Chapter I: Front Matter

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THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

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THE
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A
DICTIONARY
OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME IV

BISHARIN to CALGARY

New York
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME IV. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. R.
ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A., D.SC.
Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum.

Botany.

A. E. H.
A. E. HOUGHTON.
Formerly Correspondent of the _Standard_ in Spain. Author of
_Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain._

Cabrera.

A. E. S.
ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., M.A., D.SC.
Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in
Zoology, Cambridge University. Joint-editor of the _Cambridge
Natural History_.

Brachiopoda.

A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
of all Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary
of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Lothian Prizeman (Oxford),
1892. Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of _England under the
Protector Somerset_, _Henry VIII._; _Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Bonner;
Burghley;
Baron.

A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Blandrata;
Brenz;
Buckholdt.

A. H. B.
ARTHUR HENRY BULLEN.
Founder of the Shakespeare Head Press, Stratford-on-Avon. Editor
of _Collection of Old English Plays_; _Lyrics from the Song Books
of the Elizabethan Age_; &c.

Burton, Robert.

A. H.-S.
SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.
General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

Bushire.

A. H. Sm.
ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A.
Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the
British Museum. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
Institute. Author of _Catalogue of Greek Sculpture in the British
Museum_; &c.

Brooch.

A. J. G.
REV. ALEXANDER J. GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.
Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United
Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Butler;
Bishop (_in part_).

A. J. L.
ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.
Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of
the _Rio News_ (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.

Bogota;
Bolivia: _Geography and Statistics_;
Brazil: _Geography and Statistics_;
Buenos Aires.

A. Lo.
AUGUSTE LONGNON.
Professor at the College de France. Director of the Ecole des
Hautes Etudes. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the
Institute. Author of _Geographie de la Gaule au VI. siecle;
Documents relatifs au comte de Champagne et de Brie;_ &c.

Blois: _Countship of._

A. Me.
MRS ALICE MEYNELL.
Author of _Poems_; _Later Poems_; _The Rhythm of Life and other
Essays_; &c.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett.

A. M. C.
MISS AGNES MARY CLERKE.
See the biographical article: CLERKE, A.M.

Brahe, Tycho.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

Bunting; Bustard; Buzzard.

A. S. C.
ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.
Formerly Assistant Secretary, Board of Education, South
Kensington. Author of _Ornament in European Silks_; _Catalogue of
Tapestry_, _Embroidery_, _Lace and Egyptian Textiles in Victoria
and Albert Museum_; &c.

Brocade.

A. T. Q.-C.
SIR ARTHUR T. QUILLER-COUCH.
See the biographical article: QUILLER-COUCH, Sir A.T.

Brown, Thomas Edward.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900. Burdett, Sir Francis.

Brandenburg: _Margraviate;_ Burdett, Sir Francis.

A. W. Po.
ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD, M.A.
Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of
King's College, London. Hon. Secretary, Bibliographical Society.
Editor of _Books about Books_ and _Bibliographica_. Joint-editor
of _The Library_. Chief Editor of the "Globe" _Chaucer_.

Book;
Book Collecting.

A. W. R.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.
Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
_Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Boarding-House.

B. R.
SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD, D.SC., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.I.C., ASSOC. INST.
C.E., M. INST. M.E.
Adviser on Petroleum to the Admiralty, Home Office, India Office,
Corporation of London, and Port of London Authority. President of
the Society of Chemical Industry. Member of the Council of the
Chemical Society. Member of Council of Institute of Chemistry.
Author of _Cantor Lectures on Petroleum_, _Petroleum and its
Products_, _Chemical Technology_, &c.

Bitumen.

C. B.*
CHARLES BEMONT, D.ES.L., LITT.D. (Oxon.).
See the biographical article: BEMONT, C.

Brequigny.

C. D.
CYRIL J.H. DAVENPORT, F.S.A.
Assistant to the Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Cantor
Lecturer on Decorative Bookbindings, Society of Arts. Author of
_Royal English Bookbindings_, _English Embroidered Bookbindings_,
_History of the Book_, &c.

Bookbinding.

C. D. W.
HON. CARROLL DAVIDSON WRIGHT.
See the biographical article: WRIGHT, C. D.

Building Societies: _United States._

C. E.*
CHARLES EVERITT, M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.
Formerly Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

Bone: _Industrial._

C. E. A.
C. E. AKERS.
Formerly _The Times_ Correspondent in Buenos Aires. Author of _A
History of South America, 1854-1904_.

Brazil: _History (in part)_.

C. El.
SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D.,
D.C.L.
Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of
Trinity College, Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and
Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate, Agent
and Consul-General at Zanzibar, and Consul-General for German East
Africa, 1900-1904. Author of _Turkey in Europe_; _Letters from the
Far East_, &c.

Bokhara (_in part_).

C. E. S.
HON. CHARLES EMORY SMITH.
See the biographical article: SMITH, CHARLES EMORY.

Blaine.

C. H.
CHARLES HOSE, D.SC.
Formerly Divisional Resident and Member of the Supreme Council of
Sarawak. Author of _A Descriptive Account of the Mammals of
Borneo_, and numerous papers in scientific journals.

Brunei.

C. K. S.
CLEMENT KING SHORTER.
Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Charlotte Bronte and her
Circle_, _The Brontes Life and Letters_, &c.

Bronte, C., E. and A.

C. L. K.
CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A.
Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of
Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_ and Stow's _Survey of
London_.

Buckingham, 2nd Duke of.

C. Pf.
CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ES. L.
Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Etude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_, _Le
Duche merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Saint Odile_.

Brunhilda.

C. S. S.
CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON, D.SC., M.D., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
Professor of Physiology, University of Liverpool. Foreign Member
of Academies of Rome, Vienna, Brussels, Gottingen, &c. Author of
_The Integrative Action of the Nervous System_.

Brain: _Physiology_.