Chapter XCVII: Review of Analysis

=Exercise.=—Analyze the following sentences. These sentences contain examples of the various constructions that have been presented in this book. If there is any doubt as to what part of speech a certain word is, the dictionary will usually enable you to decide. Where an ellipsis occurs, the word or words omitted should be supplied.

1. How the black cat had captured the alert and restless
squirrel so quickly was a great mystery to me.

2. If a woman puts on airs with her equals, she probably has
something about herself or her family that she is ashamed of.

3. In writing these memoirs I shall yield to the inclination
so natural to old men, of talking of themselves and their own
actions.

4.

When ye come where I have stepped,
Ye will wonder why ye wept.

5. I sought out one of these few, Fred Ouillette, pilot and
son of a pilot, an idol in the company’s eyes, a hero to the
boys of Montreal, a figure to be stared at always by anxious
passengers.

6. Must we conclude that the dignity of a bird depends upon the
length of his tail?

7. During these gales, the top of the tableland is enveloped
in thick clouds, which the people of the Cape call the Devil’s
Table Cloth.

8. The sand-hills were gashed with numberless ravines; and as
the sky had suddenly darkened, and a cold gusty wind arisen,
the strange shrubs and the dreary hills looked doubly wild and
desolate.

9.

Floweret and hope may die,
But love with us shall stay.

10. There are three beautiful dandelions out on the terrace.

11.

I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crossed the bar.

12. Gray Brother did not come upon the night when I sent him
the word.

13. The beasts cannot use me more cruelly than I have been used
by my fellow creatures.

14. If I stroked the cat in my pet monkey’s presence, he would
get into a paroxysm of rage and make great efforts to bite me.

15.

The spangled heavens, a shining frame,
Their great Original proclaim.

16. He was a strange figure, this tattered, long-haired man,
with the spear and wallet, and his boots cut down into sandals.

17. Gordon waited long for an opportunity to sing in the choir
at old St. George’s.

18. When shall you leave Yarmouth? On the fifteenth, if
possible.

19. The captain, whose ideas of hard riding were all derived
from trans-Atlantic sources, expressed the utmost amazement at
the feats of Sorel, who went leaping ravines, and dashing at
full speed up and down the sides of precipitous hills, lashing
his horse with the recklessness of a Rocky Mountain rider.

20. The Great American Desert is a land where no man
permanently abides; for in certain seasons of the year there is
no food either for the hunter or his steed.

21.

One constant element in luck
Is genuine, solid, old Teutonic pluck.

22. Did you ever think why a dog’s nose is always wet?

23. One of the most difficult things is to get any wild animal
to allow himself to be touched with the human hand.

24. Old Trinity’s steeple probably sways eighteen inches
whenever an elevated train passes.

25. Do steeple climbers always work in pairs?

26. The chipmunk had made a well-defined path from his door out
through the weeds and dry leaves into the territory where his
feeding ground lay.

27. No wonder Eve ate the forbidden fruit.

28. In Bermuda the banana is as omnipresent as the onion.

29. We called the mice Jack, Jill, and Jenny, and they seemed
to know their names.

30. Shooting the Lachine Rapids is like taming a particularly
fierce lion.

31. Turk slept at night outside his master’s door, and no
sentry could be more alert upon his watch than this faithful
mastiff, who had apparently only one ambition,—to protect and
to accompany his owner.

32. We fancied we could hear the huge bodies of the whales
burrowing through the water.

33. At length, finding my life very solitary, I accepted the
claw and heart of a rich and respectable green parrot, who
offered me a good home and the devotion of a lifetime.

34. Be it ever so humble, there’s no place like home.

35. Presently the doe stepped away, and left her little one
lying on a spotted heap of dead leaves and moss.

36. While traveling along the Rhine, we observed that when the
German has nothing else to do, he eats and drinks.

37. The Spaniards changed the whole character and habits of the
Indians when they brought the horse among them.

38. The fires in the Australian bush are often the work of the
natives, to frighten away the white men; and sometimes the work
of the shepherds, to make the grass sprout afresh.

39. Near the Pyramids, more wondrous and more awful than all
else in the land of Egypt, there sits the lonely Sphinx.

40. The sexton had lived in Stratford for eighty years, and
seemed still to consider himself a vigorous man, with the
trivial exception that he had nearly lost the use of his legs.

41. What if this were my last day at school?

42. It was something to have seen the dust of Shakespeare.

43. A queen bee will lay two hundred eggs in a few hours, and
in the year she will generally have laid twenty or thirty
thousand.

44. The ground was carpeted with softest moss, into which the
boy’s feet sunk so deep that they were almost covered; and all
over the moss were sprinkled little star-shaped pink flowers.

45. The wolf asked little Red Riding Hood whither she was going.

46.

O happy harbor of God’s saints!
O sweet and pleasant soil!
In thee no sorrow can be found,
Nor grief, nor care, nor toil.

47. She fell back upon the floor as if by the stroke of an
unseen hand.

48. Whether she was attended by a physician from Canton or from
Milton, I was unable to say; but neither the gig with the large
allopathic sorrel horse, nor the gig with the homœopathic white
mare was ever seen hitched at the gate during the day.

49. No sooner did I open their door than out the little
starlings would all fly, and seat themselves on my head and
shoulders.

50. Neither eye nor ear revealed him anything.

51. Small leisure have the poor for grief.

52. By a flight of winding stairs we reached a covered balcony,
over which a tropical vine wanders at will.

53. Dora heard Marjorie singing, laughing, chatting, as she
flashed here and there, helping and hindering in about equal
proportions.

54. No matter what honors your ancestors attained, make your
own name honorable.

55. As I trod the sounding pavement, there was something
intense and thrilling in the idea that the remains of
Shakespeare were moldering beneath my feet.

56. The lark, springing up from the reeking bosom of the
meadow, towered away into the bright fleecy cloud, pouring
forth torrents of melody.

57. I now found myself among noble avenues of oaks and elms,
whose vast size bespoke the growth of centuries.

58. The air within the tunnel is somewhat damp, but fresh and
agreeably cool, and one can scarcely realize in walking along
the light passage, that a river is rolling above his head.

59. No frog egg may hope to develop into a turtle, or a bird,
or anything but a frog.

60. I heard my own mountain goats bleating aloft.

61. Everybody knows that the porcupine is ridiculously
fastidious in his choice of food.

62.

The daisy, by the shadow that it casts,
Protects the lingering dewdrop from the sun.

63. If I choose to work eleven hours a day, what of it?

64. Far below lay the earth, brown, dry, and desolate, from
drouth.

65. There was no sleep that long night for the little duck
mother Quackalina.

66. One evening, after the ice of a sleet storm had clogged
their wings, the pigeons settled on one of the highest
buildings they could find, and sat and shivered through the
long night.

67. The taking down of a steeple two hundred and thirty-eight
feet high, that rises on a closely built city street, is not a
simple proceeding.

68.

The legend of Felix is ended, the toiling of Felix is done;
The master has paid him his wages, the goal of his journey is won.

69. There we were shown the chair on which the English monarchs
have been crowned for several hundred years.

70. Under the seat is the stone brought from the Abbey of
Scone, whereon the kings of Scotland were crowned.

71. Sleeping or waking, my thoughts are all of Ireland and of
you.

72. Fortunately for us, our two lean, wiry little horses did
not object to being used as aquatic animals.

73. Many Russian villages possess a public bath of the most
primitive construction, but in some parts of the country the
peasants take their vapor bath in the household oven in which
the bread is baked!

74. This aptly illustrates a common Russian proverb, which says
that what is health to the Russian is death to the German.

75. Scarfs, shawls, stuffs for dresses, morning gowns, and
vests, handkerchiefs, sashes, purses, and tobacco bags are
heaped in rich profusion.

76. When a man of fourscore, he continued his weekly visits to
the schools.

77. His master having been honorably discharged before the
close of the war, Jim was left with the regiment in care of
Wiggins, the wagoner.

78. No other pigeon is so bold and fearless, so full of bulldog
tenacity, so full of royal courage, as the homer.

79. The French carried their imitation of Indians so far that
they often disguised themselves to resemble their allies, with
paint, feathers, and all.

80. It was sometimes impossible to tell in an attacking party
which were French and which were Indians.

81. The sea was dotted everywhere with the heads of seals
hurrying to land and begin their share of fighting.

82. Old Marley was as dead as a door-nail.

83.

If eyes were made for seeing,
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.

84.

Out on the lawn there arose such a clatter
I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter.

85.

There is a pleasure in the pathless woods,
There is a rapture on the lonely shore.

86. How I wish that when the Angel comes for me, I might reach
out and feel your hand!

GENERAL REVIEW

Exercise 1

(1) The family of the Lambs had long been among the most
thriving and popular in the neighborhood; the Miss Lambs
were the belles of Little Britain, and everybody was pleased
when old Lamb had made money enough to shut up shop, and put
his name on a brass plate on his door. (2) In an evil hour,
however, one of the Miss Lambs had the honor of being a lady in
attendance on the Lady Mayoress, at her great annual ball, on
which occasion she wore three towering ostrich feathers on her
head. (3) The family never got over it; they were immediately
smitten with a passion for high life; set up a one-horse
carriage, put a bit of gold lace round the errand-boy’s
hat, and have been the talk and detestation of the whole
neighborhood ever since. (4) They could no longer be induced
to play at Pope-Joan or blindman’s buff; they could endure no
dances but quadrilles, which nobody had ever heard of in Little
Britain; and they took to reading novels, talking bad French,
and playing upon the piano. (5) Their brother, too, who had
been articled to an attorney, set up for a dandy and a critic,
characters hitherto unknown in these parts; and he confounded
the worthy folks exceedingly by talking about Kean, the opera,
and the “Edinburgh Review.”

—WASHINGTON IRVING, _Sketch Book_.

1. Consult the dictionary for the meaning of all words in this paragraph that you do not understand.

2. Account for the capitalization and punctuation. Why is the term _Edinburgh Review_ inclosed in quotation marks?

3. What kind of noun is _family_ in sentence (1)? Use it in a sentence so as to reveal its number and its gender. What is its number in sentence (3)? How do you account for it?

4. What two plural forms has the term _Miss Lamb_? What is the plural of _Lady Mayoress_? What does the dictionary say about the plural form _folks_? What is the number of _everybody_ in sentence (1)? What is the plural of _attorney_? of _dandy_?

5. Tell the part of speech and use of _long_, _enough_, sentence (1); _however_, _one_, _which_, sentence (2); _ever_, _since_, sentence (3); _no_, _longer_, _no_, _but_, sentence (4); _too_, _up_, _hitherto_, sentence (5). Which of these words can be used as other parts of speech? Illustrate in sentences.

6. Are _thriving_ in sentence (1) and _towering_ in sentence (2) participles or adjectives? How do you decide? Is _pleased_ in sentence (1) a complement of _was_ or a part of a passive verb _was pleased_? How do you decide? How is _smitten_ used in sentence (3)? Find two passive verbs, and prove that they are passive.

7. Supply the ellipsis before and after _popular_ in sentence (1); before _put_ in sentence (1).

8. Tell the use of each of the following verbals: _being_ (2); _reading_, _talking_, _playing_ (4); _talking_ (5). Tell how each of these verbals is modified or completed.

9. Select each prepositional phrase and tell what it modifies.

10. Select all the infinitives with _to_ and tell the grammatical use of each.

11. Parse the relative pronouns in sentences (4) and (5). Are the clauses that they introduce restrictive or unrestrictive?

12. Tell the use and case of each of the following nouns: _belles_ (1); _talk_, _detestation_ (3); _characters_ (5).

13. Tell the principal parts of each of these verbs: _put_ (1); _had_, _wore_ (2); _got_, _set_ (3); _took_ (4).

Exercise 2

(1) Ahem! Dry work, this speechifying, especially to an
unpracticed orator. (2) I never conceived till now what toil
the temperance lecturers undergo for my sake; hereafter they
shall have the business to themselves. (3) Do, some kind
Christian, pump a stroke or two, just to wet my whistle. (4)
Thank you, sir! (5) My dear hearers, when the world shall have
been regenerated by my instrumentality, you will collect your
useless vats and liquor casks into one great pile and make a
bonfire in honor of the town pump. (6) And when I shall have
decayed like my predecessors, then, if you revere my memory,
let a marble fountain, richly sculptured, take my place upon
this spot. (7) Such monuments should be erected everywhere and
inscribed with the names of the distinguished champions of my
cause.

(8) One o’clock! (9) Nay, then, if the dinner bell begins to
speak, I may as well hold my peace. (10) Here comes a pretty
young girl of my acquaintance with a large stone pitcher for me
to fill. (11) May she draw a husband while drawing her water,
as Rachel did of old! (12) Hold out your vessel, my dear! (13)
There it is, full to the brim; so now run home, peeping at your
sweet image in the pitcher as you go, and forget not, in a
glass of my own liquor, to drink “Success to the town pump.”

—NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, _Twice Told Tales_.

1. Consult the dictionary for the meaning of words in these paragraphs that you do not understand.

2. Classify each sentence both as to purpose and structure.

3. What part of speech is _ahem_? What feeling does it express in sentence (1)?

4. Supply the ellipsis in sentence (1). What part of speech is _speechifying_? What is its grammatical use?

5. What does the adverb _especially_ in sentence (1) modify?

6. Account for the use of _shall_ and _will_ in these paragraphs.

7. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the class and use of each, and the introductory word.

8. Select all the terms of address. What is the base word of each?

9. What is the use of _now_ sentence (2)? _old_ (11)? _dinner_ (9)?

10. Parse each predicate verb in sentences (3), (5), (6), (7).

11. Tell the part of speech and use of _themselves_, sentence (2); _stroke_, _two_ (3); _there_, _full_, _peeping_, _glass_, _own_ (13).

12. Tell the use of all infinitive phrases in sentences (3), (6), (9), (10), (13).

Exercise 3

(1) Once upon a time there came to this earth a visitor from a
neighboring planet. And he was met at the place of his descent
by a great philosopher, who was to show him everything.

(2) First of all they came through a wood, and the stranger
looked upon the trees. “Whom have we here?” said he.

(3) “These are only vegetables,” said the philosopher. “They
are alive, but not at all interesting.”

(4) “I don’t know about that,” said the stranger. “They seem to
have very good manners. Do they never speak?”

(5) “They lack the gift,” said the philosopher.

(6) “Yet I think I hear them sing,” said the other.

(7) “That is only the wind among the leaves,” said the
philosopher. “I will explain to you the theory of winds; it is
very interesting.”

(8) “Well,” said the stranger, “I wish I knew what they are
thinking.”

(9) “They cannot think,” said the philosopher.

(10) “I don’t know about that,” returned the stranger; and
then laying his hand upon a trunk: “I like these people,” said
he.

(11) “They are not people at all,” said the philosopher. “Come
along.”

(12) Next they came through a meadow where there were cows.

(13) “These are very dirty people,” said the stranger.

(14) “They are not people at all,” said the philosopher; and
he explained what a cow is in scientific words which I have
forgotten.

(15) “That is all one to me,” said the stranger. “But why do
they never look up?”

(16) “Because they are graminivorous,” said the philosopher;
“and to live upon grass, which is not highly nutritious,
requires so close an attention to business that they have
no time to think, or speak, or look at the scenery, or keep
themselves clean.”

(17) “Well,” said the stranger, “that is one way to live, no
doubt. But I prefer the people with the green heads.”

(18) Next they came into a city, and the streets were full of
men and women.

(19) “These are very odd people,” said the stranger.

(20) “They are the people of the greatest nation in the world,”
said the philosopher.

(21) “Are they indeed?” said the stranger. “They scarcely look
so.”

—R. L. STEVENSON, _Fables_.

1. Rewrite this selection, changing the direct to indirect discourse and noting the changes made in verbs, pronouns, and other words.

2. Fill out the elliptical sentences, and tell the grammatical use of each of the words that you supply.

3. Comment on the use of _and_ (1), _but_ (15), and _but_ (17).

4. Explain how each of the following verbs and verbals is completed and modified: _was_, _to show_, paragraph (1); _have_ (2); _are_, and _are_ (3); _seem_ (4); _lack_ (5); _think_, _hear_, _said_ (6); _wish_, _knew_, _are thinking_ (8); _laying_ (10); _explained_, _is_, _have forgotten_ (14); _is_ (15); _keep_ (16).

5. Find the subject of _came_ in the first sentence, and explain the use of _there_. Prove that _was met_ in paragraph (1) is a true passive verb.

6. Tell the grammatical use of each infinitive in paragraphs (16) and (17).

7. Tell the part of speech and use of _once_, paragraph (1); _first_ (2); _highly_, _so_ (16); _well_ (17); _next_ (18); _very_ (19); _indeed_, _scarcely_, _so_ (21).

8. Parse all the adjective pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and relative pronouns.

9. Find all the prepositional phrases, and tell what each phrase modifies. Tell the object of each preposition, and if there is anything peculiar about any object, comment upon the peculiarity.

10. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the kind and use of each clause, and its introductory word. Classify the adjective clauses as restrictive or unrestrictive, and tell what the adverbial clauses denote.

If a word is used in a peculiar or uncommon way, consult the dictionary for information regarding it.

Exercise 4

(1) There troop the three most roguish boys that ever made
parents scold or laugh. (2) They have nothing to do but to
set each other on to mischief. (3) They pull off buds from
the unblossomed rose bushes; they pick cucumbers by the half
bushel that were to have been let alone; they break down rare
shrubbery to get whips, and instead get whippings; they kill
the guinea-pigs; chase the chickens; break up hens’ nests; get
into the carriages and wagons only to tumble out, and set all
the nurses a-running; they study every means of getting under
the horses’ feet, and, as the more dangerous act, they are
fond of tickling their hind legs, and pulling at their tails;
they fill the already fed horses with extra oats, causing the
hostler to fear for his charges’ health, since they refuse oats
at the next regular feeding; they paddle in all the mud on the
premises; sit down in the street and fill their pockets with
dirt; they wet their clothes in the brook, tear them in the
woods, lose their caps a dozen times a day, and go bare-headed
in the blazing sun; they cut up every imaginable prank with
their long-suffering nurses when meals are served, or when
bedtime comes, or when morning brings the washing and dressing.
(4) They are little, nimble, compact skinfuls of ingenious,
fertile, endless, untiring mischief. (5) They stub their toes,
or cut their fingers, or get stung, or eat some poisonous
berry, seed, or root, or make us think that they have, which
is just as bad; they fall down stairs, or eat green fruit till
they are as tight as a drum; and yet there is no peace to us
without them, as there certainly is none with them. Mischievous
darlings! Joyful plagues! Loving, rollicking, laughing rogues!

—HENRY WARD BEECHER, _Star Papers_.

1. Give the principal parts of each predicate verb in this selection; its tense. Read the selection with the predicate verbs in the past tense.

2. Explain how the following verbs are completed and modified: _made_, sentence (1); _have_ (2); _pull_, _were_, _lose_, _go_, _cut_ (3); _are_ (4); _get_, _make_ (5).

3. Select all the adjectives and tell what they modify. Classify them as limiting or descriptive. Compare them, if possible. If any of them do not admit of comparison, tell why.

4. Tell the use of _there_, sentence (1) and _there_ (5).

5. Tell the use and case of each of the following nouns: _boys_, sentence (1); _legs_ (3); _hostler_ (3); _times_ (3); _day_ (3); _drum_ (5); _darlings_ (5).

6. Find three nouns in the possessive case, and tell what each of them modifies. Decline each of these nouns.

7. Select all the infinitives with _to_ and tell the use of each.

8. Select and classify all the words in _-ing_.

9. Account for the punctuation of this selection.

10. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the kind and use of each, and the introductory word.

11. Tell the part of speech and use of _on_ (2); _off_, _alone_, _down_, _up_, _already_ (3); _just_, _down_, _certainly_ (5).

12. Select all the coördinate conjunctions in sentences (3) and (5) and tell what each conjunction joins.

INDEX

Absolute phrases, 237.

Absolute use of noun, 237.

Abstract nouns, 14.

Active voice, 40.

Address, term of, 39, 40.

Adjective clauses, 171.
restrictive, 193.
unrestrictive, 194.

Adjective elements, 29.

Adjective phrases, 31.

Adjective pronouns, 121.
declension of, 122.

Adjectives, appositive, 88.
classified, 110.
comparison of, 116, 117.
defined, 25.
errors in use of, 118, 119.
misused for adverbs, 70, 71.
modifying pronouns, 26.
objective complement, 94.
parsing of, 120.
review of, 120.
subjective complement, 69.

Adverbial clauses, of cause, 183.
of comparison, 188, 189.
of concession, 186.
of condition, 186.
of manner, 181.
of place, 181.
of purpose, 184.
of result, 184.
of time, 180, 181.
office of, 171.

Adverbial nouns, 91.

Adverbial noun phrases, 91.
modifying adjectives or adverbs, 92.

Adverbial noun phrases, modifying verbs, 91.
what they denote, 91.

Adverbial phrases, 31.

Adverbs, comparison of, 170.
conjunctive, 172.
defined, 28.
formation of, 31.
interrogative, 170.
introducing noun clauses, 204, 205.
meaning of, 28.
misused for adjectives, 70, 71.
modifying adjectives, 29.
modifying adverbs, 29.
modifying sentences, 175.
modifying verbs, 28.
parsing of, 174.
simple, 170.
summary of, 173.

_After_, 178.

Agreement, of participle and noun, 239.
of subject and verb, 165, 166.

_Among_, 37.

Analysis, models for, 34, 48, 191, 225, 244.

Antecedent, of personal pronoun, 98.
of relative pronoun, 197.

Anticipative subject, 201, 212, 247.

Appositive, adjective, 88.
case of, 87.
in possessive case, 86.
infinitive, 215.
noun, 85, 86.

Appositive, noun clause, 201.
position of, 86.
punctuation of, 86, 87.

Articles, definite and indefinite, 113.
uses of, 114.

_As_, relative pronoun, 197.

_At_, 37.

Auxiliary verbs, 124.
_can_, _could_, etc., 154-156.
_shall_ and _will_, 151, 152.

_Before_, 178.

_Beside_, 38.

_Besides_, 38.

_Between_, 37.

_But_, conjunction and preposition, 46.
relative pronoun, 197.
uses of, 178.

_By_, 38.

_Can_ and _could_, 155, 156.

Capitalization, of proper adjectives, 111.
of proper nouns, 13, 14.

Case, 83-95, 100, 108, 196.

Cause, clauses of, 183.

Clauses, adjective, 171, 193-197.
adverbial, 171, 180-191.
defined, 48.
dependent, 52, 53.
independent, 48.
noun, 200, 201.
review of, 206.

Collective nouns, 166.

Common gender, 78.

Common nouns, 13, 14.

Comparative degree, 116.

Comparison, clauses of, 188, 189.
of adjectives, 116.
of adverbs, 170.
how denoted, 116, 117.
irregular, 117.

Complement, defined, 61.

Complement, direct object, 61.
double object, 216.
objective, 94, 145.
subjective, 67, 68.

Complex sentences, 53.

Compound personal pronouns, 106.
uses of, 106.

Compound predicate, 19, 20.

Compound sentences, 50.

Compound subject, 20.

Concession, clauses of, 186.

Condition, clauses of, 186.

Conjugation, active voice, 128-130, 132, 134.
defined, 127.
emphatic, 149.
imperative mode, 134.
indicative mode, 128-130.
interrogative, 129.
passive voice, 140-142.
progressive, 148.
subjunctive mode, 132.

Conjunctions, 46.
coördinate, 174.
correlative, 175.
in compound sentences, 50.
subordinate, 176, 177.

Conjunctive adverbs, 172.
in noun clauses, 204.

Contractions, 130.

Coördinate conjunctions, 174.

Correlative conjunctions, 175.

Dangling participles, 239.

Declarative sentences, 9, 10.

Declension, of nouns, 84.
of personal pronouns, 98.
of relative pronouns, 196.

Defective verbs, 154-157.

Demonstrative adjectives, 113.

Dependent clauses, 52.

Descriptive adjectives, 110, 111.

Direct and indirect discourse, 162-165.

Direct and indirect quotations, 162-165.

_Do_, as principal verb, 157.

Double object, of preposition _for_, 220.
of verb, 216-218.

Double possessive, 81, 104.

_Each other_, 122.

Elliptical sentences, 249, 250.

_Else_, as limiting adjective, 113.
uses of, 178.

Emphatic conjugation, 149, 150.

_Enough_, 113.

Errors, in adjectives, 70, 71, 118, 119.
in adverbs, 70, 71.
in infinitives, 221, 222.
in interrogative pronouns, 109, 110.
in participles, 239.
in personal pronouns, 101, 103.
in verbs, 130, 137-142.

Exclamatory nouns, 40.

Exclamatory sentences, 44, 45.

Feminine gender, 78.

Floating participle, 239.

_For_, 179.

Gender, 77, 78.
how denoted, 78.

Gerund, 211.

_Going_, in verb phrase, 156.

_Have_, as principal verb, 157.

_Hence_, 179.

Idiomatic expressions, 104, 201, 220, 235, 247.

Imperative mode, 134.
conjugation of, 134.

Imperative sentences, 41.
subject omitted, 42.

Impersonal verbs, 157.

_In_, 37, 38.

Independent elements, 39, 40.

Indicative mode, 127.

Indirect discourse, 162-165.

Indirect object, 89, 90.
becoming subject of passive verb, 141.
position of, 90.

Infinitive phrases, 211.

Infinitives, defined, 209.
errors in use of, 221, 222.
in apposition, 215.
in _-ing_, 210.
modified by possessive, 211.
modifier of adjective, 220, 221.
modifier of noun, 215.
modifier of verb, 218.
object of preposition, 220.
object of verb, 213.
part of double object, 216-218.
subjective complement, 213.
summary of, 224, 225.
used independently, 221.
with _to_, 209, 210.

Interjections, 43.

Interrogative adjectives, 113.

Interrogative adverbs, 170.

Interrogative conjugation, 129.

Interrogative pronouns, 108.
errors in use of, 109, 110.
in noun clause, 204.
uses of, 108.

Interrogative sentences, 23, 24.
order of, 24.

_Into_, 38.

Intransitive verbs, of action, 64.
of being, 64, 66, 67.

Irregular verbs, defined, 135, 136.
errors in use of, 137-140.
principal parts of, 137.

_It_, as anticipative subject, 201, 212, 247.

_Lay_ and _lie_, 137.

_Like_, 181.

Limiting adjectives, 110, 113, 114.

Manner, clauses of, 181.

Masculine gender, 77.

_May_ and _might_, 155, 156.

Mode, defined, 127.
imperative, 134.
indicative, 127.
subjunctive, 131, 132.

Modifier, 26.

_Must_, 155, 156.

Natural order, 22.

Neuter gender, 78.

Nominative case, 83, 84, 100.

Noun clauses, 200.
introductory word of, 203, 204.
uses of, 200, 201.

Nouns, abstract, 14.
adverbial, 91, 92.
as adjectives, 27.
as interjections, 43.
case of, 83, 84.
collective, 166.
common, 13, 14.
compound, 81.
declension of, 84.
defined, 11, 12.
direct object, 61.
gender of, 77, 78.
in apposition, 85-87.
in exclamation, 40.
in _-ing_, 240.
indirect object, 89.
number of, 74-76.
object of preposition, 35.
objective complement, 94.
parsing of, 96.
possessive, 79-82.
proper, 13, 14.
term of address, 39, 40.
used absolutely, 237.

Number, defined, 74.
singular and plural, 74, 75.

Numeral adjectives, 113.

_O_, 43.

Object, double, 216.
indirect, 89, 90, 141.
of preposition, 35, 36.
of verb, 61.
retained, 146.

Objective complement, 94.
becoming subjective complement of passive verb, 145.

_Off_, 38.

_One_, declined, 122.

_One another_, 122.

_Only_, 179.

_Other_, declined, 122.

_Own_, with possessives, 100.

Parsing, of adjectives, 120.
of adverbs, 174.
of nouns, 96.
of prepositions, 179.
of pronouns, 100, 208.
of verbs, 150, 168.

Participial phrases, 229.

Participles, agreement of, 239.
dangling, or floating, 239.
defined, 228, 229.
differing from adjectives, 231.
errors in use of, 239.
forms of, 228.
summary of, 243, 244.
uses of, 140, 144, 145, 148, 228, 229, 231, 235, 237.

Parts of speech, summary of, 57.

Passive voice, 140-142.

Past participle, 135, 228.
as subjective complement, 144, 145.
in passive conjugation, 140.

Person, of nouns, 98.
of pronouns, 98.
of verbs, 127.

Personal pronouns, 98.
compound, 106.
declension of, 98.
errors in use of, 101-103.
uses of, 100, 103-105.

Phrases, 31, 33.
absolute, 237.
adjective, 31.
adverbial, 31.
as subjective complement, 69.
defined, 33.
denoting possession, 81.
in a series, 32.
infinitive, 211.
participial, 229.
position of, 32.
prepositional, 35, 36.

Place, clauses of, 181.

Plurals, foreign, 75.
formation of, 74, 75.
compound nouns, 75.
letters and figures, 75.
titles, 75.
regular and irregular, 74.
same as singular, 74.

Positive degree, 116.

Possessive case, 83.
of compound nouns, 81.

Possessive nouns, 80, 83.
form of, 80, 81.
in double possessives, 81.
what they denote, 81.

Possessive pronouns, 103.
how used, 104.
in double possessives, 104.

Predicate, compound, 19, 20.
defined, 9, 10.
simple, 16.
transposed, 22.

Prepositions, 34, 35.
correct use of, 37-39.
parsing of, 179.

Present participle, in progressive conjugation, 148, 228.

Principal parts, 135.

Principal parts, of irregular verbs, 137.

Progressive conjugation, 148.

Pronouns, adjective, 121.
compound personal, 106.
defined, 18.
in clauses of comparison, 190, 191.
indefinite, 204.
interrogative, 108.
parsing of, 100, 208.
personal, 98, 100, 103.

Pronouns, relative, 196, 197.
review of, 207.

Proper adjectives, 111.

Proper nouns, 13, 14.

Punctuation, of a series, 20, 25, 26, 32.
of appositives, 86-88.
of compound sentences, 50.
of compound subject and predicate, 20.
of declarative sentences, 10.
of exclamatory sentences, 44.
of interrogative sentences, 24.
of phrases, 32.

Purpose, clauses of, 184.

_Raise_ and _rise_, 138.

Reflexive use of pronouns, 106.

Regular verbs, 135, 136.

Relative pronouns, 196, 197.
_what_, 204.

Result, clauses of, 184.

Retained object, 146.

Review, general, 257-264.
of adjectives, 120.
of adverbs, 173.
of analysis, 252.
of clauses, 206.
of infinitives, 224, 225.
of nouns, 96, 97.
of participles, 243.
of parts of speech, 57.
of prepositions, 179.

Review, general, of pronouns, 207.
of sentences, 55.
of verbs, 72, 168.

Sentences, complex, 53.
compound, 50.
declarative, 9, 10.
defined, 9, 10.
elliptical, 249, 250,
exclamatory, 44, 45.
imperative, 41.
interrogative, 23, 24.
review of, 55.
simple, 48.

Sequence of tenses, 125, 163.

Series, of adjectives, 25.
of phrases, 32.
of predicates, 20.

_Set_ and _sit_, 138.

_Shall_ and _will_, 151.
in indirect discourse, 163.
in interrogative sentences, 152.
rules for use of, 152.

_Should_ and _would_, 160-162.
in subjunctive mode, 155.

Simple adverbs, 170.

Simple predicate, 16.

Simple sentences, 48.

Simple subject, 11.

_Since_, 179.

Singular number, 74.

_So_, 179.

Subject, compound, 20.
defined, 9, 10.
how found, 16.
simple, 11.
transposed, 22.

Subjective complement, 67, 68.
adjective, 69.
infinitive, 213.
noun, 67, 69.
participle, 144, 145.
prepositional phrase, 69.

Subjunctive mode, 131.
conjugation of, 132.

Subjunctive mode, tenses of, 132.

Subordinate conjunctions, 176, 177.

Summary, of adverbs, 173.
of case relations, 97.
of infinitives, 224, 225.
of participles, 243, 244.

Superlative degree, 116.

Tense, 123.
errors in, 125, 126.
in noun clauses, 201.
primary, 124.
secondary, 124.
sequence of, 125, 163.

Term of address, 39.

_The_, an adverb, 170.

_There_, 247, 248.

_Till_, 179.

Time, clauses of, 180, 181.

_To_, omitted in infinitives, 217.

_To_, use of, 37.

Transitive verbs, 60, 61.
followed by indirect object, 90.
followed by objective complement, 94.
what they denote, 62.

Transposed order, 22.

_Until_, 179.

_Used_, in verb phrases, 156.

Verb phrases, 155, 156.

Verbals, 210, 211.

Verbs, defective, 154-157.
defined, 16.
errors in use of, 130, 137-142.
intransitive, 64, 66, 67.
mode of, 127, 131, 134.
parsing of, 150, 168.
principal parts of, 135, 137.
regular and irregular, 135, 136.
review of, 72, 168.
tense of, 123-126.
transitive, 60, 61.
used as interjections, 43.
used transitively or intransitively, 64, 66.
voice of, 140-142.

Voice, active and passive, 140.
conjugation of passive, 140-142.
test for passive, 145.

_With_, 38.

Words in _-ing_, 240.

Words used, as adjective or adverb, 59.
as adverb or preposition, 60.
as noun or adjective, 58.
as noun or verb, 58.
as preposition, conjunction, or adverb, 179.

_Would_, as principal verb, 155.

_Yet_, 179.