on removing to Altenburg in 1811 began himself to edit the 2nd edition (1812-1819, 10 vols.), and, when vol. iv. was published, the 3rd (1814-1819). He carried on both editions together until 1817, when he removed to Leipzig, and began the 4th edition as _Allgemeine deutsche Realencyclopadie fur die gebildeten Stande. Conversations Lexikon_. This title was, in the 14th edition, changed to that of _Brockhaus' Konversations Lexicon_. The 5th edition was at once begun, and was finished in eighteen months. Dr Ludwig Hain assisted in editing the 4th and 5th editions until he left Leipzig in April 1820, when Professor F.C. Hasse took his place. The 12,000 copies of the 5th edition being exhausted while vol. x. was at press, a 2nd unaltered impression of 10,000 was required in 1820 and a 3rd of 10,000 in 1822. The 6th edition, 10 vols., was begun in September 1822. Brockhaus died in 1823, and his two eldest sons, Friedrich and Heinrich, who carried on the business for the heirs and became sole possessors in 1829, finished the edition with Hasse's assistance in September 1823. The 7th edition (1827-1829, 12 vols., 10,489 pages, 13,000 copies, 2nd impression 14,000) was edited by Hasse. The 8th edition (1833-1836, 12 vols., 10,689 pages, 31,000 copies to 1842), begun in the autumn of 1832, ended May 1837, was edited by Dr Karl August Espe (born February 1804, died in the Irrenanstalt at Stotteritz near Leipzig on the 24th of November 1850) with the aid of many learned and distinguished writers. A general index, Universal Register, 242 pages, was added in 1839. The 9th edition (1843-1847, 15 vols., 11,470 pages, over 30,000 copies) was edited by Dr Espe. The 10th edition (1851-1855, 12,564 pages) was also in 15 vols., for convenience in reference, and was edited by Dr August Kurtzel aided by Oskar Pilz. Friedrich Brockhaus had retired in 1849; Dr Heinrich Edward, the elder son of Heinrich, made partner in 1854, assisted in this edition, and Heinrich Rudolf, the younger son, partner since 1863, in the 11th (1864-1868, 15 vols. of 60 sheets, 13,366 pages).

Kurtzel died on the 24th of April 1871, and Pilz was sole editor until
March 1872, when Dr Gustav Stockmann joined, who was alone from April
until joined by Dr Karl Wippermann in October. Besides the Universal
Register of 136 pages and about 50,000 articles, each volume has an
index. The supplement, 2 vols, 1764 pages, was begun in February 1871,
and finished in April 1873. The 12th edition, begun in 1875, was
completed in 1879 in 15 vols., the 13th edition (1882-1887), in 16
vols., and the 14th (1901-1903) in 16 vols. with a supplementary
volume in 1904. The _Conversations Lexicon_ is intended, not for
scientific use, but to promote general mental improvement by giving
the results of research and discovery in a simple and popular form
without extended details. The articles, often too brief, are very
excellent and trustworthy, especially on German subjects, give
references to the best books, and include biographies of living men.

One of the best German encyclopaedias is that of Meyer, _Neues Konversations-Lexicon_. The first edition, in 37 vols., was published in 1839-1852. The later editions, following closely the arrangement of Brockhaus, are the 4th (1885-1890, 17 vols.), the 5th (1894-1898, 18 vols.), and the 6th (begun in 1902).

The most copious German encyclopaedia is Ersch and Gruber's _Allgemeine Encyklopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunste_, Leipzig. It was designed and begun in 1813 by Professor Johann Samuel Ersch (born at Gross Glogau on the 23rd of June 1766, chief librarian at Halle, died on the 16th of January 1828) to satisfy the wants of Germans, only in part supplied by foreign works. It was stopped by the war until 1816, when Professor Hufeland (born at Danzig on the 19th of October 1760) joined, but he died on the 25th of November 1817 while the specimen part was at press. The editors of the different sections at various times have been some of the best-known men of learning in Germany, including J.G. Gruber, M.H.E. Meier, Hermann Brockhaus, W. Muller and A.G. Hoffmann of Jena.

The work is divided into three sections (1) A-G, of which 99 vols. had
appeared by 1905, (2) H-N, 43 vols., (3) O-Z, 25 vols. All articles
bear the authors' names, and those not ready in time were placed at
the end of their letter. The longest in the work is Griechenland,
vols. 80-87, 3668 pages, with a table of contents. It began to appear
after vol. 73 (Gotze to Gondouin), and hence does not come in its
proper place, which is in vol. 91. Gross Britannien contains 700
pages, and Indien by Benfey 356.

The _Encyclopaedia Metropolitana_ (London, 1845, 4to, 28 vols., issued in 59 parts in 1817-1845, 22,426 pages, 565 plates) professed to give sciences and systematic arts entire and in their natural sequence, as shown in the introductory treatise on method by S.T. Coleridge. "The plan was the proposal of the poet Coleridge, and it had at least enough of a poetical character to be eminently unpractical" (_Quarterly Review_, cxiii., 379). However defective the plan, the excellence of many of the treatises by Archbishop Whately, Sir John Herschel, Professors Barlow, Peacock, de Morgan, &c., is undoubted. It is in four divisions, the last only being alphabetical:--I. _Pure Sciences_, 2 vols., 1813 pages, 16 plates, 28 treatises, includes grammar, law and theology; II. _Mixed and Applied Sciences_, 8 vols., 5391 pages, 437 plates, 42 treatises, including fine arts, useful arts, natural history and its "application," the medical sciences; III. _History and Biography_, 5 vols., 4458 pages, 7 maps, containing biography (135 essays) chronologically arranged (to Thomas Aquinas in vol. 3), and interspersed with (210) chapters on history (to 1815), as the most philosophical, interesting and natural form (but modern lives were so many that the plan broke down, and a division of biography, to be in 2 vols., was announced but not published); IV. _Miscellaneous_, 12 vols., 10,338 pages, 105 plates, including geography, a dictionary of English (the first form of Richardson's) and descriptive natural history. The index, 364 pages, contains about 9000 articles. A re-issue in 38 vols. 4to, was announced in 1849. Of a second edition 42 vols. 8vo, 14,744 pages, belonging to divisions i. to iii., were published in 1849-1858.

The very excellent and useful _English Cyclopaedia_ (London, 1854-1862, 4to, 23 vols., 12,117 pages; supplements, 1869-1873, 4 vols., 2858 pages), conducted by Charles Knight, based on the _Penny Cyclopaedia_ (London, 1833-1846, 4to, 29 vols., 15,625 pages), of which he had the copyright, is in four divisions all alphabetical, and evidently very unequal as classes:--1, geography; 2, natural history; 3, biography (with 703 lives of living persons); 4, arts and sciences. The synoptical index, 168 pages, has four columns on a page, one for each division, so that the order is alphabetical and yet the words are classed.

_Chambers's Encyclopaedia_ (Edinburgh, W. & R. Chambers), 1860-1868, 8vo, 10 vols., 8283 pages, edited in part by the publishers, but under the charge of Dr Andrew Findlater as "acting editor" throughout, was founded on the 10th edition of _Brockhaus_. A revised edition appeared in 1874, 8320 pages. In the list of 126 contributors were J.H. Burton, Emmanuel Deutsch, Professor Goldstucker, &c. The index of matters not having special articles contained about 1500 headings. The articles were generally excellent, more especially on Jewish literature, folk-lore and practical science; but, as in _Brockhaus_, the scope of the work did not allow extended treatment. A further revision took place, and in 1888-1892 an entirely new edition was published, in 10 vols., still further new editions being issued in 1895 and in 1901.

An excellent brief compilation, the _Harmsworth Encyclopaedia_ (1905), was published in 40 fortnightly parts (sevenpence each) in England, and as _Nelson's Encyclopaedia_ (revised) in 12 vols. (1906) in America. It was originally prepared for Messrs Nelson of Edinburgh and for the Carmelite Press, London.

In the United States various encyclopaedias have been published, but without rivalling there the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, the 9th edition of which was extensively pirated. Several American Supplements were also issued.

The _New American Cyclopaedia_, New York (Appleton & Co.), 1858-1863, 16 vols., 12,752 pages, was the work of the editors, George Ripley and Charles Anderson Dana, and 364 contributors, chiefly American. A supplementary work, the _American Annual Cyclopaedia_, a yearly 8vo vol. of about 800 pages and 250 articles, was started in 1861, but ceased in 1902. In a new edition, the _American Cyclopaedia_, 1873-1876, 8vo, 16 vols., 13,484 pages, by the same editors, 4 associate editors, 31 revisers and a librarian, each article passed through the hands of 6 or 8 revisers.

Other American encyclopaedias are Alvin J. Johnson's _New Universal Cyclopaedia_, 1875-1877, in 4 vols., a new edition of which (excellently planned) was published in 8 vols., 1893-1895, under the name of _Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia_; the _Encyclopaedia Americana_, edited by Francis Lieber, which appeared in 1839-1847 in 14 vols.; a new work under the same title, published in 1903-1904 in 16 vols.; the _International Cyclopaedia_, first published in 1884 (revised in 1891, 1894 and 1898), and superseded in 1902 (revised, 1906) by the _New International Encyclopaedia_ in 17 vols.

In Europe a great impetus was given to the compilation of
encyclopaedias by the appearance of Brockhaus' _Conversations-Lexicon_
(see above), which, as a begetter of these works, must rank, in the
19th century, with the _Cyclopaedia_ of Ephraim Chambers in the 18th.
The following, although in no sense an exhaustive list, may be here
mentioned. In France, _Le Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIX^e
siecle_, of Pierre Larousse (15 vols., 1866-1876), with supplementary
volumes in 1877, 1887 and 1890; the _Nouveau Larousse illustre,
dictionnaire universel encyclopedique_ (7 vols., 1901-1904), (this is
in no way a re-issue or an abridgment of _Le Grand Dictionnaire_ of
Pierre Larousse); _La Grande Encyclopedie, inventaire raisonne des
sciences, des lettres, et des arts_, in 31 vols. (1886-1903). In
Italy, the _Nuova Enciclopedia Italiana_ (14 vols., 1841-1851, and in
25 vols., 1875-1888). In Spain, the _Diccionario enciclopedico
Hispano-Americano de litteratura, ciencias y artes_, published at
Barcelona (25 vols., 1877-1899). The Russian encyclopaedia, _Russkiy
Entsiklopedicheskiy Slovar_ (41 vols., 1905, 2 supplementary vols.,
1908) was begun in 1890 as a Russian version of Brockhaus'
_Conversations-Lexicon_, but has become a monumental encyclopaedia, to
which all the best Russian men of science and letters have
contributed. Elaborate encyclopaedias have also appeared in the
Polish, Hungarian, Bohemian and Rumanian languages. Of Scandinavian
encyclopaedias there have been re-issues of the _Nordesk
Conversations-Lexicon_, first published in 1858-1863, and of the
_Svenskt Conversations-Lexicon_, first published in 1845-1851.

ENDECOTT, JOHN (c. 1588-1665), English colonial governor in America, was born probably at Dorchester, Dorsetshire, England, about 1588. Little is known of him before 1628, when he was one of the six "joint adventurers" who purchased from the Plymouth Company a strip of land about 60 m. wide along the Massachusetts coast and extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. By his associates Endecott was entrusted with the responsibility of leading the first colonists to the region, and with some sixty persons proceeded to Naumkeag (later Salem) where Roger Conant, a seceder from the colony at Plymouth, had begun a settlement two years earlier. Endecott experienced some trouble with the previous settlers and with Thomas Morton's settlement at "Merry Mount" (Mount Wollaston, now Quincy), where, in accordance with his strict Puritanical tenets, he cut down the maypole and dispersed the merrymakers. He was the local governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from the 30th of April 1629 to the 12th of June 1630, when John Winthrop, who had succeeded Matthew Cradock as governor of the company on the 20th of October 1629, brought the charter to Salem and became governor of the colony as well as of the company. In the years immediately following he continued to take a prominent part in the affairs of the colony, serving as an assistant and as a military commissioner, and commanding, although with little success, an expedition against the Pequots in 1636. At Salem he was a member of the congregation of Roger Williams, whom he resolutely defended in his trouble with the New England clerical hierarchy, and excited by Williams's teachings, cut the cross of St George from the English flag in token of his hatred of all symbols of Romanism. He was deputy-governor in 1641-1644, and governor in 1644-1645, and served also as sergeant-major-general (commander-in-chief) of the militia and as one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, of which in 1658 he was president. On the death of John Winthrop in 1649 he became governor, and by annual re-elections served continuously until his death, with the exception of two years (1650-1651 and 1654-1655), when he was deputy-governor. Under his authority the colony of Massachusetts Bay made rapid progress, and except in the matter of religious intolerance--he showed great bigotry and harshness, particularly towards the Quakers--his rule was just and praiseworthy. Of him Edward Eggleston says: "A strange mixture of rashness, pious zeal, genial manners, hot temper, and harsh bigotry, his extravagances supply the condiment of humour to a very serious history--it is perhaps the principal debt posterity owes him." He died on the 15th of March 1665.

See C.M. Endicott, _Memoirs of John Endecott_ (Salem, 1847), and a
"Memoir of John Endecott" in _Antiquarian Papers_ of the American
Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass., 1879).