Chapter XIX: Front Matter (19)

Is this modern ideal to survive throughout the future? I think not. While all other things undergo continuous {485} change, it is impossible that ideals should remain fixed. The ancient ideal was appropriate to the ages of conquest by man over man, and spread of the strongest races. The modern ideal is appropriate to ages in which conquest of the earth and subjection of the powers of Nature to human use, is the predominant need. But hereafter, when both these ends have in the main been achieved, the ideal formed will probably differ considerably from the present one. May we not foresee the nature of the difference? I think we may. Some twenty years ago, a good friend of mine, and a good friend of yours too, though you never saw him, John Stuart Mill, delivered at St. Andrews an inaugural address on the occasion of his appointment to the Lord Rectorship. It contained much to be admired, as did all he wrote. There ran through it, however, the tacit assumption that life is for learning and working. I felt at the time that I should have liked to take up the opposite thesis. I should have liked to contend that life is not for learning, nor is life for working, but learning and working are for life. The primary use of knowledge is for such guidance of conduct under all circumstances as shall make living complete. All other uses of knowledge are secondary. It scarcely needs saying that the primary use of work is that of supplying the materials and aids to living completely; and that any other uses of work are secondary. But in men’s conceptions the secondary has in great measure usurped the place of the primary. The apostle of culture as it is commonly conceived, Mr. Matthew Arnold, makes little or no reference to the fact that the first use of knowledge is the right ordering of all actions; and Mr. Carlyle, who is a good exponent of current ideas about work, insists on its virtues for quite other reasons than that it achieves sustentation. We may trace everywhere in human affairs a tendency to transform the means into the end. All see that the miser does this when, making the accumulation of money his sole satisfaction, he forgets that money is of value only to {486} purchase satisfactions. But it is less commonly seen that the like is true of the work by which the money is accumulated—that industry too, bodily or mental, is but a means; and that it is as irrational to pursue it to the exclusion of that complete living it subserves, as it is for the miser to accumulate money and make no use of it. Hereafter, when this age of active material progress has yielded mankind its benefits, there will, I think, come a better adjustment of labour and enjoyment. Among reasons for thinking this, there is the reason that the process of evolution throughout the organic world at large, brings an increasing surplus of energies that are not absorbed in fulfilling material needs, and points to a still larger surplus for the humanity of the future. And there are other reasons, which I must pass over. In brief, I may say that we have had somewhat too much of “the gospel of work.” It is time to preach the gospel of relaxation.

This is a very unconventional after-dinner speech. Especially it will be thought strange that in returning thanks I should deliver something very much like a homily. But I have thought I could not better convey my thanks than by the expression of a sympathy which issues in a fear. If, as I gather, this intemperance in work affects more especially the Anglo-American part of the population—if there results an undermining of the physique, not only in adults, but also in the young, who, as I learn from your daily journals, are also being injured by overwork—if the ultimate consequence should be a dwindling away of those among you who are the inheritors of free institutions and best adapted to them; then there will come a further difficulty in the working out of that great future which lies before the American nation. To my anxiety on this account you must please ascribe the unusual character of my remarks.

And now I must bid you farewell. When I sail by the _Germanic_ on Saturday, I shall bear with me pleasant {487} remembrances of my intercourse with many Americans, joined with regrets that my state of health has prevented me from seeing a larger number.

* * * * *

POSTSCRIPT.—A few words may fitly be added respecting the causes of this over-activity in American life—causes which may be identified as having in recent times partially operated among ourselves, and as having wrought kindred, though less marked, effects. It is the more worth while to trace the genesis of this undue absorption of the energies in work, since it well serves to illustrate the general truth which should be ever present to all legislators and politicians, that the indirect and unforeseen results of any cause affecting a society are frequently, if not habitually, greater and more important than the direct and foreseen results.

This high pressure under which Americans exist, and which is most intense in places like Chicago, where the prosperity and rate of growth are greatest, is seen by many intelligent Americans themselves to be an indirect result of their free institutions and the absence of those class-distinctions and restraints existing in older communities. A society in which the man who dies a millionaire is so often one who commenced life in poverty, and in which (to paraphrase a French saying concerning the soldier) every news-boy carries a president’s seal in his bag, is, by consequence, a society in which all are subject to a stress of competition for wealth and honour, greater than can exist in a society whose members are nearly all prevented from rising out of the ranks in which they were born, and have but remote possibilities of acquiring fortunes. In those European societies which have in great measure preserved their old types of structure (as in our own society up to the time when the great development of industrialism began to open ever-multiplying careers for the producing and distributing classes) there is so little chance of overcoming the obstacles to any great rise in position or possessions, that {488} nearly all have to be content with their places: entertaining little or no thought of bettering themselves. A manifest concomitant is that, fulfilling, with such efficiency as a moderate competition requires, the daily tasks of their respective situations, the majority become habituated to making the best of such pleasures as their lot affords, during whatever leisure they get. But it is otherwise where an immense growth of trade multiplies greatly the chances of success to the enterprising; and still more is it otherwise where class-restrictions are partially removed or wholly absent. Not only are more energy and thought put into the time daily occupied in work, but the leisure comes to be trenched upon, either literally by abridgment, or else by anxieties concerning business. Clearly, the larger the number who, under such conditions, acquire property, or achieve higher positions, or both, the sharper is the spur to the rest. A raised standard of activity establishes itself and goes on rising. Public applause given to the successful, becoming in communities thus circumstanced the most familiar kind of public applause, increases continually the stimulus to action. The struggle grows more and more strenuous, and there comes an increasing dread of failure—a dread of being “left,” as the Americans say: a significant word, since it is suggestive of a race in which the harder any one runs, the harder others have to run to keep up with him—a word suggestive of that breathless haste with which each passes from a success gained to the pursuit of a further success. And on contrasting the English of to-day with the English of a century ago, we may see how, in a considerable measure, the like causes have entailed here kindred results.

Even those who are not directly spurred on by this intensified struggle for wealth and honour, are indirectly spurred on by it. For one of its effects is to raise the standard of living, and eventually to increase the average rate of expenditure for all. Partly for personal enjoyment, {489} but much more for the display which brings admiration, those who acquire fortunes distinguish themselves by luxurious habits. The more numerous they become, the keener becomes the competition for that kind of public attention given to those who make themselves conspicuous by great expenditure. The competition spreads downwards step by step; until, to be “respectable,” those having relatively small means feel obliged to spend more on houses, furniture, dress, and food; and are obliged to work the harder to get the requisite larger income. This process of causation is manifest enough among ourselves; and it is still more manifest in America, where the extravagance in style of living is greater than here.

Thus, though it seems beyond doubt that the removal of all political and social barriers, and the giving to each man an unimpeded career, must be purely beneficial; yet there is (at first) a considerable set-off from the benefits. Among those who in older communities have by laborious lives gained distinction, some may be heard privately to confess that “the game is not worth the candle;” and when they hear of others who wish to tread in their steps, shake their heads and say—“If they only knew!” Without accepting in full so pessimistic an estimate of success, we must still say that very generally the cost of the candle deducts largely from the gain of the game. That which in these exceptional cases holds among ourselves, holds more generally in America. An intensified life, which may be summed up as—great labour, great profit, great expenditure—has for its concomitant a wear and tear which considerably diminishes in one direction the good gained in another. Added together, the daily strain through many hours and the anxieties occupying many other hours—the occupation of consciousness by feelings that are either indifferent or painful, leaving relatively little time for occupation of it by pleasurable feelings—tend to lower its level more than its level is raised by the gratifications of achievement {490} and the accompanying benefits. So that it may, and in many cases does, result that diminished happiness goes along with increased prosperity. Unquestionably, as long as order is fairly maintained, that absence of political and social restraints which gives free scope to the struggles for profit and honour, conduces greatly to material advance of the society—develops the industrial arts, extends and improves the business organizations, augments the wealth; but that it raises the value of individual life, as measured by the average state of its feeling, by no means follows. That it will do so eventually, is certain; but that it does so now seems, to say the least, very doubtful.

The truth is that a society and its members act and react in such wise that while, on the one hand, the nature of the society is determined by the natures of its members; on the other hand, the activities of its members (and presently their natures) are re-determined by the needs of the society, as these alter: change in either entails change in the other. It is an obvious implication that, to a great extent the life of a society so sways the wills of its members as to turn them to its ends. That which is manifest during the militant stage, when the social aggregate coerces its units into co-operation for defence, and sacrifices many of their lives for its corporate preservation holds under another form during the industrial stage, as we at present know it. Though the co-operation of citizens is now voluntary instead of compulsory; yet the social forces impel them to achieve social ends while apparently achieving only their own ends. The man who, carrying out an invention, thinks only of private welfare to be thereby secured, is in far larger measure working for public welfare: instance the contrast between the fortune made by Watt and the wealth which the steam-engine has given to mankind. He who utilizes a new material, improves a method of production, or introduces a better way of carrying on business, and does this for the purpose of distancing competitors, gains {491} for himself little compared with that which he gains for the community by facilitating the lives of all. Either unknowingly or in spite of themselves, Nature leads men by purely personal motives to fulfil her ends: Nature being one of our expressions for the Ultimate Cause of things, and the end, remote when not proximate, being the highest form of human life.

Hence no argument, however cogent, can be expected to produce much effect: only here and there one may be influenced. As in an actively militant stage of society it is impossible to make many believe that there is any glory preferable to that of killing enemies; so, where rapid material growth is going on, and affords unlimited scope for the energies of all, little can be done by insisting that life has higher uses than work and accumulation. While among the most powerful of feelings continue to be the desire for public applause and dread of public censure—while the anxiety to achieve distinction, now by conquering enemies, now by beating competitors, continues predominant—while the fear of public reprobation affects men more than the fear of divine vengeance (as witness the long survival of duelling in Christian societies); this excess of work which ambition prompts, seems likely to continue with but small qualification. The eagerness for the honour accorded to success, first in war and then in commerce, has been indispensable as a means to peopling the Earth with the higher types of man, and the subjugation of its surface and its forces to human use. Ambition may fitly come to bear a smaller ratio to other motives, when the working out of these needs is approaching completeness; and when also, by consequence, the scope for satisfying ambition is diminishing. Those who draw the obvious corollaries from the doctrine of Evolution—those who believe that the process of modification upon modification which has brought life to its present height must raise it still higher, will anticipate that the “last infirmity of noble mind” will in the distant future slowly {492} decrease. As the sphere for achievement becomes smaller, the desire for applause will lose that predominance which it now has. A better ideal of life may simultaneously come to prevail. When there is fully recognized the truth that moral beauty is higher than intellectual power—when the wish to be admired is in large measure replaced by the wish to be loved; that strife for distinction which the present phase of civilization shows us will be greatly moderated. Along with other benefits may then come a rational proportioning of work and relaxation; and the relative claims of to-day and to-morrow may be properly balanced.

THE END.

{493}

SUBJECT-INDEX.

(For this Index the Author is indebted to F. HOWARD COLLINS, Esq., of Edgbaston, Birmingham.)

_A priori_, method, III, 199–203.

Absolute, The:
Martineau on, II, 250–8;
and relativity of knowledge, II, 260.

Abstract, definition of, II, 78.

Abstract nouns, succeed concrete, I, 323.

Abstraction, comparative psychology, I, 365–6.

Accommodation bills:
morals of banking, III, 133–7;
state tamperings with money, III, 326–35, 335–47.

Acoustics:
genesis, II, 57, 60–1;
“beats,” II, 169–70.

Acquisitiveness, comparative psychology, I, 367.

Action and reaction:
universal, III, 101;
the axiom, III, 221.

Activity, relation to growth, I, 63–4.

Adaptation:
individual and social, III, 277–8;
of alimentary canal, III, 421.

Address, forms of, III, 15–6.

_Adelaide_, Admiralty certificate of, III, 239.

Adjective, collocation of substantive, III, 340–1.

Administrative Nihilism, the title, II, 438, 442.

Admiralty, ship certificates, III, 239.

Adulteration:
examples, III, 113;
silk, III, 124–7.

Æsthetics, and natural selection, I, 408.

Agriculture, in France, III, 267–8.

Air, expansion without pressure, I, 118.

Alas! intonation of, II, 409.

Albert, Prince, on representative government, III, 284.

_Algæ_:
development and homogeneity, I, 90;
cell membrane, I, 439;
cells, I, 446.

Algebra:
genesis, II, 56;
classification of sciences, II, 85;
subject matter, II, 113, 115;
evolution, II, 156;
(_see also_ Mathematics.)

Alimentary canal:
evolution, III, 204;
differentiation, III, 406;
and nervous system, III, 409;
adaptation, III, 421.

Allegory, compound metaphor, II, 354.

Allotropism, complexity of elements, I, 155, 373.

Alternative necessity, law of, II, 191–2.

Altruism:
development, I, 346–50;
comparative psychology, I, 367–9.

_Amazon_, burning of the ship, III, 239.

America:
paleontological evidence, I, 17;
effects of subsidence, I, 42–3;
age of rocks, I, 200–5, 206, 209, 210;
admiration for wealth, III, 149–51;
progress in, III, 278;
paper currency, III, 328, 345;
liberty, III, 381–2;
militancy and industrialism, III, 415–6, 484–92;
politics, III, 457;
the Americans, III, 471–92;
New York, III, 472;
Cleveland, III, 472;
free institutions, III, 472;
patents, 473;
freedom, III, 473–4, 477;
republicanism, III, 474–5;
education, III, 475–6;
character, III, 476, 482–7;
railways, III, 478;
future, III, 479–80;
hair, III, 482;
health, III, 482, 483–4;
pleasures in, III, 482–3;
causes of over-activity, III, 487–92.

_Amœba_, instability of homogeneous, I, 86.

Amsterdam, English enterprise in, III, 278.

Analysis, psychology and classification, I, 245–57.

Anarchy, and despotism, III, 159.

Anatomy:
transcendental, I, 63;
organic correlation, I, 96–101.

Andes, age of rocks, I, 200–1.

Andrews, Prof. T., researches, I, 164–7.

Anger:
natural language of, I, 340–50;
indications, II, 402, 404, 405;
and laughter, II, 462–3.

Anglesea, age of rocks, I, 198.

Animals:
number of species, I, 1–2;
increase in heterogeneity, I, 14–7, 35;
structure, I, 73, 76, 372–3;
form, I, 73, 76;
chemical composition, I, 74, 76;
specific gravity, I, 74, 76;
temperature, I, 74, 76;
self-mobility, I, 75, 76;
evolution and homogeneity, I, 83–4;
distribution and heat, I, 223–4;
also terrestrial change, I, 224–6;
social analogy, I, 272–7;
origin of worship, I, 308–30;
indistinguishable from plants, I, 375–6;
function, I, 392–3;
gracefulness, II, 381, 385;
muscular excitement, II, 400, 403.

_Annulosa_:
integration, I, 67–71;
division of labour, I, 287–8;
nervous system, I, 300;
controlling system, III, 407.

Anthropology, comparative psychology of man, I, 351–70.

Antipodes, belief in, II, 199.

Anti-realism, H. Sidgwick’s criticism, II, 242–50.

Aphis, development, I, 65–6.

Apoplexy:
belief in spirits, I, 311–2;
heart disease, I, 411.

Appleton, D. & Co., as publishers, III, 480.

Approbation, love of, I, 36–7, II, 421.

Arago, F. J. D.:
distribution of nebulæ, I, 112;
also forms, I, 122, 123, 124.

Architect, the State as, III, 239.

Architecture:
relation to painting and sculpture, I, 24;
types, II, 375–80;
symmetry in buildings, II, 376–7;
Gothic type, II, 374, 377, 378;
Grecian, II, 376, 377, 378.

Argyll, Duke of, criticism of, I, 467–78.

Arithmetic, and test of necessity, II, 196–7; (_See also_ Mathematics.)

Army:
maladministration, III, 233, 247, 257, 308, 310, 399;
parliamentary representatives, III, 297, 303, 304;
compulsory co-operation, III, 451–4.

Arrest, H. L. d’, planetoids, I, 174.

Art:
recognition of likeness, II, 34;
interdependence of the arts, II, 68–71;
use and beauty in historical pictures, II, 373;
contrast in, II, 373–4;
English and continental, III, 430.

Arthur, Sir G., Van Diemen’s Land convicts, III, 161.

_Articulata_, nervous system, I, 301.

Assyrians:
language and painting, I, 25–6;
sculpture, I, 26, 29.

Astronomy:
evolution and increase in heterogeneity, I, 10–11, 35;
nebular hypothesis and multiplication of effects, I, 38–9, 59;
history and generalization in, I, 192;
geology and earth’s motion, I, 221–4;
analogy from survival of the fittest, I, 478;
science and common knowledge, II, 3;
Hegel’s classification, II, 13;
Comte’s, II, 21–7;
genesis, II, 48–9, 52, 55;
genesis of trigonometry, II, 55–6;
genesis of physical, II, 59;
interdependence of sciences, II, 66–7, 70–1;
and abstract science, II, 80;
and concrete, II, 88–92;
terrestrial evolution, II, 94–9;
deals with aggregates, II, 99;
Bain on classification of sciences, II, 111;
also Mill, II, 114;
discovery of laws, II, 149;
evolution, II, 152;
judgments of reason and common sense, II, 243–4;
laws of motion, II, 271–5, 283–8;
motion of system, II, 293;
exact science, III, 199.

Australia:
size of the human limb, I, 17;
age of rocks, I, 206;
fauna, I, 216.

_Australian_, the ship, and admiralty certificate, III, 239.

Austria, paper currency, III, 345.

Authority, and intelligence, III, 311.

Axioms:
knowledge implied by, II, 270, 277–88;
origin of physical, II, 298–301, 313–4, 315–20;
Thomson and Tait on physical, III, 220–1.

Babinet, M., on nebular hypothesis, I, 121.

Bach, J. S., and heredity, I, 407.

Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Alban’s:
organization of sciences, II, 121;
literary style, II, 365;
“A crowd is not company,” III, 44.

_Bacteria_, action of light, I, 465–6.

Baer, C. von, formula of, and general evolution, I, 35, II, 137–8.

Bail, prison discipline, III, 180–7.

Baillie-Cochrane, Mr., on Munich prison, III, 172.

Bain, A.:
_Emotions and the Will_, I, 241–64;
_Mental and Moral Science_, I, 332;
classification of sciences, II, 105–17;
on logic, II, 105–6;
mathematics, II, 106–7;
incongruities, II, 463.

Balfour, F. M.:
on invagination, I, 452;
development of nervous system, I, 454.

Ball, embryological analogy, I, 452.

Balloon, reason for ascent, I, 427.

Ballot, Carlyle on, III, 300.

Balzac, H. de, quoted, II, 364.

Bank notes:
forgery, III, 134;
issue, III, 349–50, 352, 355.

Bank of England:
advances by, III, 330–5, 335–47;
note issue, III, 349–50.

Bankers, local integration, I, 103.

Banking:
morals of trade, III, 131–7;
accommodation bills, III, 133–7;
evolution, III, 255–6.

Bankruptcy:
morals of trade, III, 129–31;
and Bank of England, III, 330–2, 341;
evils of law, III, 438–9.

Banks:
State tamperings, III, 326–57;
joint-stock, III, 347–54;
and free-trade, III, 355–7;
and government, III, 425–7.

Barbadoes, sugar, III, 122.

Barnacle goose, myth of, II, 162.

Barometer:
action, I, 426;
scientific knowledge, II, 3, 5.

Baron, the title, III, 15, 28.

Barracks, maladministration, III, 233, 257.

Barristers:
and traders, III, 139;
number in parliament, III, 298, 303, 304.

Barter, and measures, II, 46; (_see also_ Exchange.)

Bas-relief, increase in heterogeneity, I, 26, 27.

Beats, acoustical, II, 169–70.

Beauty:
officialism, I, 335–6;
and use, II, 370–4;
personal, II, 387–99.

Bees:
sex of, I, 48;
analogy for distribution of nebulæ, I, 114.

Beethoven, L. von:
heredity, I, 406;
Adelaïde of, II, 447.

Beliefs:
and pedigree, I, 108;
different meaning of, II, 188–91, 193, 222.

Berkeley, Bishop, subject and object, II, 329.

Berlin:
English enterprise, III, 278;
water supply, III, 429.

Bills of accommodation, morals of banking, III, 133–7.

Biluchis, robbery, III, 218, 221.

Biology:
increase in heterogeneity, I, 14–7, 35;
multiplication of effects, I, 46–53;
concrete science, II, 89–92;
deals with aggregates, II, 103;
Bain on classification, II, 109–11;
origin of species, II, 131;
evolution of science, II, 153;
universality of law, II, 159;
organic matter and incident forces, II, 177;
organic differentiation, III, 405.

Birds:
in newly discovered lands, I, 255–6;
use and disuse, I, 418;
colour as illustrating propositions, II, 205–8;
muscular excitement, II, 400, 403;
origin of music, II, 428;
evolution, II, 438.

Black horse, the phrase, II, 340.

Blacksmith, arm and heredity, I, 475.

Blackstone, Sir Wm., persons ineligible for parliament, III, 296.

Blister:
effect on walking, I, 403;
action of medicine, I, 448.

Blood:
multiplication of effects, I, 47;
nutrition and growth, I, 289;
function and supply, I, 290;
social analogy, I, 291–8;
mental mass and bodily state, I, 354.

Board-meetings, railway, III, 77–80.

Bondage, from freedom to, III, 445–70.

Bones:
evolution and ratio of, I, 17;
weight in duck, I, 417–8;
water hen, I, 418.

Bookkeeping:
railway, III, 59;
officialism, III, 253.

Books, serial arrangement, II, 28.

Botany:
classification, II, 64;
discovery of laws, II, 150.

Bow, the obeisance, III, 18, 19.

Braid, morals of trade, III, 119.

Brain:
effect on viscera, I, 290;
analogy to parliament, I, 302–5;
mental and bodily mass, I, 353–4;
size of jaw, I, 397;
embryo development, I, 454.

Bribery:
of buyers, III, 114–8;
of juries, III, 396.

Bricks:
position of falling, I, 99;
and building, III, 239;
tax on, III, 243.

British Association, and government, III, 436.

_British Quarterly Review_, criticism, II, 267–301, 315–20.

Bronze, multiplication of effects, I, 55–6.

Brown-Séquard, E., epilepsy in guinea pigs, I, 415–6.

Builders, strike of, III, 363–4, 365, 383.

Buildings Acts:
failure, III, 239, 240–1, 275;
displacements caused by, III, 281;
representative government, III, 301.

Bull-dog, jaws of, I, 401.

Burial, primitive ideas, III, 6–11.

Buyers, in clothing trades, III, 114–8.

Cabet, S., Icarian colony, III, 457.

Cabs:
officialism, III, 250;
in New York, III, 291;
representative government, III, 302.

Cadence, defined, II, 422.

Caird, Rev. Princ., reply to criticism, II, 219–21.

Calculus:
implies absolute equality, II,38;
classification of sciences, II, 84;
evolution, II, 156.

Cambium, in plants, I, 450.

Cambrian system, thickness, I, 231.

Campbell, G., on style, II, 338–9.

Canals:
first English, III, 257;
officialism, III, 267.

Candles:
multiplication of effects, I, 37;
morals of trade, III, 128;
Price’s school, III, 256.

Cannibalism, in Fiji, III, 217–8.

Cannon ball, disintegration, I, 436.

Caoutchouc, effects of, I, 58.

Capital:
direction of flow, III, 101–3, 264;
amount of railway, III, 108;
relative and absolute ethics, III, 155–7;
State tamperings with, III, 326–35, 335–47.

Captains, certificated, of ships, III, 241.

Caradoc sandstone, age, I, 201.

Carat, a small bean, II, 44.

Carboniferous system, origin, I, 237.

Carlyle, Thomas:
on people, III, 293;
the ballot, III, 300;
the real rulers, III, 316–7;
quotation from _Heroes and Hero-worship_, II, 357.

Carpenter, W. B., evolution and paleontology, I, 16.

Carus, P., on Kantian ethics, III, 206–7.

Castles:
use and beauty, II, 371;
situation, II, 376.

Cat, muscular excitement, II, 400–1, 403.

Catalepsy, belief in spirits, I, 311–2.

Caterpillar, mistake by, I, 419.

Causation:
establishment of belief, I, 109;
ignorance of, III, 487–92.

Cause:
multiplication of effects, I, 37;
consciousness of, II, 127;
proportionality to effect, II, 300–1, 302–5, 305–7, 310–11, 318–20.

Cell, doctrine of, I, 442–3.

Centralization, French, III, 268.

Cerebrum, consciousness of, representative, I, 303.

Ceremony:
increase of heterogeneity, I, 20–1;
evolution, III, 11–6, 23, 50;
obeisances, III, 17–22;
primitive man, III, 24;
Chinese, III, 25;
evolution of governments, III, 27–8, 50.

Cerney springs, III, 387–92.

Chaldeans, prediction of eclipses, II, 48–9.

Chalk, complexity of, III, 195–6.

Chancery:
rules, III, 232;
maladministration, III, 247, 272;
dread of, III, 396.

Change:
pleasure of, III, 454;
universal, III, 458–60.

Charity, and government, III, 434.

_Charlotte_, The, naval maladministration, III, 234.

Cheek-bones, personal beauty, I, 390–2.

Cheltenham, water supply, III, 387–92.

Chemistry:
multiplication of effects, I, 43–5, 59;
unstable equilibrium, I, 83;
organic evolution, I, 83–4;
complexity of elements, I, 155–9, 371–4;
organic synthesis, I, 374;
genesis, II, 51, 58, 60;
galvanic electricity, II, 61;
classification, II, 64;
abstract concrete science, II, 85–8;
terrestrial evolution, II, 95–9;
deals with properties, II, 102, 103;
Bain on classification, II, 107–11;
elements, II, 195;
development, II, 423.

Cheques (_see_ Money).

Chesil Beach, size of stones, I, 432.

Chicken, evolution of mind, I, 377.

Chiefs:
differentiation, I, 284–5;
duties and individual nervous system, I, 299–307;
primitive belief in spirits, I, 344.

Children:
emotions and expression, I, 339–50;
lack generalization, I, 354;
and traits of savage, I, 355;
mental variability, I, 356–7;
impulsiveness, I, 358;
vocabulary, II, 336;
poor law and illegitimate, III, 244;
old and new education, III, 277.

China, manners and fashion, III, 25.

Chisholme, Mrs., colonization society, III, 258.

Cholera, private and state enterprise, III, 238–9.

Chopin, F., character, II, 417.

Chrysalis, transformations, II, 163.

Church:
differentiation from State, I, 21;
officialism, III, 251, 252;
corn laws, III, 361;
franchise and rates, III, 362.

Circle, relation to hyperbola, I, 5.

Circulars, morals of trade, III, 123–4.

_Cirrhipedia_, classification, I, 248.

Civilization, development of sympathy, II, 425.

Classification:
psychology and analysis, I, 245–57;
historical, I, 248;
non-linear of sciences, II, 27–9;
recognition of likeness and unlikeness, II, 29–31, 34;
and language, II, 31–3, 40;
and reasoning, II, 33, 34, 40;
genesis of science, II, 63–5, 72;
(_See also_ Sciences, Classification of the.)

Clearing house, banker’s, III, 425.

Climate:
increase of heterogeneity, I, 13–4, 35;
and paleontological evidence, I, 221–4.

Coach:
and railway travelling, III, 110–2;
Palmer, III, 441.

Coats of arms, derivation, I, 28.

Cognitions, defined, I, 261–2, II, 241.

Coleridge, S. T., sonnet quoted, II, 352.

Colligation, the word, II, 368–9.

Colloids, evolution of life, I, 374.

Comets, origin, direction and constitution, I, 125–8, 153, 177–8.

Common sense:
judgment of reason, II, 243–4;
anomalies, III, 401–4, 445.

Companies (_see_ Joint-stock companies.)

Comparative Psychology (see Psychology.)

Compass, faulty Admiralty, III, 234, 252.

Competition:
effect of railway, III, 97, 106–7;
effects, III, 448–9;
American, III, 487–92.

Comte, A.:
classification of sciences, II, 15–29;
mathematics, II, 15–19;
astronomy, II, 21–3;
progress of mathematics, II, 56;
on gravitation, II, 65, 66;
on education, II, 72, 133;
Littré on classification of, II, 74–6;
abstract and concrete science, II, 79;
science and positivism, II, 118–22, 128, 139;
origin of knowledge, II, 122–5;
propositions of, II, 125–32;
and social statics, II, 134–7;
Mill on philosophy, II, 143;
Fouillée on, II, 143–4;
progress from simple to complex, II, 147;
positivism rejected by Mr. Spencer, II, 221.

Concrete:
precedes abstract, I, 323;
definition, II, 78.

Conduct (_see_ Morals.)

Conglomerate, origin, I, 444.

Conic sections, relation of circle to hyperbola, I, 5.

Conscience:
corporate and individual, III, 61–2;
Kant on human, III, 192;
Lubbock, III, 192–3;
and duty, III, 210–1.

Consciousness, the phrase, state of, II, 326–7.

Conservatism:
and social state, I, 356;
of women, I, 363;
Emerson on, III, 35;
effects, III, 43–4.

Contract:
principle of, III, 90, 108;
and expediency, III, 95–6;
railway proprietary, III, 108–12;
enforcement in Spain, III, 218;
effect of breaches, III, 220;
State to enforce, III, 334, 336.

Contractors:
sociological division of labour, I, 106;
railway, III, 72–4, 83, 88, 108.

Contrast:
in literature and art, II, 373–4;
in music, II, 444, 446.

Convicts (_see_ Prison Ethics.)

Coöperation:
needful to social life, III, 450;
voluntary, III, 450–1;
compulsory, III, 451–4;
and socialism, III, 454–6.

Copernicus, N., solar theory, I, 193.

Copula, arrangement of sentences, II, 342–4.

Corn laws:
representative government, III, 294;
and clergy, III, 361.

Corporations, representative government, III, 289.

Correlation, organic, I, 96–101.

Costume:
and political opinion, III, 1–5, 30;
reform and custom, III, 30–6, 36–7;
development, III, 447.

Cotton:
industry and locality, I, 104;
manufacture, II, 68.

Counterpoint, origin of music, II, 448.

Counties, social development, I, 288.

Courage, emotional expression, I, 343–50.

Crabs, of Kentucky caves, I, 400–1, 402.

Creation (_see_ Special creation.)

Credit, State tamperings with money, III, 326–35, 335–47.

Creed:
fatal to science, I, 463;
use and beauty, II, 371.

Criminals (_see_ Prison Ethics.)

Critical point, of gases, I, 164–7.

Critics, faith in, II, 322.

Crofton, Captain, prison discipline, III, 186.

Cromwell, O., and representative government, III, 315–6.

Croshek, the name, I, 313.

Crosse, A. F., on Hungarian music, II, 449.

Croydon, board of health, III, 241.

_Crustacea_, integration, I, 68–71.

Cubit, length of, II, 43, 44.

Curiosity, comparative psychology, I, 364–5.

Curtsy, obeisance, III, 18–9.

Custom:
and political opinion, III, 1–5, 30;
Eastern, III, 25;
and reform, III, 30–6, 36–7;
effect on railways, III, 110–2.

Cuvier, Baron de, organic correlation, I, 96–101.

D’Alembert, J. le R., composition of forces, II, 24.

Damaras, ethics of the, III, 193.

Dancing:
origin and differentiation, I, 30–2;
grace in, II, 381, 382;
and pleasure, II, 402;
evolution, II, 441.

Darwin, Charles:
natural selection of one variation, I, 407, 421;
natural selection and heredity, I, 408–12, 421;
on E. Darwin, I, 417;
inheritance of functionally produced changes, I, 417–21, 422;
origin of music, II, 426–37;
on the phrase natural selection, I, 429;
effect of changed conditions, I, 433.

Darwin, Dr. E., organic evolution, I, 390–1, 397.

Davy, Sir H., chemical elements, III, 195.

Dawn, as name, I, 318, 319, 324.

Death:
primitive ideas, III, 6;
punishment and associations, III, 158, 187;
duty and inclination, III, 212, 213, 215;
rate in barracks, III, 257;
improvement in rate, III, 447.

Deduction:
and physiology, I, 77–81, 107;
qualitative and quantitative science, II, 7.

Deer, growth of horns, I, 393.

Defoe, D., _Complete English Tradesman_, III, 141.

Deities, primitive ideas, III, 6–11, 12.

De la Beche, Sir H., paleontological evidence, I, 205.

Democracy, change inaugurated, III, 49.

Desire, associated with talent, I, 54.

Despotism:
and social state, I, 268, III, 313;
and anarchy, III, 159;
and representative government, III, 309–10.

Development:
hypothesis, I, 1–7;
relation to function, I, 63–4;
(_see also_ Evolution.)

Devonian System, age of, I, 203–5, 210.

Dewar, Prof., complexity of elements, I, 162.

Differentiation, sociological, I, 102–7.

Directors:
and railway companies, III, 52–63, 69;
and shareholder’s interests, III, 82–8, 108;
morals of banking, III, 131–7.

Disease:
multiplication of effects, I, 47;
dissimilar effects, I, 100;
beliefs about, II, 153;
criminality, III, 167;
representative government, III, 301, 304;
body and nerve functions, III, 419–22, 443.

Distribution, individual and social, I, 291–8.

Dividends, railway, III, 57, 98.

Division of labour:
multiplication of effects, I, 53–8;
sociological, I, 105–6, 292–3, III, 323;
illustrations and growth, I, 266;
social and individual nervous system, I, 299–307;
progress of science, II, 24–7.

Dixon, T. H., on Norfolk Island convicts, III, 176.

Dogs:
size of jaws, I, 398–400, 401, 422;
use and disuse, I, 469–71;
simile of Hodgson, II, 231–3;
gracefulness, II, 381, 385;
muscular excitement, II, 400, 403;
origin of music, II, 428.

Don, the title, III, 14.

Downes, Dr., on light and protoplasm, I, 465–6.

Drama:
cause of laughter, II, 461;
representative government, III, 301.

Draper, honesty and bankruptcy, III, 129–31.

Drawing, comparative psychology, I, 366.

Dreams, belief in spirits, I, 310–3.

Dress:
and political opinion, III, 1–5, 30;
custom and reform, III, 30–6, 36–7;
and extravagance, III, 36–7;
and enjoyment, III, 40–6.

Drunkenness, and temperance, III, 446.

Duck, weight of bones, I, 417–8.

Duty:
Kant and pursuit of happiness, III, 207–9;
and inclination, III, 209–13.

Dyeing, morals of trade, III, 125.

Dymond, J., _Principles of Morality_, I, 346.

Dynamics, Comte’s classification, II, 19.

Ear, embryological development, I, 454.

Earth:
increase in heterogeneity, I, 11–4, 35;
rotatory movement, I, 135, 136;
number of satellites, I, 139;
density and heat, I, 144–8, 148–52;
size, I, 145;
paleontology and motion, I, 221–4;
laws of motion, II, 272, 283–8;
(_see also_ Geology.)

Ease, and grace, II, 382.

East Indies, effects of upheaval, I, 49–52.

Echoes, belief in spirits, I, 310–3.

Eclipse, prediction of, II, 48.

Ectoderm:
development, I, 284;
social and individual analogy, I, 298–9;
differentiation, III, 405.

Education:
comparative psychology, I, 370;
development of science, II, 72;
Comte’s views, II, 133;
and conservatism, III, 43;
old and new, III, 277;
representative government, III, 301;
parliamentary reform, III, 375–9;
and government, III, 435–6;
development, III, 446, 459–60;
American, III, 475–6.

Effect:
proportionality to cause, II, 300–1, 302–5, 305–7, 310–11, 318–20;
relation to cause, III, 487–92.

Egg, evolution of mind, I, 377.

Egyptians:
language and painting, I, 25–6;
sculpture, I, 26–7, 29, 30;
music, I, 32.

Electricity:
multiplication of effects, I, 59;
genesis of galvanic, II, 61;
Whewell on progress of theory, II, 62;
abstract-concrete science, II, 88;
mode of molecular motion, II, 126;
what is? 168–72, 186–7;
also thermo-, II, 172–6;
statical and molecular motion, II, 180–3, 186–7;
induction, II, 183;
voltaic and molecular motion, II, 183–4, 186–7.

Elements, complexity of, I, 155–9, 162, 371–4.

Ell, the measure, II, 44.

Ellipse, relation to circle, I, 5.

Embryo:
relation to adult, I, 6;
early changes in, I, 445;
development, I, 451–8.

Embryology:
increase in heterogeneity, I, 17–9;
multiplication of effects, I, 48;
organic correlation, I, 97;
importance of, II, 8–9;
von Baer’s formula, II, 137–8.

Emerson, R. W.:
_Lectures on the Times_, II, 354;
use and ornament, II, 370;
on conservatism, III, 35.

Emotion:
Bain’s definition, I, 258–60;
defined, I, 262;
of beauty, I, 335–6;
relation to idea, I, 336;
expression in children, I, 339–50;
and intellect, I, 353, II, 465;
sexual sentiment, I, 363–4;
sociality, freedom, approbation, and acquisitiveness, I, 366–7;
poetry and effect on language, II, 357–61;
demonstration of, II, 401–3;
nervous and muscular system, II, 453–8;
physiology of laughter, II, 458–64;
waste, repair, and language, II, 361–7;
and health, III, 481.

Empiricism:
reasoning of, II, 201–5;
test of truth, II, 214–7.

Endoderm:
development, I, 284;
differentiation, III, 405.

Endymion, the myth, I, 326, 327.

Energy, conservation and persistence of force, II, 295.

Engel, Carl, on ancient music, II, 414.

Engineers:
and railways, III, 68–72, 83, 88, 108;
society, III, 362–3, 365;
English and French, III, 427–8.

Engines, dissimilarity of similar, I, 99.

England:
government in, I, 302–5;
enterprise in, III, 278–80;
representative government in, III, 305–9, 318–9;
militancy and industrialism, III, 416;
political liberty, III, 445.

English language:
words, II, 336–8;
Latin and Greek words, II, 367–9.

Entomology, insect transformations, II, 163.

Epiblast, development, I, 452–3.

Epilepsy:
belief in spirits, I, 311–2;
in guinea pigs, I, 415–6.

Equality:
relations of likeness, I, 35–7, 40;
quantitative prevision, II, 41–9;
and barter, II, 46;
and mechanics, II, 50;
and law, II, 52;
and astronomy, II, 53;
hydrostatics, II, 57;
optics, II, 57;
acoustics, II, 57;
dynamics, II, 58.

Equity (_see_ Justice.)

Esquire, the title, III, 13, 28, 32.

Ethics:
use and disuse, I, 463–5;
of lower races, II, 192–5;
_Quarterly Review_ criticisms, II, 259–65;
absolute politics, III, 217–28;
(_see also_ Kant, Morality, Morals, Prison Ethics.)

Euclid:
test of necessity, II, 198;
axioms, II, 282–3.

Evidence, valuation of, II, 161–7.

Evolution:
and special creation, I, 1–7;
of solar system, I, 128–31;
law of elements, I, 156;
Hugh Miller on, I, 219;
geological record, I, 226–32, 232–40;
emotional, I, 250–7;
of mind, I, 263, 376–8;
of animal worship, I, 329;
comparative psychology of man, I, 352;
mental and bodily mass, 353–4;
rate of mental, I, 355;
mental variability, I, 356–7;
impulsiveness, I, 357–9;
Martineau on, I, 371–88;
complexity of elements, I, 371–4;
of life from not life, I, 374–5;
plants and animals indistinguishable, I, 375–6;
the word, I, 380;
and originating mind, I, 381–6;
materialism, I, 386–8;
and catastrophism in geology, I, 389–90;
Dr. Darwin and Lamarck, I, 390–1,397;
and reproductive system, I, 409, 412, 422–5;
summary on use and disuse, I, 421–5;
effect of conditions, I, 427–35;
of life, I, 458–60, 460–2;
Huxley on, I, 462–3;
terrestrial, II, 94–9;
von Baer’s formula, II, 137–8;
outline of synthetic philosophy, II, 140–2;
advance in complexity of science, II, 150–7;
Quarterly Reviewer on, II, 261–5;
Prof. Tait on, II, 274–5;
relation of thoughts to things, II, 320;
Prof. Green on, II, 323;
limitation of traits, II, 438;
of musical scales, II, 440–1;
of dancing, II, 441;
of music, II, 448–9;
Kant and, III, 197–9, 206–7;
and Kantian assumptions, III, 203–6, 206–7;
officialism, III, 255;
individual and social, III, 263–5;
railways, III, 266;
language, III, 402–3;
universal, III, 458;
industrialism, III, 459;
education, III, 459–60;
prospective, III, 491–2.

Exchange:
origin, I, 54, II, 46;
State tamperings with money, III, 326–35, 335–47.

Exchequer bills, and Bank of England, III, 331.

Excitement, poetry and effect on language, II, 357–61.

Excluded middle, law of, II, 191–2.

Expediency:
doctrine of, III, 95–6;
relative and absolute ethics, III, 152–7, 188, 333;
and penal code, III, 159–63, 188.

Experience hypothesis:
origin of knowledge, II, 122–5;
reasoning of empiricism, II, 201–5;
consciousness of object, II, 211–4;
and _a priori_ truths, II, 287–8.

Extravagance:
and fashion, III, 36–7;
representative government, III, 290–1;
good for trade, III, 293.

Eyes:
position in development, I, 71–2, 454;
brighter from good news, II, 402.

Factors of organic evolution, I, 389–478.

Faculties, exhausted by exercise, II, 361–7.

Fainting, belief in spirits, I, 311–2.

Farming, by owner and bailiff, III, 246.

Fashion:
origin, III, 28;
extravagance of, III, 36–7;
social intercourse and pleasure, III, 36–46;
need of change, III, 46–51;
prospect, III, 51.

Father, the title, III, 12, 13, 21.

Faye, M.:
solar constitution, I, 182;
solar spots, I, 183–4, 188–9.

Feathers, structure and function, I, 392.

Features, and personal beauty, II, 387–99.

Feelings:
definition, I, 262–4;
evolution, I, 263–4;
indications of, II, 400–3;
loudness of voice, II, 404–5;
also timbre, II, 405, 411;
and pitch, II, 406, 411;
and intervals, II, 406–9, 411;
variability of pitch, II, 409, 411;
emphasis and time in music, II, 412–3;
relation of music to sympathy, II, 424–6;
nervous and muscular system, II, 453–8.

Feet, obeisance of uncovering, III, 17.

Fetichism, political, III, 393–400.

Figures of speech, II, 350–5.

Fiji:
ethics in, III, 193;
life in, III, 217–8, 221.

Fingers:
heredity and number, I, 413–4, 475;
and memory, II, 465.

Fire, indirect effects, III, 242.

_First Principles_:
Martineau on, II, 250–8;
data of philosophy, II, 286.

Fish:
evolution and heterogeneity, I, 15–7;
temperature, I, 75, 76;
self-mobility, I, 76;
paleontological remains, I, 227, 235, 240;
eating of, III, 47;
anomalies, III, 401.

Flint implements, discovery, I, 413.

Flocculi, appearance of nebulæ, I, 118–25.

Food:
absorption and deductive biology, I, 77–81;
for the dead, I, 311–2;
nutrition, III, 408;
and government, III, 423–4.

Foot, the measure, II, 44.

Force:
cognition of its persistence, II, 269, 275;
Tait on central forces, II, 290–3;
persistence and conservation of energy, II, 295;
relation to motion, II, 310–4.

Forgery, III, 134.

Forms of thought, consciousness of object, II, 211–4.

Fossils (_see_ Paleontology.)

Fouillée, Alfred, on Comte’s philosophy, II, 143–4.

Fowls, use and disuse, I, 418.

France:
English and French sheep, II, 396, 398;
agriculture and officialism, III, 267–8;
representative government, III, 318–9, 320;
paper currency, III, 345;
liberty in, III, 381;
banks in, III, 426;
engineering, III, 427–8.

Franchise (_see_ Parliamentary Reform.)

Freedom:
manners and customs, III, 30–6, 36–7, 46–51;
to bondage, III, 445–70;
loss of American, III, 473–4, 477, 478–9.

Free trade:
effects on industry, I, 22–3;
and officialism, III, 268–70;
and banking, III, 356.

Friendly societies, and individualism, III, 433–4.

Frog, reflex action, II, 308.

Fugue, origin, I, 33.

Function:
relation to growth, I, 63–4;
and to integration of parts, I, 73;
and to structure, I, 249.

Galactic circle, nebular distribution, I, 112.

Galton, F., _English Men of Science_, I, 360.

Ganglia (_see_ Nervous System.)

Gas:
heat and liquifaction, I, 164–7;
English enterprise, III, 278.

Gastrula stage, of embryos, I, 452, 457.

General:
Comte’s use of word, II, 20;
definition, II, 79.

Generalization:
universal tendency, I, 192;
absent in children, I, 354;
comparative psychology, I, 365–6.

Generosity, comparative psychology, I, 368.

Genius:
literary style, II, 365–7;
non-recognition, III, 299–300.

Geology:
special creation and evolution, I, 6–7;
increase in heterogeneity, I, 11–4, 14–7, 35;
life and multiplication of effects, I, 39–46, 49–53;
illogical, I, 192–240;
evolution of, I, 192–8;
Wernerian, I, 194–7;
Huttonian, I, 195–7;
age of systems, I, 198–205;
and paleontological evidence, I, 205–12;
past and present changes, I, 212–8;
Hugh Miller’s doctrines, I, 218–20;
breaks in record, I, 220–6, 226–32, 232–40;
original object of Geological Society, I, 241;
catastrophism and evolution, I, 389–90;
genesis, II, 60;
concrete science, II, 89–92;
terrestrial evolution, II, 95–9;
deals with aggregates, II, 100;
English map, II, 257;
(_see also_ Earth.)

Geometry:
Comte’s classification, II, 16–21;
origin, II, 40, 151;
genesis, II, 48–50, 59;
genesis of trigonometry, II, 55–6;
interdependence of science and art, II, 69;
and abstract science, II, 79–80;
classification of sciences, II, 84;
the name, II, 113, 115;
evolution, II, 155;
test of necessity, II, 198–200.

Gerard, E., Hungarian music, II, 450–1.

Gesticulation, and language, II, 335.

Ghost:
the word misleading, I, 311;
outline of theory, III, 8.

Giraffe, correlation of parts, I, 402–5.

Glück, C. W. von, Handel on, II, 448.

Gnomon, use, II, 53–4.

God:
belief in personal, II, 223;
primitive ideas, III, 6–11, 12, 23.

Gold:
digging for, and evolution, III, 264;
efflux of, III, 341–3;
(_see also_ Money.)

Good, meaning of word, III, 202.

Gothic, allied to vegetative style, II, 376, 377, 378.

Gould, J., on colour of birds, I, 433.

Gout, and heredity, II, 395.

Government:
differentiation of, I, 21;
ideal society, II, 131–2;
evolution and divergence of, III, 22, 24–30, 50;
criminal code, III, 157;
what is representative government good for? III, 283–325;
belief in English, III, 284;
flaws, &c., III, 284–91;
selection of representatives, III, 291–300;
individualism and the state, III, 416–37, 442–4;
and food supply, III, 423–4;
banks, III, 425–6;
engineering, III, 427–8;
water supply, III, 429;
art and literature, III, 430–1;
and churches, III, 434;
charity, III, 434;
education, III, 435–6;
railways, III, 437;
post-office, III, 440–2;
(_see also_ Over-legislation.)

Gracefulness, II, 381–6.

Grand, the word great, II, 368.

Granite:
metamorphism, I, 229;
at Philæ, I, 437.

Gravitation:
Newton and law of, II, 26–7;
discovery of laws, II, 148.

Great, and the word grand, II, 367–9.

Great Western Railway:
_versus_ Rushout, III, 94;
and South Western, III, 97–8;
and North Western, III, 107.

Greece:
sculpture, I, 27, 30;
dancing, I, 31;
poetry, I, 31;
music, I, 33;
architecture, II, 376, 377, 378;
personal beauty, II, 391–3;
early poems, II, 414–8.

Greek language:
Latin and English words, II, 367–9;
sociology and knowledge of, III, 377.

Green, Prof. T. H., criticism, II, 322–32.

Greenwich Hospital, funds, III, 398.

Greyhounds, use and disuse in, I, 469–71.

Grief, voice of, II, 405.

Grocers, morals of trade, III, 121–3.

Grotz, A., on science and religion, II, 225.

Growth:
relation to activity, I, 63–4;
various forms, I, 65–7;
social, I, 265–9, 306.

Guinea pigs, epilepsy in, I, 415–6.

Guizot, M.:
social aggregation, I, 282;
and specialization, I, 287;
political machinery, III, 276, 399.

Gulliver, L., an imaginary, on English institutions, III, 305–9.

Gurney, E., on origin of music, II, 437–43.

Habit (_see_ Heredity.)

Hair:
and political opinion, III, 1–5;
obeisance of offering, III, 21;
colour of American, III, 482.

Hallo! intonation of, II, 407.

Hamburg, currency, III, 339.

Hamilton, Sir W.:
on space, II, 191–2;
the word belief, II, 222–3;
Grotz on, II, 225;
necessity of causation, II, 320;
(_see also_ Mill.)

Hampstead Heath, II, 370.

Hand:
the measure, II, 44;
ribbing of skin, I, 448;
rubbing together of hands, II, 402.

Handel, G. F., on Glück, II, 448.

Happiness, Kant and pursuit of, III, 207–9; (_see also_ Kant.)

Harmony, origin of music, II, 448.

Harp, strings in ancient, II, 415.

Harris, Mr., on Norfolk Island convicts, III, 176.

Hastings, railway service, II, 97.

Hat, obeisance of removal, III, 20, 27, 47.

Hayward, R. B., criticism, II, 307–14.

Head:
obeisance of uncovering, III, 20;
putting dust on, III, 21.

Health:
and criminality, III, 167;
failure of boards of, III, 241, 248, 290;
representative government, III, 301, 304;
body and nerve functions, III, 419–22, 443;
and feeling, III, 481;
in America, III, 482, 483–4.

Heart.:
integration, I, 67;
disease, I, 410–11;
effect of emotion, II, 454, 455, 464;
and nervous system, III, 420–1.

Heat:
multiplication of effects, I, 37, 38, 39, 47, 59;
terrestrial effects of diminishing, I, 40–6;
cause of heterogeneity, I, 82;
nebular change, I, 118;
liquefaction of gases, I, 164–7;
terrestrial motion and paleontological evidence, I, 221–4;
rock metamorphism, I, 229–30, 232;
action on bodies, I, 436;
genesis of science, II, 62, 63;
abstract concrete science, II, 88;
what is thermo-electricity? II, 172–6;
effect on compound molecules, II, 178–80, 186;
insensible motion, II, 266–8, 276.

Hegel, G. W. F.:
“to philosophize on Nature,” II, 10, 11;
classification of sciences, II, 12–5.

Heraldry, and manners and fashion, III, 26, 27–8.

Heredity:
the general law, I, 64, 103, 104;
organic development, I, 90–2;
moral sentiments, I, 338;
effect of sex, I, 362;
size of jaw, I, 397–400, 422;
musical faculty, I, 406–7;
natural selection, I, 408–12;
functional modifications, I, 415–7;
Darwin’s belief in their inheritance, I, 417–21, 422;
summary on use and disuse, I, 421–5;
also their bearing on ethics, psychology, and sociology, I, 463–5;
Duke of Argyll’s criticism, I, 467–78;
personal beauty, II, 387–99;
officialism, III, 255.

Hero-worship, III, 317.

Herr, the title, III, 14.

Herschel, Sir J.:
Magellanic clouds, I, 116–7;
form of nebulæ, I, 122, 124;
variation of terrestrial temperature, I, 222, 223;
complexity of elements, I, 372;
cause and effect, II, 306, 319.

Herschel, Sir W.:
on nebulous matter, I, 110;
stellar magnitude and distance, I, 115;
stellar genesis, I, 129;
solar surface, I, 185, 187.

Heterogeneity:
increase in, displayed by astronomy, I, 10–11, 35;
geology, I, 11–14, 35;
meteorology, I, 13–4, 35;
biology, I, 14–7, 35;
man, I, 17–9, 35;
society, I, 19–23, 35;
ceremony, I, 20–1;
religion, I, 20–3;
language, I, 23–6;
writing, I, 24–6;
the arts, I, 24–30;
poetry, music and drama, I, 30–2;
literature and science, I, 34–5;
development, I, 67;
(_see also_ Multiplication of Effects.)

History, measure of time, II, 45–9.

Hobbes, T., commonwealth of, I, 270–2.

Hodgson, S. H.:
criticism of, II, 225–34;
reply to Prof. Green, II, 321–2, 329.

Homogeneous:
instability of the, I, 81–4, 459–60;
orderly heterogeneity, I, 84–93.

Honesty:
in trade and bankruptcy, III, 129–31, 138;
of lower races, III, 194;
state tamperings with money, III, 326–35, 335–47;
and social grade, III, 359;
and officialism, III, 397.

Hornbills, head excrescences of, I, 392.

Horns, evolution of, I, 395.

Horse, the phrase black, II, 340.

Hoskins, G. A., on Valencia prison, III, 177–8.

Huguenots, Smiles on the, I, 360.

Humboldt, A. von, distribution of nebulæ, I, 113, 114, 115.

Hume, D.:
subject and object, II, 329;
law codification, III, 258.

Hungary, music in, II, 449.

Hutton, James, geological theory, I, 195, 197.

Hutton, Richard H., “a questionable parentage for morals,” I, 331–50.

Huxley, T. H.:
evolution and biological heterogeneity, I, 17;
organic correlation, I, 96–101;
belief in double personality, I, 310;
on “Origin of Species,” I, 389–90;
on evolution, I, 462–3;
a creed fatal to science, I, 463;
specialized administration, III, 404–5;
endoderm and ectoderm, III, 405;
function of parliament, III, 417;
and altruism, III, 433;
administrative nihilism, III, 438, 442–4.

Hybrids, origin of worship, I, 320–2, 329.

_Hydra_, the, naval maladministration, III, 234.

Hydrogen, liquefaction, I, 160.

Hydrostatics, genesis, II, 57, 59.

_Hydrozoa_:
analogy to social organism, I, 280–3;
development, I, 284;
circulation, I, 291;
nervous system, III, 422.

Hyperbola, relation to circle, I, 5.

_Hyperion_, verse from, II, 344.

Hypoblast, embryo development, I, 452–3, 455.

Hypothesis, effect on observation, II, 162–7.

Ice, temperature as illustrating propositions, II, 205–8.

Idealism:
reasoning of, II, 201;
Sidgwick’s criticism, II, 242–50.

Ideas:
relation to emotions, I, 336–8;
comparative psychology, I, 365–6;
actual and pseud-, I, 383.

Idols, worship of, III, 393.

Imitativeness, comparative psychology, I, 364.

Impatience, indications of, II, 402.

Impulsiveness, comparative psychology, I, 357–9.

Inclination, and duty, III, 210–1.

Inconceivability, Mill on, II, 193–200.

Incongruities, Bain on, II, 463.

Incuriosity, comparative psychology, I, 364–5.

Indeed! intonation of, II, 408.

India:
prisons of, III, 189–91;
ethics in, III, 193–5;
failure of government, III, 249.

Individual, and the State, III, 416–37, 442–4.

Induction:
qualitative and quantitative science, II, 7;
electrical, II, 183.

Industrialism:
and social organism, III, 412–6;
development of, III, 459;
and unionism, III, 465;
in America, III, 487–92.

Industry:
multiplication of effects, I, 53–8;
effects of railways, I, 57;
boundaries ignored by, I, 289.

Infant:
relation to ovum, I, 6;
resemblance to uncivilized, I, 18.

_Infusoria_, cell membrane, I, 441.

Insanity:
and heredity, I, 416, II, 396;
Pentonville Prison, III, 162;
and life, III, 164;
and bodily functions, III, 419–20.

Insects:
temperature, I, 75;
self-mobility, I, 76;
mimicry, I, 396;
colours of, I, 433;
metamorphosis, III, 410.

Intaglio, increase of heterogeneity, I, 26.

Integration:
longitudinal and tranverse, I, 67–73;
relation to function, I, 73;
sociological, I, 102–7.

Intellect, effect of emotion, II, 465.

Intelligence:
relation to sexual sentiment, I, 363–4;
and authority, III, 311.

Intonation, origin in churches, II, 416.

Invagination, Balfour on, I, 452.

Involution, and evolution, I, 380.

Ireland:
prison discipline, III, 174;
and bad legislation, III, 275;
currency in, III, 337, 344–5;
bank of, III, 348.

Irish elk, correlation of parts, I, 402.

Iron:
analogy from cutting, I, 97–8;
industry and locality, I, 104;
complexity of, I, 373.

Isomerism:
complexity of elements, I, 155;
evolution of life, I, 374–5.

Italy, language, II, 423.

Jam, association of ideas, I, 337.

Jaw:
personal beauty, II, 389–90, 391;
size, I, 397–400, 473;
size of teeth, I, 401;
drooping from excitement, II, 464.

Joint-stock companies:
history, III, 52, 108;
failure of Act, III, 241;
importance of, III, 257;
maladministration, III, 286;
banking, III, 347–54;
regulative system, III, 463.

Jupiter:
rotatory movement, I, 135, 136;
motion of satellites, I, 137, 141–2;
number of satellites, I, 139–40;
density and heat, I, 144–8, 148–52;
size, I, 145;
luminosity, I, 150;
orbit, I, 169.

Juries, bribery of, III, 396.

Justice:
re-representative sentiment, I, 263;
development of sympathy, I, 347–50;
comparative psychology, I, 368;
and equity, II, 52;
and prison ethics, III, 165, 167, 180, 181;
political ethics, III, 225, 228;
faulty administration, III, 232, 235;
over-legislation, III, 272;
and representative government, III, 317–23, 324, 380;
duty of state, III, 334;
and officialism, III, 395–400;
needful to society, III, 469.

Kames, Lord, arrangement of sentences, II, 343.

Kant, I.:
forms of thought, II, 77;
space and time, II, 226–7, 229–32, III, 197–9;
form and matter, II, 230–1, 232;
and experientialism, II, 234–5;
Max Müller on Spencer and, II, 235–8;
Spencer’s disagreement from, II, 238;
ethics, III, 192–216;
on lower races, III, 192–5;
examples of unaided perception, III, 195–7;
reasoning of, III, 199–203;
space, III, 203, 207;
on good will, III, 201–3, 207;
and evolution, III, 203–6, 207;
Carus on ethics, III, 206–7;
pursuit of happiness, III, 207–9;
duty and inclination, III, 209–13;
ethical principles, III, 213–6.

Kent, W. S., on _infusoria_, I, 440.

Kepler, J:
laws of, I, 36;
belief in planetary spirits, I, 108;
solar theory, I, 193.

Kid, laughter caused by, II, 461–2.

Kirchhoff, solar spots, I, 187.

Kissing, obeisance of, III, 18.

Kneeling, obeisance of, III, 19.

Knight, the title, III, 15, 28.

Knowledge:
common and scientific, II, 1–8, 29;
dependent on experience, II, 122;
relativity, II, 122, 220–1;
and word belief, II, 188–91;
Quarterly Reviewer on, II, 260;
and reasoning, III, 199, 201;
and political ethics, III, 225.

Labour:
division of, I, 19–23, 283–91;
right to, III, 466.

Lady, the title, III, 14.

_Lady of the Lake_, quoted, II, 351.

Laing, Mr., on railway construction, III, 105–6.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M., organic evolution, I, 390–1, 397.

Lancashire:
cotton industry, I, 266;
effect of railway competition, III, 97, 106.

Landowners, railway policy, III, 63–7.

Landscape, appreciation of, I, 335–6.