Chapter XXIV: Appendix: B864 (2)

We think that the time has come for the nation definitely to repudiate the policy of "deterring" persons who are destitute from coming under the care and control of the State; and this equally when the destitute persons are able-bodied and when they are sick or mentally defective. We urge the deliberate adoption of the opposite principle of searching out those who are in any respect destitute, with a view to taking hold of their cases at the earliest possible moment, when they may still be curable, and of enforcing on all able-bodied persons the obligation to maintain themselves and their dependants in health and efficiency. We consider that it is now possible to proceed with regard to unemployment on the same general lines as we proceed with regard to illiteracy in children and with regard to infectious disease. We recommend that, by the systematic enforcement of parental responsibility for the condition of all dependants by the Local Education Authority and the Local Health Authority, and by the systematic suppression of mendicity and vagrancy by the Local Police Authority, every person who is not in a position to provide for his wife and children, or who wilfully or negligently abstains from doing so, should--whether or not he applies for assistance--stand revealed to the new Authority that we propose for dealing with the able-bodied. By an organised use of the National Labour Exchange this Authority will be able to ascertain whether there are possibilities of employment for such men, and where such openings are, and what is the kind of training that they require. If resort to the National Labour Exchange becomes general among employers, and if it is made compulsory on those who take on hands for casual jobs, it will be possible for the Authority so to "dovetail" jobs and seasonal occupations as to go far towards ensuring continuous employment for those who are taken on at all. There will remain the persons who by this very "decasualisation" of labour and suppression of chronic "under-employment" are squeezed out of their present miserable partial earnings. For these it must be the duty of the National Authority to provide, and, as soon as possible, absorb them in productive industry. Fortunately there is at hand in the diminution of boy labour by the increasing absorption of the boy's time in technical education, in the reduction of excessive hours of labour on railways, tramways, and omnibuses, and in the withdrawal of the mothers of young children from the labour market when they are required, as a condition of their aliment, to devote themselves to their family, together with the possibilities of development opened up by afforestation, etc., which we have elsewhere sufficiently described, more than enough opportunities for the absorption of this temporary surplus. But the cyclical fluctuations of trade, with the consequent waxing and waning of the aggregate demand of productive industry, must always be counted on; and these cyclical fluctuations in demand for labour, as we have shown, can be counteracted, and the volume of wage-earning employment in the country as a whole maintained at something like a constant level, by a mere rearrangement over each decade, of the Government works and orders that must in any case be executed within the decade, though not necessarily, as at present, in equal instalments year by year. All this organised attempt _to prevent unemployment_, which we regard as the primary duty of the National Authority, though we have reason to believe that it can obviate the greater part of the involuntary lack of work from which so many of the wage-earners now suffer, will not, of course, completely secure every individual workman in permanent employment. To provide for such cases we look, in the main, to a great extension of Trade Union insurance, rendered possible to many more industries than can yet organise "out of work benefit" by adequate subventions from public funds on the lines of the well-known Ghent system. Finally, when all this is done, the National Authority for the able-bodied will still have on its hands those who are for one reason or another uninsured, and for whom, whether from their own faults or defects or not, the Labour Exchange fails to find a situation. But even these must not be deterred from coming under care and control, and must, in the public interest, not be kept at arm's length to degenerate or become demoralised. For them the National Authority must provide maintenance, with adequate Home Aliment for their dependants, in the way that we have described, and under the course of physical and industrial training best calculated to make them more fit than they now are for the work which the Labour Exchange will, sooner or later, be able to find for them. We see no reason for penal conditions, such as have prevailed in the English Able-bodied Test Workhouses, for any honest and willing man. Only when a man has been definitely proved to be unwilling to work for the maintenance of himself and his dependants, or persists in recalcitrancy and refusal to co-operate in his own cure, need he be committed by the magistrates to a Detention Colony, there to be treated in whatever way is found best adapted to remedy the moral defect which he will then have been actually convicted of possessing.

To sum up, we hold it untrue and unwarranted to suggest that all those whom the State finds on its hands as destitute--the infants and children, the sick and the mentally defective, the aged and the unemployed able-bodied--have necessarily any moral taint or defect in common, for which they need all to be treated by a single Authority, or can properly all be treated by such an authority, specialising on this presumed common attribute. We hold, on the contrary, that experience has demonstrated that, although individuals in all sections of the destitute may be morally defective, and this in all sorts of different ways, the great mass of destitution is the direct and (given human nature as it is) almost inevitable result of the social environment in which the several sections have found themselves; and that it can, to a large and as yet undefined extent, be obviated if the cases are taken in time, and the environment appropriately changed. We suggest that the failure of the existing Poor Law Authorities is due mainly to the fact that, as Poor Law Authorities, they are inherently incapable of getting hold of the cases in time before destitution has set in, and that they are necessarily prevented, by their very nature as "Destitution Authorities," from changing the social environment which is bringing about the destitution, or from providing the new environment that is necessary, whether by way of treatment or by way of disciplinary supervision after actual treatment, either for the infants or for the children, for the sick or for the mentally defective, for the aged and infirm or for the unemployed able-bodied. We consider that it is proved, by the experience of the several specialised and preventive Authorities that have been established for this purpose, that the arrest of the causes of destitution, and the necessary changes in the social environment, can be effected only by making each such Authority responsible for its own special part of the work of prevention, and for providing the appropriate treatment for the particular section of persons in whom it may have failed to prevent destitution. We fully admit the importance of the "moral factor" in contributing to the production of some of the destitution in all the sections; but the moral defect is not always in the destitute person himself, and we hold that this "moral factor" can never be effectually dealt with, and can never be subjected to the disciplinary and reformatory treatment that it requires, until we give up assuming its existence where we have no actual proof, and until we are prepared to base such treatment solely upon the definite conviction, by judicial process, of particular individuals for particular offences. In no case, whether individually innocent or morally guilty, do we think that the destitute person should be refused treatment, or "deterred" from applying for it. On the contrary, we hold that every destitute person not under treatment is a menace to the commonweal; and the public authorities should therefore search out all such cases, as if they were cases of typhus, and endeavour to get hold of them at the most incipient stage of the disease. And if we are asked what we would substitute for the "deterrent" treatment of the Poor Law, in order to protect the State from being eaten up by a multitude of applicants for its aid, we reply that in no case do we suggest the provision of maintenance, or of any form of public assistance, otherwise than in the guise of the most appropriate treatment for the actual disease or infirmity or lack that the individual is demonstrated to be suffering from; that this treatment is not necessarily gratuitous, efficient provision being made for recovery of cost wherever there is ability to pay; that such treatment is never unconditional, and is from the very nature of the case disciplinary; that it necessarily includes long-continued supervision, even after treatment; and that co-operation in one's own cure, together with willingness to fulfil all parental, marital, and personal obligations, _opportunity to doing so being provided_, will for the first time be really enforced, and if necessary enforced, when other means have failed, by commitment to a Detention Colony.

_Summary of Conclusions_

It is on all these grounds that we feel compelled to dissent from the recommendations of the Majority Report in favour of setting up a new Destitution Authority, which should administer relief only at the period of destitution, and which should have under its charge indiscriminately men, women, and children, the sick and the healthy, the infant and the aged, the unemployed workman and the incorrigible vagrant. We believe that the establishment of any such general Destitution Authority, under whatever designation, and however selected or appointed, would inevitably lead to the perpetuation of the General Mixed Poorhouse, and the customary dole of Aliment or Outdoor Relief. We cannot but fear that such a proposal means the abandonment of any hope of _preventing the occurrence_ of Unemployment and the gradual sinking into destitution that we see going on; that it implies practically a despairing acquiescence in the daily manufacture of "unemployables," and in the daily creation of new pauperism, which is the disquieting feature of the time. We, on the contrary, believe that _destitution can be prevented_, and that it is the business of the State, in its national and local organisation, to take the steps necessary to prevent it. In this dissent we have confined ourselves to argument as to the general principle. We have not attempted to make definite and detailed recommendations as to how the principle of breaking up the Poor Law, and transferring its several services to the specialised preventive Authorities, should be applied to the present machinery of administration in Scotland. We do not feel qualified, for instance, to decide whether the care of the children can be best entrusted wholly to the School Boards, or whether, with a view to an equalisation of the rates, this work might advantageously be shared in by the County Committees of districts under the Education (Scotland) Act of 1908. We do not pretend to advise whether the District Boards of Lunacy, with the new duties with regard to the feeble-minded, and the complete disconnection of all their work from the Poor Law recommended by the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, as well as by ourselves, should or should not be modified in constitution; or whether it might not be more advantageous for Scotland, and more calculated to relieve its local administration from an onerous and unequally distributed burden, if the whole work of providing for the mentally defective were made a national service and a national charge. With regard to the Local Health organisation, which has in some parts of Scotland to cope with great geographical difficulties, we do not feel warranted in making any definite recommendation as to the constitutions, areas, and powers of the present Health Authority in Burghs and Counties respectively. Nor do we think it necessary to pronounce upon the question of whether the National Department for the Able-bodied--with its Labour Exchanges, its help towards Insurance against Unemployment, its duty in regularising the seasonal trades and "decasualising" casual labour, its work in promoting the absorption of the surplus labourers who may be thus squeezed out, its attempts to regularise the aggregate national demand for labour, and its training establishments and Detention Colonies--should be separate and self-contained for Scotland, or whether it might not, like the Board of Trade and the Factory Inspection Department, more advantageously form part of the wider organisation for the United Kingdom as a whole. All these are administrative details to be determined by those personally acquainted with Scottish Local Government, and in accordance with Scottish public opinion. We must content ourselves with suggesting that, if it is thought that the time has come when we need no longer rest satisfied with merely relieving destitution, but can start an effective campaign for its prevention; if it is felt that the children ought to be rescued from demoralisation and the sick from preventable disease and preventable suffering; if it is desired to put an end to the demoralisation and destruction of character now caused by Unemployment, and especially by Under-employment, then we must proceed generally upon the lines herein laid down.

* * * * *

We therefore recommend:--

1. That the Scottish Poor Law be abolished, and in its stead an entirely different method of provision for those needing public aid be inaugurated, so as to get rid of pauperism, both the name and the thing.

2. That a systematic Crusade against Destitution in all its forms be set on foot; against the destitution caused by Unemployment, the destitution caused by Old Age, the destitution caused by Feeble-mindedness and Lunacy, the destitution caused by Ill-health and Disease, and the destitution caused by Neglected Infancy and Neglected Childhood.

3. That the Local Education Authority be empowered and required to search out all children of school age within its district who are destitute of proper nurture, and to secure to them a fitting upbringing.

4. That the Local Health Authority be empowered and required to search out all sick persons within its district who are destitute of medical attendance, all infants destitute of proper nurture, and all infirm persons needing medical attendance and nursing, and to apply the appropriate treatment, either in the homes or in suitable institutions.

5. That the Lunacy Authority be empowered and required to search out all feeble-minded and mentally defective persons destitute of proper care and control, and to make appropriate provision for them.

6. That the Local Pension Authority be empowered and required to search out all persons within its district who are destitute from old age, and to provide Old Age Pensions for such of them as are able and willing to live decently thereon.

7. That a new National Authority be empowered and required to search out all able-bodied persons destitute of employment; to take the necessary steps both to diminish, as far as practicable, the social disease of Unemployment, and to supply proper maintenance and training for those who are unemployed and unprovided for.

8. That all these specialised and preventive Authorities be empowered and required to enforce, by counsel and warning, by the sustained pressure of public opinion, and where needed by process of law, the obligation of all able-bodied persons to maintain themselves and their families in due health and efficiency.

INDEX OF UNIONS AND OTHER PLACES MENTIONED

Aberayron, 322

Abergavenny, 322, 324

Aberystwith, 322

Abingdon, 23 _n._, 322

Albans, St., 322

Alcester, 322

Alderbury, 322, 337

Aldershot, 217 _n._

Alnwick, 322

Alstonfield, 322, 323, 331

Alton, 322, 330

Altrincham, 322, 325

Alverstoke, 322

Amersham, 322

Amesbury, 322

Ampthill, 322, 341

Andover, 75, 132, 322

Andrew, St. (Whittlesey), 340

Anglesey, 322, 330

Arrington, 326

Arundel, 322, 327

Asaph, St., 322

Ash, 323, 328, 329

Ashbourne, 322, 323

Ashby de la Zouch, 323

Ashford, 323

Ashton-under-Lyne, 27 _n._, 130 _n._, 323

Aston, 23 _n._, 323

Atcham, 109 _n._, 323, 337

Atherstone, 323, 324

Auckland, 323

Austell, St., 323

Australia, 141, 142

Axbridge, 323

Aylesbury, 323

Aylsham, 323

Aysgarth, 323

Bainbridge, 323

Bakewell, 98 _n._, 107 _n._, 180 _n._, 323

Bala, 323

Banbury, 323

Bangor, 323

Barnet, 323

Barnsley, 128 _n._, 323

Barnstaple, 323

Barrow-in-Furness, 323, 339

Barrow-on-Soar, 323

Barton Regis, 323, 325, 326, 339

Barton-upon-Irwell, 323, 326

Barwick-in-Elmet, 323, 331, 335, 338, 340

Basford, 323

Basingstoke, 323

Bath, 173, 323

Battle, 323

Beaminster, 323

Beaumaris, 323

Bedale, 177 _n._, 323

Bedford, 323

Bedminster, 157 _n._, 323, 332

Bedwellty, 322, 324

Bedworth, 323, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333, 336

Belford, 324

Bellingham, 324

Belper, 324

Belvoir, 329, 341

Berkhampstead, 324

Berkshire, 137 _n._, 138 _n._

Bermondsey, 101-102, 137 _n._, 324, 333

Berwick-on-Tweed, 324

Bethnal Green, 324

Beverley, 324

Bichester, 324

Bideford, 324

Biggleswade, 324

Billericay, 324

Billesdon, 324

Bingham, 324

Birkenhead, 324, 341

Birmingham, 163, 178, 186 _n._, 208 _n._, 324

Bishop Stortford, 324

Bishopthorpe, 341

Blaby, 324

Blackburn, 324

Blandford, 324

Blean, 324

Blofield, 324

Blything, 324

Bodmin, 224

Bolton, 324

Bootle, 324

Bosmere, 324

Boston, 26 _n._, 324

Boughton, Great, 324, 329

Bourne, 237 _n._, 324

Brackley, 324

Bradfield, 37-38, 138 _n._, 178, 252, 324

Bradford (Wilts), 324

Bradford (Yorks), 34 _n._, 35, 96, 167 _n._, 171, 183, 230-231 _n._,
234, 239, 240 _n._, 241 _n._, 254 _n._, 324, 334

Braintree, 325, 341

Bramley, 217 _n._, 325

Brampton, 325

Brecknock, 325

Brentford, 325

Bridge, 325

Bridgend, 325

Bridgnorth, 325

Bridgwater, 325

Bridlington, 325

Bridport, 325

Brighton, 325

Brinton, 325, 339

Bristol, 157 _n._, 253, 323, 325

Brixworth, 253, 325

Broadstairs, 188 _n._

Bromley, 325

Bromsgrove, 325

Bromyard, 325

Buckingham, 325

Bucklow, 322, 325

Builth, 325

Buntingford, 325

Burnley, 325

Burton-upon-Trent, 325

Bury, 325

Bury St. Edmunds, 325

Caistor, 237, 325, 329

Calne, 325

Camberwell, 139 _n._, 187, 325

Cambridge, 325

Camelford, 325

Canada, 142, 250

Cannock, 325, 335

Canterbury, 325

Cardiff, 325, 335

Cardigan, 325

Carlisle, 237 _n._, 325

Carlton, 325, 330, 331, 340

Carmarthen, 325

Carnarvon, 325

Castle Ward, 325

Catherington, 26 _n._, 325

Caton, 326, 331, 332

Caxton, 326

Cerne, 326

Chailey, 326, 332

Chapel-en-le-Frith, 326

Chard, 326

Charterhouse, 322

Cheadle, 326

Chelmsford, 326

Chelsea, 326

Cheltenham, 326

Chepstow, 326

Chertsey, 27 _n._, 326

Cheshire, 175 _n._

Chester, 245 _n._, 326, 329, 338

Chesterfield, 326

Chester-le-Street, 326

Chesterton, 326

Chichester, 326

Chippenham, 326

Chipping Norton, 326

Chipping Sodbury, 323, 326

Chorley, 326

Chorlton, 163 _n._, 168 _n._, 214 _n._, 249, 323, 326

Christchurch, 326

Church Stretton, 326

Cirencester, 326

Clapham, 339

Clavering, 333

Claydon, 324

Cleobury Mortimer, 326

Clerkenwell, 326

Clifton, 323, 326

Clitheroe, 326

Clun, 326

Clutton, 326

Cockermouth, 326

Colchester, 34, 326

Columb, St., 326

Congleton, 326

Conway, 326

Cookham, 137 _n._, 326, 332

Cornwall, 70

Corwen, 173, 326

Cosford, 326

Coventry, 326

Cowbridge, 325

Cowley, 112 _n._

Cranborne, 340

Cranbrook, 326

Crediton, 26 _n._, 326

Crickhowell, 327

Cricklade, 327

Croydon, 217, 327

Cuckfield, 327

Darenth, 224, 225

Darlington, 192 _n._, 327

Dartford, 327

Daventry, 327

Depwade, 327, 329

Derby, 327

Devizes, 327

Devonport, 327, 338

Dewsbury, 327

Docking, 327

Dolgelly, 327

Doncaster, 327

Dorchester, 327

Dore, 327

Dorking, 327

Dover, 327

Downham, 327

Drayton, 247 _n._, 327

Driffield, 327

Droitwich, 327

Droxford, 327

Dudley, 327

Dulverton, 327

Dunmow, 327

Durham, 327

Dursley, 327

Easington, 327

Easingwold, 327

Eastbourne, 327, 340

East Grinstead, 327

Easthampstead, 327

East Preston, 322, 327, 338

East Retford, 327

Eastry, 327

East Stonehouse, 327

East Ward, 327

Eccleshall Bierlow, 327

Edmonton, 327, 329

Elham, 327

Ellesmere, 327, 340

Ely, 327

Epping, 328

Epsom, 328

Erpingham, 328, 337

Escrick, 341

Eton, 328

Evesham, 90 _n._, 114 _n._, 328

Exeter, 328

Faith, St., 328

Falmouth, 328

Fareham, 328

Faringdon, 328

Farnborough, 328, 329

Farnham, 217 _n._, 323, 328

Faversham, 232 _n._, 328

Festiniog, 328

Flaxton, 341

Flegg, East and West, 328

Foleshill, 26 _n._, 324, 328

Forden, 328, 333

Fordingbridge, 328

Forehoe, 328

Forest Gate, 190, 194

France, 132

Freebridge Lynn, 328

Fulham, 328, 329

Fylde, 328

Gainsborough, 328

Garstang, 328

Gateshead, 238 _n._, 328

George, St., Bloomsbury, 328

George, St., Hanover Square, 240, 328, 333

George, St., in the East, 328

George, St., the Martyr, 328

George, St. (Union), 328

Germans, St., 240 _n._, 328

Germany, 132

Giles, St., (Camberwell) 328

Giles, St., in the Fields, 119, 328

Glanford Brigg, 329

Glendale, 241, 329

Glossop, 329

Gloucester, 329

Godstone, 329

Goole, 329

Gosport, 322

Gower, 329, 338

Grantham, 249 _n._, 329, 341

Gravesend, 329

Great Boughton, 326, 329, 340

Great Ouseburn, 323

Great Preston, 329, 330, 331, 335, 337, 338, 339

Great Yarmouth, 329, 334, 341

Greenwich, 329, 341

Grimsby, 325, 329

Guildford, 323, 329

Guiltcross, 326, 329, 339

Guisborough, 329, 333

Hackney, 246, 329

Hadleigh, 171

Hailsham, 329, 340

Halifax, 329

Halstead, 329

Haltwhistle, 329

Hambledon, 329

Hammersmith, 328, 329

Hampstead, 327, 329

Happing, 337, 339

Hardingstone, 329

Hartismere, 329

Hartlepool, 329, 338

Hartley Wintney, 217 _n._, 323, 328, 329

Haslingden, 329

Hastings, 329

Hatfield, 329

Havant, 329

Haverfordwest, 329

Hawarden, 326, 329, 338, 341

Hay, 329

Hayfield, 330

Headington, 330

Headley, 322, 330, 335

Helmsley, 330

Helston, 330

Hemel Hempstead, 330

Hemsworth, 25 _n._, 330

Hendon, 330, 340

Henley, 330

Henstead, 330

Hereford, 330

Hertford, 330

Hexham, 247 _n._, 330

Highworth, 330, 338

Hinckley, 324, 330

Hitchin, 330

Holbeach, 330

Holbeck, 325, 330

Holborn, 102, 103, 104 _n._, 109, 119, 158, 322, 330, 331, 332

Hollingbourne, 330

Holsworthy, 330

Holyhead, 322, 330

Holywell, 330

Honiton, 330

Hoo, 330

Horncastle, 330

Horsham, 330

Houghton le Spring, 330

Howden, 330

Hoxne, 330

Huddersfield, 330

Hungerford, 330

Hunslet, 325, 330, 336

Huntingdon, 330

Hursley, 330

Inns of Court, 322

Ipswich, 331

Ireland, 118, 219

Islington, 164 _n._, 331

Ives, St., 331

James, St. (Clerkenwell), 330, 331

James, St. (Westminster), 331, 340

Jarrow, 177 _n._

Keighley, 201, 247 _n._, 331

Kendal, 331

Kensington, 163, 170, 331

Kent, 70

Kent, East, 57, 60

Kettering, 331

Keynsham, 331, 341, 342

Kidderminster, 331

Kingsbridge, 331

Kingsclere, 331

Kings Lynn, 331

Kings Norton, 331

Kingston-upon-Hull, 331

Kingston-on-Thames, 217, 331

Kington, 331, 336

Kirkby Moorside, 330, 331

Kirkdale, 112 _n._

Knaresborough, 331

Knighton, 331, 336

Laindon, 170

Lambeth, 34, 212 _n._, 215 _n._, 260, 332

Lampeter, 331

Lancashire, 59 _n._, 90 _n._, 91, 92-94, 105, 129 _n._, 136 _n._, 142,
166, 222 _n._

Lancaster, 326, 331

Lanchester, 331

Langport, 331

Launceston, 331

Launditch, 333

Ledbury, 331

Leeds, 217 _n._, 323, 325, 331, 336

Leek, 322, 331

Leicester, 113 _n._, 165 _n._, 331

Leigh, 331

Leighton Buzzard, 332, 341

Leominster, 332

Leonard, St. (Shoreditch), 332

Lewes, 326, 332, 340

Lewisham, 332, 341

Lexden, 332, 341

Leyburn, 332

Lichfield, 332

Lincoln, 332

Lingfield, 171

Linton, 332

Liskeard, 332

Liverpool, 19, 55, 112 _n._, 120, 146 _n._, 217, 237, 332

Llandilo Fawr, 332

Llandovery, 332

Llanelly, 332

Llanfyllin, 332

Llanidloes, 334

Llanrwst, 332

Loddon, 332

London, 14, 25, 34, 35, 91, 96-98, 99, 108, 112, 116, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 127, 129, 136 _n._, 137 _n._, 139 _n._, 140, 145, 147
_n._, 148, 151, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 169 _n._, 174 _n._,
178, 186, 188 _n._, 190, 192 _n._, 207 _n._, 208, 212 _n._, 214, 215,
224, 225, 227, 231, 233 _n._, 235, 242, 243, 264, 332 Long Ashton,
323, 332

Longtown, 332

Lothingland, 334, 341

Loughborough, 332

Louth, 332

Ludlow, 109 _n._, 332

Luke, St. (Chelsea), 332

Luke, St. (Middlesex), 330, 332

Lunesdale, 326, 332

Luton, 332

Lutterworth, 324, 332

Lymington, 332

Macclesfield, 332

Machynlleth, 332

Madeley, 332

Maidenhead, 326, 332

Maidstone, 332

Maldon, 26 _n._, 332, 341

Malling, 332

Malmesbury, 332

Malton, 332, 342

Manchester, 92 _n._, 94, 104, 105 _n._, 108 _n._, 112 _n._, 118 _n._,
119 _n._, 120 _n._, 124, 141, 152, 153, 163, 168 _n._, 175, 178, 214
_n._, 215, 217 _n._, 333, 336

Mansfield, 333

Margaret, St., 328, 333

Margate, 108 _n._, 188 _n._, 241 _n._

Market Bosworth, 324, 333

Market Drayton, 333

Market Harborough, 333

Marlborough, 333

Marston Green, 186 _n._

Martin, St., 333, 338

Mary, St. (Islington), 333

Mary, St. (Lambeth), 333

Mary, St. (Newington), 333

Mary, St. (Rotherhithe), 333

Mary, St. (Whittlesey), 333, 340

Mary Magdalen, St., 324, 333

Marylebone, St., 145 _n._, 333

Medway, 333

Melksham, 333, 339

Melton Mowbray, 333

Mere, 333

Meriden, 333

Merthyr Tydfil, 333, 335

Middlesborough, 329, 333, 338

Midhurst, 333, 338

Mildenhall, 225, 333

Mile End New Town, 333

Mile End Old Town, 214 _n._, 333, 338

Milton, 329, 333

Mitcham, 127 _n._

Mitford and Launditch, 333

Monmouth, 333

Montgomery, 328, 333

Morpeth, 334

Mutford and Lothingland, 334, 341

Nantwich, 334, 340

Narberth, 334

Neath, 334, 335

Neot's, St., 334

Newark, 334

Newbury, 334

Newcastle in Emlyn, 334

Newcastle-under-Lyme, 334

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 34 _n._, 59 _n._, 105 _n._, 112-113 _n._, 114 _n._,
151 _n._, 158 _n._, 216 _n._, 220 _n._, 334

Newent, 334

New Forest, 334

Newhaven, 334

Newington, 152 _n._, 334

Newmarket, 334

Newport (Monmouth), 334

Newport (Salop), 334

Newport Pagnell, 334

Newton Abbot, 334

Newtown and Llanidloes, 334

Norfolk, 218

Northallerton, 334

Northampton, 334

North Aylesford, 334, 338

North Bierley, 324, 334

Northleach, 334

North Shields, 177 _n._

North Witchford, 334

Norton, 332, 342

Norwich, 25, 66, 109-111, 129, 201, 334

Norwood, 44, 108 _n._

Nottingham, 322, 334, 336, 342

Nuneaton, 26 _n._, 334

Oakham, 334

Okehampton, 334

Olave, St., 212 _n._, 324, 333, 334

Old Gravel Lane, 238 _n._

Oldham, 334

Ongar, 334

Ormskirk, 334

Orsett. 334

Oswestry, 334

Oundle, 334

Ouseburn, 335

Oxford, 112 _n._, 335

Paddington, 119 _n._, 335

Pancras, St., 322, 335, 342

Pateley Bridge, 335

Patrington, 335

Pembroke, 335

Penbridge, 325, 335

Penistone, 335, 341

Penrith, 335

Penzance, 335

Pershore, 335

Peterborough, 335

Petersfield, 330, 335

Petworth, 335, 338

Pewsey, 335

Pickering, 335

Plomesgate, 335

Plymouth, 28 _n._, 42 _n._, 125 _n._, 208 _n._, 335

Plympton, 335

Pocklington, 335

Pontadawe, 334, 335, 338

Pontefract, 323, 335, 336

Pontypool, 335

Pontypridd, 325, 333, 335

Pool, 328, 333

Poole, 335

Poplar, 63 _n._, 73, 121 _n._, 129, 142, 144 _n._, 157, 161-163, 164
_n._, 166 _n._, 169-171, 178, 211 _n._, 232 _n._, 236, 236-237 _n._,
241, 243, 260, 335

Portsea Island, 208 _n._, 335

Portsmouth, 335

Potterspury, 336

Prescot, 336

Presteigne, 331, 336

Preston, 336

Prestwich, 92 _n._, 214 _n._, 333, 336

Purbeck, 339

Pwllheli, 336

Radford, 334, 336

Ramsbury, 330

Reading, 336

Redruth, 221, 336

Reeth, 336

Reigate, 336

Rhayader, 336

Richmond (Surrey), 217, 336

Richmond (Yorks), 336

Ringwood, 336

Ripon, 336

Risbridge, 336

Rochdale, 222 _n._, 336

Rochford, 336

Romford, 336

Romney Marsh, 57, 336

Romsey, 336

Ross, 336

Rothbury, 336

Rotherham, 336

Rotherhithe, 119 _n._, 324, 333, 336

Rottingdean, 188 _n._

Royston, 77, 336

Rugby, 324, 336

Runcorn, 336

Ruthin, 336

Rye, 336

Saddleworth, 336, 337

Saffron Walden, 337

Salford, 105 _n._, 129 _n._, 214 _n._, 337

Salisbury, 322, 337

Samford, 337

Saviour's Street, 328, 333, 337

Scarborough, 337

Scotland, 95, 114, 343-363

Sculcoates, 337

Sedbergh, 337

Sedgefield, 337

Seisdon, 337

Selby, 336, 337

Settle, 337

Sevenoaks, 60, 337

Shaftesbury, 337

Shardlow, 337

Sheffield, 187 _n._, 337

Sheppey, 337

Shepton Mallet, 337

Sherborne, 337

Shiffnal, 337

Shipston-on-Stour, 337

Shoreditch, 337

Shrewsbury, 323, 337

Shropshire, 113

Skipton, 337

Skirlaugh, 337

Sleaford, 337

Smallburgh, 337, 339

Solihull, 337

Southam, 337

Southampton, 337

South Molton, 337

South Shields, 337

South Stoneham, 337

Southwark, 127 _n._, 152 _n._, 328, 333, 337

Southwell, 337

Spalding, 337

Spilsby, 337

Stafford, 337

Staines, 337

Stamford, 337

Stepney, 121 _n._, 161 _n._, 236, 333, 338

Steyning, 338

Stockbridge, 338

Stockport, 338

Stockton, 329, 333, 338

Stoke Damerel, 327, 338

Stokesley, 333, 338

Stoke-upon-Trent, 338

Stone, 338

Stourbridge, 338

Stow, 338

Stow-on-the-Wold, 338

Strand, 119 _n._, 333, 338, 340

Stratford-on-Avon, 338

Stratton, 338

Strood, 338

Stroud, 338

Sturminster, 338

Sudbury, 338

Suffolk, 225

Surrey, North, 188 _n._

Sussex, 70

Sutton, 327, 333, 335, 338, 340

Sutton Courtney, 23 _n._

Swaffham, 338

Swansea, 329, 335, 338

Swindon, 330, 338

Swinton, 108 _n._, 112 _n._

Tadcaster, 323, 336, 338

Tamworth, 338

Tarvin, 324, 326, 329, 338

Taunton, 338

Tavistock, 338

Teesdale, 117 _n._, 338

Tendring, 338

Tenterden, 338

Tetbury, 338

Tewkesbury, 338

Thakeham, 338

Thame, 338

Thanet, Isle of, 339

Thetford, 329, 339

Thingoe, 339

Thirsk, 339

Thomas, St., 339

Thornbury, 323, 339

Thorne, 339

Thrapston, 339

Ticehurst, 339

Tisbury, 339

Tiverton, 339

Todmorden, 339

Tonbridge, 339

Tooting, 108

Torrington, 339

Totnes, 339

Towcester, 339

Toxteth, 217, 339, 340

Tregaron, 339

Trowbridge, 333, 339

Truro, 339

Tunstead, 337, 339

Tynemouth, 177 _n._, 339

Uckfield, 339

Ulverston, 323, 339

Uppingham, 339

Upton-on-Severn, 339

Uttoxeter, 339

Uxbridge, 339

Wakefield, 336, 339

Wallingford, 339

Walsall, 193 _n._, 339

Walsingham, 325, 339

Wandsworth, 339

Wangford, 339

Wantage, 339

Ware, 339

Wareham, 339

Warminster, 339

Warmley, 331, 342

Warrington, 157, 339

Warwick, 339

Watford, 339

Wayland, 329, 339

Weardale, 339

Wellingborough, 339

Wellington (Salop), 339

Wellington (Som.), 339

Wells, 339

Welwyn, 339

Wem, 339, 340

Weobley, 340

Westbourne, 340

West Bromwich, 193 _n._, 340

Westbury, 340

Westbury-on-Severn, 340

West Derby, 216, 339, 340

West Firle, 327, 329, 332, 340

West Ham, 225 _n._, 340

Westhampnett, 338, 340

Westminster, 102 _n._, 128 _n._, 331, 338, 340

West Ward, 340

Wetherby, 323, 325, 340

Weymouth, 340

Wharfedale, 325, 340

Wheatenhurst, 340

Whitby, 340

Whitchurch (Hants), 340

Whitchurch (Salop), 327, 334, 338, 339, 340, 341

Whitechapel, 158 _n._, 170, 171, 260, 340

Whitehaven, 340

Whittlesey, 340

Whorwellsdown, 340

Wigan, 330

Wight, Isle of, 340

Wigton, 340

Willesden, 330, 340

Williton, 340

Wilton, 340

Wimborne, 340

Wincanton, 340

Winchcombe, 341

Winchester, 341

Windsor, 341

Winslow, 341

Winstree, 332, 341

Wirral, 247 _n._, 324, 341

Wisbeach, 341

Witham, 325, 332, 341

Witney, 341

Woburn, 322, 341

Wokingham, 137 _n._, 341

Wolstanton, 341

Wolverhampton, 341

Woodbridge 242 _n._, 341

Woodstock, 341

Woolwich, 239 _n._, 329, 332, 341

Wootton Bassett, 327

Worcester, 341

Worksop, 341

Wortley, 335, 341

Wrexham, 329, 340, 341

Wycombe, 341

Yarmouth, 329, 334, 341

Yeovil, 341

York, 192 _n._, 341, 342

Yorkshire, 59 _n._, 91, 105 _n._, 234, 322

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Able-bodied, the, attendance at classes as condition of relief, 94;
not to be allowed out to look for work, 80;
but so allowed, 260;
beer granted to, 246-247;
classification of, 32-33;
detention of, 268, 291;
definition or want of definition of, 4, 11, 13, 15, 22-23, 32, 51, 90,
100-101;
discrimination among, 3-4, 259;
disfranchisement of, 261;
under Distress Committees, 260-262;
emigration of, 260;
employment of, under Poor Law, 4-6, 10, 28, 74-75, 121, 133, 246;
employment of, at wages, 29, 83, 260-261;
families of, 28, 158-159, 170-171, 184;
in Farm Colonies, 260;
in 1834 Report, 3-6, 11, 13, 236;
Ins and Outs among, 288;
ineligible for relief in Scotland, 95, 356-361;
industrial and reformatory institutions for, 235;
labour test for, 36, 84, 154, 156-158, 259-262;
luncheon allowed to, 246;
under Majority Report, 275;
Manchester rules as to, 152;
mental trainer for, 260, 265;
migration of, 260;
under Minority Report, 297;
and Modified W. T. Order, 158-159, 170-171;
and non-resident relief, 53;
outdoor relief to, 4-8, 13, 15, 22-32, 51, 54, 83-87, 90-91, 130, 149,
152-158, 167, 257-259, 260-262;
at Poplar, 260;
power of Central Authority to regulate, 12-13, 21;
and Principle of Curative Treatment, 265;
and Principle of Less Eligibility, 3-11, 83-84, 259-261;
and Principle of National Uniformity, 3-4, 83, 90-91, 257;
relief in kind for, 39, 42, 43, 130;
relief on loan, 11;
in Scotland, 95, 356-361;
Test Workhouse for, 159-164, 243, 358-359;
women as, 3, 15;
and the workhouse, 5-6, 9-10, 32-33, 61, 74-75, 83-85, 91, 121, 128,
134, 140, 151, 154-160, 165, 235-236, 244-247, 259-260, 262, 268.
See also _Unemployed_ and _Vagrants_
---- Test Workhouse, 159-164, 170, 243, 358-359

Aged and infirm, 3, 8-9, 12, 51-53, 89 _n._, 128-130, 132, 148, 229-240,
265, 271;
definition of, 51, 52;
grant of outdoor relief to, 6-7, 8-9, 15, 18, 51-52, 65 _n._, 84,
128-130, 131 _n._, 149-153, 207, 229-235, 258, 262, 265;
in workhouse, 56, 61, 71-72, 79, 84-85, 134, 222, 235-240, 242, 243;
separate building for, 6, 9, 52, 83, 85, 121 _n._, 236, 258;
employment of, 67, 74, 237 _n._, 246;
diet of, 68, 69, 138, 139 _n._, 237 _n._, 240, 242;
married couples, separate accommodation for, in workhouse, 65-66, 81,
236 _n._, 238;
application of workhouse test to, 52-53, 85-86, 150, 152, 229-230,
258;
boarding out of, 232 _n._, 241;
in workhouse of another Union, 161;
no national uniformity in treatment of, 84, 234, 258;
statistics of, 130-131 _n._, 233 _n._, 235 _n._;
Bill for establishment of District Infirmaries for, 49, 52;
for establishment of Cottage Homes for, 226
---- Poor, Royal Commission on, 231, 232

Alcohol for paupers, 19, 68, 218, 246-247

Alcoholism, 304-306

Allowance system, 24, 87

Almshouses for deserving aged, 258

Anstie, Dr., 119

Apprentices, obligation of householders to receive, 17

Apprenticeship, 4, 8, 12, 17, 45-46, 113 _n._, 200-203;
to sea service, 17, 202-203;
payment of premiums for, 45, 46, 50, 265;
"outdoor," 110
---- orders, 45-46, 113 _n._

Arnold, Sir Arthur, 94 _n._

Aschrott, Dr. P. F., vi

Assistant Commissioners. See _Commissioners, Assistant_

Association for the Cure of Tuberculosis, 217-218 _n._
---- for Improving the Condition of the Sick Poor, 119
---- of Poor Law Unions, 249

Asylums for houseless poor, 14, 35, 97;
for insane, 50, 89 _n._;
for sick, 89 _n._, 121;
of Metropolitan Asylums Board, for idiots, 224-225

Aubin, Mr., 44, 108 _n._

Auditor, disallowance by, of toys for sick children, 189;
of beer, 247

Bagenal, Mr., 221, 233 _n._, 234 _n._

Baines, Mr., 117 _n._

Baker, Mr. T. Barwick L., 96 _n._, 100 _n._

Balfour, Mr. Gerald, 169 _n._

Band of Hope, donation by guardians to funds of, 190

"Barrack Schools," 112, 114, 186, 258.
See also _Schools, Poor Law_

Bastardy, recommendations of 1834 Report about, 7

Berrington, Mr., 203

Beveridge, Mr. W. H., 356

Blind, 128 _n._, 184, 227;
relief to, 18, 50, 228-229;
institutional treatment of, 8, 50, 127-128, 227, 241;
apprenticeship of, 45, 50.
See also _Children, Defective_

"Block system," 186

Board of Education, 195
---- of Guardians. See _Guardians_
---- of Trade, 202

Boarding-out, orders for, 130;
declared to be outdoor relief, 232 _n._
See also _Aged, Children_, and _Unsound Mind, Persons of_
---- Committee. See _Committee_

Boards, District, 166, 168, 213

Bone-pounding, 75

Bosanquet, Mrs. B., 274

Bosanquet, Prof. B., 280, 350

Bowen, Mr. John, 132 _n._

Boyle, Mr. Courtenay, 228 _n._

Boys in workhouses, 61, 66-67, 76, 110-111;
at Norwich Homes, 110-111;
working home for, at Keighley, 202

Bridges, Dr. J. H., 139 _n._, 186 _n._

Buchanan, Dr., 119 _n._

Bulkley, Miss M., ix

Buller, Mr. Charles, 95, 96 _n._, 99, 107

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 167

"Canary Wards," 76

Carr, Dr., 119

Casson, Mr. W. A., 199 _n._, 202 _n._, 206 _n._, 217 _n._, 218 _n._, 229
_n._, 240 _n._, 241 _n._, 245 _n._, 247 _n._, 250 _n._

Casual labourers, excluded from Lancashire relief works, 166
---- Poor Act (1882), 174 _n._, 245 _n._
---- wards, 33, 35-36, 64, 80, 96-99, 133, 163 _n._, 172, 173 _n._,
174 _n._
See also _Vagrants_

Central Authority, establishment of, 2;
regulations made by, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17-18, 18-19, 21;
powers of, 12, 54-55, 89 _n._;
approval by, of grant of outdoor relief to able-bodied, 13, 29, 30,
31, 43-44;
of emigration of poor persons, 19;
of married couples living together, 65.
See also _Local Government Board_, _Poor Law Board_, and _Poor Law
Commissioners_

Certified Schools Act (1862), 111 _n._

Chadwick, Sir Edward, 282

Chamberlain, Mr. Joseph, 164-165, 166, 167, 168, 261

Chance, Sir W., vi, vii, 253 _n._

Chaplain, workhouse, 77-78

Chaplin, Mr. Henry, 164 _n._, 199, 231, 232 _n._, 233, 238

Charge and recovery, 7, 198 _n._, 295, 361, 363

Charity, function of, in Majority Report, 281-283;
in the Minority Report, 307-311;
to deal with hard cases, 4, 230;
overlapping of, 103

Charity Organisation Society, 274, 282

Chevalier, Mons. E., vi

Children, classed as able-bodied, 90 _n._;
adoption of, 196, 203-206, 268;
apprenticeship of, 17, 45-46, 200-203, 265;
baptism of, 79 _n._;
boarding out of, 80, 84, 114-115, 130, 184, 195-206, 227, 232 _n._,
241, 258;
in certified schools, 203, 206;
defective, 46, 226-227;
deserted, 12 _n._, 142, 195-196, 250-251, 268;
detention of, 204 _n._, 268;
education of, 7, 12-16, 73, 82-83, 104-106, 109, 121 _n._, 146, 180
_n._, 191-195, 264-269;
emigration of, 142, 250;
farming out of, 44, 108, 187 _n._;
illegitimate, 16, 196;
imbecile, 224-228;
in industrial schools, 261-262;
institutional provision for, 83-85, 104, 106-114, 133 _n._, 184,
187-195, 203, 236, 258, 262-265;
ophthalmic, 189, 192 _n._;
orphan, 3, 12 _n._, 80, 83-84, 104-106, 114, 142-143, 195-196,
250-251, 268;
out-relief to, 16, 43-44, 179-188, 195-199, 203, 206, 258, 265;
parental authority over, 268;
under pauper care, 125 _n._, 188, 190;
and Principle of Less Eligibility, 109, 114, 146-149, 187, 192, 200,
250, 261-262, 265;
and Principle of National Uniformity, 258;
and relief on loan, 143, 253;
religious teaching of, 16, 77-78, 191, 193, 204-205;
on remand, 192 _n._;
Roman Catholic, 241;
school fees for, 44, 104-106;
and stigma of pauperism, 262;
underfed at day school, 183-184, 253;
in the workhouse, 7, 9, 12-16, 43-45, 71-72, 80, 82-83, 106-107,
112-113, 121 _n._, 133-134, 138, 160, 177, 181-182, 185, 188-192,
195-196, 224-226, 238, 242-243, 259.
See also _Infant_

Children Act (1908), 312, 314

Children's Care Committees, 310-311

Cholera, 116, 119 _n._;
patients suffering from, not to be admitted to workhouse, 119 _n._

Christmas Day, no extra dinner allowed on, 69;
extra allowed, 70

Church Army, 171

Circulars of Central Authority, 21, 22

Clothing, as outdoor relief, 25 _n._, 100 _n._;
purchase or redemption of, by voluntary agencies, 144

Cod-liver oil, supply of, 117

Commission, Royal, on Aged Poor, 231-232;
on the Blind, etc., 189;
on the Feeble-minded, 312, 314, 345, 354-355, 361;
of 1832-1834, 3-11, 257-263;
of 1905-1909, 274-319

Commissioners, Assistant, 57, 147

Committee, Departmental, on weighing rations, 249;
on vagrancy, 174
---- Parliamentary, of 1838, 35, 37;
of 1864, 97, 117-118; of 1888, 174;
of 1892, 167-168; of 1900, 226
---- of Privy Council on Education, 107 _n._, 109 _n._

Committees, boarding-out, 196-200
---- Visiting, of lunatic asylum, 222, 223, 224
---- Visiting, of workhouse, 77, 125, 238, 244, 247-248
---- Women's, 189

Common Poor Fund.
See _Metropolitan Common Poor Fund_

Commons, House of, 148, 153

Compulsion, 270-272;
principle of, 263, 267-268;
in Majority Report, 276

Constable may take children to workhouse, 181

Continuous treatment, 276

Convict, emigration of family of, 141

Corbett, Mr., 140 _n._, 145 _n._, 147 _n._, 148, 155 _n._, 157 _n._, 158
_n._, 159, 161 _n._, 162 _n._, 175 _n._, 178, 183, 186, 198 _n._,
251

Corn-grinding, 75, 164 _n._, 246

Cost of Minority Report proposals, 297-300;
recovery of, 294-295

Cottage homes, 185-187, 226, 258, 264

Cotton famine in Lancashire, 90 _n._, 91-93, 105, 142, 166

Councils of Social Welfare, sphere of, under Minority Report, 311

Country Holiday Fund, 310-311

Creed register, 77

Criminal Lunatics Act (1838), 18 _n._

Cripples, 127-128, 255

Culley, Mr., 150 _n._, 158 _n._, 177 _n._, 229 _n._, 253 _n._

Curative treatment, 263-266, 269-272;
principle of, 263-266;
in Majority Report, 275

Custody of Children Act, 205

Davy, Mr., 181, 203, 232 _n._

Deaf and dumb, 18, 50, 127, 184, 241.
See also _Children, Defective_

Defectives, 50, 74, 85, 127-128, 226-229.
See also _Blind_, _Deaf and Dumb_, and _Children, Defective_
---- mentally.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_

Denison's Act, 105, 179

Destitution, causes of, 300, 347;
definition of, as regards medical relief, 116, 212 _n._;
want of education a form of, 105 _n._
---- authority, plea for, in Majority Report, 278-281;
necessity for, in 1834, 278;
not to apply to mentally defective, 279;
connection of, with "moral" defect, 281;
incompatibility of, with principle of curative treatment, 284-289;
with principle of compulsion, 289-292;
with principle of universal provision, 292-295;
the officials of a, 285;
inability of, to deal with incipient stage, 286-287;
inability of, to search out, 287-288;
inability of, to deal with ins and outs, 288-289;
inability of, to deal with unemployed, 291;
overlapping of other authorities with, 293;
Prof. Bosanquet's argument for, 350-361

Detention. See _Workhouse_
---- Colony, 307

Disciplinary supervision as substitute for deterrence, 316-317

Dietaries and Accounts Order, 170, 171 _n._, 240 _n._, 245, 248, 249

Diseases Prevention Act, 209 _n._, 213

Disfranchisement of able-bodied, 168 _n._, 261;
of sick, 209, 213, 217

Dispensaries, Poor Law, 118, 146, 208, 258, 264;
provident, 118

Dissenters. See _Nonconformists_

Distress Committee, 172;
powers and constitution of, 169;
employment of able-bodied by, 169 _n._, 260, 261, 262

Distress from want of employment, Committee of House of Commons on, 167

District medical officers. See _Medical Officers, District_
---- Nurses Order, 181, 210 _n._ See also _Nurses_

Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act, 175 _n._, 209 _n._, 245
_n._

Dodson, Mr., 151-152

Doyle, Mr., 148

Drink, 304-306

Drouet, Mr., 108

Dumsday, Mr. W. H., 197 _n._

Ebrington, Lord, 137 _n._

Education, provision of, for paupers, 126, 266-267, 271.
See also _Children, Education of_
---- Aid Society, Manchester and Salford, 105 _n._
---- Department, 180
---- Acts (1870-1909), 105-106, 177, 179 _n._, 180 _n._, 198, 201, 227
_n._, 228, 312, 313, 344, 361
---- (Administrative Provisions) Act (1907), 312
---- of Poor Children Act (1855), 105 _n._
---- (Provision of Meals) Act (1906), 312, 313
---- (Scotland) Act (1908), 312, 344, 361

Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act (1893), 227 _n._, 228
---- (Defective and Epileptic Children) Act (1899), 227 _n._

Emigration, 10, 19, 141-143, 169, 249-251, 260, 266

Epileptics, 217, 218, 255

Estcourt, Mr. Sotheron, 96 _n._, 97 _n._

Factory Acts, 198

Family, how the Minority Report deals with the, 301-302, 348-349

Farm colonies, 169-172, 255, 260, 265, 270

Fawcett, Professor H., 115

Feeble-minded, 80;
proposed authority for the, 354-355;
Royal Commission on, 312, 314, 345, 354, 355, 361.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_

Fels, Mr. Joseph, 170

Fever wards, 122

Fleming, Mr. Baldwyn, 181-182, 192, 234 _n._, 254 _n._

Fowle, Rev. T. W., vi, 115

Fowler, Sir Henry (Lord Wolverhampton), 167, 230 _n._, 238

Franchise, extension of, 148

Free Education Act (1891), 106

Friendly societies, out-relief to members of, 47, 48, 148, 253-255, 265

Froment, Mons. G. E. de, vi

Fust, Mr. Jenner, 190-191

Gambling, 304

Gardiner, Colonel Lynedoch, 145 _n._

General Board of Health, 146
---- Consolidated Order (1847), 32-33, 35-36, 46, 54, 56, 61-62, 79,
81-82, 88, 91, 107-108, 113, 126-127, 133, 170, 188, 235-237, 240,
249, 260
---- Orders or Rules, 21-22, 48, 61-62

Gilbert's Act, 321

Girls, employment of, 67;
in workhouse, 66-67, 134

Glanville, Dr. Mortimer, 210 _n._, 211 _n._

Goschen, Mr. G. J. (Lord Goschen), 100, 102, 103, 104 _n._, 123,
144-145, 147 _n._, 148, 149, 207, 214, 219, 253, 254, 255, 266,
282-283

Grant, Colonel C. W., 114 _n._

Greater Eligibility, Principle of, 263, 264, 265

Guardians, grant of relief by, 12;
apprenticing of children by, 17;
consent of, for building new workhouse, 19, 54;
opposition of, to establishment of vagrant districts, 35, 97;
to establishment of boarding-schools, 45;
subscriptions by, to voluntary institutions, 63 _n._, 116, 217 _n._;
refractory paupers brought before, 76;
part taken by, in provision of relief works, 90 _n._, 93-94, 165, 166,
167;
nomination of members of Distress Committees by, 169;
Conference of, in London, 178 _n._, 198 _n._;
proceedings taken against parents by, for neglect of children, 180,
181, 184;
inspection of boarded-out children by, 199-200;
in country, conservatism of, 187, 192;
election of, 209 _n._, 247;
in rural districts, the public health authorities, 212 _n._, 219-220;
combination of, for classification by workhouses, 243-244

Guilds of Help, sphere of, under Minority Report, 311

Hanway's Act, 17 _n._

Hardy, Mr. Gathorne, 120, 215

Harries, Mr. Thomas, 137 _n._

Hart, Dr. Ernest, 119

Head, Sir Edmund, 86

Head, Sir Francis, 57, 58, 60, 86, 131

Health Societies, 311
---- visitors, 220, 310

Hedley, Mr., 151 _n._, 220 _n._

Henley, Mr., 163

Hervey, Mr., 187 _n._, 219

Hibbert, Sir J., 189

Hicks-Beach, Sir M. (Lord St. Aldwyn), 98-99

Hill, Miss F., 114 _n._

Hill, Miss Octavia, 145 _n._, 253

Hodgson, Mr., 104

Homes, Children's, 109-111, 201;
convalescent, 241, 255;
for aged, 239 _n._
See _Cottage Homes_

Hospitals, relation of Poor Law to, 63 _n._, 116, 119, 120, 216-217,
220, 241, 255, 266

House of Lords. See _Committees, Parliamentary_

Houseless Poor, 35 _n._
See also _Vagrants_

Idiots, 63, 123, 224-225, 242.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_

Imbeciles. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_

Impotent, 8-9, 18, 51. See also _Aged_

Industrial Schools. See _Schools, Industrial_
---- Schools Acts, 111

Inebriates Act, 206

Infants, in workhouse, 56, 61, 62, 63-64, 66, 67, 72.
See also _Children_

Infectious disease, 126, 245 _n._, 271;
provision for, by Guardians, 62 _n._, 119, 136, 214 _n._;
by Metropolitan Asylums Board, 123, 209 _n._, 212-213.
See also _Hospitals_

Infirm. See _Aged and Infirm_

Infirmaries, Bill for establishment of District, 49, 52
---- Poor Law, 121, 207, 235 _n._;
pressure on Guardians to provide, 211-212, 216;
cost of maintenance in, borne by Common Poor Fund, 214;
increasing popularity of, 214-216;
admission to, 214 _n._, 215;
maintenance in, held to be medical relief only, 217.
See also _Workhouse, Sick in_

"Ins and Outs," 132, 192 _n._, 206;
detention of, 244-245

Insane. See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_

Inspectors of Local Government Board, 147, 181-182, 190, 206, 216, 225,
241; strict policy urged by, 148-153, 159, 164, 175, 178, 207-208,
229, 232, 243, 251, 252; test workhouse advocated by, 159-161, 163,
243;
conferences of, 151
---- of Lunacy Commissioners, 125
---- of Schools, 113, 114

Justices, granting of relief by, 12, 13, 14, 18;
committal of lunatics to asylum by, 18;
detention of lunatics in workhouse by order of, 222, 223

Kennedy, Mr., 182 _n._, 187 _n._

Labour colonies for vagrants, 171 _n._
---- Exchanges Act (1908), 346
---- Exchanges of Distress Committees, 169, 172, 270;
in Majority Report, 277;
in Minority Report, 358-359
---- Test, 156-158, 165, 178, 261

_Laisser faire_, 270

Lambert, Sir John, 153 _n._, 219

_Lancet, The_, 117, 134, 210 _n._, 211 _n._, 235

Land, cultivation of, 165, 168-170, 246

Landquist, Mr. J. F., 188 _n._

Lansbury, Mr. G., 170

Lefevre, Mr. Shaw (Lord Eversley), 167, 168 _n._

Less Eligibility, Principle of, how far applicable, 1, 3, 11, 45, 83-85,
88-89, 109, 112, 114, 117-118, 122, 125-126, 172, 187, 192, 200, 212
_n._, 250, 256, 259-263, 265-266, 269, 271

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, 86, 89

Lewis, Sir G. F., 89 _n._

Local Authorities, position of, 2, 12
---- Government Board for England and Wales, 146-255, 263
---- Government Board for Scotland, order of, as to phthisis, 344, 345,
352

Lock Hospital at Aldershot, 217 _n._

Lockwood, Mr., 163 _n._

London County Council, 310
---- Hospital, 63 _n._

Long, Mr. Walter, 169, 218 _n._, 245, 250

Longley, Sir Henry, 148, 150 _n._, 151, 154 _n._, 159-160, 161 _n._, 177
_n._, 207 _n._, 208, 214 _n._, 229, 230, 232, 235, 237, 243, 247,
251 _n._

Longman, Miss M., ix

Lonsdale, Miss S., vii

Lunacy Acts, 124 _n._, 222 _n._, 223 _n._
---- Commissioners, 125-127, 133, 221, 222, 224

Lunatics, 8, 18, 25 _n._, 49, 50, 63, 89 _n._, 123-126, 252, 267, 271.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_

Lushington, Mr., 195 _n._, 238 _n._

Lying-in cases, 62, 63, 136

M'Culloch, Mr. J. R., 132

Mackay, Mr. T., vi, vii, 87 _n._, 94 _n._, 105 _n._, 115, 151 _n._

Macmorran, Mr., 195 _n._, 238 _n._

Magistrates, police, 162

Majority Report, 274-295;
repudiates "Principles of 1834," 275;
adopts "Principles of 1907," 275;
pleads for a single Destitution Authority, 278-281;
reverts to "Principles of 1834," 281-283;
summary of, 313-314

Makers Up, Society of, 94

"Manchester Rules," 152, 153, 175, 179 _n._

Markham, Dr., 139 _n._

Married couples, separate accommodation for, in workhouse, 65-66, 81,
236 _n._, 238
---- Women's Property Act, 175 n.

Martineau, Harriet, 85-86, 131

Master of Workhouse, 70, 72, 74, 76, 77, 238, 244 _n._

Matron of Workhouse, 70, 73, 74, 238

"Medical extras," 25 _n._, 48
---- inspection and treatment, in Majority Report, 277
---- Officer, District, 211, 231;
qualifications and remuneration of, 48, 117, 251-252, 264;
inspection by, of boarded-out children, 199;
of boarded-out lunatics, 224

Medical officer of workhouse, 8, 60, 68-69, 74, 138, 189, 237 _n._,
246, 247;
appointment and duties of, 71
---- Relief Disqualification Act. 209 _n._, 217 _n._
---- Relief, 4, 8, 13, 18, 117, 123, 143, 153, 210, 211, 219-220, 264

Medicines, supply of free, to sick poor, 123, 219;
supply of, by Public Health Authorities, 220;
expensive, supply of, by Guardians, 117, 264

Mentally defective, proposed Authority for the, 354-355.
See _Unsound Mind, Persons of_

Merchant Shipping Acts, 17, 202

Metropolitan Asylums Board, infectious diseases hospitals of, 123, 209
_n._, 212-213, 214, 216;
establishment of training-ships by, 112;
provision made by, for idiots, 127, 224-225, 227-228;
for "remand children," 192 _n._;
expenditure of, 219 _n._, 243 _n._
---- Board of Works, 97 _n._, 164-165
---- Common Poor Fund, 97 _n._, 168, 170, 185, 212, 213, 214, 232, 235
---- Houseless Poor Acts, 97, 98, 99
---- Police District, 19, 55
---- Poor Acts, 89 _n._, 112, 118, 160, 161, 208 _n._, 214 _n._, 215
_n._, 232 _n._

Migration, 144, 169, 260 _n._

"Miners' phthisis," 221

Minority Report, 274, 296-311;
adopts Principles of 1907, 296-297;
adds to them Principle of Prevention, 297-304;
economy of, 298-300;
the "Moral Factor" in, 304-307;
drink in, 304-306;
unemployment in, 306-307;
voluntary agencies in, 307-311;
summary of, 314-317

"Moral Factor," the, 304-309, 350-361

Mouat, Dr., 216 _n._

Mozley, Mr., 185 _n._

Municipalities, relief works undertaken by, 92-94, 165-168;
regularisation of work of, 168

National Committee to Promote the Break-up of the Poor Law, 274
---- Labour Exchange, 359
---- Uniformity, Principle of, 1-3, 11, 12, 22-23, 83-84, 90-91,
153-154, 173, 174, 234, 256-259, 271

Nichols, Sir George, vii, 86

Nonconformists, provision for, 77-79

Non-parishioners, relief to, 13, 14

Non-residents, relief to, 53-54, 128 _n._, 130, 187-188, 232 _n._,
240-242, 254 _n._

North-Eastern Metropolitan District, 35

Nurses, for indoor sick, 67, 120, 211, 216 _n._, 218, 219;
for outdoor sick, 210, 211 _n._, 258, 264;
in lunatic ward, 126;
for epileptics, 218.
See also _District Nurses Order_

Oakum-picking, 75, 157, 161-164, 178

Obligation, mutual, between community and individual, 269-270

Offences against the Person Act (1861), 113 _n._

Old Age Pensions Act (1908), 312, 344, 354
---- Age Pensions, in Majority Report, 277;
in Minority Report, 363

Operations, surgical, 264

Orders of Central Authority. See _General Orders_, _Special Orders_,
_Outdoor Relief_, and _Outdoor Labour Test Order_

Orphans. See _Children_

Outdoor Labour Test Order, 26, 29, 30-31, 36, 39, 41, 43, 46, 49, 83-84,
88, 90-91, 100-101, 149, 154, 156, 167-168, 261 _n._
---- Medical Relief. See _Medical Relief and Sick_
---- Relief to able-bodied, 4-8, 13, 15, 22-32, 39, 43, 51, 54, 83-87,
90-91, 94, 130, 149, 154-155, 167, 228, 257-259, 262;
to be always adequate, 103, 145, 258, 265;
to aged and infirm, 6-9, 15, 18, 51, 52, 65 _n._, 84, 128-131, 149,
182-183, 232 _n._, 258, 262, 265;
to the blind, 50;
charitable supplementation of, 103, 144;
to children, 43, 83, 104 _n._, 179-185, 196, 201-202;
to the deaf and dumb, 50;
to deserted wives, 36, 40, 101, 175;
discouragement of, 87 _n._, 143-153, 179, 207-209, 229-230, 232, 243,
265;
discrimination in grant of, 2, 27-28, 42, 258, 262;
enquiries into, 103, 145 _n._, 149, 229;
to Friendly Society members, 47, 265;
in kind, 28, 36, 39, 42-43, 128-130;
on Labour Test, see _Outdoor Labour Test Order_;
Sir H. Longley on, 151, 207;
on loan, 47, 232 _n._, 253;
to lunatics, 49, 123, 223;
as maintenance in voluntary institution, 255;
"Manchester Rules" as to, 152-153, 175;
medical, 25 _n._; under Modified W. T. Order, 170-171, 260;
to mothers of illegitimate children, 7-23;
to non-residents, 53, 54;
orders as to, in different unions, 321-342;
to partially disabled, 27;
proposed prohibition of, 13, 85-87;
sanctioned by Central Authority, 43-44;
to the sick, 6-9, 15, 17, 46-48, 63 _n._, 84, 115-118, 131, 149, 155
_n._, 210;
statistics as to, 130-131, 154, 155;
supplementing other resources, 144, 253-255;
weekly payment of, 128;
to widows, 101-104, 115, 154, 176-178;
to women, 7, 23, 36-38, 42, 83, 90-91, 101-104, 115, 154, 175-179, 258

Outdoor Relief Friendly Societies Act (1904), 254, 255 _n._
---- Relief Prohibitory Order (1844), 23, 25 _n._, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32,
36, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 54, 83, 88, 90, 91, 100, 101, 102, 106, 130,
131, 132, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 241, 260, 261
---- Relief Regulation Order (1852), 23, 25 _n._, 27, 39, 41, 43, 46,
49, 88, 90-91, 100, 101, 102, 115, 128-130, 149, 154, 156, 158-159,
171, 175, 232, 241, 261

Overlapping, 293;
in Scotland, 343-346, 349, 354-355

Overseers, 5, 12, 13, 14, 86, 131

Owen, Sir Hugh, 167

Paget, Mr. R. H., M.P., 253 _n._

Parental responsibility, 306-307, 358

Parish Apprentices Act, 17

"Particular orders," 21

Pashley, Mr. Robert, Q.C., 133 _n._

Pauper Inmates Discharge and Regulation Act, 172, 173 _n._, 244 _n._

Pauperism, statistics of, 103, 150 _n._, 232 _n._;
connection between disease and, 221

Paupers Conveyance Expenses Act, 89 _n._

Pell, Mr. Albert, M.P., 153 _n._

Pensions, attachment of, in repayment of cost of relief, 20;
to aged, 266-267, 271
---- Act (1908), 20 _n._

Phelps, Rev. L. R., 282-283

Phthisis, how dealt with by voluntary agencies, 308;
by Local Health Authority, 309;
order of Local Government Board for Scotland as to, 344, 345, 352

Playfair, Dr. Lyon (Lord Playfair), 137 _n._

Police, 147;
service of, as assistant relieving officers, 95, 98, 98 _n._, 99, 173;
administration of relief to vagrants by, 100