Chapter IX: Appendix: V

EN.

Reference to the derivation of this word will do much to remove the difficulty attending a clear understanding of its various functions.

i.

EN, _PREPOSITION_, from the Latin _in_, offers no stumbling-block save in its second use = "as" or "like."

Eg., Esth. l. 1192: _on va donner en spectacle_ = "as a spectacle."

l. 174; _il nous croit en horreur_ = "he thinks us an object of horror." Cf. also l. 246 and l. 1177.

In Corneille's "Le Cid" (l. 318) _vivre en infâme_ = "to live [as] an infamous man."

ii.

EN, _CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUN_, from the Latin _inde_ ("hence," "from that," etc.) is used:

_A_. As an ordinary genitive = "of" or "from it, him," "her," "them," etc.

_B_. As a partitive accusative; as we might say in English: "I will take of that."

These two uses are too frequent to require illustration.

_C_. With the force of "on account of that," "for that," when it is not always to be translated in English.

E.g., Esth. l. 234: _Nous n'en verrons pas moins_, etc. = "none the less [for that]." Cf. also l. 630.

l. 934: . . . _et j'en frémis = "I shudder at the sight," lit., "because of this," viz., because this man is Haman.

l. 1082: _Les Juifs . . . en poussèrent des cris_, i.e. on account of this promise of mildness given by the king.

_D_. In a number of expressions where, from constant use, it has become, so to speak, stereotyped:

E.g., l. 1144: _J'en atteste_ = "I call to witness [for the truth of this] . . ."

l. 1162: _C'en est fait_ = "It is all over [with my pride]." Cf. l. 164, where _c'en est fait d'Israël_ would be equally correct.

l. 820: _Il n'en est pas ainsi de_ = "such is not the case with."

_E_. In a few semi-idiomatic expressions, with a generalizing force due to the broadening of the meaning "on account of this," "in this matter," into that of "in any matter."

Eg., l. 375: _on s'en peut reposer sur ma foi_ = "I am ever to be trusted."

Cf. _Si vous m'en croyez_ = "If you will be guided by me."

NOTE. This generalization mainly results in a figurative force; E.g., _En venir à_ = "to be reduced to;" _en passer par là_ = "to have to submit to that."

VOCABULARY

A

à, to, for, with, in.
abaisser, to lower, abase; s'--, to bow down.
abandonner, to abandon, deliver up, forsake.
abattre, to beat down.
abîme, m., abyss, chasm.
abolir, to abolish, wipe out.
abondance, f., abundance.
abri, m., shelter; mettre à l'--, to shield.
absolu, absolute.
abuser, to deceive.
accabler, to overwhelm, crush.
accepter, to accept; ne pas --, to decline.
accompagner, to accompany.
accord, m., chord (_of music_).
accorder, to grant.
accourir, to run, flock.
acheter, to buy.
achever (de), to finish.
acte, m., act.
action, f., action, deed.
adieu, farewell.
admettre, to admit.
admirer, to admire, marvel at.
adopter, to adopt.
adorer, to worship.
adoucir, to soften.
adresser (s'), to appeal,
adroit, skilful, clever.
adultère, criminal.
affecter de, to claim to.
affliger, to distress.
affranchir, to rid.
affreu-x, -se, hideous, awful.
affront, m., affront, insult.
affronter, to brave.
âge, m., age, years.
agir, to act; -- sur, to work upon.
agité, tossed; -- de, disturbed, fretting over.
agiter, to disturb.
agneau, m., lamb.
agreable, agreeable, sweet, acceptable.
aider, to aid, assist.
aïeux, m. pl., ancestors, forefathers.
aigrir, to sour, embitter.
aile, f., wing.
ailleurs, elsewhere.
aimable, lovable, sweet, easy.
aimer, to love.
ainsi, thus; -- quo, as well as; il en est -- de,
such is the case with.
airain, m., brass.
alarme, f., alarm, fear.
alarmé, alarmed, frightened.
allegresse, f., joy.
aller, to go.
allumer, to light, kindle.
alors, then, at the time, in those days.
altéré de, thirsting for.
alternativement, alternately.
alti-er, -ère, haughty.
Amalécite, Amalekite.
Aman, Haman.
amas, m., heap.
amasser, to heap up, collect.
amateur, m., lover.
ame, f., soul.
amener, to bring, bring round.
amertume, f., bitterness.
ami (de), m., friend (_to_).
amitié, f., friendship, affection.
amour, m., love.
an, m., year.
anéantir, to bring to naught.
ange, m., angel.
animé, animated; -- a, keen, bent upon; -- de, fired with.
annales, f. pl., (_yearly_) records.
annoncer, to announce, bring news.
antique, ancient, aged.
apaiser, to appease, s'--, to be appeased.
appareil, m., show.
appartement, m., apartment, room, private rooms.
appeler, to call, summon, court; faire --, to summon.
appesanti, weighing, laid heavily.
applaudir, to applaud; s'-- de, to enjoy, rejoice in.
apprendre, to learn, teach, tell.
apprêter, to make ready.
approcher (de), to draw near, be nigh to.
appui, m., aid, support, might.
appuyer, to confirm, s'-- sur, to lean upon.
après, after.
aquilon, m., north-wind.
arbitre, m., master, lord.
ardent, glowing.
arme, f., arm, weapon.
armée, f., army, host.
armer, to arm, use as a weapon; s'--, to take up arms.
arracher, to tear off.
arrêt, m., decree, order, doom.
arrêter, to restrain.
arriver, to arrive, come round.
artifice, m., art, artfulness, cunning, deception, malice.
Asie, f; Asia.
asile, m., asylum, refuge, abode.
aspect, m., aspect, sight.
aspirer à, to strive to.
assassinat, m., assassination, murder.
assassiner, to murder.
assembler, to assemble, gather together.
asaeoir, to seat; s'--, to sit.
assez, enough.
assidu (à), constant (_in_).
assiéger, to besiege.
assurer, to make sure, safeguard, reassure.
astre, m., star (_i.e. any heavenly body_).
atours, m. pl., attire, garments.
attacher, to bind, fasten, rivet.
atteinte, f., impression.
attendre, to await, wait for, expect.
attentat, m., crime.
attenti-f, -ve, attentive.
attester, to call upon.
attirer, to attract, provoke.
attrait, m., attraction, charm, spell.
audace, f., audacity.
audacieu-x, -se, audacious, bold; m., bold person.
auguste, august, noble, royal.
aujourd'hui, to-day.
auprès de, near, about, by the side of.
aurore, f., dawn.
aussi, also.
aussitôt, at once, instantly.
austère, strict.
austérité, f., austerity, seriousness.
autant (que), as much (_as_); d'-- moins, so much the less.
autel, m., altar.
auteur, m., author; les --s de mes jours, the authors of my
being; i.e. my parents.
autre, other, different, another.
autrefois, former, of yore.
autrui, m., other people, others.
avancer (s'), to advance.
avant, before (_in time_); -- tout, first of all.
avantage, m., advantage, privilege, merit.
avec, with.
avenir, m., future.
aversion, f., aversion, dislike, hatred.
aveugle, blind.
aveuglement, m., blindness.
aveugler, to blind.
avide (de), greedy, thirsting (_for_).
avis, m., opinion, advice, notice, information.
avoir, to have.
avouer, to confess,

B

baiser, to kiss.
baisser, to lower.
balance, f., scales.
bandeau, m., fillet, (_part of royal headdress_).
bannir, to banish.
barbare, barbarous.
barriere, f., barrier, rampart, defence,
bas, -se, low.
bassesse, f., evil.
beau, bel, belle, beautiful
beaucoup, much.
beauté, f., beauty.
bénir, to bless.
besoin, m., need.
bien, well.
bien, m., blessing; --s, wealth.
bien-fait, m., benefit, service, favor, blessing.
bienheureu-x, -se, happy, thrice happy.
bientôt, soon.
blasphémer, to blaspheme.
boire, to drink.
bon, -ne, good, kind.
bonheur, m., happiness, success.
bonté, f., goodness; --s, mercies.
bord, m., edge, shore.
borne, f., limit.
borner, to limit.
bouche, f., mouth, lips.
bout, m., end.
bras, m., arm.
braver, to defy.
breuvage, m., beverage.
bride, f., bridle.
brigue, f., canvass, party.
briguer, to canvass for, solicit,
brillant, brilliant, bright.
briller, to shine.
briser, to break, dash.
bruit, m., noise, rumor, report.
but, m., goal.

C

cabale, f., cabal, plot.
cacher (à), to hide (_from_).
calme, m., calm, peace.
calme, calm.
calmer, to calm.
calomnie, f., calumny.
campagne, f., fields.
cantique, m., hymn.
caprice, m., fickleness, capriciousness.
capti-f, -ve, m., f., captive, prisoner, slave; also adj.
captivité, f., captivity.
carnage, m., slaughter.
cause, f., case.
causer, to cause, give.
ce, cet, m., cette, f., this, that, it; ces, pl.,
these, those.
cèdre, m., cedar.
célèbre, celebrated, famous.
célébrer, to celebrate, sing.
celui, m., celle, f., he, she, the one;
ceux, m. pl; celles, f. pl., those.
cendre, f., ashes.
cent, a hundred.
cependant, meanwhile, however.
certain, certain, assured.
cesser, to cease.
chacun, each.
chagrin, m., grief, gloom.
Chaldée, f., Chaldaea.
Chaldéen, m., Chaldee.
chaleur, f., heat, warmth.
chambre, f., chamber, room.
champ, m., field.
chanceler, to stagger, waver.
chant, m., song.
chanter, to sing.
chaque, each, every,
charmant, delightful.
charmer, to charm, soothe.
chasser, to chase, drive away.
châtier, to chastise, punish.
châtiment, m., punishment.
chef, m., chief.
chemin, m., road, path, way.
ch-er, -ère, dear, precious.
chercher, to seek.
chéri, cherished, beloved.
chérir, to love, cherish.
cheveux, m. pl., hair.
chez, at _or_ in, _or_ to the house _or_ apartments of.
choeur, m., chorus.
choisir, to choose.
choix, m., choice.
chose, f., thing; quelque --, something, anything.
chute, f., fall, downfall.
ciel, m., cieux, pl., sky, heaven.
cilice, m., hair-shirt.
clarté, f., tight; --s, wisdom.
clemence, f., clemency, mercy.
climat, m., climate, clime.
coeur, m., heart.
colère, f., anger, wrath.
colombe, f., dove.
combat, m., battle.
combattre, to combat, fight.
combien, how, how much.
comble, m., height; pour -- de gloire, for crowning glory.
combler de, to load with (_good things_).
commander, to command, bid.
comme, as, like, how.
commencer, to begin.
commettre, to commit; entrust.
compagne, f., companion.
comparaître, to appear (_in answer to summons_).
comparer, to compare.
complot, m., plot.
compter, to count, reckon, hold.
condamnable, blameworthy.
condamner, to condemn.
conduire, to conduct, lead, guide, bring about.
conduite, f., conduct, practice; ordering, management.
confiance, f., trust.
confident, -e, confidant, confidential friend.
confier, to confide; se -- to trust.
confondre, to confound, put to confusion.
conforme, suitable.
confus, confused, troubled.
conjurer, to beseech.
connaître, to know, distinguish, spare.
consacrer, to commemorate.
conseil, m., counsel, advice; council.
conserver, to preserve.
conspirer, to agree.
consulter, to consult.
consumer, to consume.
contempler, to gaze upon.
content, glad, satisfied.
contenter, to satisfy.
coner, to relate.
contraire, contrary; au --, on the contrary.
contre, against.
contrée, f., region, land.
contre-temps, m., untoward event, accident.
convier, to invite.
corps, m., body.
corriger, to correct.
côté, m., side; de tous --s, on all sides.
couchant, m., setting sun, west.
couler, to now.
couleur, f., color, false color, false reason.
coup, m., blow; tout à --, suddenly; encore un --, once more.
coupable, guilty; m., offender.
coupe, f., cup, goblet.
couple, m., pair.
cour, f., court.
courber, to bend; se -- to bow down.
courir, to run.
couronner, to crown.
courroux, m., wrath.
cours, m., course, vent.
coursier, m., charger (_horse_).
couteau, m., (_sacrificial_) knife.
couvrir, to cover.
craindre, to fear.
crainte, f., fear.
crédit, m., influence, power.
crédule, credulous.
cri, m., cry.
crier, to shout.
criminel, criminal.
croire, to believe, think.
croître, to increase.
cruauté, f., cruelty.
culte, m., worship, religion.
curieu-x, -se, curious, inquisitive; désir --, curiosity.

D

daigner, to condescend, deign.
danger, m., danger, peril.
dans, in, into, to.
de, of, from, by, with, in, on, among.
débris, m., wreck, ,ruins.
déceler, to betray.
déchirer, to tear up.
déclamer, to declaim, speak.
déclarer, to declare.
découvrir, to disclose, reveal.
dédaigner, to spurn.
dédain, m., disdain.
dédans, au --, within.
dédier, to dedicate.
défendre, to defend, forbid.
défense, f., defence, protection.
degré, m., step (_in a flight of stairs_).
déguiser, to disguise.
dehorg; au --, outside, without.
déjà, already.
delà, au --, beyond.
délices, f. pl., delights.
délivrer, to rid.
demlain, to-morrow.
demander, to ask,
demeurer, to remain.
démon, m., devil.
dépendre (de), to depend (_upon_), rest (_with_).
dépit, m., vexation, wrath.
déplorable, deplorable, miserable, woful.
déployer, to unfold, stretch forth.
déposer, to deposit, lay down.
dépôt, m., deposit, thing entrusted, trust.
dépouille, f., spoils.
dépouiller, to strip, put off.
depuis, since, for.
derni-er, -ère, last.
dérober (se) à, to steal away from.
derrière, behind.
des, as early as, in; -- longtemps, for a long time past.
descendre, to descend, come down, be descended.
désert, m., desert.
désespoir, m., despair.
désir, m., desire, wish; -- curieux, curiosity.
désolé, distressed, miserable.
désoler, to distress, decimate.
désordre, m., disorder, confusion.
désormais, henceforth.
dessein, m., design.
dessiller, to open (_the eyes_).
destin, m., fate.
destinée, f., destiny, fate.
détacher, to divert.
detestable, abominable.
détester, to detest, hate.
détourer, to turn away, avert, deflect.
détruire, to destroy.
deux, two.
devancer, to anticipate, come before, rise before.
devant, before, in front of, in the sight of.
développer, to unravel.
devenir, to become.
devin, m., seer.
devoir, to owe, have to, be to.
devoir, m., duty.
dévorer, to devour, swallow up, consume, put up with.
diadème, m., diadem, crown.
dicter, to dictate, suggest.
Dieu, m., God.
différer, to postpone, delay.
digne, worthy.
dire, to say, speak.
discerner (de), to distinguish (from).
discorde, f., discord.
discours, m., speech.
disgrâce, f., disfavor, downfall.
disparaître, to disappear.
disperser, to disperse, scatter.
disputer, to fight for.
dissimuler, to disemble, conceal.
dissiper, to dispel, scatter.
divin, divine, godsent.
Divinité, f., divinity, godhead, God.
diviser, to separate, be aloof.
dix, ten.
docile, docile, obedient.
domestique, m., member of the household, officer.
don, m., gift.
donc, then, (_often merely emphatic and not to be translated_).
donner, to give.
dont, (_genitive of_ qui,) of which, of whom; with which,
with whom; by which, by whom.
douceur, f., mildness, gentleness, favor, sweetness, sweets, joys.
douleur, f., grief, woes.
doute, m., doubt; sans --, doubtless.
dou-x, -ce, sweet, favorable.
droit, m., right.
durant, during.
durée, f., duration.
dussiez, imp. subj. of devoir; -- -vous, even though you were to.

E

eau, f., water.
éblouir, to dazzle.
écarté, remote.
écarter, to remove, dispel, drive away.
échapper à, to escape.
éclair, m., lightning.
éclaircir, to clear up.
éclairer, to light, shine upon, enlighten.
éclat, m., brilliancy, lustre, show; montrer avec --,
to show to all men.
éclatant, brilliant, striking.
éclater, to burst, burst forth, be far-reaching;
faire --, to show forth.
éclore, to blossom.
écouter, to listen to, hear.
écrire, to write.
écueil, m., rock.
édit, m., edict, order, decree.
effacer, to efface.
effet, m., effect; en --, indeed.
effort, m., effort, attempt.
effrayant, terrifying.
effrayer, to frighten, terrify.
effroi, m., terror.
effroyable, awful, terrible.
égal, equal, the same; à l'-- de, on a par with, equally with.
égaler, to equal.
égarer (s'), to stray,
égorger, to butcher, slay.
Egypte, f., Egypt.
élancer (s'), to dart forth.
élever, to raise, rear.
éloigner, to remove, far away; s'--, to depart.
embarras, m. pl; many cares.
embarrasser, to perplex.
embraser, to set fire to; s'--, to be kindled.
embrasser, to embrace, espouse.
éminent en, eminent for.
emmener, to lead away.
empoisonner, to poison, taint.
emporter, to carry away; l'--, to win the day.
empreint, imprinted.
empressé, eager.
empresser (s'), to be eager to.
emprunter, to borrow.
en, of _or_ from him, her, it, them; some; as a; at it;
on that account.
en, in.
encens, m., incense.
enchaîné, chained, tied.
enchaînement, m., chain of events.
enchaîner, to link.
encor, encore, still.
endormir (s'), to fall asleep.
endroit, m., place, spot.
endurer, to endure, put up with.
enfance, f., childhood,
enfant, m. f., child.
enfanter, to beget.
enfer, m., enfers, pl., hell.
enfin, at length, at last, lastly, in short, anyhow.
enflammer, to inflame.
enfoncer, to drive deeply.
ennemi, m., enemy; adj., hostile.
ennui, m., weariness, trouble,
ennuyer, to weary; s'-- à, to find no pleasure in.
entasser, to heap up.
entendre, to hear; se faire --, to be heard;
to understand; faire --, to give to understand.
enti-er, -ère, whole.
entraîner, to sweep on, away.
entre, between, among, in, above.
entrée, f., entrance.
envelopper, to wrap.
envenimé, venomous.
envi; à l'--, vieing with one another.
envie, f., envy; porter -- à, to envy.
envier, to envy.
environner, to surround.
envisager, to review, consider.
envoyer, to send, send forth.
épars, scattered.
éperdu, bewildered, helpless.
épier, to spy.
éploré, weeping.
épouse, f., wife.
épouvantable, terrific.
époux, m., husband.
épris, enamored.
éprouver, to feel, put to the test.
ener, to wander.
erreur, f., error.
esclave, m. f., slave,
espérance, f., hope.
espérer, to hope, trust,
espoir, m., hope.
esprit, m., mind, spirit, angel.
essaim, m., swarm.
essuyer, to wipe up, put up with.
eatimer, to esteem.
et, and; et . . . et . . ., both . . . and . . .
état, m., state, condition.
État, m., state (_province, etc._).
éteindre, to extinguish.
étendard, m., standard, banner.
éternel, eternal, immortal, ever-lasting; l'--, the Almighty.
étinceler, to sparkle, flash.
étonner (s'), to be astonished.
étrange, strange.
étrang-er, -ere, strange, foreign, unknown; m., stranger.
être, to be, exist; -- à, to belong to.
étude, f., study.
evanouir (s'), to vanish; to faint.
éveiller, s'--, to wake.
événement, m., event.
éviter, to avoid.
éxces, m., excess; -- d'honneur, passing great honor.
éxciter, to urge.
exécrable, execrable, hateful.
exécuter, to carry out.
exemple, m., example.
exercer, to wield.
exiler, to exile.
expirer, to expire.
expliquer, to explain.
exposer, to expose, reveal; s'--, to risk one's life,
exprimer, to express, describe.
exterminer, to exterminate, annihilate.

F

faible, weak.
faiblement, weakly, little.
faiblesse, f., weakness.
faire, to make, do; play, take, speak the part of;
c'est fait de, it is all over with.
fait, m., fact, deed.
faîte, m., top, head.
falloir, to be necessary.
fameu-x, -se, famous, far-famed.
famille, f., family.
farouche, fierce.
fatal, fatal, fateful.
fatiguer, to weary.
fau-x, -sse, false.
faveur, f., favor; en -- de, on behalf of.
favorable, favorable, propitious.
favori, favorite.
fécond, fruitful.
feint, feigned, hypocritical.
félicité, f., great happiness.
femme, f., woman, wife.
fer, m., iron, steel, sword; --s, fetters, chains.
ferme, firm, strong.
fermer, to close.
festin, m; feasting, banquet, feast.
fête, f., feast, festival.
feu, m., fire.
fidèle, faithful, constant.
fi-er, -ère, proud.
fièrement, proudly.
figurer, to figure, represent.
fil, m., thread.
fille, f., girl, daughter.
fils, m., son.
fin, f., end; à la --, at last.
flambeau, m., torch.
flatter, to flatter, gratify.
flèche, f., arrow.
fléchir, to bend.
florissant, flourishing, thriving.
flotter, to float, waver.
foi, f., faith, promise, word, truth, loyalty, faithfulness.
fois, f., (_repeated_) time; e.g. deux --, twice;
cent --, a hundred times; à la --, at the same time.
fond, m., back, depths.
fonder, to base, found, build; fondé sur, strong in,
(_e.g. based upon_).
forcer, to force, compel.
former, to form, make, contrive, train.
fort, m., fort, fortress.
fou, folle, mad, senseless.
foudre, f., thunder (bolt).
foudroyer, to strike down (_as by a thunderbolt_).
foule, f., crowd.
fouler, to trample.
fragile, frail; roseau --, broken reed.
frapper, to strike.
fraude, f., deception.
frayeur, f., fear.
frémir, to shudder, tremble.
frémissement, m., thrill, shudder.
frère, m., brother, dear friend.
frissonner, to shudder.
frivole, frivolous.
front, m., forehead, brow.
frontière, f., frontier.
fugiti-f, -ve, fleeing, fleeting.
fuir, to fly from, shun.
fuite, f., flight.
funèbre, funereal, black, dark.
funeste, baneful.
fureur, f., fury; en --, furious, raging.
furieu-x, -se, furious, ravening.

G

gage, m., pledge, token, mark.
gagner, to win.
garde, m., guard.
garder, to keep, observe,
gémir, to moan, groan.
gémissement, m., moan, groan.
généreu-x, -se, generous, lofty.
genou, m., knee; à --x, on (their) knees.
glacer, to chill; se --, to freeze.
glaive, m., sword.
gloire, f., glory.
glorieu-x, -se, glorious.
glorifier, to glorify.
goût, m., taste; avoir -- à, to have a taste for.
goûter, to taste, enjoy.
gouverner, to govern, rule, wield.
grâce, f., grace, graciousness, charm, attraction, favor;
trouver --, to find favor.
grand, great, big, large.
grand, m., grandee, noble.
grandeur, f., greatness, grandeur.
graver, to engrave,
gré; à son --, at will.
grossir, to swell.
guerre, f., war.
guider, to guide, lead,

H

habillements, m. pl., garments.
habiller, to dress.
habit, m., coat; fl., clothes, raiment.
habiter, to dwell, inhabit.
haine, f., hatred.
haïr, to hate, loathe.
hardi, bold, audacious.
harmonic, f., harmony.
hasarder, to risk.
haut, high, loud; du -- de, from the height of.
hé, why! what! hé --? what?
Hébreu, m., Hebrew, Jew.
hélas! alas!
Hellespont, Hellespont (_the modern Dardanelles_).
heraut, m., herald.
herbe, f., grass.
hérésie, f., heresy, false religious doctrine.
héritage, m., inheritance.
héritier, m., heir.
héros, m., hero.
heure, f., hour; les --s, time.
heureu-x, -se, happy, successful.
histoire, f., story.
holà! here!
homicide, homicidal, murderous.
hommage, m., homage.
homme, m., man,
honneur, m., honor.
honorer, to honor.
honte, f., shame.
honteux, shameful.
horreur, f., horror, awe, horrible thing, horrible thought.
humain, human; les --s, mankind.
humilier, to humble.

I

ici, here,
idée, f., thought, mind.
idole, f., idol.
Idumée, f., Idumaea.
ignominie, f., ignominy, shame.
ignorer, not to know.
illustre, illustrious.
image, f., image, vision.
immobile, immovable.
immoler, to sacrifice.
immortel, -le, immortal.
impie, impious.
impiété, f., impiety, the impious.
impitoyable, pitiless.
implacable, implacable, unappeasable.
implorer, to implore, beseech.
important, important, weighty.
importer, to be of importance; il n'importe, no matter.
imposteur, m., impostor.
impuissant, powerless, impotent.
impur, unclean, foul.
imputer, to ascribe.
inanimé, inanimate, lifeless.
inconnu, unknown.
inconstance, f., inconstancy, restlessness, fickleness.
Inde, Indus (river).
Indien, m., Indian.
indigne, unworthy, shameful.
indompté, wild, untamed, indomitable.
inévitable, unavoidable.
inexorable, inexorable, unmovable.
infecter, to pollute.
infidèle, faithless, infidel, heretic.
inflexible, inflexible, unbending.
infortuné, unhappy, unfortunate.
ingénieux, ingenious, skilful.
ingrat, ungrateful.
injure, f., wrong, insult, injury.
innocent, innocent, pure.
innombrable, innumerable.
inouï, unheard of.
inqui-et, -ète, anxious.
inquiéter, to make anxious.
inquiétude, f., anxiety.
insensé, senseless, foolish.
insipide, insipid, tasteless; devenir --, to pall upon.
insolent, m., insolent man.
inspirer, to inspire.
instrument, m., instrument, means, musical instrument,
insulter, to insult; -- à, to mock.
interdit, confused, perplexed.
intéressé, self-seeking.
intéresser, to cause to be interested.
intérêt, w., interest, self-interest, greed;
claim, prize, need, cause.
intérieur, inner; palais --, private apartments of a palace.
interroger, to examine, 'search the heart of'.
interrompre, to interrupt.
intestine, civil.
introduire, to introduce, show.
inutile, useless.
invariable, unchanging.
inventer, to invent.
irrité, angry, angered.
irriter, to anger.
Israelite, m. f., Israelite, Jew, Jewess; adj. Jewish.
issu, sprung.
ivre, drunk.

J

jadis, formerly, long ago.
jalousie, f., jealousy.
jaloux, jealous.
jamais, ever; ne . . . --, never.
jardin, m., garden.
jeter, to throw, cast.
jeu, m., game, sport.
jeune, young.
jeûne, m., fast, fasting.
joie, f., joy.
jouet, m., toy, plaything, sport.
joug, m., yoke.
jouir de, to enjoy.
jour, m., day, light; voir le --, to be born;
mettre au --, to give birth to; --s, life.
Jourdain, m., Jordan (river).
journée, f., day, date.
juger, to judge.
Jui-f, -ve, Jew, Jewess.
jurer, to swear.
jusqu'à, jusques à, as far as, even to.
juste, just, merciful; m., just man.
justement, justly.

L

là, there; de --, hence.
laisser, to allow, leave.
lambeau, m., rag, tatter.
langage, m., language.
langue, f., tongue.
larme, f., tear.
las, -se, tired, weary.
lasser, to weary, pall upon; se --, to tire, grow weary.
lég-er, -ère, light.
léopard, m., leopard,
leur, their; to them, them.
lever, to lift, raise; se --, to arise.
libation, f., libation (_offering of wine, etc_.).
libre, free.
lier, to tie, bind,
lieu, m., place, spot.
ligue, f., league, banded forces.
lire, to read.
lit, m., bed.
livre, m., book.
livrer, to deliver up.
loi, f., law.
loin, far.
long, -ue, long, slow.
longtemps, long.
lorsque, when.
louange, f., praise.
loup, m., wolf.
lui, he, him; to him, to her; -- -meme, himself, the same.
luire, to shine; faire --, to flash.
lumière, f., light.

M

magnanime, magnanimous.
magnifique, magnificent, splendid, noble.
main, f., hand.
maintenant, now, at present.
mais, but.
maître, m., master.
maîtresse, f., mistress, queen.
majesté, f., majesty.
mal, m., hurt, offence.
mal, badly, ill.
malédiction, f., malediction, curses.
malgré, in spite of.
malheur, m., misfortune, woe.
malheureu-x, -se, unfortunate, unhappy; m., wretch,
wretched being.
malice, f., wickedness; --s, 'slings and arrows' (_of fortune_).
manquer, to be lacking.
marbre, m., marble.
marcher, to walk, go.
Mardochée, Mordecai.
marque, f., mark, token.
marquer, to mark, fix, set.
matin, m., morning.
maudire, to curse.
méchant, wicked.
mêler, to mingle, mix; se -- à, to mingle with.
membre, m., limb.
même, even; adj., same, very, self; un --, one and the same.
mêmoire, f., memory.
menacer, to menace, threaten.
mener, to lead.
mensonge, m., untruth.
mensong-er, -ère, lying.
menteu-r, -se, lying.
mépriser, to scorn, spurn.
mer, f., sea.
merci, f, mercy.
mérite, m., merit, deserts.
mériter, to deserve.
merveille, f., marvel, wonder.
mesurer, to measure.
mets, m., meat, dish.
mettre, to put, place.
meurtre, m., murder.
mieux, better, the better; le, la --, the best.
milieu, m., middle.
mille, a thousand.
ministre, m., steward, minister.
misérable, wretched.
modèle, m., model, example.
moi, I, me; -- -même, myself.
moindre, less; le, la --, the least;
vos -- . . . , your least . . .
moins, -- de, less; au --, at the least, so much as;
du --, at least, at any rate;
d'autant --, so much the less.
mois, m., month.
moitié, f., half; à --, half.
mollesse, f., softness, luxury.
mon, ma, mes, my.
monarque, m., monarch.
monde, m., world.
mont, m., mount, mountain, hill.
montagne, f., hill,
monter, to rise.
montrer, to show.
monument, m., monument; reminder, record.
mort, f., death.
mortel, -le, mortal, m., les --s, mankind.
mot, m., word.
mourir, se --, to die.
muet, -te, dumb.
mur, m., wall.
mystère, m., mystery.

N

nager, to swim.
naissance, f., birth.
naissant, young, growing, (_lit_. just being born).
naître, to be born.
ne . . . pas, point, not; -- de, no.
ne . . . plus, no longer, no more.
ne . . . que, only.
néant, m., nothingness; comme un --, as if it were nothing.
neveux, m. pl., posterity.
ni . . . ni, neither . . . nor.
noces, f. pl., nuptials.
noeud, m., knot, tie, bond.
noir, black.
nom, m., name.
nombreux, numerous.
nommer, to name; se --, to be called, be named.
notre, pl., nos, our.
nourrir, to feed, nourish, cherish.
nouveau, nouvel, nouvelle, new.
noyer, to drown.
nuage, cloud.
nuit, f., night.
nul, -le, no.

O

obéir à, to obey, comply with.
obeissance, f., obedience.
objet, m., object.
obscur, obscure, mysterious.
obscurcir, to darken.
obscurité, f., obscurity.
observer, to observe, notice.
obtenir, to obtain, win.
occuper, to occupy, fill.
odeur, f., smell, fragrance.
odieu-x, -se, hateful.
oeil, m., eye.
oeuvre, f., work.
offense, f., offence, offence given, sin.
offensé, hurt, wounded.
officier, m., officer.
offrir, to offer.
ombre, f., shadow, darkness.
on, one, a man, people, you, they.
oncle, m., uncle.
opposer, to oppose.
oppresseur, m., oppressor.
opprobre, m., shame, Bcum.
opulence, f., wealth.
or, m., gold.
orage, m., storm.
orageu-x, -se, stormy.
ordonner, to command, order, prepare.
ordre, m., order, summons.
oreille, f., ear.
orgueil, m., pride.
orgueilleux, proud.
ornement, m., ornament, adornment.
orner, to adorn.
orphelin, m., orphan.
oser, to dare.
ou, or; -- . . . --, either . . . or.
où, where, when, in which; d'--, whence.
oubli, m., forgetfulness.
oublier, to forget, se faire --, to be forgotten
(_lit_. make people forget one).
outrager, to outrage, oppress.
ouvrage, m., work, handiwork.

P

pacifique, peaceful, favorable.
paille, f., straw; -- légère, chaff.
paisible, peaceful.
paix, f., peace.
palais, m., palace.
pâle, pale.
pâleur, f., pallor, whiteness.
pâlir, to turn pale.
par, by.
paraître, to appear.
pareil, similar, like; -- à, like unto.
parer, to adorn, deck.
parfait, perfect.
parler, to speak.
parmi, among, in the ranks of.
parole, f., word.
parricide, parricidal.
part, f., share, side; de toutes --s, on all sides.
partage, m., lot.
partager, to share, diffuse, distribute.
Parthe, m., Parthian.
partie, f., part; in part.
partir, to depart, go; -- de, to come from.
partout, everywhere.
pas, m., step.
pas; ne . . . --, not; ne . . . -- de, no.
passage, m., way, channel.
passag-er, -ère, temporary, fleeting.
passé, m., past.
passer, to pass over, by; se --, to go on, take place.
patrie, f., country,
pâture, f., pasture, food.
pavé, m., pavement, stone floor.
payer, to pay for.
pays, m., country, land.
pécher, to sin.
peindre, to paint, depict.
peine, f., distress, penalty; à --, hardly.
pencher, to sway, lean.
pendant, during; -- que, while.
pénétrer, to penetrate; pénétré de, thrilled with.
pensée, f., thought.
penser, to think; -- à, to think of. Que penses-tu?
What is thy suggestion?
percer, to pierce.
perdre, to lose, destroy.
père, m., father.
perfide, perfidious, treacherous.
perfidie, f., treachery.
péril, m., peril, danger.
périr, to perish.
permettre, to permit, suffer, allow.
Persan, Persian.
Perse, f., Persia.
persécuteur, m., persecutor.
personnage, m., character (in a play); --s, dramatis personae.
perte, f., loss, destruction.
peu, little.
peuple, m., nation, people, host.
peupler, to people.
peut-être, may be, perhaps.
pied, m., foot.
piège, m., snare.
pierre, f., stone.
piété, f., Piety, Love of God.
pitié, f., pity.
place, f., place, room, square.
placer, to place, set.
plaindre, to pity; se --, to complain.
plainte, f., complaint.
plaire (à), to please; se -- (à), to enjoy.
plaisir, m., pleasure.
plein, full.
pleurer, to weep, weep over.
pleurs, m. pl., tears.
plier, to bend.
plonger, to steep.
ployer, to bend.
plus, more: -- de, more than; le, la, les --, most, the most.
plusieurs, several.
plutôt, rather.
poids, m., weight.
point, m., point; sur le -- que, just when; de -- en --,
in every particular; ne . . . --, not; ne . . . -- de, no.
pompe, f., pomp.
pompeusement, magnificently.
pompeu-x, -se, pompous, splendid.
porte, f., door, gate.
porter, to carry, bear.
portique, m., porch.
poser, to place, set.
posséder, to possess, have, enjoy.
possesseur, m., owner.
postérité, f.; posterity, descendants.
poudre, f., dust.
pour, for, to, in order to, in favor _or_ defence of.
pourpre, f., purple.
pourquoi, why?
poursuivre, to pursue.
pousser, to impel.
poussière, f., dust.
pouvoir, m., power.
pouvoir, to be able; se --, to be possible.
pratiques, f. pl., plottings.
précieu-x, -se, precious.
prédestiné, predestined.
préférer, to prefer.
premi-er, -ère, first, former.
prendre, to take; -- un jour, to set a date.
préparer, to prepare.
près de, near to, in comparison with.
présage, m., presage, omen.
présence, f., presence.
présent, m., present, gift; present (_time_).
présenter, to present, offer; se --, to appear.
pressant, pressing, imminent.
presser, to be pressing, oppress.
prétendre, to mean.
prêter, to lend.
prêtre, m., priest.
prévenir, to warn, notify; forestall; anticipate, bias.
prier, to pray.
prière, f., prayer.
privé de, deprived of, without.
prix, m., price, prize, reward, penalty.
prochain, adjoining.
prodiguer, to lavish.
profanation, f., profanation, desecration.
profane, profane, unworthy; m., intruder.
profiter, to take advantage.
profond, deep, bottomless.
proie, f., prey; en -- à, a prey to.
projet, m., project, plan, scheme.
promettre, to promise.
prompt, quick, prompt, ready; -- à, eager to.
promptement, promptly.
prononcer, to decide.
prophète, m., prophet.
proposer, to propose, offer.
propre, own.
proscrit, proscribed, condemned.
prospérer, to prosper, thrive.
prospérité, f., prosperity.
prosterné, bowed, prostrate.
prosterner (se),to bow, bend the knee.
protéger, to protect.
prudence, f., prudence, tact.
publi-c, -que, public.
publier, to make known.
pudeur, f., modesty, shame.
puis, then.
puiser, to draw (_as from a well_).
puisque, since.
puissance, f., power, might.
puissant, powerful, mighty.
puisse, puissent, (_subj. pres. of_ pouvoir) may . . .!
punir, to punish.
pur, pure, genuine.
purifier, to purify, cleanse.

Q

quand, when.
que, whom, which, that; let . . .! what? why?
How! -- de! What a number of!
quel, -le, what? which? what! what a!
quel que, whoever.
quelque, whatever, some.
quelqu'un, one, someone.
querelle, f., quarrel, cause; pour ta --, on your behalf.
qui, who, which, that.
quiconque, whoever, whose.
quitter, to leave, forsake, take off.
quoi? hé --! What!

R

rage, f., rage, fury.
rallumer, to rekindle.
rang, m., rank, high position; mettre au -- de, to consider, deem.
ranger, to draw up; se --, to gather.
rassembler, to gather together.
rassurer, to reassure, calm the fears of.
ravir, to ravish, take (the life), rob; -- à, to take from.
ravisseur, m., ravisher, destroyer.
rebâtir, to rebuild.
rebut, m., scum,
recevoir, to receive.
récit, m., tale, story.
récompense, f., reward.
récompenser, to reward.
reconnaissance, f., gratitude,
reconnaître, to recognize, acknowledge, reward.
reculé, distant.
redire, to repeat.
redoubtable, redoutable.
redouter, to dread.
rêduire, to reduce, bring.
refuser, to refuse.
regagner, to seek again, go back to.
regard, m., look.
regarder, to look at, see.
régler, to rule, se -- sur, to be guided by.
règne, m., reign.
régner, to reign, be king or queen.
regorger, to flow up.
reine, f., queen.
rejeter, to reject.
rejoindre, to join.
réjouir, to rejoice.
relever, to raise again.
remords, m., remorse.
rempart, m., rampart.
remplir, to fill.
remporter, to carry off, win.
renaître, to be born again.
rendre, to give back, pay (_hommage_); make; se --, to go, attend.
renfermer, to enclose, contain.
rentrer, to return.
renverser, to overthrow.
repaire, m., den.
repaître, to glut.
répandre, to pour, shed, scatter, se --, to spread.
réparer, to repair, atone for.
repasser, to cross back over.
repentir, m., repentance.
répondre, to answer.
réponse, f., answer, reply.
repos, m., rest, peace.
reposer, to rest; se--sur, to trust to.
reprendre, to resume.
représenter, to represent.
reproche, m., reproach.
reprocher, to reproach.
répudier, to repudiate.
réserver, to reserve, keep.
respirer, to breathe.
ressentir, to feel, be sensible to.
resserrer (se), to be wrung.
ressort, m., spring.
reste, m., rest, remainder, remains; du --, moreover.
rester, to remain.
retenir, to detain, keep.
retentir de, to echo with.
retirer, to draw; se --, to withdraw.
retour, m., return.
retracer, to retrace, rehearse, tell.
retrancher, to cut off.
révéler, to reveal.
revenir, to come back; -- à soi, to come back to life.
révérer, to revere, worship.
revêtir, to clothe.
revêtu, clothed, clad.
revivre, to live again.
revoir, to see again, review, revisit.
révoquer, to revoke, cancel.
Rhin, Rhine (_river_).
riant, laughing.
riche, rich.
richesse, f., wealth, riches.
rigueur, f., severity.
risée, laughter, mockery.
rivales, f. pl., rival queens.
rive, f., bank.
robe, f., robe, dress, gown.
roi, m., king.
rompre, to break.
roseau, m., reed.
rougeur, m., redness, flush.
route, f., road, path.
rudesse, f., hardness.
rugir, to roar.
ruisseau, m., stream.

S

sacré, sacred, holy.
sage, wise.
sagesse, f., wisdom.
saint, holy, pious; m., saint.
sais, _indic. of_ savoir; un je ne -- quel trouble,
a nameless fear (_lit. an I-know-not-what agitation).
saisissement, m., fright, terror.
salaire, m., reward.
salon, m., drawing-room, hall.
salut, m., safety, welfare.
salutaire, helpful, saving.
sanctifier, to sanctify.
sang, m., blood, race.
sanglant, bloodthirsty.
sanglot, m., sob.
sanguinaire, bloodthirsty.
sans, without, but for.
sauvage, savage, wild.
sauver, to save, save life.
savant, learned.
savoir, to know, know how to, succeed in.
sceau, m., seal.
scène, f., scene.
sceptre, m., scepter.
Scythe, m., Scythian.
second, second, other,
seconder, to second, support, back.
secourir, to succour, rescue.
secours, m., succour, help, aid.
secr-et, -ète, secret.
seditieux, seditious, mutinous.
seigneur, m., Lord.
sein, m., bosom, depths.
sejour, m., abode, dwelling-place.
sembler, to seem.
semence, f; seed.
semer, to sow.
sentiment, m., feeling, opinion, view.
sentir, to feel.
séparé, apart, removed.
séparer, to separate.
sépulture, f., burial.
serein, serene, cloudless, mild, favorable.
service, m., service (_rendered_).
servile, slavish.
servir, to be a slave, serve, be of use; -- de,
to serve as a, be a; que sert? what is the use?
servitude, f; slavery.
seul, alone.
seulement, only, just.
sévère, severe, stem.
sexe, m., sex,
si, so, if, whether,
siècle, m., century, age.
signaler, to memorize, make famous.
signer, to sign.
simple, simple, mere; --s enfants, little children.
sincère, sincere, faithful.
Sion, Zion.
sitôt, so soon, so quickly.
soeur, f., sister.
soin, m., care, pains; --s, attentions; avoir -- de,
to be sure to.
soleil, m., sun.
solennel, solemn.
solennité, f., solemn feast.
solitaire, solitary, in solitude.
sombre, dark, gloomy.
sommeil, m., sleep.
sommeiller, to sleep.
son, m., sound.
son, sa, ses, his, her, its.
songe, m., dream.
songer à, to think of.
sort, m., fate.
sortir, to go out, come (_on the stage_).
soudain, sudden, suddenly.
souffle, m., breath.
souffler, to blow, breathe.
souffrir, to suffer, allow.
souhaiter, to wish.
soulager, to relieve, lighten,
soumis, (_past part. of_ soumettre), submissive, obedient.
soupçonner, to suspect.
soupir, m., sigh.
soupirer, to sigh, sigh over, deplore.
sourd, deaf.
sous, under, beneath.
soutenir, to hold up, support, maintain; withstand, stand.
soutien, m., support, supporter.
souvenir (se), to remember.
souvent, often.
souverain, sovereign.
spectacle, m., show, spectacle, display.
splendent, f., splendor.
subtil, subtle, keen; trop --, over-nice, over-ingenious,
succès, m., success, result.
suffire, to suffice, be enough.
suffrage, m., claim to preference.
suite, f., escort; de la -- de, in attendance upon,
in waiting upon.
suivre, to follow, attend.
sujet, m., subject, cause.
superbe, haughty, magnificent.
superflu, superfluous, idle.
supplice, m., punishment, penalty.
suprême, supreme.
sur, on, upon, over.
surprendre, to take by surprise, unawares.
surtout, above all, especially.
Suse, Susa, (_in the Bible_: Shushan the palace).
suspendre, to keep in suspense, delay, interrupt.

T

taire (se), to keep silence, be silent; faire --, to silence.
tandis que, while, so long as.
tant, so much; -- de, so much, so many.
tard, late.
tarder, to delay.
teint, m., complexion, cheeks.
tel, such; -- que, such as.
témoin, m., witness.
tempête, f., tempest, storm.
temps, m., time; en même --, at the same time.
tendre, to aim; stretch, extend, hold out.
tendre, tender, loving.
tendresse, f., affection, love.
ténèbres, f. pl., darkness.
tenir, to hold, keep; -- lieu de, to fill the place of.
terminer, to put an end to.
terre, f., earth.
terreur, f., terror.
terrible, terrible, dreadful, frightful.
tête, f., head.
théâtre, m., theater, stage.
tigre, m., tiger.
timide, timid.
tirer, to draw.
toi, thou, thee.
tombeau, m., tomb, grave.
tomber, to fall.
ton, ta, tes, thy.
tonnerre, m., thunder.
tôt, soon.
toucher, to touch, move.
toujours, always, ever, still.
tour, m., turn, round.
tour, f., tower.
tourment, m., torture.
tourmenter, to torment.
tourner, to turn.
tous, pl., all.
tout, all, whole; everything; only, quite.
toutefois, however.
tracer, to trace, write, enter.
trahir, to betray.
traîner, to drag.
trait, m., shaft, arrow,
traiter, to treat; -- de, to consider as, call.
traître, m., traitor.
trame, f., plot.
tranquille, tranquil, calm.
transplanter, to transplant.
transport, m., rage, temper.
trembler, to tremble.
trépas, m., death.
trésor, m., treasure, treasury.
tribu, f., tribe.
triomphe, m., triumph, achievement.
triste, sad.
tristesse, f., sadness.
trois, three.
troisième, third.
tromper, to deceive, disappoint; se --, to be in error.
trompeu-r, -se, deceitful, deceptive, treacherous.
tronc, m., (_tree_) trunk.
trône, m., throne.
trop, too, too much, over.
trouble, m., agitation.
troubler, to disturb.
troupe, f., band.
troupeau, m., flock, herd.
trouver, to find; se --, to be found.
tumulte, m., tumult, bustle, 'madding crowd.'
tumultueux, tumultuous, multitudinous.
tyrannie, f., tyranny.

U

un, a, one.
unir (s'), to unite.
univers, m., universe, the whole universe.
usage, m., use, custom, precedent.
usure, f., usury, usurious interest; payer avec --,
to pay heavily for.

V

vain, vain, idle, empty, unreal; en --, in vain;
--ement, uselessly.
vaincre, to conquer.
vainqueur, m., conqueror, victor.
valeur, f., valor.
vallee, f., valley, vale.
valoir, to be worth; faire --, to show off, make the most of.
vanter, to boast, claim.
vapeur, f., vapor, mirkiness.
vaste, vast.
vautour, m., vulture.
veiller, to watch.
veine, f., vein.
vengeance, f., vengeance, punishment, revenge.
venger, to avenge.
vengeur, avenging; m., avenger.
venir, to come; -- de, to have just.
vent, m., wind.
vérité, f., truth.
vers, towards.
verser, to pour.
vertu, f; virtue, power.
vertueux, virtuous.
vêtements, m. pl., raiment.
veuve, f; widow.
victime, f., victim.
victoire, f., victory.
victorieu-x, -se, victorious.
vie, f., life.
vieillard, m., old man,
vil, vile, helpless.
violer, to violate, break.
visage, m., face.
vivre, to live.
voeu, m., vow, prayer, desire.
voici, here is; me --, here I am.
voilà, there is! that is.
voile, m., veil, screen, curtain.
voir, to see.
voix, f., voice.
voler, to fly.
volonté, f., will.
votre, pl. vos, your.
vôtre; le, la --, yours.
vouloir, to wish, try, need, require; -- bien, to deign,
condescend.
vrai, true.
vue, f., sight.

Y

y, there, in it, to it.
yeux, pl. of oeil, m., eyes, à tes --, in thy sight.

Z

zèle, m., zeal.
zélé, zealous.