Chapter VII: Conclusion: Results of policy advocated, either predicted,

described, or shown to be probable. Mode of remedying evils
that might be apprehended from that policy.

[In the conclusion the speaker may take upon himself the character
of a prophet, poet, or logician. He may predict results and let the
statement make its own impression. He may put all emphasis upon a
vivid painting of the future colored by the views he advocates; or
he may sum up his reasons, deduce consequences, and weigh
alternatives. The choice between these different modes may be made
instinctively, or it may require considerable mental effort, but
when made, the best mode of transition will be very easily found.]

In all this process, which in the case of undisciplined speakers may extend over many days of hard work, the pen may be used freely, making copious notes of facts and arguments. After enough has been accumulated and put in such shape that the speaker can easily look over the entire field, he is ready for another process—that of simplifying his plan. Rough and copious notes brought with him to the platform would only be a source of embarrassment. But the germ of his ideas, which are now familiar, can be put into very small compass. Perhaps the following would recall everything in the preceding outline:

THE CHINESE QUESTION.

1. EXPERIENCE.
2. ARGUMENTS.
3. RESULTS.

But it is clear that a skeleton containing only three words need not be kept in view. The whole outline of the speech will therefore be in the mind. If numerous figures or citations from authorities are employed, they may be classified and read from books or notes, as needed. Such reading in no way detracts from the extemporaneous character of the address, though if too numerous they tend to damp oratorical fire and break the unity of discourse. One who has had no personal experience, or who has not carefully observed the methods of other speakers, can scarcely imagine how much a simple outline, such as here suggested, accomplishes in removing the confusion, fear, and hesitation which characterize beginners.

Another specimen, not of controversial character, is subjoined.

EXAMPLE SECOND.| SUBJECT.—THE OCEAN.

INTRODUCTION.—The vastness of the ocean. No one person has seen more
than a small part of it. Power evidenced by storm and shipwrecks.

DISCUSSION.—Five great divisions of the ocean. Use in nature,
watering and tempering the land; in commerce, as a highway; in
history, by dividing and uniting nations; its mystery, etc.