Chapter XIX: Part IV: Linguistic (5)

And first I may note that both the history of the alleged original manuscript and the method in which it has been presented are to the last degree unsatisfactory. About the former, M. Haumonté tells us that among the papers of his grandfather, who died as mayor of Plombères, in 1872, he found a manuscript in Spanish, without date or name of author, and that it is this manuscript “translated and arranged,” which is the work before us. M. Adam adds that for his part he had revised this translation and advised the omission of certain passages not “profitable to science.” I have been informed by a private source that M. Adam was not shown the original Spanish manuscript, although he asked to see it. We are deprived therefore of any expert opinion as to the age of the manuscript, or its authorship.

We naturally ask, how did this manuscript come to be in Spanish? No one has been able to point out in the voluminous histories of the Spanish Missions a single reference to any among the Taensas. Moreover, this tribe was constantly under French observation from its first discovery by La Salle in 1682, until its entire destruction and disappearance about 1730–40, as is minutely recorded by Charlevoix, who even adds the name of the planter who obtained the concession of their lands. With the knowledge we have of the early Louisiana colony, it would have been next to impossible for a Spanish monk to have lived with them long enough to have acquired their language, and no mention to have been made of him in the French accounts. That a Spaniard, not a monk, should have attempted it, would have excited still more attention from national distrust.

This preliminary ground of skepticism is not removed by turning to the grammar itself. As M. Adam remarks, the language is one “of extreme simplicity,” such simplicity that it excites more than the feeling of astonishment. How much liberty M. Haumonté allowed himself in his translation he unfortunately does not inform us; but I suppose that he scarcely went so far as to offer original opinions on the pronunciation of a language which no man has heard spoken for more than a century. If he did not, then the writer of the original manuscript must have been a pretty good linguist for his day, since he explains the pronunciation of the Taensa by the French, the English, the German, and the Spanish!! (p. 4). I suppose the references on p. 11, to the Nahuatl, Kechua and Algonkin tongues are by the translator, though we are not so told; at any rate, they are by some one who has given a certain amount of study to American languages, and could get up one not wholly unlike them. There is, however, just enough unlikeness to all others in the so-called Taensa to make us accept it “with all reserves,” as the French say. That an American language should have a distinctively grammatical gender, that it should have a true relative pronoun, that its numeral system should be based on the nine units in the extraordinarily simple manner here proposed, that it should have three forms of the plural, that its verbs should present the singular simplicity of these,—these traits are indeed not impossible, but they are too unusual not to demand the best of evidence.

But the evidence which leaves no doubt as to the hum-buggery in this whole business is found in the so-called “Cancionero Taensa,” or Taensa Poems. There are eleven of these, and according to M. Adam, “they give us unexpected information about the manners, customs and social condition of the Taensas.” If he had also added, still more unexpected information about the physical geography of Louisiana, he would have spoken yet more to the point. For instance, our botanists will be charmed to learn that the sugar maple flourishes in the Louisiana swamps, and that it furnished a favorite food of the natives. It is repeatedly referred to (pp. 31, 34, 45, 67). They will also learn that the sugar cane was raised by the Taensas, although the books say it was introduced into Louisiana by the Jesuits in 1761 (p. 45). The potato and rice, apples and bananas, were also familiar to them, and the white birch and wild rice are described as flourishing around the bayous of the lower Mississippi! It may be urged that these are all mistranslations of misunderstood native words. To this I reply, what sort of editing is that which not only could commit such unpardonable blunders, but send them forth to the scientific world without a hint that they do not pretend to be anything more than guesses?

But no such apology can be made. The author of this fabrication had not taken the simplest precaution to make his statements coincide with facts. How dense was his ignorance of the climate of Louisiana is manifested in the pretended “Calendar of the Taensas,” which is printed on p. 41 of his book. He tells us that their year began at the vernal equinox and consisted of twelve or thirteen months named as follows:

1. Moon of the sugar maples (April).
2. Moon of flowers (May).
3. Moon of strawberries (June).
4. Moon of heat (July).
5. Moon of fruits (August).
6. Moon of the summer hunts (September).
7. Moon of leaves, (falling leaves) (October).
8. Moon of cold (November).
9. Moon of whiteness (i. e. of snow) (December).
10. Moon of fogs (January).
11. Moon of winter hunts (February).
12. Moon of birds (returning). } (March).
13. Moon of green (returning green). }

How absurd on the face of it, such a calendar would be for the climate of Tensas Parish, La., need not be urged. The wonder is that any intelligent editor would pass it over without hesitation. The not infrequent references to snow and ice might and ought to have put him on his guard.

The text and vocabulary teem with such impossibilities; while the style of the alleged original songs is utterly unlike that reported from any other native tribe. It much more closely resembles the stilted and tumid imitations of supposed savage simplicity, common enough among French writers of the eighteenth century.

As a fair example of the nonsense of the whole, I will translate the last song given in the book, that called

THE MARRIAGE SONG.

1. The chief of the Chactas has come to the land of the warriors “I
come.” “Thou comest.”

2. Around his body is a beautiful garment, he wears large leggings,
sandals, tablets of white wood, feathers behind his head and behind
his shoulders, on his head the antlers of a deer, a heavy war club
in his right hand.

3. What is the wish of the great warrior who has come?

4. He wishes to speak to the chief of the numerous and powerful
Taensas.

5. Let the warrior enter the house of the old men. The chief is
seated in the midst of the old men. He will certainly hear thee.
Enter the house of the old men.

6. Great chief, old man, I enter. Thou comest. Enter; bring him in.
What wishes the foreign warrior? Speak, thou who hast come.

7. Old men, ancient men, I am the chief of many men; at ten days’
journey up the river there lies the land of poplars, the land of the
wild rice, which belongs to the brave warriors, the brothers of the
Taensas.

8. They said to me—since thou hast not chosen a bride, go to the
Taensas our brothers, ask of them a bride; for the Chactas are
strong; we will ask a bride of the Taensas.

9. That is well; but speak, warrior, are the Chactas numerous?

10. Count; they are six hundred, and I am stronger than ten.

11. That is well; but speak, do they know how to hunt the buffalo
and the deer? does the squirrel run in your great forests?

12. The land of the wild rice has no great forests, but cows, stags
and elks dwell in our land in great numbers.

13. What plants grow in your country?

14. Poplars, the slupe tree, the myrtle grow there, we have the
sugar maple, ebony to make collars, the oak from which to make war
clubs; our hills have magnolias whose shining leaves cover our
houses.

15. That is well; the Taensas have neither the slupe tree nor the
ebony, but they have the wax tree and the vine: has the land of the
wild rice these also?

16. The Taensas are strong and rich, the Chactas are strong also,
they are the brothers of the Taensas.

17. The Taensas love the brave Chactas, they will give you a bride;
but say, dost thou come alone? dost thou bring bridal presents.

18. Twenty warriors are with me, and _bulls drag a wain_.

19. Let six, seven, twenty Taensa warriors go forth to meet those
who come. For thee, we will let thee see the bride, she is my
daughter, of me, the great chief; she is young; she is beautiful as
the lily of the waters; she is straight as the white birch; her eyes
are like unto the tears of gum that distil from the trees; she knows
how to prepare the meats for the warriors and the sap of the sugar
maple; she knows how to knit the fishing nets and keep in order the
weapons of war—we will show thee the bride.

20. The strangers have arrived, the bulls have dragged up the wain.
The warrior offers his presents to the bride, paint for her eyes,
fine woven stuff, scalps of enemies, collars, beautiful bracelets,
rings for her feet, and swathing-bands for her first born.

21. The father of the bride and the old man receive skins, horns of
deer, solid bows and sharpened arrows.

22. Now let the people repose during the night; at sunrise there
shall be a feast; then you shall take the bride in marriage.

And this is the song of the marriage.

The assurance which has offered this as a genuine composition of a Louisiana Indian is only equalled by the docility with which it has been accepted by Americanists. The marks of fraud upon it are like Falstaff’s lies—“gross as a mountain, open, palpable.” The Choctaws are located ten days’ journey up the Mississippi in the wild rice region about the head-waters of the stream, whereas they were the immediate neighbors of the real Taensas, and dwelt when first discovered in the middle and southern parts of the present State of Mississippi. The sugar maple is made to grow in the Louisiana swamps, the broad-leaved magnolia and the ebony in Minnesota. The latter is described as the land of the myrtle, and the former of the vine. The northern warrior brings feet-rings and infant clothing as presents, while the southern bride knows all about boiling maple sap, and is like a white birch. But the author’s knowledge of aboriginal customs stands out most prominently when he has the up-river chief come with an ox-cart and boast of his cows! After that passage I need say nothing more. He is indeed ignorant who does not know that not a single draft animal, and not one kept for its milk, was ever found among the natives of the Mississippi valley.

I have made other notes tending in the same direction, but it is scarcely necessary for me to proceed further. If the whole of this pretended Taensa language has been fabricated, it would not be the first time in literary history that such a fraud has been perpetrated. In the last century, George Psalmanazar framed a grammar of a fictitious language in Formosa, which had no existence whatever. So it seems to be with the Taensa; not a scrap of it can be found elsewhere, not a trace of any such tongue remains in Louisiana. What is more, all the old writers distinctly deny that this tribe had any independent language. M. De Montigny, who was among them in 1699, Father Gravier, who was also at their towns, and Du Pratz, the historian, all say positively that the Taensas spoke the Natchez language, and were part of the same people. We have ample specimens of the Natchez, and it is nothing like this alleged Taensa. Moreover, we have in old writers the names of the Taensa villages furnished by the Taensas themselves, and they are nowise akin to the matter of this grammar, but are of Chahta-Muskoki derivation.

What I have now said is I think sufficient to brand this grammar and its associated texts as deceptions practiced on the scientific world. If it concerns the editors and introducers of that work to discover who practiced and is responsible for that deception, let the original manuscript be produced and submitted to experts; if this is not done, let the book be hereafter pilloried as an imposture.

* * * * *

As soon as I could obtain reprints of the above article I forwarded them to M. Adam and others interested in American languages, and M. Adam at once took measures to obtain from the now “Abbé” Parisot the original MSS. That young ecclesiastic, however, professed entire ignorance of their whereabouts; he had wholly forgotten what disposition he had made of this portion of his grandfather’s papers! He also charged M. Adam with having worked over (_remanié_) his material; and finally disclaimed all responsibility concerning it.

In spite, however, of his very unsatisfactory statements, M. Adam declined to recognize the fabrication of the tongue, and expressed himself so at length in a brochure entitled, _Le Taensa a-t-il été forgé de toutes Pièces? Réponse à M. Daniel G. Brinton_ (pp. 22, Maissonneuve Frères et Ch. Leclerc, Paris, 1885). The argument which he made use of will be seen from the following reply which I published in _The American Antiquarian_, September, 1885:

THE TAENSA GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY.

The criticism on the Taensa Grammar published in the _American Antiquarian_ last March has led to a reply from M. Lucien Adam, the principal editor, under the following title: “_Le Taensa a-t-il-été forgé de toutes Piéces?_” As the question at issue is one of material importance to American archæology, I shall state M. Adam’s arguments in defense of the Grammar.

It will be remembered that the criticism published last March closed with an urgent call for the production of the original MS., which M. Adam himself had never seen. To meet this, M. Adam as soon as practicable applied to M. Parisot, who alleged that he had translated the Grammar from the Spanish original, to produce that original. This M. Parisot professed himself unable to do; although only two or three years have elapsed, he cannot remember what he did with it, and he thinks it possible that it is lost or destroyed! The investigations, however, reveal two facts quite clearly: first, that the original MS., if there was one, was not in Spanish as asserted, and was not in the handwriting of M. Parisot’s grandfather, as was also asserted, as the latter was certainly not the kind of man to occupy himself with any such document. He kept a sort of boardinghouse, and the suggestion now is that one of his temporary guests left this supposed MS. at his house. As its existence is still in doubt, this uncertainty about its origin need not further concern us.

The more important question is whether the language as presented in the Grammar and texts bears internal evidence of authenticity or not.

M. Adam begins with the texts, the so-called poems. To my surprise, M. Adam, so far as they pretend to be native productions, tosses them overboard without the slightest compunction. “In my own mind,” he writes, “I have always considered them the work of some disciple of the Jesuit Fathers, who had taken a fancy to the Taensa poetry.” This emphatic rejection of their aboriginal origin has led me to look over the volume again, as it seemed to me that if such was the opinion of the learned editor he should certainly have hinted it to his readers. Not the slightest intimation of the kind can be found in its pages.

The original MS. having disappeared, and the texts having been ruled out as at best the botch-work of some European, M. Adam takes his stand on the Grammar and maintains its authenticity with earnestness.

I named in my criticism six points in the grammatical structure of the alleged Taensa, specifying them as so extremely rare in American languages, that it demanded the best evidence to suppose that they all were present in this extraordinary tongue.

These points are discussed with much acuteness and fairness by M. Adam, and his arguments within these limits are considered convincing by so eminent an authority as Professor Friederich Müller, of Vienna, to whom they were submitted, and whose letter concerning them he publishes. What M. Adam does is to show that each of the peculiarities named finds a parallel in other American tongues, or he claims that the point is not properly taken. As I never denied the former, but merely called attention to the rarity of such features, the question is, whether the evidence is sufficient to suppose that several of them existed in this tongue; while as to the correctness of my characterization of Taensa Grammar, scholars will decide that for themselves.

It will be seen from the above that, even if some substructure will be shown to have existed for this Taensa Grammar and texts (which, individually, I still deny), it has been presented to the scientific world under conditions which were far from adequate to the legitimate demands of students.

M. Adam in the tone of his reply is very fair and uniformly courteous, except in his last sentence, where he cannot resist the temptation to have a fling at us for the supposed trait which Barnum and his compeers have conferred upon us among those who do not know us. “Permettezmoi de vous dire,” he writes, “que la France n’est point la terre classique du _humbug_.” Has M. Adam forgotten that George Psalmanazar, he who in the last century manufactured a language out of the whole cloth, grammar and dictionary and all, was a Frenchman born and bred? And that if the author of the Taensa volume has done the same, his only predecessor in this peculiar industry is one of his own nation?

* * * * *

M. Adam continued his praiseworthy efforts to unearth the imaginary originals of the Abbé Parisot’s hoax, but with the results one can easily anticipate—they were not forthcoming.[416]

The discussion continued in a desultory manner for some time, and Mr. Gatschet made the most strenuous efforts during his official journeys as government linguist in the southwest and in the Indian territory to find evidence showing that he had not been taken in by the ingenious French seminarists; but his continued silence was evidence enough that none such came to his ken.

In 1886 Professor Julien Vinson reviewed the question for the _Révue de Linguistique_, and delivered what may be considered the final verdict in the case. It is to the effect that the whole alleged language of the Taensas,—grammar, vocabulary, prose and poetry—is a fabrication by a couple of artful students to impose on the learned. I may close with the Professor’s own closing words:

“Que restera-t-il du _taensa_? A mon avis, une mystification sans grande portée et _much ado about nothing_.”

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND AUTHORITIES.

Abbot, C. C., 27, 32, 53, 185.

Abel-Remusat, 339.

Abel, Carl, 402, 410.

Adair, James, 71, 78.

Adam, Lucien, 36, 355–7, 374, 379, 389, 405, 406, 453, _sq._

Adler, C. J., 328, 329.

Aglio, Agostino, 250.

Aguilar, Pedro Sanchez de, 236.

Albornoz, R. F., 399.

Alcazar, Padre, 76.

Almaraz, Ramon, 446.

Ameghino, Fiorentino, 31.

Anales de Chimalpahin, 283.

Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 86, 90, 210, 283.

Anales del Museo Nacional, 210, 439.

Anchieta, Joseph de, 381, _sq._

Anchorena, Jose D., 365, 425, 428.

“Ancient Nahuatl Poems,” 97, 154.

Ancona, Eligio, 258.

Andrews, 414.

Angrand, Leonce, 84, 253.

Annals of the Kakchiquels, 100, 423.

Anthony, A. S., 181–192.

Archives paléographiques de l’Orient et de l’Amérique, 253.

Aubin, J. M. A., 196, 209, 210, 212, 220, 231, 282.

Avé Lallemant, Dr. R., 64.

Aymé, Louis H., 448.

Babbitt, Frances, 54.

Baeza, Bart. G. de, 164, 166.

Baker, Theodore, 293.

Bandelier, A. F., 275, 278.

Baraga, Frederic, 131, 364, 414.

Bartram, John, 75.

Bartram, William, 71, 76, 78.

Beach, W. W., 45.

Beauvois, E., 148.

Belcourt, Pere, 399, 400.

Berendt, C. H., 119, 164, 171, 175, 179, 237, 272, 288, 295, 398.

Beverly, Robert, 70.

Bibliothéque Linguistique Américaine, 454.

Bichat, 57.

Biedma, his narrative, 72, 74.

Bienvenida, Lorenzo de, 26.

Blomes, Richard, 76.

Blumenbach, F. J., 38, 56, 57.

Boas, Franz, 22, 64, 286.

Books of the Jew, MS., 273.

Boole, Professor, 402.

Borde, M. de la, 123.

Boturini, B., 116.

Bourbourg, Brasseur de, _see_ Brasseur.

Brasseur (de Bourbourg), C., 84, 105, 107, 120, 126, 128, 167, 170,
199, 210, 227, 231, 243, 263, 282.

Bristock, his fabulous narrative, 76.

Buenaventura, Gabriel de San, 237, 249.

Buschmann, J. C. E., 23, 92, 93.

Byington, Cyrus, 364.

Campanius, Thomas, 315.

Cancionero, Americano, 453.

Carochi, Horacio, 325, 418.

Carrillo, Crescencio, 258, 265, 439.

Carrillo, Estanislao, 164.

Cartailhac, Emile de, 391.

Casas, Bartolome de las, 124, 234.

Catherwood, Frederick, 254.

Cavalcanti, Amaro, 380–385, 430.

Ceron, Francisco, 107.

Champollion, 227.

Charencey, H. de, 59, 84, 167, 196, 372.

Charlevoix, P. F. X., 69, 456.

Charnay, D., 83, 86, 89, 97, 448.

Chateaubriand, 452.

Chilan Balam, Book of, 248, 254 _sqq._, 303.

Chimalpahin, D. F. de, 283.

Chronicles of the Mayas, 99, 100.

Cicero, M. T., 127, 424.

Clavigero, F., 84.

Codex Bolognensis, 158.

Codex Chimalpopoca, 210, 221.

Codex Cortesianus, 198, 253.

Codex Dresdensis, 199, 200, 250, _sq._

Codex Mexicanus, No. II., 252.

Codex Peresianus, 252, 265.

Codex Poinsett, 154.

Codex Ramirez, the, 84, 89, 90, 91, 92.

Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 280.

Codex Troano, 114, 200, 202, 230, 253, 265.

Codex Vaticanus, 155, 280.

Codex Zumarraga, 250.

Codice Perez, 265.

Cogolludo, D. L., 127, 168, 235, 238, 268.

Colden, C., 68.

Coleccion de Documentos para la Historia de España, 235.

Comte, Auguste, 57.

Copway, George, 154.

Cortes, H. de, 448, 449.

Coto, Thomas, 106, 107, 110, 111 _sq._, 440 _sq._

Cresson, H. T., 41, 53.

Cuesta, Arroyo de la, 386–388.

Culin, Stewart, 151.

Cuoq, J. A., 132.

Cushing, Frank, 108.

Cuvier, G., 38, 57, 61.

Darapsky, Dr., 398.

Darwin, Charles, 39, 43, 408.

Dawson, J. William, 44.

Dawson, George M., 395.

Dead, Book of the, 136–140.

Dejouy, A., 452 _sq._

Dias, 430.

Diccionario Historico de Yucatan, 263.

Diccionario Huasteca-Español, MS., 221.

Diccionario Maya-Español de Motul, MS., _see_ Motul.

Dictionaire Galibi, 123.

Distel, Theodore, 330.

D’Orbigny, Alcide, 39.

Dorsey, J. O., 108.

Dumont, M., 77, 78.

Dumoutier, M., 150.

Dunbar, John B., 291.

Dupaix, Captain, 275, 276.

Duponceau, P. S., 36, 94, 191, 321, 351, 389.

Du Pratz, Le Page, 462.

Duran, Diego, 88, 89, 99, 159, 449.

Ehrenreich, Paul, 38, 65.

Eliot, John, 190.

El Siglo que Acaba, 274.

Ettwein, J., 183, 191.

Faraud, Henry, 21, 394, 395.

Fernandez, Alonzo, 124.

Finch, Prof., 70.

Flint, Earl, 28, 42.

Foley, Dr., 57.

Forneri, R. P., 329.

Förstemann, Dr. E., 200, 243, 251.

Foster, J. W., 67.

França, E. F., 430.

Gabb, William M., 374–378.

Gage, Thomas, 170.

Gallatin, Albert, 88, 100.

Garcia y Garcia, Ap. 165.

Gatschet, A. S., 75, 454 sq.

Gayangos, P. de, 449.

Gœthe, J. W. von, 260, 284, 316.

Granados y Galvez, I. J., 117.

Gravier, P., 462.

Guzman, Pantaleon de, 107, 128.

Haeckel, E., 390.

Hale, Horatio, 35, 393.

Hamann, 284.

Hamy, E. T., 148, 140, 210, 367.

Harpe, M. de la, 77.

Hartmann, W., 189.

Hartt, Charles F., 380, 382.

Haumonté, J. D., 455 _sq._

Haynes, H. W., 18, 31.

Heckewelder, John, 191, 315.

Hegel, 403.

Henry, V., 405, 467.

Herder, 284, 403.

Herrera, Antonio de, 89, 91, 92, 448, 450.

Hervas, Abbé, 330.

Hervé, Georges, 62.

Holden, 196, 197.

Holguin, R. P., 426, 428.

Holmes, W. H., 148.

Hovelacque, Abel, 62.

Howse, James, 36, 383, 395, 399, 401, 414, 415.

Humboldt, Alexander von, 20, 33, 60, 251, 338, 374, 377.

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 36, 284, 318, 328–348, 353, 405.

Hunter, Archdeacon, 403.

Iconographic Encyclopædia, The, 52.

Ixtlilxochitl, F., 84, 87, 90, 92, 97, 283, 445.

Jesuits, Relations des, 78.

Jones, C. C., 79, 80.

Kalm, Peter, 185.

Kane, Paul, 69.

Kingsborough, Lord, 84, 87, 90, 99, 155, 210, 221, 231, 251, 280, 445.

Kollmann, J., 40.

Lacombe, Al., 131, 364, 366, 414.

Lafitau, J. F., 69.

Landa, Diego de, 119, 127, 159, 166, 199, 227, 240 _sq._, 256, 257,
265, 438.

Lang, Andrew, 102.

Leland, Charles G., 130, 133.

LePlongeon, A., 439.

Lieber, Francis, 355, 357.

Lindstrom, 183.

Linnæus, C., 38, 349.

Lizana, Bernardo de, 235, 260, 261.

Lower, M. A., 219.

Lopez, J. M., 164.

Luchan, von, 149.

Lund, Dr., 29.

Macedo, F. de, 148, 157, 159.

MacLean, J. P., 67.

Magalhaes, Dr. Couto de, 381, 430.

Magio, R. P., 397.

Mallery, Garrick, 156, 159.

Manuscrito Hieratico, 225.

Martyr, Peter, 233.

Matthews, Washington, 62, 407.

McGee, W. J., 447.

Meigs, James A., 63.

Mendoza, Gumesindo, 59.

Michel, F., 21.

Mitre, Bartolome, 26, 27.

Molina, Alonso de, 93, 325, 418, 443.

Montesinos, H., 23.

Montigny, M. de, 462.

Montoya, Ruiz de, 381–5, 398, 400, 429.

Morgan, Lewis A., 44, 45, 60.

Morgues, Le Moyne de, 75.

Morse, E. G., 60.

Mortillet, G. de, 390, 391.

Motolinia, P., 85, 99.

Motul, Diccionario de, MS., 119, 127, 177, 250, 325, 421 _sq._, 435
_sq._

Müller, Frederick, 230, 357, 374, 379, 380, 386, 465.

Müller, Max, 338.

Narvaez, Pamfilo de, 72.

Naxera, Emanuel, 366, 371.

Neve y Molina, Luis de, 366, 370, 371.

Nikkanoche, Occola, his narrative, 77.

Nogueira, D. C. Da., 381.

Nostradamus, Michael, 301.

Ollanta, Drama of, 300, 425 _sq._

Olshausen, 149.

Orozco y Berra, 23, 84, 87, 90, 95, 196, 210, 231, 277, 282, 446.

Ossado, Ricardo, 273.

Paredes, R. P., 420.

Parisot, J., 452 _sq._

Peñafiel, Antonio, 210.

Perez, Francisco, 366, 370.

Perez, Pio, 120, 263, 264, 272.

Peschel, Oscar, 64.

Petit, Pere C., 77.

Petitot, Emile, 21, 58, 394, 398, 401.

Petrie, Prof., 447.

Piccolomini, Count, 367.

Pickering, Charles, 33.

Pickett, Thomas E., 82.

Pierret, Paul, 138.

Pimentel, Francisco, 368, 373.

Platzmann, Julius, 58.

Ponce, Alonzo, 234, 255.

“Popol Vuh,” the, 105 _sq._, 171, 424.

Powell, J. W., 68, 319, 358.

Pratz, Le Page du, 78.

Prescott, W. H., 84.

Psalmanazar, George, 462, 466.

Putnam, F. A., 53.

Rada y Delgada, J. de D., 226, 227.

Rajendalala, 146.

Ramirez, J. F., 23, 88, 196, 210.

Ramusio, 72, note.

Rand, S. T., 130.

Ranke, Dr., 64.

Rau, Charles, 31.

Recetarios de Indios, MS., 272.

Reichelt, G. H., 430.

Registro Yucateco, 164, 263.

Rennenkampff, A. von, 330.

Rink, Heinrich, 287, 289.

Romans, Bernard, 78.

Rosa, Agostin de la, 326, 366, 420.

Rosny, Leon de, 196, 199, 226, 252, 253, 265.

Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio, 381 _sq._

Saint Hilaire, J. G. de, 164.

Santa Rosa, Beltran de, 238.

Sahagun, Bernardino de, 84, 86, 88, 93, 94, 97, 142, 280, 298.

Saz, P., 122.

Schasler, Max, 329.

Schellhas, Dr., 196, 200, 202.

Scherzer, Karl, 114.

Schoolcraft, H. R., 69, 133, 294, 354.

Schuhmann, T. S., 430.

Schweinitz, E. de, 430.

Seler, Ed., 196, 244.

Sequoyah, 198.

Shakespeare, W., 127, 219, 220, 320.

Shea, John G., 386.

Short, John T., 67.

Siméon, Rémi, 94, 283.

Smith, Spencer, 81.

Solana, Alonso de, 235.

Soriano, Juan G., 373.

Sosa, F. de P., 164.

Sotomayor, Damaso, 272, 277.

Sotomayor, J. de Villagutierre de, 239, 247.

Spinoza, B., 411.

Squier, E. G., 69, 81, 133.

Steinen, Karl von den, 34.

Steinthal, H., 329, 355, 390, 403.

Stephens, J. L., 164, 168, 263.

Stoll, Dr. Otto, 35, 100, 109, 112, 122, 423.

Storm, Gustav, 22.

Strebel, M. H., 275.

Sungimoto, K., 151.

Tanner, John, 157.

Tapia Zenteno, Carlos de, 423.

Taylor, S., 70.

Ten Kate, Dr. H. F. C., 66.

Testera, Jacobo de, 233.

Tetlapan Quetzanitzin, 299.

Teza, E., 332.

Tezozomoc, A., 23, 89, 93, 143, 283.

Thavenet, Abbé, 332.

Thiel, B. A., 375, 379.

Thomas, Cyrus, 82, 106, 200, 204, 230, 269.

Timberlake, Lieutenant, 71.

Tolmie, W. F., 396.

Topinard, Paul, 64.

Torquemada, J. de, 94, 234.

Tro y Ortolano, Juan de, 252.

Tschudi, J. J. von, 365, 397, 404.

Uricoechea, E., 400, 401.

Vaca, Cabeza de, 72.

Valades, D., 206.

Valentini, P. J. J., 197, 227, 228, 243, 263, 375.

Varea, Francisco, 106, 110, 129, 442.

Vedas, the, 142.

Vega, Garcilasso de la, 73, 77.

Veitia, E., 84, 90, 97.

Vico, R. P., 110.

Villacañas, Benito de, 107.

Villalpando, R. P., 250.

Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, Juan de, 239, 247.

Vinson, Julien, 453, 467.

Virchow, Rudolph, 63, 64, 153, 158.

Waitz, Theo., 260.

Waldeck, Baron de, 254.

Whitney, William D., 327.

Whittlesey, Charles, 447.

Williams, Roger, 131.

Winkler, Heinrich, 58, 350, 351, 386, 399.

Winsor, Justin, 18.

Woodham, 219.

Worsaae, J. J. A., 153, 158.

Wuttke, Dr., 250, 252.

Wyman, Jeffries, 28.

Ximenez, Francisco, 105, 111, etc.

Zegarra, G. Pacheco, 426.

Zeisberger, D., 187, 189.

Zetina, Lic., 164, 172, 175.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abañeénga, language, 381.

Abipones, language of, 336.

Abundance, the house of, 145.

Acheron, the river of Hades, 141.

Acolhuacan, 86.

Acozpa, hieroglyph of, 224.

Adjectives, absence of, 405.

Adjidjiatig, or grave posts of Chipeways, 228.

Age of Iron, Bronze, and Stone, 49.

Agglutination in language, 340, 361.

Ahau katuns of Mayas, 264, 268, 269.

Ahkul Chel, a Maya priest, 248.

Ahpu, magicians, 118.

Ah-raxa-lak, a sacred name, 117.

Ah-raxa-sel, a sacred name, 117.

Ahuitzotzin, Emperor of Mexico, 281–3.

Akahal tribe, 423.

Algonkin grammar, remarks on, 190, 364, 366.

Algonkin language, extension of, 35;
radicals of, 36, 332, 400;
“love words” in, 413.

Algonkins, hero-god of, 130–134.

Algonkin stock, area of, 311.

Algonkin tribes, their “grandfather,” 184;
as mound-builders, 70;
legendary origin of, 24.

Alliteration, rare in primitive poetry, 285.

Allibamons, 71.

Alphabet, of Cherokees, 199;
of Valades, 200;
in early speech, 393;
of Landa, 199, 240–245;
of Chinese, etc., 214.

Alternating consonants, 398.

Amenti, the Egyptian Hades, 137.

American languages, tenacity of, 35;
diversity of, 35;
traits of, 36;
study of, 37, 308 _sq._

American Indians, origin of, 17.

Anahuac, 84.

Analtés, sacred books of Itzas, 239, 247.

Andover, a rebus of, 223.

Animals, transformation into, 114, 170, 171.

Animate and inanimate conjugations, 406.

Animism, doctrine of, 117.

Anthropoid apes, not found in

America, 43.

Anthropology, classification in, 349.

Apaches, language of, 35, 394.

Apalacha, fabulous description of, 76.

Apap, god of evil, in Egypt, 137.

Araucanian language, 398.

Araucanians, skulls of, 39.

Arawacks, tribe, 40;
language, 430.

Argillite implements, 41.

Arithmetic of Mayas, 268.

Arizona, ruins in, 25.

Arrhenic gender, 406.

Arrow, in Lenape, 183.

Arrow heads, ancient forms of, 31.

Arrow-release, the American, 60.

Arsut, a song of, 290.

Art, American, wholly indigenous, 60.

Arthur, King, story of, 130, 142.

Artificial shell-heaps, age of, 27.

Aryan languages, the, 312, 323, 344, 358;
dialects, alleged, in America, 59;
nations, mythology of, 141.

Assumptive arms, in heraldry, 219.

Astrology, native Yucatecan, 259.

Astronomic cycles of Mexicans and Mayas, 23.

Asymmetry, intentional, 448.

Athapascan language, the, 21, 58, 394;
extension of the, 35;
elements of, 36.

Atecpanamochco, 86.

Atlantis, the fabled, 43.

Atoyac, the river, 86.

Auroral gods, 111, 113.

Autochthony of American culture, 60.

Avalon, the Isle of, 142.

Aymarian depression in American skulls, 62.

Azteca _or_ Aztecs, 85, 87, 367.

Aztec calendar explained, 276–9;
codices, 221;
love songs, 295–7;
war songs, 298;
year cycles of, 159, _see_ Nahuatl, Mexican.

Aztlan, derivation of, 88.

Bacab, Maya deities, 173.

Baffin’s Land, natives of, 286.

Balam, meaning of, 128, 258;
the Maya prophet, 248.

Balams, Maya deities, 172–176.

Ball play in Mexico, 89.

Banana, not an American plant, 33, 34.

Basque language, the, 316, 351.

Bat, as a totemic animal, 114.

Baures, language of, 397.

Beard in American Indians, 39.

Being and Not-Being, in language, 401.

Biceitas, tribe, 375.

Bilderschrift, 207.

Birds as winds, 123, 175;
symbolism of, 169, 179.

Bi-sexual divinities, 96, 109.

Blackfeet, myths of, 131.

Black-tail, a fabulous snake, 178.

Blood, in myths, 114, 124.

Blowpipe, use of, 109.

Blue, as sacred color, 95, 118.

Boat of the Sun, 138;
of Charon, 141.

Bokol h’otoch, a Maya imp, 178.

Bones, collection of, 78.

Book, Maya word for, 247.

Books of Chilan Balam, 255 _sqq._

Books of Mayas described, 232, 235, 237.

Bolivia, tribes of, 397, 405.

Boruca language, the, 375 _sq._

Botocudos, traits of, 38, 39, 40, 65.

Bow-and-arrow, modern use of, 31, 183.

Brachycephalism in America, 63.

Brazil, designs of pottery from, 157, 159;
mound-builders from, 67;
ethnology of, 38, 40;
languages
of, 380 _sq._, 428 _sq._;
shell heaps in, 28.

Bri-bri language, the, 374 _sq._

Bronka _or_ Brunka language, 375 _sq._

Bronze, Age of, 49, 50.

Brush-net, use of, 184.

Buenos Ayres, archæology of, 31, 40.

Buffalo, Lenâpé name for, 184.

Burial customs, 75, 77, 78, 119.

Burial mounds in Florida, 75.

Cabecar language, the, 375 _sq._

Cabrakan, god of earthquakes, 121, 122.

Cachis, tribe, 375.

Cahokia, pyramid at, 81.

Cakchiquels, totemic animals, 114;
language, 35, 104, 106, 107, 345, 347, 370, 423;
lineal measures of, 433, 439;
writing of, 228.

Cakulha-Hurakan, a Quiche god, 120, 121.

Calaveras skull, the, 40.

Calculiform writing explained, 243, 253.

Calendar, mystic relations of, 99, 129;
of Mexicans, 276–8;
the Quiche-Cakchiquel, 129;
of the Taensas, 469.

California, languages of, 386;
auriferous gravels of, 31;
remains from, 40.

Campeachy, Bay of, 233.

Canals, ancient, in Florida, 73.

Canek, chief of Itzas, 239.

Cannibalism, unknown in Yucatan, 235.

Canoes, manufacture of, 185.

Cantico, meaning of, 187.

Canting arms, in heraldry, 218.

Capaha, the village of, 73.

Caracaracol, a Haytian divinity, 116.

Cardinal points, sacred characters, 154, 161, 166, 167, 172, 175;
signs for in Maya, 203.

Carib language, 331, 337.

Caribs, mythology of, 123.

Carvara, the dog, 141.

Catarrhine monkeys not found in America, 43.

Ceh Pech, a province of Yucatan, 233.

Central America, poetry of, 288.

Centzon Huitznahua, the, 94.

Cerberus, the dog, 141, 146.

Chiapas, dialects of, 420.

Cincalco, in Aztec myth, 145.

Civilization, centers of, 61.

Chac, Maya deities, 173.

Chahta-Muskokee family, the, 71, 79.

Chahta tribes, the, 80, 81;
_see_ Choctaws.

Chan Pal, a Maya imp, 177.

Chapallan, Lake, 88.

Chapanec language, 398.

Charon, the ferryman, 141.

Chelles, objects from, 32.

Cherokees, wars with Iroquois, 69;
as mound-builders, 71, 82;
alphabet, 198.

Che Vinic, a Maya ogre, 176.

Chibcha language, 400.

Chicagua, a village, 73.

Chichen Itza, 254, 302.

Chichimecs, tribe, 90, 298.

Chicomoztoc, land of, 23.

Chikasaws, 71.

Chilan, signification of, 258, 260, 272;
prophecy of, 303.

Chilan Balam, books of, 255.

Chile, languages of, 398.

Chimalman, the virgin, 96.

Chinese, alphabet of, 214, 215;
language, the, 323, 336;
supposed presence in America, 59;
philosophy and symbolism, 150, 151.

Chipi-cakulha, a Quiche god, 120.

Chipeways, build mounds, 70;
myths of, 131.

Chipeway pronouns, 324;
pictography, 228.

Chipeways, their “grandfather,” 188.

Chipeway love song, 294;
love words, 418.

Chipped Stone, period of, 50.

Chiquita language, 405.

Chirakan Xmucane, a Quiche goddess, 122.

Choctaws, 24, 71, 77, 461;
_see_ Chahta.

Choctaw language, the, 364.

Chronological system of Mayas, 263.

Chumayel, book of, 248, 257, 291.

“Chunk yards” of the Creeks, 76.

Clark’s Works, mounds at, 81.

Classification of languages, 339.

Coatepetl, the, 86, 89.

Coatlan Tonan, an Aztec goddess, 94.

Codices, the existing Maya, 250.

Coatlicue, an Aztec goddess, 94, 95.

Colhua, Colhuacan, 85.

Color of American Indians, 39, 61.

Colors in races of men, 38;
phonetic value in hieroglyphs, 223;
symbolism of, 166, 167.

Columbian gravel, relics found in, 53.

Communal burial, 78.

Communal dwellings, 185, 445.

Conjunctions, in American languages, 345, 404.

Connecticut, Indian names in, 309.

Consonants, alternating, 398;
significance of, 394.

Copan, calendar stone from, 155, 254.

Coptic, ancient, 215, 402.

Cordova, Hernandez de, his expedition, 232.

Cortes, H., his conquest, 280, 282.

Costa Rica, age of shell-heaps in, 28, 31;
languages of, 374 _sq._

Counter-sense in language, 401.

Courous, tribe, 77.

Coyote, as sacred animal, 112.

Cozumel, island of, 232.

Cranial characteristics of red race, 62, 63.

Craniologic data from the mounds, 82.

Cranioscopic formulas of American Indians, 40.

Cree, language, 21, 363, 383, 395, 401, 403;
love words in, 413.

Crees, myths of, 131.

Creeks, 24, 71, 76.

Criteria of languages, 336.

Cross, as a sacred symbol, 148 _sqq._

Cubit, as a measure, 441.

Cukulkan, 84.

Culcalkin, a Maya ogre, 177.

Culture-heroes, American, 130.

Cycles, of Aztecs and Mayas, 159, 264.

Dakotas, 79;
winter counts of, 159;
dialects, 407.

Dawn, master of the, 113.

Day-maker, the, 111, 129.

Days, signs of, in Maya MSS., 270.

Death, prognostics of, 169;
lord of, 170;
primitive notion of, 143;
river of, 147.

Deer, as totemic animal, 114, 128.

Delaware, State, discoveries in, 32, 53.

Delaware river, relics from, 41, 53.

Delaware Indians, _see_ Lenâpé.

Déné Dindjié, tribe, 21;
language, 395.

Dependent clauses, 404.

Determinatives, their use in writing, 216.

Devil, words for, 126.

Diluvial epoch, human remains in, 29.

Divination, by beans, 118;
by thorns, 94;
by stones, 165.

Diviners, of Mayas, 165.

Dogs, as sacred animals, 140, 141, 144, 146.

Dresden, the Maya MS. at, 250.

Dwarfs, fabulous, of Mayas, 177.

Dyes used by the Mayas, 246.

Earth, the heart of the, 126.

Ego, phonetic element of, 396.

Egyptian theory of the soul, 136–140;
hieroglyphic origin of, 216;
alphabet, 217.

Eight, as sacred number, 140, 146.

Ekoneil, a fabulous snake, 179.

Elephant, the American, 32.

Elysium, fields of, 141.

Epicanthus, in America, 64.

English language, the, 336.

Epochs of the Palæolithic Period, 51.

Escamela, inscribed stone at, 274.

Eskimo, skulls of, 63;
physical traits of, 65;
songs of, 286–290;
language, 58, 338, 340.

Etowah valley, mound in, 80.

Eye, oblique or Mongolian, in America, 63, 64.

Fac-simile of Landa’s MS., 242.

Father, the great, 175.

Feathers, as symbolic ornaments, 116.

Female line, hereditary, 189.

Fire, earliest knowledge of, 391;
festival of, among Mayas, 168.

Fish, the, in Aztec calendar, 283.

Fishing, ancient methods of, 184

Fleur-de-lys, origin of, 220.

Flores, island, capture of, 239.

Florida, ancient mounds in, 73, 75, 77;
shell heaps in, 28, 31;
limonite skeletons from, 41.

Folk-lore of Yucatan, 163;
of Lenâpé, 181.

Food-plants of native Americans, 33.

Foot, as measure of length, 434 _sq._, 444.

Four, as sacred number, 140, 146, 157.

Four Ages of World, 161.

Four hundred, meaning of, 94.

Friendship, native words for, 420, 428.

Fuegians, appearance of, 39;
language, 338.

Games, of Lenapé, 186.

Generation, gods of, 120.

Georgia, antiquities in, 80.

Ghosts, superstitions about, 127.

Giant bison, the American, 41, note.

Giant Grab, 176;
Stone of the, 274 _sq._

Glacial age in North America, date of, 41, 44, 54;
in South America, 42, 55.

Gluskap the Liar, a Micmac hero, 130.

Grammatic forms, origin of, 331.

Grammatical categories, the, 405.

Graphic systems, phonetic elements of, 195 _sq._

Graphic system of Mayas, 245.

Greek language, the, 344, 348.

Green, as a color symbol, 118.

Greenland, poetry from, 287–290.

Grijalva, Juan de, his expedition, 232.

Guadalajara, University of, 326.

Guarani, language, 35, 380 _sq._, 398, 399, 400;
love words in, 428.

Guarayos, bearded Indians, 39, note.

Guatemala, dialects in, 104;
tribes of, 105, 420.

Gucumatz, derivation of, 116;
transformations of, 171.

Gucumatz Cotuha, a king, 114.

Guiana, shell-heaps in, 31;
ethnology of, 39, 40.

Gulf States, antiquities of, 72–80.

Hades, derivation of, 141;
descent to, 125–6.

Hair, of American Indians, 62;
of the Sun-god, 99, 140, 146;
long, as symbol, 146, 280.

Hare, the Great, 132.

Harmachis, Egyptian divinity, 138.

Hatchet, burying the, 71.

Haiti, mythology of, 116, 121.

“Heart of the Lake,” a sacred name, 116.

Heart, as a symbol, 117.

Hell, words for, 126, 127;
descent to, 123–130.

Hemenway Exploring Expedition, 25.

Heraldry, methods of, 218, 219.

Hermapolis, eight gods of, 140.

Hesperides, garden of the, 142.

Hidatsa language, 407.

Hieroglyphs, Maya, 201, 265–7.

Hog, the, as a god, 113.

Holophrasis, explained, 322, 354 _sq._

_Homo alalus_, the, 390–392.

Homophones in languages, 198, 215, 216.

Hooks, used in fishing, 184.

Horus, the Egyptian, 138.

Horse, Delaware word for, 321;
fossil, in America, 31, 32, 42.

Houses, of beams, 97;
communal, 185.

Huasteca language, the, 221, 331, 343;
love words in, 422.

Hueman, an Aztec hero-god, 96.

Huguenots, settlement of, 74.

Huitzilopochtli, an Aztec god, 85, 88;
derivation of, 95;
birth of, 96;
temple of, 25.

Huitznahua, Aztec divinities, 94, 95.

Human species, divisions of, 38.

Humor, among native Americans, 288.

Hun-ahpu, birth of, 125.

Hun-ahpu-utiu, derivation, 112.

Hun-ahpu-vuch, derivation of, 109.

Hun-came, a Quiche god, 124.

Hunhun-ahpu, a Quiche god, 124.

Hunting, ancient methods of, 184.

Hunyecil, meaning of, 237.

Hurakan, god of the storm, 120–123.

Hurons, burial customs, 69.

Hurricane, derivation of, 121, 122;
lord of, 167.

Ichcanziho, ancient name of Merida, 233.

Ideograms in phonetic writing, 197;
of Mayas, 248.

Idols of Lenâpé, 187;
of Itzas, 240;
priest of, 248.

Idols, superstitions concerning, 177.

Ikonographic writing, 213.

Ikonomatic method of phonetic writing, 86, 89, 207, 211, 213–229, 281.

Illinois, archæology of, 40, 81.

Implements, simple and compound, 30, 51, 52.

Inca bone, the, 62.

Incas of Peru, false lists of, 23.

Incorporative character of American languages, 36.

Incorporation, explained, 321, 340, 341, 352–357, 403.

Indo-Aryans, myths of, 146.

Industrial art in ancient America, 29.

Ioskeha, Iroquois hero-god, 130.

Iron, Age of, 49, 50.

Iroquois, 24, 68, 69;
Lenâpé name for, 184.

Itza, town in Yucatan, 302.

Ytzamal, temples of, 236.

Itzamna, hero-god of Mayas, 238.

Itzas, the tribe of, 239.

Itzmiquilpan, hieroglyph of, 223.

Jaguar, as sacred animal, 128.

Japanese writing, 231.

Jesuits, settlement near Savannah, 76.

Jew, Book of the, 273.

Jonaz language, the, 368.

Katun, lord of the, 249;
of Mayas, 260.

Katuns, of Mayas, 159.

Káua, Book of Chilan Balam of, 268.

Kentucky, archæology of, 82.

Khetsua language, _see_ Qquichua.

Kiches, _see_ Quiches.

Kichigouai, Algonkin divinities, 111.

Kin Ich, a Maya deity, 170.

Kinich-ahau, hero-god of Mayas, 238.

Kioways, songs of, 293.

Klamath language, the, 321, 398.

Koonak, Mt., poem about, 290.

Kitchen-middens, in America, 27.

Labrador, natives of, 311.

Lacandon, province of, 239.

Lagoa Santa, skulls from, 40.

La Naulette, jaw from, 390.

Language, ethnologic value of, 193;
origin of, 390.

Languages discussed: _See tribal names._

Laws of Thought, 402.

Lead, known to Mexicans, 450.

Leif Erikson, his voyage, 22.

Left hand, as stronger, 95.

Legends, value in savage tribes, 24.

Lenâpé, Folk-lore of the, 181;
derivation of, 183.

Lenâpé dialect, pronunciation of, 189;
grammar of, 190, 191, 313.

Letters, single, significant, 394.

Life, the Tree of, 161.

Light, the mother of, 119;
divinity of, 112, 129.

Lightning, as a deity, 121, 133, 174.

Lingoa Geral, of Brazil, 380.

Limonite skeletons from Florida, 41.

Lineal measures, American, 433 _sq._

Linguistic stocks, number of in America, 34;
origin of, 392.

Lithuanian dialect, the, 316.

Lorelei, an American, 178.

Love, songs of, 293–7;
conceptions of in American languages, 410 _sq._;
definition of, 432.

Lule language, the, 331, 342.

Mbaya language, the, 331, 342, 343.

Mackenzie River, tribes of, 35.

Madrid, Maya MSS. at, 253.

Maguey, the, a sacred plant, 88;
paper, 253.

Maize, origin and extension of, 33.

Malayan race, the, 349.

Malinalxochitl, an Aztec goddess, 88.

Mammoth, remains of, 32.

Manabozho, a Chipeway hero, 131, 133.

Man, not developed in America, 43;
oldest remains of, in America, 53;
a singing animal, 284;
subdivisions of, 348.

Manco Capac, his date, 22.

Mandioca, a native food-plant, 33.

Manhattan, derivation of, 183.

Mani, the Book of Chilan of, 264.

Manuscripts in Maya characters, 250.

Mapachtepec, hieroglyph of, 222.

Maps of Mayas, 438.

Markets, Mexican, 449.

Marriage song, 460.

Masks, used in rites, 114, 187.

Mass, the field, 165.

Maya language, the, 181, 345;
love words in, 420;
civilization, 84;
witch story, 171;
year-counts, 159;
phonetic characters, 199,
hieroglyphic system, 227, 228;

Mayas, ancient, writings and records of, 230–254;
earliest ancestors of, 24;
the, traditions of, 22;
conversion of, 164;
folk-lore of, 162;
burial customs of, 119;
lineal measures of, 434;
maps of, 438.

Mayacimil, meaning of, 237.

Mayapan, ancient city of, 239.

Maya-Quiche linguistic stock, 104.

Mazahua language, the, 368, 372 _sq._

Meco language, the, 368.

Meconetzin, a name of Quetzalcoatl, 88.

Meday magic, figures in, 157.

Meda sticks of Chipeways, 228.

Medical practice among Delawares, 187.

Medicines of the Mayas, 272.

Medicine-songs, native, 292.

Mengwe, name of Iroquois, meaning of, 184.

Merida, ancient ruins at, 26, 233.

Messier Mound, the, 80.

Messianic hope, among natives, 183.

Messou, _see_ Michabo.

Meta river, tribes of, 329.

Metrical standards, native, 446–8.

Mexcalla, an island, 88.

Mexi _or_ Mexica, 85, 87.

Mexican phonetic writing, 205.

Mexitl, an Aztec chief, 88.

Mexico, ancient, 23, 84, 88, 282;
human remains in, 42.

Mexican grammar, 324, 341, 344, 346.
_See_ Aztec, Nahuatl.

Mexico-Tenochtitlan, 85.

Micmacs, mythology of, 130.

Michabo, a Chipeway deity, 131, 132–4.

Michoacan, 88.

Mictlan, the Aztec Hades, 143.

Mictlantecutli, the Aztec Pluto, 145.

Migration, lines of in America, 44, 45.

Minsi tribe, 181;
derivation of, 189.

Mississippi, the, 74, 77.

Mitla, ruins of, 448.

Mixteca language, the, 331, 345.

Mongolian affinities, alleged, of the American race, 56.

Mongolian eye, the, in America, 63.

Mongoloid traits in Americans, 38, 39, 56.

Monosyllabism in languages, 215.

Montejo, Francisco de, 233.

Montezuma, his hieroglyphs, 208, 209, 282;
his forebodings, 302.

Montezuma, Rio de, 86.

Months, hieroglyphs of, of Mayas, 265–7.

Moon, origin of, 125.

Moraines, the line of, in North America, 54.

Moteuczomatzin, 283.

Mound-Builders, their nationality, 67;
their metrical standard, 447.

Mounds in Ohio and Mississippi valleys, age of, 27.

Mural paintings, of Mayas, 254.

Muskokees, 71, 75.

Mutsun language, 386 _sq._

Mythology, interpretations of, 101.

Nabula, the book of, 259.

Nagualism, in Central America, 170.

Nahua ollin, the, 161.

Nahuatl hieroglyphs, dictionary of, 210;
geographic names, 210;
lineal measures, 444.

Nahuatl language, 23, 59, 205, 363, 366, 399;
love words in, 417.

Nahuas, tribes of, 22, 85, 418.
_See_ Aztecs, Mexicans.

Names, bestowal of, 114.

Nanabojoo, a Chipeway hero, 131.

Nanahuatl, an Aztec divinity, 116.

Nanih Waiya, the Sloping Hill, 80.

Nanticokes, native name of, 189.

Napiw, a Blackfoot hero, 131.

Nasal index in American Indians, 39, 64.

Natchez, 71, 77, 78, 463.

Navaho language, 394.

Nebraska, ancient lake-beds of, 31.

Nenaboj, a Chipeway hero, 131.

Neolithic period, the, 30, 51.

New England Indians, 131.

Newfoundland, natives of, 311.

New Granada, tribes of, 330;
languages, 400.

New Jersey, archæology of, 32, 53.

New Mexico, ruins in, 25.

New York State, earthworks in, 69.

Nezahualcoyotl, a chief, 445.

Nicaragua, ancient human footprints in, 42.

Night, master of the, 113.

Nim-ak, meaning of, 113.

Nine Waters, river of, 143.

Nith songs of Eskimo, 287.

Norsemen, myths of, 142.

North Pacific coast, tribes of, 65.

Northmen, voyages of, 22, note.

Nova Scotia, discovered by Northmen, 22.

Nun, the celestial river, 137, 139.

Numbers, sacred or mystic, 99.
_See_ Four, Seven, Twelve, etc.

Numerals, deficiency of, 326.

Numeration, Maya signs of, 268;
words for, 406.

Oblique eye as racial trait, 39, 63, 64.

Obsidian found in Ohio, 32.

Occipital bone in American skulls, 62.

Ocelotl, _or_ jaguar, in myths, 128.

Ocnakuchil, meaning of 237.

Ogier the Dane, 142.

Ohio, mounds in, 27, 67–81;
obsidian in, 32.

Ojibway picture writing, 153, 154.

Offogoula, tribe, 77.

Ollanta, drama of, 300.

Omagua language, 405.

Oriental symbols in America, 148 _sqq._

Origin of language, 317.

Orinoco, tribes of, 405.

Orizaba, inscribed stone at, 274.

Orosi, natives at, 375.

Os Incæ, the, in Americans, 62.

Osiris, the Egyptian god, 137–140.

Otchipwe language, the, 364.

Otherness, how expressed, 396.

Otomis, _or_ Othomis, the tribe, 117;
war songs, 298.

Otomi language, the, 59, 366 _sq._

Ouspie, tribe, 77.

Owl, superstitions concerning, 114, 169.

Pacaha, a province, 74.

Paducas, tribe of, 291.

Pah ah tun, Maya deities, 166, 173.

Palæoliths, American and other, 48.

Palæolithic period, the, 30, 51, 390.

Palæolithic man, his habitat, 54;
language, 390 _sq._

Palenque, the ruins of, 26, 84, 126, 254, 448.

Palpan, a place name, 87.

Pame language, the, 368, 373.

Pampas, lacrustine deposits of, 31;
skulls from, 40.

Papa, name of Quetzalcoatl, 99.

Paper of Maya MSS., 253.

Paradise, the Aztec, 144.

Patagonians, height of, 39.

Patine, as a sign of age, 51.

Pavant Indians, the, 321.

Pawnees, poetry of, 291–2.

Pech, a Maya priest, 302.

Pennsylvania, ancient works in, 70;
Indian names in, 309;
relics found in, 53.

Penobscots, mythology of, 130.

Personality, idea of in language, 320.

Peru, ruined cities of, 26.

Peruvians, language of, 397;
songs of, 300.

Peten, Lake, conquest of, 239.

Petroglyph, near Orizaba, 274.

Philosophy of language, 328.

Phonetic elements, origin of, 393.

Phonetics of Mexican and Maya writing, 195.

Phoneticism in writing, origin of, 216.

Picture writing, 213, 231;
Ojibways, 153, 154, 228;
of Mexicans, 221 _sq._

Pirinda language, the, 368, 372.

Pisote, the white, 113.

Pleasure, physiological principle of, 285.

Pleistocene epoch, human remains in, 29.

Plumed serpents, house of, 97.

Plummet, unknown in America, 442, 450.

Pluto, the Greek god, 141.

Poetry, native American, 284 _sq._

Pokonchi dialect, the, 104, 112.

Polished stone, period of, 50.

Polychromatic hieroglyphs, 223.

Polynesians, alleged migrations of, 18, 43.

Polysynthesis, explained, 36, 321, 351 _sq._

Pontemelo, ancient skull from, 40.

Pop, name of a Maya month, 249.

Popol Vuh, the, 105 _sq._

Potato, the, its extension, 33.

Pottery, designs on, 157, 159;
of Lenâpé, 185.

Pound-the-stones, Miss, 179.

Prehistoric archæology, 392.

Prepositions, in American languages, 345.

Pronominal languages, 320.

Pronouns, in American languages, 396–8.

Proper names, in early times, 218.

Prophecies of Mexicans and Mayas, 302.

Pueblo Indians, 25, 87.

Pulque, liquor made from, 254.

Quetzalcoatl, 24, 84 _sq._;
baths of, 86;
absent, 145.

Quiches, myths of, 104 _sq._, 124, 171;
dialect of the, 104, 423;
king of, 114;
lineal measures of, 433;
writing of, 228;
sacred book of, 105 _sq._, 171.

Qquichua language, the, 346, 365, 425;
traditions, 22;
love-words in, 425 _sq._

Qux cah, a sacred name, 116.

Qux cho, a sacred name, 116, 120.

Qux palo, a sacred name, 116.

Ra, the sun-god, 137, 140.

Rabbit myths, 112, 132, 179, 276.

Races of men, 348.

Rain, the gods of, 175.

“Rakan,” meaning of, 122.

Rattlesnake bites, cure for, 188.

“Rax,” in Quiche, meaning of, 118.

Raxa-cakulha, a Quiche god, 120.

Rebus, method of writing by, 211, 215, 219.

Red, as sacred color, 144, 166, 176.

Refref, serpent in Egyptian myth, 137.

Relative pronouns, in American languages, 346.

Religious sentiment, the, 432.

Remedies, native, 272.

Repetition, in poetry, 285.

Reproductive principle, worship of, 119.

Rhyme, unknown in native poetry, 285.

Ring-cross, the, 158.

Rio de Montezuma, 86.

Rio de Tula, 86.

Ritual of the dead, in Egypt, 139.

Rituals of Mayas, 247.

River, the celestial and infernal, 137–145.

Rock Bluff, skulls from, 40.

Rosetta stone, the, 218.

St. Augustine, Florida, 74, 75, 77.

St. John River, 74.

St. Louis, “big mound” at, 81.

San Isidro, stone relics from, 391.

Sacred book of the Quiches, 105, 107.

Saliva, in myths, 124.

Salonge, an ogre, 176.

Salt, magic power of, 171.

Sanscrit language, the, 340, 344, 415;
alleged affinity with Nahuatl, 57.

Sambaquis, shell heaps in Brazil, 28, 29.

Sarbacane, the, 109.

Sauteux, language of, 400.

Savacon, a Carib deity, 123.

Schipka cave, bones from, 390.

Sciences of the Mayas, 245.

Seminoles, 71, 77.

Semitic traditions, supposed in America, 21.

Serpent, as sacred animal, 116, 132, 133.

Serpent mount, the, 86.

Serpent, fabulous, of Mayas, 179.

Seven, as sacred number, 124, 129, 171, 439.

Seven Caves, land of the, 23.

Sex distinctions in grammar, 406.

Shell-heaps, the age of, 27;
in Florida, Tennessee, Costa Rica, Brazil, 28;
in Gulf States, 72.

Shooting stars, in myths, 174.

Shoshonian family, languages of, 23.

Signatures of natives, 234.

Skin, color of, in American Indians, 39.

Skull, shape of, in Americans, 63.

Skulls, types of, in Brazil, 29.

Sky, soul of the, 120.

Snake-Hill, the, 86.

Sodomy, not found in Yucatan, 235.

Sonora, languages of, 23.

Soto, Hernando de, his expedition, 72, 74.

Soul, seat of, 117;
food of the, 168;
Journey of the, 135–145.

Sound-writing, 213, 230.

Span, as measure, 441.

Speech, earliest form of, 390 _sq._

Speechless man, 390–392.

Spiral, development of the, 159, note.

Spittle, as genetic fluid, 124.

Squaw, word for, 181.

Stars, origin of, 125.

Stature of American Indians, 39.

Stone, age of, its subdivisions, 50;
survivals of, 183.

Stone and brick edifices, 25.

Stone of the Giants, 274 _sq._

Stone implements, oldest specimens, 391.

Stone, the clear, divination by, 165.

Stones, adoration of, 40;
column of, 70.

Storm, Quiche gods of, 120.

Straw bird, the, 179.

Sun-god, Aztec myth of, 116;
in Yucatan, 167.

Sun, origin of, 125;
worship in Egypt, 137–140;
in America, 146;
in picture writing, 156–8.

Sun worship in Apalacha, 76;
“brother of,” 77, 78;
the mother of, 119;
four motions of, 157, 161;
worship, 170;
place of the, 93;
creation of, 95;
rays of in symbolism, 146, 280.

Svastika, the, as a symbol, 148 _sqq._

Sweat lodge, of Lenâpé, 187.

Syllabic writing, 231.

Symbols, phonetic, 197;
the sacred, in America, 149 _sqq._

Symbolic writing, 213.

Syncope in American languages, 371.

Syphilis, sacred associations of, 115, 116, 144.

Taensa language, the hoax of, 452 _sq._

Ta Ki, a Chinese symbol, 148 _sqq._

Tales, Indian, 182.

Tamanaca language, the, 331.

Tamaulipas, Sierra of, 295.

Tampa Bay, mound at, 75.

Tamuch, a Huasteca town, 221.

Tarascas, a tribe, 228.

Tat Acmo, a Maya deity, 175.

Tata Polin, a Maya sprite, 170.

Tat Ich, a Maya sprite, 170.

Tennessee River, shell heaps on, 28.

Tenochtitlan, 25, 85, 100.

Tenochtitlan, state of, 23, 283.

Teotihuacan, ruins of, 446.

Tepeu, sacred name, meaning of, 115.

Terminos, Bahia de, 232.

Terraba language, the, 375 _sq._

Tertiary, human remains in, 43.

Tezcatlipoca, 85, 90;
the black and white, 96;
contests of, 98.

Tezcuco, State of, 23, 25, 86, 445.

Tezcucans, the, 367;
philosophy of, 154.

Thirteen, as sacred number, 161, 167.

T’Ho, native name of Merida, 26.

Thought-writing, 213, 230.

Three-legged figures, 149.

Thunder, in mythology, 174.

Tiahuanaco, ruins near, 26.