Chapter II: Roman Coins

§ GENERAL CLASSIFICATION.

The coins of ancient Rome are not artistically as interesting as those of Greece. They are, however, most useful for all who desire to become acquainted with the history and institutions of the eternal city.

They may be divided into the following classes:--

_Coins of the Republic._

I. Heavy Bronze coins cast in a mould, _Æs Grave_. II. The so-called _Consular_ or _Family_ series, consisting of silver and bronze struck coins, together with a few gold pieces.

_Coins of the Empire._

III. Gold and silver, struck by the authority of the Emperor.

IV. Bronze (commonly called Large, Middle, and Small Brass), struck by authority of the Senate, and distinguishable by the letters S. C. (Senatus-Consulto).

V. Imperial medallions in all metals, not intended to circulate as money.

§ OF THE ÆS GRAVE.

(1) The _æs grave_ was the earliest money used in Rome and throughout the central and northern parts of the Italian peninsula. It consisted of the As (or unit) and its divisions and multiples, as follows:--

As. _Obv._ Head of Janus; _Rev._ Prow of ship. Mark of value I
Semis (1/2 As). _Obv._ Hd. of Jupiter " " S
Triens (1/3 As). " " Pallas " " ....
Quadrans (1/4 As). _Obv._ Head of Hercules " " ...
Sextans (1/6 As). " " Mercury " " ..
Uncia (1/12 As). " " Roma " " .

MULTIPLES OF THE AS.

Dupondius (2 Asses). _O._ Hd. of _R._ Prow of
Pallas; ship. Mark of value II
Tripondius (3 Asses). " " " III
Decussis (10 Asses). _O._ Head of Roma. " " X

The above types are those of the coins of Rome itself. The æs grave of the other Italian states had different types.

The As first issued in Rome is said to have weighed one pound, hence it was called the As Libralis. The earliest known specimens of the Libral series date from about B.C. 400. As time went on, it was gradually reduced in weight, at first to 4 ounces, about B.C. 268 (_Triental Reduction_), and subsequently, B.C. 217, to 1 ounce (_Uncial Reduction_), and somewhat later even to 1/2 an ounce.

§ OF THE SILVER “CONSULAR” COINAGE.

(2) Silver money was first struck in Rome about B.C. 268. It consisted of the following denominations:--

The Denarius (= 10 Asses). _Obv._ Head of Roma;
_Rev._ The Dioscuri. Mark of value X
The Quinarius (= 5 Asses). Similar types " V or Q
The Sestertius (= 2-1/2 Asses). " " IIS

Afterwards another denomination called the Victoriatus was added: _Obv._ Head of Jupiter; _Rev._ Victory crowning a trophy. This was a coin of Campanian origin, and its value was 3/4 of the denarius. The types of the silver money, at first constant and uniform, were subsequently varied according to the pleasure of the officers entrusted with the supervision of the coinage. The types of the Roman denarii of the last century of the Republic generally contain allusions to past (but never or very rarely to contemporary) events connected with the family of the moneyer. Hence such pieces may be called Family coins, but to give this name to the whole series of Republican denarii is incorrect.

At first it is supposed that the direction of the Roman mint was entrusted to the Consuls themselves, but it was not long before special magistrates were appointed from time to time to superintend the currency. These Triumviri or Tresviri Monetales were officially designated as Tresviri auro argento aere flando feriundo, a title abbreviated on some coins to IIIVIR. A. A. A. F. F. The adjective Monetalis referred to the temple of Juno Moneta, in which the mint was situated, and from this epithet of Juno our modern word “Money” is derived.

It is usual, though not strictly scientific, to arrange a cabinet of Roman Republican denarii under the _family_ names of the moneyers, in alphabetical order. As the family name does not always occur upon the coin, the following table of surnames and of the families to which they belong will be found useful to the young collector in arranging his coins.

_Surname._ _Family._
Acisculus Valeria.
Agrippa Luria.
" Vipsania.
Ahala Servilia.
Ahenobarbus Domitia.
Albinus Postumia.
Antiaticus Mænia.
Aquinus Cæcilia.
Asiagenes Cornelia.
Atratinus Sempronia.
Augurinus Minucia.
Bala Ælia.
Balbus Acilia.
" Antonia.
" Atia.
" Cornelia.
" Nævia.
" Thoria.
Bassus Betiliena.
Bibulus Calpurnia.
Blandus Rubellia.
Blasio Cornelia.
Brocchus Furia.
Brutus Junia.
Buca Æmilia.
Bursio Julia.
Cæicianus Cassia.
Cæpio Servilia.
Cæsar Julia.
Caldus Cœia.
Capella Nævia.
Capito Fonteia.
" Maria.
" Oppia.
Capitolinus Petillia.
Carbo Papiria.
Casca Servilia.
Cato Porcia.
Catullus Valeria.
Celer Cassia.
Celsus Papia.
Censorinus Marcia.
Cerco Lutatia.
Cestianus Plætoria.
Cethegus Cornelia.
Chilo, Cilo Flaminia.
Cinna Cornelia.
Cocles Horatia.
Cordus Mucia.
Cossus Cornelia.
Costa Pedania.
Cotta Aurelia.
Crassipes Furia.
Crassus Licinia.
" Canidia.
Crispinus Quinctia.
Croto Metilia.
Dossenus Rubria.
Fabatus Roscia.
Faustus Cornelia.
Felix Cornelia.
Flaccus Rutilia.
" Valeria.
Flavius Decimia.
Florus Aquillia.
Fostulus Pompeia.
Frugi Calpurnia.
Gal[eria] Memmia.
Galba Sulpicia.
Gallus Asinia.
" Caninia.
Geminus Aburia.
Geta Hosidia.
Grag[ulus] Antestia.
Gracchus Sempronia.
Hemic... Flavia.
Hypsæus Plautia.
Judex Vettia.
Junianus Licinia.
Kalenus Fufia.
Labeo Fabia.
Labienus Atia?
Læca Porcia.
Lamia Ælia.
Lariscolus Accoleia.
Lentulus Cornelia.
Lepidus Æmilia.
Libo Marcia.
" Scribonia.
Licinus Porcia.
Limetanus Mamilia.
Longinus Cassia.
Longus Mussidia.
Lucanus Terentia.
Lupercus Gallia.
Macer Licinia.
" Sepullia.
Magnus Pompeia.
Malleolus Poblicia.
Marcellinus Cornelia.
Marcellus Claudia.
Maridianus Cossutia.
Maximus Egnatia.
" Fabia.
Mensor Farsuleia.
Messalia Valeria.
Metullus Cæcilia.
Molo Pomponia.
Murcus Statia.
Murena Licinia.
Mus Decia.
Musa Pomponia.
Naso Axia.
Natta Pinaria.
Nerva Cocceia.
" Licinia.
" Silia.
Nomentanus Atilia.
Nonianus Considia.
Otho Salvia.
Pætus Ælia.
" Considia.
Palikanus Lollia.
Pansa Vibia.
Paullus Æmilia.
Philippus Marcia.
Philus Furia.
Pictor Fabia.
Piso Calpurnia.
Pitio Sempronia.
Pius Cæcilia.
" Pompeia.
Plancus Munatia.
" Plautia.
Platorinus Sulpicia.
Pulcher Claudia.
Purpureo Fabia.
Quinctilianus Nonia.
Reginus Antistia.
Regulus Livineia.
Restio Antia.
Rocus Creperia.
Rufus Aurelia.
" Cordia.
" Lucilia.
" Mescinia.
" Minucia.
" Plotia.
" Pompeia.
" Pomponia.
" Sulpicia.
Rullus Servilia.
Rus[ticus] Aufidia.
Sabinus Minatia.
" Tituria.
" Vettia.
Sabula Cossutia.
Salinator Oppia
Saranus Atilia.
Saserna Hostilia.
Saturninus Appuleia.
Saxula Clovia.
Scæva Junia.
Scarpus Pinaria.
Scaurus Æmilia.
" Aurelia.
Scipio Cornelia.
Secundus Arria.
Ser ... Manlia.
Silanus Junia.
Silianus Licinia.
Silus Sergia.
Sisenna Cornelia.
Spinther Cornelia.
Stolo Licinia.
Strabo Volteia.
Sufenas Nonia.
Sulla Cornelia.
Sulpicianus Quinctia.
Surdinus Nævia.
Talna Juventia.
Tampilus Bæbia.
Taurus Statilia.
Thermus Minucia.
Tod.. ...
Torquatus Manlia.
Trigeminus Curiatia.
Trio Lucretia.
Trogus Maria.
Tubulus Hostilia.
Tullus Mæcilia.
Turdus Papiria.
Turpilianus Petronia.
Unimanus Claudia.
Vaala Numonia.
Varro Terentia.
Varus Vibia.
Vetus Antistia.
Vitulus Voconia.
Volusus Valeria.

§ OF THE MONEY OF THE EMPIRE.

(3 and 4.) Imperial coins. The Imperial series may be said to commence in B.C. 2, when Augustus was made Pater Patriæ. From this time forward the names of the moneyers cease to appear on the coinage.

The portrait of the emperor, or of some member of the Imperial family, now almost always occupies the obverse of the coin. The reverse type is, as a general rule, some allegorical figure, such as Spes, Justitia, Salus, Pietas, etc., etc., or the representation of some one of the many provinces of the empire, _e.g._ Britannia, Judæa, etc., or again some military subject, _e.g._ legionary standards, or the emperor addressing his soldiers, together with a great variety of types, to mention which would occupy far more space than we have here at our disposal.

The inscriptions on the Imperial coins contain in an abbreviated form the date of their issue, calculated by the number of times which the Tribunitia Potestas, or Tribunitian power, had been conferred upon the emperor. This office was renewed annually on the first day of January. The formula is TR. POT. or TR. P., followed by a numeral, as, on a coin of Trajan, TR. P. XX. COS. VI. IMP. XI. This means that the coin was struck when the emperor was in the possession of the Tribunitian power for the 20th time, of the consulship for the 6th time, and of the Imperatorship for the 11th time. Now, as Trajan had the Tribunitian power for the first time in A.D. 98, we get the date A.D. 116 for the coin in question. The other offices mentioned were not annual.

* * * * *

The following is a list of the Roman emperors, and other members of the Imperial families, arranged in the order in which it is usual to classify their coins, which is, as far as possible, chronological:--

Augustus B.C. 27-A.D. 14
Livia or Julia, wife of Augustus Agrippa

A.D.
Tiberius 14-37
Caius
Caius and Lucius
Drusus senior
Antonia
Drusus junior
Germanicus
Agrippina, wife of Germanicus
Nero & Drusus, sons "
Caligula 37-41
Claudius 41-54
Britannicus
Agrippina, w. of Claudius
Nero 54-68
Galba 68-69
Otho 69
Vitellius 69
Vespasian 69-79
Domitilla, w. of Vespasian
Domitilla, daughter of Vespasian
Titus 79-81
Julia, daughter of Titus
Domitian 81-96
Domitia, wife of Domitian
Nerva 96-98
Trajan 98-117
Plotina, wife of Trajan
Marciana, sister of Trajan
Matidia, daughter of Marciana
Hadrian 117-138
Sabina, wife of Hadrian
Ælius, adopted by Hadrian
Antoninus Pius 138-161
Faustina I., w. of Ant. Pius.
M. Aurelius 161-180
Faustina II., w. of M. Aurelius
L. Verus 161-169
Lucilla, w. of L. Verus
Commodus 180-192
Crispina, w. of Commodus
Pertinax 193
Didius Julianus 193
Manlia Scantilla, w. of Did. Julian.
Pescennius Niger 194
Clodius Albinus (in Britain) 193-197
Septimius Severus 193-211
Julia Domna, w. of S. Severus
M. Aurel. Antoninus (Caracalla) 211-217
Plautilla, w. of Caracalla
Geta, brother of Caracalla 211-212
Macrinus 217
Diadumenian, son of Macrinus
M. Aurel. Antoninus (Elagabalus) 218-222
Julia Paula, w. of Elagabalus
Aquillia Severa, w. of Elagabalus
Annia Faustina, w. of Elagabalus
Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus
Julia Mæsa, grandmother of Elagabalus
M. Aurel. Severus Alexander 222-235
Barbia Orbiana, w. of Sev. Alex.
Julia Mamæa, mother of Sev. Alex.
Uranius Sulpicius Antoninus (in the East)
Maximinus I. 235-238
Paulina, w. of Maximinus
Maximus, son of Maximinus
Gordian I. 238
Gordian II. 238
Balbinus 238
Pupienus 238
Gordian III. Pius 238-244
Tranquillina, w. of Gordian III.
Philip I. 244-249
Otacilia, w. of Philip I.
Philip II., son of Philip I. 244-249
Trajan Decius 249-251
Herennia Etruscilla, w. of Traj. Decius
Herennius Etruscus, son of Traj. Decius 251
Hostilianus, son of Traj. Decius 251
Trebonianus Gallus 251-254
Volusianus, son of Treb. Gallus
Æmilianus 253-254
Cornelia Supera, w. of Æmilian.
Valerianus I. 253-260
Mariniana, w. of Valerian I.
Gallienus 253-268
Salonina, w. of Gallienus
Saloninus, son of Gallienus
Claudius II., Gothicus 268-270
Quintillus, brother of Claudius II.
Aurelianus 270-275
Severina, w. of Aurelianus
Postumus (in Gaul) 258-267
Postumus II., son of Postum.
Lælianus (in Gaul)
Victorinus I. (in Gaul) 265-267
Marius (in Gaul) 267
Tetricus I. (in Gaul) 267-273
Tetricus II., son of Tetric. I.
Macrianus I. (in the East) 260-262
Macrianus II., son of Macrianus I.
Quietus, son of Macrianus I. 260-262
Tacitus 275-276
Florianus 276
Probus 276-282
Carus 282-283
Carinus 283-285
Magnia Urbica, w. of Carinus
Nigrinianus, son of Carinus
Numerianus 283-284
Julianus
Diocletianus 284-305
Maximianus I., Hercules 286-305
Carausius (in Britain) 287-293
Allectus 293-296
Domitius Domitianus (in Egypt)
Constantius I., Chlorus 305-306
Maximianus II. 305-311
Valeria, w. of Maximian. II.
Severus II. 306-307
Maximinus II. (Daza) 308-313
Maxentius 306-312
Romulus, son of Maxentius
Licinius I. 307-323
Licinius II., son of Licinius I.
Martinianus 323
Constantinus I., the Great 306-337
Fausta, w. of Constantine
Crispus, son of Constantine
Helena, mother of Constant.
Theodora
Delmatius, nephew of Constantine
Hanniballianus, brother of Delmatius
Constantinus II. 337-340
Constans 337-350
Magnentius (in Gaul) 350-353
Decentius, brother of Magnentius
Nepotianus 350
Vetranio 350-356
Constantius II. 337-361
Constantius Gallus
Julian II. (The Apostate) 361-363
Jovianus 363-364
Valentinian I. 364-375
Valens 364-378
Procopius (in the East) 365-366
Gratianus 375-383
Maximus II. (Britain and Gaul) 383-388
Victor, son of Maximus II.
Valentinian II. 375-392
Theodosius I., the Great 379-395
Flaccilla, w. of Theodosius
Eugenius (in Gaul) 392-394
Honorius 395-423

The above list is not quite complete, even as far as it goes, but it includes the names of all the emperors whose coins are at all likely to be met with by the young collector.

The series of the large brass coins, which is more interesting than the others, ceases after the reign of Postumus.

§ ROMAN MEDALLIONS.

(5) Imperial medallions. As illustrations of the life and religion of the Romans under the Empire, as well as of the history of the times, no numismatic monuments which have come down to us can compete with the large bronze medallions. They are to be distinguished from the current large brass coins by the absence of the letters s.c. (_senatus consulto_), as well as usually by their larger size, higher relief, and finer work. As, however, the prices fetched by good medallions are, as a rule, very high, they are practically out of the reach of the collector of moderate means.

§ HOW TO DISTINGUISH TRUE FROM FALSE

COINS.

The young collector will not be long before he learns that a large number of the coins exposed for sale in shop windows are false, and at first he may be a little discouraged by finding that he is himself quite unable to discriminate between a true coin and a false one. But let him not despair. He will in time, by careful observation of undoubtedly authentic specimens of the class which he has selected for study, gain a kind of instinct which will enable him to detect the modern imitation at a glance, even though he may not always be able to explain his reasons to the uninitiated.

False coins may be divided into the following classes:--

I. _Forgeries struck from false modern dies._ Such forgeries, when the dies have been well executed by men familiar with the characteristic peculiarities of ancient work, are often exceedingly difficult to detect, especially when they are of gold. The true ancient patina and oxide which time alone gives to bronze and silver, cannot be exactly imitated.

A few hints may be of use in the detection of false struck coins.

The weight, owing to the ignorance of the forger, is generally incorrect.

The style of the art is weak, and the forms of the letters especially are timid and wanting in firmness.

II. _Modern casts made from ancient struck originals._ A cast coin, when in gold or silver, may always be detected by its light weight, unless this has been compensated for by making the cast thicker than the original. The lettering and the types on cast coins are also less sharply defined than on struck coins, and the surface has either a soft and soapy appearance, or else it is covered with minute sand-holes, an infallible indication of rough casting. The genuine patina of bronze coins is imitated by paint, which can be removed by spirits of wine.

III. _Electrotypes._ These are of necessity of wrong weight. They may also be known by the edges, where the mark of joining of the two sides separately made and then stuck together, is never concealed, unless, which is seldom the case, the electrotype is intended to deceive. Many students who cannot afford to buy originals of rare coins, supply their places by electrotypes, which, as they are exact facsimiles, do not spoil the eye, as too much familiarity with false coins undoubtedly does. Electrotypes may generally be split in two with a strong knife.

IV. Original coins which have been altered with a graving tool may be classed as forgeries, and should be avoided, as there is no telling to what extent they may have been “restored.”

§ THE COIN CABINET.

Coins should be kept under lock and key in a mahogany cabinet. Trays made of cedar should never be used, as there is a deposit from this wood which covers the surface of copper and lead coins with a kind of varnish which is difficult to remove. In arranging coins in the trays, begin at the left hand top corner, placing the coins in rows, one in each hole. Under every coin there should be a descriptive card or a number referring to a catalogue, in which the price paid for every specimen should be carefully recorded, as well as the name of the persons from whom it was acquired. A coin from a well-known cabinet will always fetch more when sold than an equally fine specimen of which the antecedents are unknown.

BARCLAY V. HEAD.

Transcriber’s notes:

Pg. 7 ... COMIVS the earliest inscribed coin, 55 B.C should be
... COMMIVS the earliest inscribed coin, 55 B.C.. Period
after C in B.C. missing--added in.

Pg. 14 ... and within each of the. outer curves three pellets.
Between the and outer no punctuation needed. Period removed.
... and within each of the outer curves three pellets.

Pg. 15 ... is engraved on p. 6, Fig. J). Opening parenthesis
missing, adjusted to ... is engraved on ( p. 6, Fig. J).

Pg. 16 CVNOBELINVS, comma is a period in all other names on list.
Changed to period. CVNOBELINVS.

Pg. 17 The _obverse_ of one example is engraved on p. 6, Fig. i.
Parenthesis missing, should be, The _obverse_ of one
example is engraved on (p. 6, Fig. i.).

Pg. 18 Britions should be Britons.

Pg. 24 Two coins have been attributed to him, the name on the
_obverse_ being on one EDI[L]HD[L]V, and on the other
ATHBADIV. EDI[L]HD[L]V, look like upside down L’s facing
right. Transcribed as [L].

Pg. 24 Coins supposed to belong to him bear the name ALCHRED or
A[L]CHRED. Upside down L character facing right transcribed
as[L].

Pg. 24 Some sceattæ bearing the word E[L]FVA[L]V or VALD[F][E]LA on
Upside down and backward characters in brackets [L], [F],
[E] L,upside down facing left, F,upside down facing left,
E, since top and bottom of capital E are identical, just
facing left.

Pg. 26 _Obverse._ ERIC REX A, or AL, EBOR, EF, EN, IO,
N or NO, or TO, in two lines divided by a sword.
_Reverse_, moneyer’s name, etc. Left as printed in
original.

Pg. 27 AETHELBEARHT; 856-866. Left as printed in original.

Pg. 31 ful, End of line type setting error.
EADWARDl It should be full and EADWARD, .... The comma comes
down to EADWARD, and the l goes above to full.

Pg. 32 Wallingford Watchet, Wareham, Worcester, Wilton, Winchester,
and York. Missing comma between Wallingford and Watchet.
Comma inserted.

Pg. 32 About two thousand coins of this king were found near
Steyning Period after Steyning missing. Inserted.

Pg. 38 D H. Missing period after D. Period inserted. D.H.

Pg. 39 DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Pennies, Halfpennies, and
Farthings Period missing at end of sentence. Period
inserted.

Pg. 44 FRAN. FRANC.--DNS. HIBN, IBAR. or IBARNC.
Punctuation after HIBN should be period, so changed.
FRAN. FRANC.--DNS. HIBN. IBAR. or IBARNC.

Pg. 47 Shilling and Sixpence. PHILIP. ET. or Z.;
Period after Shilling and Sixpence should be comma,
so changed to comma. Shilling and Sixpence, PHILIP. ET.
or Z.;

Pg. 51 Reverse: Halfpenny, St. Patrick in full robes, mitred ...
Mitred should be mitered.

Pg. 52 Reverse, OBS. NEWARK. 1646. Period after NEWARK should
be comma. Changed to comma. Reverse, OBS. NEWARK,
1646.

Pg. 54 Legend on reverses. FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA, or titles.
Period after reverses should be comma. Period so changed.
Legend on reverses, FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA, or titles.

Pg. 56 Other varieties need not be particularised. Particularised
should be particularized.

Pg. 62 Shilling, Sixpence, Groat or Fourpence, Threepence Twopence,
Penny. Comma missing after Threepence--corrected.

Pg. 63 ... obverse, same bust as. the silver, VICTORIA DEI GRATIA,
and date; reverse, Sovereign, royal arms, as the Half-crown;
Phrase, “same bust as. The silver” should not have a period
between as and the. Changed to, ... same bust as
the silver ...

Pg. 70 ... their loca governments; Should be, ... their local
governments;

Pg. 81 FOUNDERS.--A laver pot (or vase) between two
prickets) or taper-candlesticks). Sentence should be,
FOUNDERS.--A laver pot (or vase) between two prickets
(or taper-candlesticks).

Pg. 85 On a chevron between three Bibles fessewise,
claspsdownwards ... Should be, “clasps downwards,” .

Pg. 88 ... are too numerous to particularise. Particularise
should be particularize.

Pg. 93 ... and so on in very grea variety. Grea should be spelled
great.

Pg. 113 On Imperial coins of Cnidu. the famous naked Aphrodite by
Praxiteles was represented. Punctuation after Cnidu should
be comma.

Pg. 113 Should be period
after Fig.

Pg. 115 Denomination for 90 should be koppa (κοππα). The symbol may
not be rendered correctly by all readers so it has been
written by name.

Tens. I. Κ. Λ. Μ. Ν. Ξ. Ο. Π. κοππα
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.

Pg. 115 Denomination for 900. should be sampi (σαμπι). The symbol may
not be rendered correctly by all readers so it has been
written by name.

Hundreds. P. Σ. Τ. Υ. Φ. Χ. Ψ. Ω. σαμπι
100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900.

Pg. 119 _Kings of Pergamus_ Philetaerus, the Attalids ...
Should be, _Kings of Pergamus_ Philetaerus, the Attalids.

Pg. 119 Abydos, Alexandria Troas, Ilium, Scepsis. Alexandria needs
following comma. Abydos, Alexandria, Troas, Ilium, Scepsis.

Pg. 119 Calymna, Cos, Rhodes Ialysus, Camirus, Lindus). Extraneous
parenthesis--removed.

Pg. 120 (_Kings_--Mannus, Abgarus, etc. Missing parenthesis--corrected.
(_Kings_--Mannus, Abgarus, etc.)

Alternate Spellings and hyphenation:

Pg. 8 ADDEDOMARVS, supposed to have been contemporary with Cunobelinus.
Pg. 17 and ADDEDO-MARVS, or ADDEDO, or A[BO][BO]IIDO
[M], or other abbreviations. Difference of ADDEDOMARVS
and ADDEDO-MARVS retained.

Pg. 48 Sixpence, Groat, Threepence, Half-groat, Three-halfpence,
Penny,
Pg. 70 In 1574 a proposition was made to the Queen by two persons
named Wickliffe and Humphrey, to coin half-pence and
3 instances of halfpence. Only one of half-pence. Changed
to halfpence.

Pg. 46 ... and Threepence, fullfaced bust of king
Pg. 49 The Penny bore on the obverse a full-face portrait of the
queen ... Alternate hyphenation of full-face.

Pg. 39 one limb of the cross of the Durham coins terminating in a
crozier.
Pg. 51 St. Patrick in full robes, mitered, with crosier, etc.,

Pg. 52 reverse, shield of Irish harp; legend, FARTHING TOKENS
OF ENGLAND. ENGLAND’S FARTHING. THE FARTHIN TOKENS FOR.
The spelling in question is FARTHIN. This is how it is said
to be on the token. I am leaving it as is.

Pg. 52 Other places where these were struck were Colchester,
Carlisle ...
Pg. 49 ... to use an expression of Carlyle’s)
Preserved both Carlisle and Carlyle as one is a place name and
one is a proper name.

Instances of various pages:
21 instances of twopence. One instance of two-pence changed
to twopence.

37 instances of half-groat. 1 instance of halfgroat,
changed to half-groat.

Pg. 39 DENOMINATIONS.--_Silver._ Groat, Halfgroat, Penny, Halfpenny
Changed to Half-groat.