Chapter I: Front Matter

THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT
in all countries subscribing to the
Bern Convention

by
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A
DICTIONARY
OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME VII

CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV

New York
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. F. Y.
ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG.
Formerly Editor of the _Outlook_. Author of _Christopher
Columbus_; _Master-singers_; _The Complete Motorist_; _Wagner
Stories_; &c.

Dance (_in part_).

A. Bo.*
AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.
Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris.
Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_.

Curia Romana;
Decretals.

A. Ca.
ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.
See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR.

Curve (_in part_).

A. E. B.
REV. ANDREW EWBANK BURN, M.A., D.D.
Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of _An
Introduction to the Creeds and the Te Deum_; _Niceta of
Remesiana_; &c.

Creeds.

A. E. J.
ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A.
Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi
College, Oxford. Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892.

Continued Fractions.

A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History
in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary
of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Author of _England under the
Protector Somerset_; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Coverdale;
Cox, Richard;
Craig, John;
Cranmer;
Cromwell, Thomas;
Crowley.

A. G.
MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).
H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of
Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c.

Crime;
Criminology.

A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Coornhert.

A. H. J. G.
ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.) (d. 1905).
Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of
St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_;
_Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life_;
_History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History,
133-70 B.C._

Consul: Roman.

A. H. P.
REV. ARNOLD HILL PAYNE, M.A.
Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late
Normal Fellow, National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A.
Author of _The Mental Development of the Orally and Manually
taught Deaf_; _The Pure Oral Method of necessity a Comparative
Failure_; &c.

Deaf and Dumb.

A. J. B.
ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT.
Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton
College. Author of _The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt_; _The
Arab Conquest of Egypt_; &c.

Copts: _The Coptic Church_.

A. J. B.*
ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910).
Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of
Italian Language and Literature, University College, London.
Author of a prose translation of Dante's _Divine Comedy_; _Dante
and his Times_; &c.

Dante.

A. J. E.
ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford, 1884-1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological
discoveries in Crete, 1893; excavated the Palace of Knossos.
Author of _Through Bosnia on Foot_; _Cretan Pictographs and
Prae-Phoenician Script_; and other works on archaeology.

Crete: _Archaeology and Ancient History_.

A. L.
ANDREW LANG.
See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.

Crystal-Gazing.

A. Mw.
ALLEN MAWER, M.A.
Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College,
Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in English at the University of
Sheffield.

Danelagh.

A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.
See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

Copernicus;
Delambre;
Delisle, J. N.

A. M. Cl.
AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS. WILDE).
Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, 133-70 B.C._

Curia;
Decemviri;
Decurio.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

Coot;
Cormorant;
Crane;
Crossbill;
Crow;
Cuckoo;
Curlew.

A. N.*
REV. ALEXANDER NAIRNE, M.A.
Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in King's College,
London. Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Albans. Fellow of
King's College, London. Formerly Fellow of Jesus College,
Cambridge. Crosse Scholar, 1886. Author of _The Bible Doctrine of
Atonement_; &c.

Creatianism and Traducianism.

A. N. M.
A. N. MONKHOUSE.
Member of Editorial Staff of _Manchester Guardian_.

Cotton (_in part_).

A. van M.
ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, M.A., D.D.
Professor of History, Robert College, Constantinople. Author of
_Byzantine Constantinople_; _Constantinople_; &c.

Constantinople.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.

Curia Regis.

A. Wi.
ANEURIN WILLIAMS, M A., M.P.
Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Chairman of Executive,
International Cooperative Alliance. M.P. for Plymouth, 1910.
Author of _Twenty-eight Years of Co-partnership at Guise_; &c.

Co-operation.

A. W. R.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A, L.L.B.
Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
_Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Corporal Punishment;
Covenant.

A. W. W.
ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D.
See the biographical article: WARD, A. W.

Cumberland, Richard: Dramatist.

C. E.*
CHARLES EVERITT, A.M., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.
Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

Constellation.

C. E. N.
CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LL.D.
See the biographical article: NORTON, CHARLES E.

Curtis, George William.

C. F. A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.
Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.

Crimean War;
Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_)

C. F. B.
CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D.
Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the
University of Dublin. Author of _Public Finance_; _Commerce of
Nations_; _Theory of International Trade_; &c.

Decimal Coinage.

C. K.
WILLIAM CHARLES MARK KENT.
Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the _London Sun_ for
twenty-five years; the _Weekly Register_, 1874-1881. Author of
_The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens_; &c.

Dalling, Lord.

C. K. S.
CLEMENT KING SHORTER.
Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Sixty Years of Victorian
Literature_; _Immortal Memories_; _The Brontes: Life and Letters_;
&c.

Cowper, William;
Crabbe, George.

C. L.
H. CALDWELL LIPSETT.
Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore,
India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India_.

Coolie.

C. Pf.
CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ES L.
Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Etude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_; _Le
Duche merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Sainte-Odile_.

Dagobert.