Chapter XXVII (3)

It was suspected by Lindley and Hutton[1553] that certain Cyclopteris leaves belonged to the frond of a species of _Neuropteris_, and some years later Lesquereux[1554] concluded that Brongniart’s genus was founded on orbicular leaflets of _Neuropteris_. In 1869 Roehl[1555] figured a specimen of _Neuropteris_ bearing Cyclopteroid pinnules on its rachis. It is now universally admitted that _Cyclopteris_ is not a distinct genus and that the specimens so named were borne as modified pinnules on the main rachis of _Neuropteris_ and _Odontopteris_. It is, however, convenient to retain the name for detached leaflets which cannot be referred to the fronds on which they were borne. A specimen found by Mr Hemingway in the Upper Coal-Measures of Yorkshire and described in 1888[1556] affords a striking example of the large size attained by what was probably a frond of _Neuropteris_. The piece of main rachis reached a length of over 120 cm. and bore five pairs of Cyclopteris pinnules, some of which were 7 cm. long and 5 cm. broad. The complete frond must have reached a length of at least 4 metres. Fig. 370 shows some typical Cyclopteroid leaflets on the petiole of a _Neuropteris_ frond.

Linopteris.

The Upper Palaeozoic fronds included in this genus are more familiar as species of _Dictyopteris_. Potonié[1557] has, however, pointed out that the creation of this name by Lamouroux in 1809 for a genus of Brown Algae which is still retained, makes it advisable to fall back upon the designation _Linopteris_. Gutbier[1558] proposed the genus _Dictyopteris_ in 1835: _Linopteris_ was first used by Presl[1559] in 1838. The fronds so named are identical with species of _Neuropteris_ except in the anastomosis of the secondary veins; _Linopteris_ bears to _Neuropteris_ the same relation as _Lonchopteris_ bears to _Alethopteris_. As in _Neuropteris_, Cyclopteroid pinnules occur on the petioles of _Linopteris_, but the veins form a fine reticulum. Grand’Eury[1560] records the association of _Linopteris Brongniarti_ with seeds belonging to the genus _Hexagonocarpon_, a fact which points to the Pteridosperm nature of the foliage.

Some fertile pinnules of _Linopteris Schutzei_ (Roemer) are described by Zeiller[1561] from Autun as bearing on the under surface of the lamina two rows of long and pointed sporangia, probably united in groups. The presumption is that these are microsporangia.

Fig. 374 is a reproduction of a careful drawing, originally published by Zeiller[1562], of a pinnule of the type-specimen of Gutbier’s species _Linopteris neuropteroides_. This species differs from _Linopteris obliqua_, instituted by Bunbury[1563] for specimens obtained by Lyell[1564] from the Coal-Measures of Nova Scotia, in the smaller size of the meshes. _Linopteris obliqua_ occurs in the Upper and Middle Coal-Measures of Britain; it is recorded by Zeiller from Asia Minor, by Lesquereux[1565] from Pennsylvania, and by other authors from several European localities. The pinnules frequently occur detached from the frond and like those of some species of _Neuropteris_ were caducous. _Linopteris_ is rare in British strata.

Alethopteris.

The name _Alethopteris_, instituted by Sternberg[1566], is applied to compound fronds often reaching a considerable size, exhibiting the following features:

The linear pinnules are attached by the whole breadth of the base,
with the lower edge of the lamina decurrent and usually continuous
with that of the next pinnule (figs. 290, A, p. 399; 375). The
ultimate segments are entire, with an acute or rounded apex and
often characterised by a fairly thick lamina convex on the upper
surface. From a prominent midrib, continued to the apex of the
pinnule, numerous simple and forked secondary veins are given
off at a wide angle, the decurrent portion of the lamina being
supplied by veins direct from the axis of the pinna. In the upper
part of a frond or primary pinna the pinnules may be replaced by
a continuous, lobed, or entire simple lamina. The main rachis
occasionally exhibits dichotomous branching, but the fronds are for
the most part constructed on the pinnate plan. Single Cyclopteroid
pinnules[1567] occur on the petiole of some species of the genus.

In certain species of _Alethopteris_ the pinnules appear to have been deciduous as in _Didymochlaena_ among recent ferns[1568]. A piece of cuticle from the upper surface of a pinnule of _Alethopteris Grandini_ (Brongn.) figured by Zeiller[1569] shows very clearly the polygonal form and straight walls of most of the epidermal cells, those above the veins being almost rectangular. The position of the sunken stomata is revealed by small circular spaces surrounded by a circle of cells.

The absence of fertile specimens of this common genus of Upper Carboniferous plants led Stur[1570] to exclude it from the ferns. Although no seeds have so far been found in organic connexion with an Alethopteris frond, it is certain that some species, probably all, represent the foliage of Pteridosperms. Renault was the first to describe petrified specimens of _Alethopteris_ fronds exhibiting the anatomical structure of _Myeloxylon_ (leaf-axis of _Medullosa_). The calcareous nodules from English Coal-seams contain numerous fragments of the Myeloxylon type of rachis bearing Alethopteroid pinnules.

The constant association of the fronds of _Alethopteris lonchitica_ and _Trigonocarpon_ seeds noticed by Mr Hemingway in the Coal-Measures of Yorkshire led him to regard the species as seed-bearing: it has since been recognised as the foliage of the Pteridosperm _Medullosa anglica_[1571].

Grand’Eury[1572] has recorded the association in French Coal-fields of species of _Alethopteris_ with _Trigonocarpon_ and _Pachytesta_ seeds.

_Alethopteris lonchitica_ (Schlotheim)[1573]. Figs. 364, A; 290, A.

This species, described by Schlotheim in 1820 as _Filicites lonchiticus_ and previously figured by Scheuchzer[1574], is abundant in the Middle and Lower Coal-Measures of Britain[1575]. It is characterised by large tripinnate fronds, probably quadripinnate in the lower part, bearing primary pinnae of a more or less triangular form divided into pinnate branches replaced in the apical region by linear segments. The pinnules, 8–30 mm. long and 3–5 broad, are linear- or oval-lanceolate with an obtuse apex; the upper margin of the lamina is slightly contracted at the base, while the lower edge is decurrent.

_Alethopteris Serlii_ (Brongniart)[1576]. Fig. 375.

This species, figured by Parkinson in 1811, closely resembles _A. lonchitica_, but is distinguished by the more crowded and relatively longer pinnules which are joined to one another by a narrow connecting lamina (Fig. 375). The secondary veins in _A. Serlii_ are rather finer and more numerous. Grand’Eury[1577] records the association of the seed _Pachytesta_ with fronds of this species in the Coal-Measures of St Étienne.

_A. Serlii_ is very abundant in the Upper Coal-Measures but rare in the Middle Coal-Measures of Britain[1578].

Lonchopteris.

This name was proposed by Brongniart[1579] for sterile fronds from Upper Carboniferous rocks which are practically identical with species of _Alethopteris_, but differ in the reticulate venation of the pinnules. It has been pointed out in a previous chapter[1580] that _Lonchopteris_ is usually used for Palaeozoic species, the Wealden leaves, which were placed in this genus by Brongniart, being transferred to _Weichselia_.

There can be little doubt as to the close relationship of _Lonchopteris_ with _Alethopteris_: both may be referred to the Pteridosperms. _Lonchopteris rugosa_ Brongn.[1581] (fig. 290, B, p. 399) and _L. Bricei_ Brongn., both British species, are fairly common in Upper Carboniferous strata. In _L. rugosa_, a Middle Coal-Measures species, the anastomosing secondary veins form polygonal meshes (fig. 290, B, p. 399) smaller than those of _L. Bricei_.

Pecopteris.

Reference has already been made to this genus in the chapter on Marattiales, so far as regards certain species of fertile fronds the sporangia of which resemble those of recent Marattiaceae. It is, however, by no means safe to assume that such Pecopteris fronds were borne on stems having the anatomical characters of ferns. The sporangia in some at least of the species may have contained microspores. In one Upper Carboniferous species usually referred to Pecopteris, _P. Pluckeneti_, Schlot., Grand’Eury[1582] has recorded the occurrence of seeds on the pinnules of the ordinary fronds. This species will be referred to in Volume III. The substitution of such generic names as _Ptychocarpus_, _Asterotheca_, _Hawlea_, _Dactylotheca_ and others for the purely provisional designation _Pecopteris_ indicates a step towards a conclusion as to natural affinity. The probability is that _Pecopteris_, as applied to Palaeozoic species, in many cases stands for the compound fronds of true ferns, but the possibility of the inclusion of those of Pteridosperms in the same category is by no means excluded. The designation _Pecopteris_ may conveniently be retained for sterile bipinnate, tripinnate, or quadripinnate fronds bearing pinnules having the following characteristics:

Lamina short, attached to the rachis by the whole of the base and
at a wide angle, with the edges parallel or slightly converging
towards the usually blunt apex; adjacent pinnules may be continuous
basally by a narrow lamina. A well-marked midrib extends to the
apex and gives off simple or forked lateral veins almost at right
angles (fig. 352, D, p. 529).

Hydathodes like those on the leaflets of _Polypodium vulgare_ and
other recent ferns[1583] are occasionally seen at the ends of the
lateral veins of Pecopteris pinnules.

In addition to the examples of Palaeozoic fronds with the _Pecopteris_ form of pinnule referred to in chapter XXII., the species _Pecopteris arborescens_ may be briefly described.

_Pecopteris arborescens_ (Schlotheim)[1584]. Figs. 352, D: 376.

The species named by Schlotheim _Filicites arborescens_ in 1804 is characteristic of the Upper Coal-Measures and is recorded also from Permian strata[1585].

Fronds large; the rachis, which may reach a breadth of 3 cm.[1586],
gives off long ovoid-lanceolate pinnae in two alternate rows
(fig. 376); pinnules small, 1·5–4mm. long and 1–2mm. broad,
contiguous, with rounded apex, attached approximately at right
angles; the upper surface of the lamina is slightly convex and may
be hairy[1587]. The fertile pinnules, identical in shape with the
sterile, bear groups of ovoid exannulate sporangia (synangia). The
midrib extends to the apex of the pinnule and gives off simple
veins at a wide angle (fig. 352, D).

Our knowledge of the reproductive organs is very meagre. Grand’Eury described the synangia as consisting of 3–5 sporangia borne on a central receptacle; sporangia have been described also by Stur[1588], Renault and Zeiller[1589], and Potonié[1590], but no fertile British specimens are recorded. Stur places this species in the genus _Scolecopteris_, and Potonié regards the sporangia found by him on Permian fronds, which may be identical with _Pecopteris arborescens_, as conforming to those of the _Asterotheca_ type. It is impossible to decide on the evidence available whether this species is a Pteridosperm or a fern, but there is a natural inclination in doubtful cases to give preference to the first of these two choices.

The numerous fronds from Carboniferous and Permian rocks described as species of _Pecopteris_ exhibit a considerable range of variation in the form of the pinnules. In many species the pinnules are of the type represented in fig. 352, D; in others the lamina of the ultimate segments is slightly contracted at the base and the secondary veins are given off at a more acute angle, as in _Pecopteris polymorpha_, Brongn.[1591] In _Pecopteris unita_, Brongn., already described as _Ptychocarpus unita_[1592], the pinnules are joined together except in the apical region. Some fronds included in _Pecopteris_ possess pinnules in which Pecopteroid and Sphenopteroid features are combined; _P. Sterzeli_, Zeill.[1593] and _P. Pluckeneti_, Schlot. are examples of fronds in which the pinnules are lobed as in _Sphenopteris_, but the base of the lamina is only slightly contracted and the venation is not that of typical Sphenopteris species.

The species to which Potonié has applied the generic name _Alloiopteris_[1594] also illustrates the impossibility of drawing a sharp line between _Pecopteris_ and _Sphenopteris_. The fronds already described in chapter XXV. under the designation _Corynepteris_ bear pinnules with a contracted base; in some species the lamina is lobed, but in others (fig. 354, G) it is entire with a midrib nearer one edge than the other. The species which Potonié assigns to _Alloiopteris_, like many other Sphenopteroid and Pecopteroid fronds, are characterised by the occurrence of an abnormal pinnule (aphlebia) at the base of each pinna (fig. 354, G, p. 535). Young fronds of _Pecopteris_ are occasionally met with showing very clearly the circinate vernation of the pinnae as in the leaves of _Cycas_ and _Angiopteris_ represented in fig. 220, p. 283. The genus _Spiropteris_ was created by Schimper[1595] for coiled unexpanded fronds of fossil ferns; it is however superfluous to apply a distinctive term to specimens of this kind.

The designation _Pecopteris_ is employed chiefly for leaves of Palaeozoic age which are unknown in the fertile state, or do not afford sufficient evidence as to the nature of the sporangia to justify the substitution of a special generic name. Many Mesozoic species have also been referred to _Pecopteris_, but most of these are more appropriately included in Brongniart’s later genus _Cladophlebis_. The pinnules of _Cladophlebis_, as Brongniart pointed out, are intermediate between _Pecopteris_ and _Neuropteris_; they are usually attached by the whole breadth of the base, as in _Pecopteris_, but the more acute origin, more arched form, and more frequent dichotomy of the lateral veins are features shared by _Neuropteris_. As a rule, Mesozoic sterile fronds with straight or folded, entire or dentate pinnules are of the Cladophlebis type: this genus is especially characteristic of Rhaetic and Jurassic floras. Examples of _Cladophlebis_ pinnules are shown in figs. 256, 257 (pp. 340, 342). It is to be regretted that authors do not make more use of the generic name _Cladophlebis_ in describing sterile fronds, instead of following the misleading and unscientific practice of employing such genera as _Pteris_, _Asplenites_, and others on wholly insufficient grounds.

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=Arber, E. A. N.= (02) On the distribution of the Glossopteris Flora.
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=Armour, H. M.= (07) On the Sorus of Dipteris. _New Phytologist_,
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—— (60) On _Corynepteris_, a new generic form of fossil fern.
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—— (75) Figures of characteristic British fossils. _London._

=Baker, J. G.= (67) Descriptions of six new species of simple fronded
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=Bather, F. A.= (07) Nathorst’s use of Collodion imprints in the
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—— (08) Nathorst’s method of studying cutinised portions of fossil
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—— (08) _Miadesmia membranacea_, Bertrand; a new Palaeozoic
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—— (00) Studies &c. IV. The Leptosporangiate Ferns. _Phil. Trans.
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—— (04) Studies &c. V. General Comparisons and Conclusions.
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—— (08) The origin of a Land Flora. _London_.

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—— (46) On a group of erect trees in the Sydney coalfield of Cape
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—— (47) Upright _Lepidodendron_ with _Stigmaria_ roots, in the
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—— (49) Description of erect Sigillariae with conical tap-roots,
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—— (51) Some account of an undescribed fossil fruit
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=Browne, Lady Isabel.= (09) The phylogeny and inter-relationships
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—— (97) Untersuchungen über _Selaginella spinulosa_, A. Br.
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—— (98) Ueber die Prothallien und die Keimpflanzen mehrerer
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=Buckman, J.= (45) See Murchison, R. I.

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—— (05) The structure and development of Mosses and Ferns. _New
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—— (07) On the distribution of the Hepaticae and its significance.
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—— (69) On the structure of the stems of arborescent Lycopodiaceae
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—— (69²) On the plant-remains from the Brazilian coal-beds, with
remarks on the genus _Flemingites_. _Geol. Mag._ vol. VI. p. 5.

—— (70) On the nature of the scars in the stems of _Ulodendron_,
_Bothrodendron_, and _Megaphytum_. _Monthly Micr. Journ._ p.
144.

—— (72) On the structure of the stems of the arborescent
Lycopodiaceae of the Coal-Measures. _Monthly Micr. Journ._ p.
50.

—— (72²) Notes on fossil plants from Queensland, Australia.
_Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. XXVIII.

—— (72³) Notes on some fossil plants. _Geol. Mag._ vol. IX.

—— (73) On some Lycopodiaceous plants from the Old Red Sandstone
of the North of Scotland. _Journ. Bot._, November, 1873.

—— (73²) On _Halonia_ of Lindley and Hutton and _Cyclocladia_ of
Goldenberg. _Geol. Mag._ vol. X. p. 145.

=Cash, W.= and =J. Lomax.= (90) On _Lepidophloios_ and
_Lepidodendron_. _Brit. Ass. Rep._ (_Leeds_), p. 810.

=Challenger Reports.= (85) Reports on the scientific results of
the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873–76.
_Narrative_, vol. I. pts. 1 and 2. _London_.

—— (85²) _Ibid._ Botany, vol. I.

=Chick, Edith.= (01) See Tansley, A. G. and Edith Chick.

=Chodat, R.= (08) Les Ptéridopsides des temps Paléozoïques. _Arch.
Soc. Phys. Nat._ [4], vol. XXVI. Genoa.

=Christ, H.= (96) Zur Farn-Flora der Sunda Inseln. _Ann. Jard.
Buitenzorg_, vol. XIII. p. 90.

—— (97) Die Farnkräuter der Erde. _Jena_.

—— (04) _Loxsomopsis costaricensis_ nov. gen. et spec. _Bull.
Herb. Boissier_ [2] vol. IV. No. 5.

—— and =K. Giesenhagen.= (99) Pteridographische Notizen, I.
_Archangiopteris_ nov. gen. _Flora_, Bd. LXXXVI. p. 72.

=Chrysler, M. A.= (08) Tyloses in tracheids of Conifers. _New
Phytologist_, vol. VII.

=Compton, R. H.= (09) The anatomy of _Matonia sarmentosa_. _New
Phyt._ vol. VIII. p. 299.

=Copeland, E. B.= (08) New genera and species of Bornean ferns. _The
Philippine Journ. Sci._ vol. III. (C. Botany) p. 343.

—— (09) The ferns of the Malay Asiatic region. _Ibid._ vol. IV.
No. 1.

=Corda, A. J.= (46) See Reuss, A. E.

—— (52) See Germar, E. F.

=Cornaille, F.= (02) See Bertrand, C. E. and F. Cornaille.

=Cotta, C. B.= (32) Die Dendrolithen in Beziehung auf ihren inneren
Bau. _Dresden._

=Coward, K. H.= (07) On the structure of _Syringodendron_, the bark
of _Sigillaria_. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc._ vol.
LI., pt. ii.

=Crépin, F.= (74) Description de quelques plantes fossiles de l’étage
des Psammites de Condroz. _Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg._ [2] vol.
XXXVIII.

—— (75) Observations sur quelques plantes fossiles des dépôts
Dévoniens. _Soc. Roy. bot. Belg._ vol. XIV. p. 214.

=Dale, E.= (01) See Seward, A. C. and E. Dale.

=Dangeard, P. A.= (91) Mémoire sur la morphologie et l’anatomie des
_Tmesipteris_. _Le Botaniste_ [1] Fasc. VI. p. 163.

=Darwin, C.= (03) More letters of Charles Darwin, edited by F. Darwin
and A. C. Seward (vol. II.). _London._

=David, W. E.= and =E. F. Pittman=. (93) On the occurrence of
_Lepidodendron australe_ (?) in the Devonian rocks of N. S.
Wales. _Rec. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales_, vol. III. pt. iv. p. 194.

=Davy, E. W.= (07) Summer in British Central Africa. _Gard. Chron._
vol. XLI. [3] p. 263.

=Dawes, J. S.= (48) Remarks upon the internal structure of _Halonia_.
_Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. IV. p. 289.

=Dawson, Sir J. W.= (61) On an undescribed fossil fern from the Lower
Coal-Measures of Nova Scotia. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol.
XVII. p. 5.

—— (66) Acadian Geology. _London._

—— (82) The fossil plants of the Erian and Upper Silurian
Formations of Canada. Pt. II. _Geol. Surv. Canada._

—— (86) On Rhizocarps in the Erian (Devonian) period in America.
_Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci._ vol. I. no. 9.

=Debey, M. H.= and =C. von Ettingshausen=. (59) Die urweltlichen
Acrobryen des Kreidegebirges von Aachen und Maestricht.
_Denksch. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, vol. XVII.

=Diels, L.= (02) Filicales. _Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien._
Engler and Prantl, Teil I. Abt. 4.

=Eichwald, E.= (60) Lethaea Rossica. Vol. I. _Stuttgart._

=Engler, A.= (09) Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. _Berlin._

—— and =K. Prantl=. (02) Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
_Leipzig._

=Ernst, A.= (08) The new flora of the volcanic island of Krakatau.
(Trans. by A. C. Seward.) _Cambridge._

=Etheridge, R.= (80) A contribution to the study of British
Carboniferous Tubicolar Annelida. _Geol. Mag._ vol. VII. p. 109.

—— _Lepidodendron australe_, McCoy.—Its synonyms and range in
Eastern Australia. _Rec. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales_, vol. II. pt.
3, p. 119.

—— (92) See Jack, R. L. and R. Etheridge.

—— (94) On the mode of attachment of the leaves or fronds to the
caudex in _Glossopteris_. _Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_, vol.
IX. p. 228.

—— (94²) On the occurrence of _Oleandridium_ in the Hawkesbury
Sandstone series. _Rec. Geol. Surv. N. S. Wales_, vol. IV. pt.
2, p. 49.

—— (99) On a fern (_Blechnoxylon talbragarense_) with secondary
wood, forming a new genus, from the Coal-Measures of the
Talbragar District, N. S. Wales. _Rec. Australian Mus._ vol.
III. pt. 6.

=Ettingshausen, C. von=. (52) Begründung einiger neuen oder nicht
genau bekannten Arten der Lias- und der Oolithflora. _Abt. K.
K. Geol. Reichs_, vol. I. Abth. 3.

—— (59) See Debey, M. H. and C. von Ettingshausen.

—— (66) Die Fossile Flora des mährisch-schlesischen Dachschiefers.
_Denksch. K. K. Akad. Wien_, vol. XXV. p. 77.

—— (82) See Gardner, J. S. and C. von Ettingshausen.

=Farmer, J. B.= (90) On _Isoetes lacustris_, L. _Annals Bot._ vol. V.
p. 37.

=Farmer, J. B.= and =W. G. Freeman=. (99) On the structure and
affinities of _Helminthostachys zeylanica_. _Annals Bot._ vol.
XIII. p. 421.

=Farmer, J. B.= and =T. G. Hill=. (02) On the arrangement and
structure of the vascular strands in _Angiopteris evecta_ &c.
_Annals Bot._ vol. XVI. p. 371.

=Faull, J. H.= (01) The anatomy of the Osmundaceae. _Bot. Gaz._, vol.
XXXII. p. 381.

=Feistmantel, C.= (79) Ueber die Nöggerathien. _Sitz. K. böhm. Ges.
Wiss._

=Feistmantel, O.= (72) Ueber Baumfarrenreste der böhmischen
Steinkohlen. Perm. und Kreideformation. _Abt. k. böhm. Ges.
Wiss._ vol. VI. [5].

—— (75) Die Versteinerungen der böhmischen Kohlenablagerungen.
_Palaeontograph._ vol. XXIII. 1875–76.

—— (75²) Ueber das Vorkommen von _Noggerathia foliosa_, Stbg., in
dem Steinkohlengebirge von Oberschlesien. _Zeit. Deutsch. Geol.
Ges._

—— (77) Jurassic (Liassic) Flora of the Rajmahal group from
Golapili (near Ellore), S. Godaveri District. _Mem. Geol. Surv.
India_, vol. I. pt. iii.

—— (79) The Flora of the Talchir-Karharbári Beds. _Mem. Geol.
Surv. India. Foss. Flor. Lower Gondwanas_, I.

—— (80) The Flora of the Damuda and Panchet Divisions. _Mem. Geol.
Surv. India_. _Ibid._ vol. III.

—— (82) The Fossil Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana Basin.
_Ibid._ vol. IV. pt. i.

=Fischer, F.= (04) Zur Nomenclatur von _Lepidodendron_ und zur
Artkritik dieser Gattung. _Abh. k. Preuss. Geol. Landes._
[N.F.] Heft XXXIX.

=Fitting, H.= (07) Sporen im Buntsandstein. Die Makrosporen von
_Pleuromeia_. _Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges._ vol. XXV. p. 434.

=Fliche, P.= (03) Sur les Lycopodinées des Trias en Lorraine. _Compt.
Rend._ 1903 (_April 6th_).

—— (09) Sur une fructification de Lycopodinée trouvée dans le
Trias. _Compt. Rend._ tome CXLVIII. p. 259.

=Fontaine, W. M.= (83) Contributions to the knowledge of the Older
Mesozoic Flora of Virginia. _Monographs U. S. Geol. Surv._ Vol.
VI.

—— (89) The Potomac or younger Mesozoic Flora of Virginia. _U. S.
Geol. Surv. Monographs_, VI.

—— (00) See Ward, L. F.

—— (05) See Ward, L. F.

=Fontaine, W. M.= and =I. C. White.= (80) The Permian or
Upper-Carboniferous Flora of W. Virginia and Pennsylvania.
_Second Geol. Surv. Report of Progress._

=Forbes, E.= (51) Note on fossil leaves represented in Plates II.–IV.
in the Duke of Argyll’s paper on Tertiary Leaf-beds in the Isle
of Mull. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ Vol. VII. p. 103.

—— (53) On the fossils of the Yellow Sandstone of the South of
Ireland. _British Assoc. Rep. London_, 1853, p. 43 (_Belfast
meeting_, 1852).

=Ford, S. O.= (02) On the anatomy of _Ceratopteris thalictroides_ L.,
_Annals Bot._ vol. XVI. p. 95.

—— (03) See Seward, A. C. and S. O. Ford.

—— (04) The anatomy of _Psilotum triquetrum_. _Annals Bot._ vol.
XVIII. p. 589.

—— (06) See Seward, A. C. and S. O. Ford.

=Freeman, W. G.= (99) See Farmer, J. B. and W. G. Freeman.

=Frič, A.= and =E. Bayer=. (01) Studien im Gebiete der Böhmischen
Kreideformation. _Arch. Naturwiss. Landes. Böhmen_, Bd. XI.

=Fritel, P. H.= (08) Sur une espèce fossile nouvelle du genre
Salvinia. _Journ. Bot._ Ann. XXI. No. 8, p. 190.

=Fritsch, F. E.= (05) See Tansley, A. G. and F. E. Fritsch.

=Fritsch, K. von=. (97) Pflanzenreste aus Thüringer Culm
Dachschiefer. _Zeitsch. Naturwiss._ Bd. LXX.

=Gardeners’ Chronicle=. (82) [_Selaginella grandis_ n. sp.] Vol.
XVII. p. 40 (July 8).

=Gardner, J. S.= and =C. von Ettingshausen=. (82) A monograph of the
British Eocene Flora. Vol. I. Filices. _Palaeont. Soc. London._

=Geikie, Sir Archibald=. (03) Text-book of Geology. 2 vols. _London._

=Geinitz, E.= (73) Versteinerungen aus dem Brandschiefer der unteren
Dyas von Weissing bei Pillaritz in Sachsen. _Neues Jahrb. Min._
p. 691.

=Geinitz, H. B.= (72) Fossile Myriopoden in dem Rothliegenden bei
Chemnitz. _Sitzb. Naturwiss. Ges. Isis_, p. 128.

—— (76) Ueber rhaetische Pflanzen- und Thierreste in den
Argentinischen Provinzen La Rioja &c. _Palaeontograph._ Suppl.
iii.

=Germar, E. F.= (52) _Sigillaria Sternbergi_ Münster, aus dem bunten
Sandstein. _Zeit. deutsch. Geol. Ges._ p. 183.

—— (44–53) Die Versteinerungen des Steinkohlengebirges von Wettin
und Löbejün im Saalkreise. _Halle._

=Geyler, H. T.= (77) Ueber fossile Pflanzen aus der Juraformation
Japans. _Palaeont._ vol. XXIV. p. 221.

=Giesenhagen, C.= (90) Die Hymenophyllaceen. _Flora_, p. 411.

—— (92) Ueber Hygrophile Farne. _Flora_, Bd. 76 (Ergänz. Band).

=Gilkinet, A.= (75) Sur quelques plantes de l’étage du poudingue de
Burnot. _Acad. Roy. Belg._ [2] vol. XL. No. 8.

=Goebel, K.= (91) Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen. Teil 2.
_Marburg._

—— (05) Organography of Plants. Vol. II. (Trans. by J. B.
Balfour.) _Oxford._

=Goeppert, H. R.= (41) Die Gattungen der fossilen Pflanzen. _Bonn._

—— (32) Fossile Flora des Uebergangsgebirges. _Nov. Act. Caes.
Leop.-Carol._ Vol. XIV. (_Supplt._).

—— (54) See Roemer, F. A.

=Goldenberg, F.= (55–62) Flora Saraepontana Fossilis. _Saarbrücken._

=Gordon, W. T.= (08) On the Prothallus of _Lepidodendron
Veltheimianum_. _Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh_, vol. XXIII. p.
330.

—— (09) On the structure of a new _Zygopteris_. _Nature._ (Botany
at the British Association.) Vol. LXXXI. p. 537.

=Grand’Eury, C.= (75) See Renault, B. and C. Grand’Eury.

—— (04) Sur les graines des Neuroptéridées. _Compt. Rend._ CXXXIX.
p. 782.

—— (05) Sur les graines trouvées attachées au _Pecopteris
Pluckeneti_, Schlot. _Compt. Rend._ vol. CXL. p. 920.

—— (05²) Sur les graines de Sphenopteris &c. _Compt. Rend._ CXLI.
p. 812.

—— (06) Sur les graines et inflorescences des _Callipteris_.
_Compt. Rend._ CXLIII. p. 664.

—— (08) Sur les organes et la mode de végétation des
Neuroptéridées et autres Ptéridospermes. _Compt. Rend._ CLXVI.
p. 1241.

=Gresley, W. S.= (89) Note on further discoveries of _Stigmaria_
(? _ficoides_) and their bearing upon the question of the
formation of Coal-Beds. _Midland Naturalist_, vol. XII. p. 25.

=Greville, R. K.= (31) See Hooker, W. J. and R. K. Greville.

=Grigoriew, N.= (98) Sur la flore paléozoique supérieure recueillie
aux environs des villages Troitskoie et Longanskoie dans le
bassin du Donetz. _Bull. Com. Géol. St. Pétersbourg_, tome XVII.

=Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T.= (01) Observations on the anatomy of
solenostelic ferns. _Annals Bot._ vol. XIV. p. 71.

—— (03) Observations &c. _Ibid._ vol. XVII. p. 689.

—— (05) On the anatomy of _Archangiopteris Henryi_ and other
Marattiaceae. _Annals Bot._ vol. XIX. p. 259.

—— (07–09) See Kidston, R. and D. T. Gwynne-Vaughan.

—— (08) On the real nature of the Tracheae in the ferns.
_Annals Bot._ vol. XXII. p. 517.

—— and =R. Kidston=. (08) On the origin of the adaxially curved
leaf-trace in the Filicales. _Proc. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol.
XXVIII. pt. vi. p. 433.

=Hall, Kate M.= (91) See Jennings, A. Vaughan, and Kate M. Hall.

=Halle, T. G.= (07) Einige krautartige Lycopodiaceen Paläozoischen
und Mesozoischen Alters. _Arkiv Bot._ Bd. VII. No. 5.

=Hannig, E.= (98) Ueber die Staubgrübchen auf den Stämmen und
Blattstielen der Cyathaeaceen und Marattiaceen. _Bot. Zeit._ p.
9.

=Harvey-Gibson, R. J.= (94) Contributions towards a knowledge of the
anatomy of the genus _Selaginella_, Spr. _Annals Bot._ vol.
VIII. p. 133.

—— (96) Contributions &c. _Ibid._ vol. X. p. 77.

—— (97) Contributions &c. _Ibid._ vol. XI. p. 123.

—— (02) Contributions &c. _Ibid._ vol. XVI. p. 449.

=Haughton, S.= (59) On _Cyclostigma_, a new genus of fossil plants
from the Old Red Sandstone of Kiltorkan, W. Kilkenny. _Journ.
Roy. Dublin Soc._ vol. II. p. 407.

=Hawkshaw, J.= (42) Description of the fossil trees found in the
excavations for the Manchester and Bolton railway. _Trans.
Geol. Soc._ [2] vol. VI. p. 173.

=Hayden, H. H.= (07) The stratigraphical position of the
Gangamopteris beds of Kashmir. _Rec. Geol. Surv. India_, vol.
XXXVI. pt. i.

=Heer, O.= (71) Fossile Flora der Bären Inseln. _Flor. Foss. Arct._
vol. II.

—— (74) Die Kreideflora der Arctischen Zone. _K. Svensk.
Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand._ Bd. XII. [_Flor. Foss. Arct._ vol. III.
1875.]

—— (75) _Flora Fossilis Arctica_, vol. III.

—— (76) Jura-Flora Ostsibiriens und des Amurlandes. _Ibid._ vol.
IV. [ii].

—— (80) Nachträge zur fossilen Flora Grönlands. _K. Svensk.
Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand._ Bd. XVIII. [_Flor. Foss. Arct._ vol.
VI. 1882.]

—— (82) Die Fossile-Flora Grönlands. _Flor. Foss. Arct._ vol. VI.

=Hegelmaier, F.= (72) Zur Morphologie der Gattung _Lycopodium_. _Bot.
Zeit._ 1872, p. 773.

=Hick, T.= (93) On a new fossil plant from the Lower Coal-Measures.
_Journ. Linn. Soc._ vol. XXIX. p. 86.

—— (93²) Supplementary note on a new fossil plant. _Ibid._ p. 216.

—— (96) On _Rachiopteris cylindrica_. _Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit.
Phil. Soc._ vol. XLI. pt. i.

=Hieronymus, G.= (02) Selaginellaceae. _Die Natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien._ Engler and Prantl, Teil I. Abt. 4, p. 621.

=Hill, T. G.= (00) See Scott, D. H. and T. G. Hill.

—— (02) See Farmer, J. B. and T. G. Hill.

—— (04) On the presence of a parichnos in recent plants. _Annals
Bot._ vol. XVIII. p. 654.

—— (06) On the presence of a parichnos in recent plants. _Ibid._
vol. XX. p. 267.

=Hofmeister, W.= (62) On the germination, development, and
fructification of the Higher Cryptogamia, and on the
fructification of the Coniferae. _Ray Soc._ 1862.

=Hollick, A.= (94) Fossil Salvinias, including description of a new
species. _Torrey Bot. Club_, vol. XXI. No. 6, p. 253.

—— (04) Additions to the Palaeobotany of the Cretaceous Formation
on Long Island. _Bull. New York Bot. Gard._ vol. III. p. 403.

—— and =E. C. Jeffrey=. (09) Studies of Cretaceous coniferous
remains from Kreischerville, New York. _Mem. New York Bot.
Gard._ vol. III.

=Hooker, Sir J. D.= (48) On the vegetation of the Carboniferous
Period, as compared with that of the present day. _Mem. Geol.
Soc. Great Britain_, vol. II. pt. ii. p. 387.

—— (48²) Remarks on the structure and affinities of some
_Lepidostrobi_. _Ibid._ p. 440.

—— (59) Stangeria paradoxa. _Bot. Mag._ Tab. 5121.

=Hooker, Sir W. J.= and =J. G. Baker=. (68) Synopsis Filicum.
_London._

=Hooker, Sir W. J.= and =R. K. Greville=. (31) Icones Filicum. Vol.
II. _London._

=Hosius= and =von der Marck=. (80) Die Flora der Westfälischen
Kreideformation. _Palaeont._ Bd. XXVI. p. 127.

=Hovelacque, M.= (92) Recherches sur le _Lepidodendron selaginoides_,
Sternb. _Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie_, vol. XVII.

=Hudson, W. H.= (92) The Naturalist in La Plata. _London._

=Jack, R. L.= and =R. Etheridge=. (92) The geology and palæontology
of Queensland and New Guinea. _Brisbane._

=Jahn, J. J.= (03) Ueber die Étage H. im mittelböhmischen Devon.
_Verh. Reichsanst. Wien_, No. 4, p. 73.

=Jeffrey, E. C.= (98) The morphology of the central cylinder in
vascular plants. _Brit. Assoc. Rep._ (_Toronto Meeting_), p.
869.

—— (98²) The Gametophyte of _Botrychium virginianum_. _Trans.
Canad. Inst._ vol. V. p. 265.

—— (00) The morphology of the central cylinder in the Angiosperms.
_Ibid._ vol. VI. p. 599.

—— (03) The structure and development of the stem in the
Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._ vol. CXCV.
p. 119.

—— (09) See Hollick, A. and E. C. Jeffrey.

=Jennings, A. Vaughan= and =Kate M. Hall=. (91) Notes on the
structure of _Tmesipteris_. _Proc. R. Irish Acad._ [3] vol. II.
p. 1.

=Jones, C. E.= (05) The morphology and anatomy of the stem of the
genus _Lycopodium_. _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vol. VII. p. 15.

=Jordan, Rose=. (03) On some peculiar tyloses in _Cucumis sativus_.
_New Phytologist_, vol. II. p. 208.

=Karsten, G.= (95) Morphologische und biologische Untersuchungen über
einige Epiphytenformen der Molukken. _Ann. Jard. Buitenzorg_,
vol. XII. p. 117.

=Kidston, R.= (82) On the fructification of _Eusphenopteris tenella_
and _Sphenopteris microcarpa_. _R. Physc. Soc. Edinb._ vol. VII.

—— (83) Report on the fossil plants collected by the Geological
Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale. _Trans. R. Soc.
Edinburgh_, vol. XXX. p. 531.

—— (84) On a new species of _Lycopodites_, Goldenberg (_L.
Stockii_), from the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Scotland.
_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ [5] vol. XIV. p. 111.

—— (84²) On the fructification of _Zeilleria_ (_Sphenopteris_)
_delicatula_, Sternb. sp.; with remarks on _Urnatopteris_
(_Sphenopteris_) _tenella_, Brongnt., and _Hymenophyllites_
(_Sphenopteris_) _quadridactylites_, Gutbier sp. _Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc._ vol. XL. p. 590.

—— (85) On the relationship of _Ulodendron_, Lindley and Hutton,
to _Lepidodendron_, Sternberg; _Bothrodendron_, Lindley and
Hutton; _Sigillaria_, Brongniart; and _Rhytidodendron_, Boulay.
_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. XVI. p. 123.

—— (86²) On a new species of _Psilotites_ from the Lanarkshire
Coal-field. _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ 1886, p. 494.

—— (86³) On the occurrence of _Lycopodites Vanuxemi_, Göppert, in
Britain, with remarks on its affinities. _Journ. Linn. Soc._
vol. XXI. p. 560.

—— (86⁴) Notes on some fossil plants collected by Mr R. Dunlop,
Airdrie, from the Lanarkshire Coal-field. _Trans. Geol. Soc.
Glasgow_, vol. VIII. p. 47.

—— (87) On the fructification of some ferns from the Carboniferous
formation. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXXIII. pt. i.

—— (88) See Bennie, J. and R. Kidston.

—— (88) On the fossil flora of the Radstock series of the Somerset
and Bristol Coal-field (Upper Coal-Measures). Part I. _Trans.
R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXXIII. pt. 2.

—— (88²) On the fructification and affinities of _Archaeopteris
hibernica_, Forbes sp. _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ [6] vol. II.

—— (89) On the fossil plants in the Ravenhead Collection in the
Free Library and Museum, Liverpool. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._
vol. XXXV. pt. ii.

—— (89²) Additional notes on some British Carboniferous Lycopods.
_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ vol. IV. p. 60.

—— (89³) On some fossil plants from Teilia quarry, Gwaenysgor,
near Prestatyn, Flintshire. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXXV.
pt. ii.

—— (91) On the fructification of _Sphenophyllum trichomatosum_,
Stern. from the Yorkshire Coal-field. _Proc. R. Soc. Edinb._
vol. XI. p. 56.

—— (91²) On the fructification and internal structure of
Carboniferous ferns in their relation to those of existing
genera. _Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow_, vol. IX. pt. i.

—— (91³) On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal-fields.
II. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXXVI. p. 63.

—— (93) On _Lepidophloios_, and on the British species of the
genus. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXXVII. pt. iii. p. 529.

—— (94) On the various divisions of British Carboniferous rocks as
determined by their fossil flora. _R. Physc. Soc. Edinb._ vol.
XII. p. 183.

—— (96) On the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal-fields. I.
_Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXXVIII. p. 203.

—— (97) On the Fossil Flora of the Yorkshire Coal-fields. II.
_Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXXIX. pt. i. p. 33.

—— (01) Carboniferous Lycopods and Sphenophylls. _Trans. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, vol. VI. pt. i. p. 25.

—— (01²) The flora of the Carboniferous Period. _Proc. Yorks.
Geol. Polyt. Soc._ vol. XIV. pt. ii.

—— (02) The flora &c. Second Paper. _Ibid._ vol. XIV. pt. iii. p.
344.

—— (03) The fossil plants of the Carboniferous rocks of Canonbie,
Dumfriesshire, and of parts of Cumberland and Northumberland.
_Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XL. pt. iv. p. 741.

—— (05) On the internal structure of _Sigillaria elegans_ of
Brongniart’s “Histoire des Végétaux Fossiles.” _Ibid._ vol.
XLI. pt. iii. p. 533.

—— (05²) On the fructification of _Neuropteris heterophylla_.
_Trans. R. Soc. London_, vol. CXCVII. p. 1.

—— (06) On the microsporangia of the Pteridospermeae, with remarks
on their relationship to existing Ferns. _Phil. Trans. R. Soc._
vol. CXCVIII. p. 413.

—— (07) Note on a new species of _Lepidodendron_ from Pettycur
(_L. Pettycurense_). _Proc. R. Soc. Edinb._ 1906–07, p. 207.

—— (07²) Preliminary note on the internal structure of
_Sigillaria mammillaris_ Brongniart and _S. scutellata_
Brongniart. _Ibid._ vol. XXVII. p. 203.

—— (08) On a new species of _Dineuron_ and of _Botryopteris_ from
Pettycur, Fife. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XLVI. pt. ii. p.
361.

—— (08) See Gwynne-Vaughan, D. T. and R. Kidston.

=Kidston, R.= and =D. T. Gwynne-Vaughan=. (07) On the fossil
_Osmundaceae_. Pt. I. _Trans. R. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XLV. pt.
iii. p. 759.

—— (08) _Ibid._ pt. II. _loc. cit._ vol. XLVI. pt. ii. p. 213.

—— (09) _Ibid._ pt. III. _loc. cit._ vol. XLVI. pt. iii. p. 651.

=Kitchin, F. L.= (08) The invertebrate fauna and palaeontological
relations of the Uitenhage series. _Ann. S. African Mus._ vol.
VII. pt. ii.

=Knowlton, F. H.= (98) A catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary
plants of North America. _Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv._ No. 152.

—— (99) Fossil flora of the Yellowstone National Park. _U. S.
Geol. Surv. Mem._ XXXIII. pt. ii.

—— (02) Report on a small collection of fossil plants from the
vicinity of Porcupine Butte, Montana. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_,
vol. XXIX.

=Kny, L.= (75) Die Entwickelung der Parkeriaceen dargestellt an
_Ceratopteris thalictroides_, Brongniart. _Nova Acta K.
Leop.-Car. Deutsch. Akad. Naturf._ vol. XXXVII.

=Koehne, W.= (04) Sigillarienstämme, Unterscheidungsmerkmale,
Arten, Geologische Verbreitung &c. _Abh. K. Preuss. Geol.
Landes._ [N. F.], Heft XLIII.

=Krasser, F.= (95) Kreidepflanzen von Lesina. _Jahrb. K.-K. Geol.
Reichs._ Bd. XLV. p. 37.

—— (96) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fossilen Kreideflora von
Kunstadt in Mähren. _Beit. Paläont. Geol. Österreich.-Ung. und
des Orients_, Bd. X. Heft 3.

—— (00) Die von W. A. Obrutschew in China und Centralasien 1893–94
gesammelten fossilen Pflanzen. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_,
Bd. LXX.

—— (06) Ueber die fossile Kreideflora von Grünbach in
Niederösterreich. _Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_ (Anz. iii.).

—— (09) Die Diagnosen der von D. Stur in der obertriadischen Flora
der Lunzerschichten als Marattiaceenarten unterschiedenen
Farne. _Sitz. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. CXVIII. Abt. i.

=Kubart, B.= (09) Untersuchungen über die Flora des Ostrau-Karwiner
Kohlenbeckens. I. Die Spore von _Spencerites membranaceus_ n.
sp. _Denksch. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien_, Bd. LXXXV.

=Kühn, R.= (90) Untersuchungen über die Anatomie der Marattiaceen.
_Flora._

=Kurr, J. G.= (45) Beiträge zur fossilen Flora der Juraformation.
_Stuttgart._

=Kurtz, F.= (94) Contribuciones a la Palaeophytologia Argentina.
_Revist. Mus. de la Plata_, vol. VI.

=Lang, W. H.= (99) The prothallus of _Lycopodium clavatum_ L. _Annals
Bot._ vol. XIII. p. 279.

—— (08) Preliminary statement on the morphology of the cone of
_Lycopodium cernuum_ and its bearing on the affinities of
_Spencerites_. _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ vol. XXVIII. pt. V. p.
356.

=Leclerc du Schlon=. (85) Recherches sur la dissemination des Spores
dans les Cryptogames vasculaires. _Ann. Sci. nat._ [7], vol.
II. p. 5.

=Leslie, T. N.= (06) See Mellor, E. T. and T. N. Leslie.

=Lesquereux, L.= (78) Contributions to the fossil flora of the
Western Territories. Pt. II. The Tertiary floras. _U. S. Geol.
Surv. Report_.

=Leuthardt, F.= (04) Die Keuperflora von Neuewelt bei Basel. Teil II.
_Abh. Schweiz. Pal. Ges._ Bd. XXXI. p. 25.

=Lignier, O.= (03) Equisétales et Sphénophyllales. Leur origine
filicinéenne commune. _Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie_ [5], vol.
VII. p. 93.

—— (08) Sur l’origine des Sphénophyllées. _Bull. Soc. Bot. France_
[4], vol. VIII. p. 278.

=Lindman, C. A. M.= (04) _Regnellidium_ novum genus Marsiliacearum.
_Arkiv Bot. K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Stockholm._

=Lloyd, E.= and =L. M. Underwood.= (00) A review of the species of
_Lycopodium_ of North America. _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, vol.
XXVII. p. 147.

=Logan, W. E.= (42) On the character of the beds of clay immediately
below the coal-seams of S. Wales. _Trans. Geol. Soc. London_,
vol. VI. p. 491.

=Lomax, J.= (90) See Cash, W. and J. Lomax.

—— (00) See Wild, G. and J. Lomax.

—— (05) See Weiss, F. E. and J. Lomax.

=Luerssen, C.= (89) Die Farnpflanzen. _Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen
Flora_, Bd. III. _Leipzig._

=Lulham, R. B. J.= (05) See Tansley, A. G. and R. B. J. Lulham.

=Lyon, F. M.= (01) A study of the sporangia and gametophytes of
_Selaginella apus_ and _S. rupestris_. _Bot. Gaz._ vol. XXXII.
p. 125.

=McCoy, Sir F.= (47) On the fossil botany and zoology of the rocks
associated with the coal of Australia. _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._
[1], vol. XX. p. 151.

—— (60) A commentary on “A communication made by the Rev. W. B.
Clarke” &c. _Trans. R. Soc. Victoria_, vol. V. p. 96.

—— (74) Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria. _Geol. Surv.
Vict., Decades_ I–V.

=McNicol, Mary=. (08) On Cavity Parenchyma and Tyloses in Ferns.
_Ann. Bot._ vol. XXII. p. 401.

=Marion, A. F.= (90) Sur le _Gomphostrobus heterophylla_. _Compt.
Rend._ p. 892.

=Maslen, A. J.= (99) The structure of _Lepidostrobus_. _Trans. Linn.
Soc._ vol. V. p. 357.

—— (06) See Scott, D. H. and A. J. Maslen.

=Mellor, E. T.= and =T. N. Leslie=. (06) On a fossil forest recently
exposed in the bed of the Vaal River at Vereeniging. _Trans.
Geol. Soc. S. Africa_, vol. IX. p. 125.

=Mettenius, G.= (60) Beiträge zur Anatomie der Cycadeen. _Abh. K.
Sächs. Ges. Wiss._ Bd. VII. p. 567.

—— (63) Ueber den Bau von _Angiopteris_. _Abh. K. Sächs. Ges.
Wiss._ Bd. IX.

=Miller, H.= (57) The testimony of the rocks. _Edinburgh._

=Möller, H.= (02) Bidrag till Barnholms Fossila Flora. Pteridofyter.
_Lunds Univ. Årsskrift_, Bd. XXXVIII. No. 5.

=Mohl, H. von=. (40) Ueber den Bau des Stammes von _Isoetes
lacustris_. _Linnaea_, vol. XIV.

=Morris, J.= (40) _Ex_ Prestwich’s, J., Memoir on the Geology of
Coalbrook Dale. _Trans. Geol. Soc._ vol. V. p. 413.

—— (45) See Strzelecki, Count.

—— (63) See Oldham, T. and J. Morris.

=Motelay, L.= and =Vendryès=. (82) Monographie der Isoetaceae. _Actes
Soc. Linn. Bordeaux_, Tom. XXXVI. p. 309.

=Münster, G. Graf zu=. (42) Beiträge zur Petrefacten-Kunde. Heft 5.
_Bayreuth._

=Murchison, R. I.=, =J. Buchman=, and =H. E. Strickland=. (45)
Outline of the Geology of the neighbourhood of Cheltenham.
_London._

=Murchison, R.=, =E. de Verneuil=, and =Count A. Keyserling=. (45)
Géologie de la Russie d’Europe. Vol. II. _London and Paris._

=Nathorst, A. G.= (78) Beiträge zur fossilen Flora Schwedens.
Ueber einige Rhätische Pflanzen von Pålsjö in Schonen.
_Stuttgart._

—— (78²) Om Floran i Skånes kolförande Bildningar. _Sver. Geol.
Unders._ Ser. C.

—— (90) Ueber das angebliche Vorkommen von Geschieben des
Hörsandsteins in den norddeutschen Diluvialablagerungen. _Arch.
Ver. Freund. Nat. Mecklenb._, Jahr. XLIV.

—— (02) Zur fossilen Flora der Polarländer. I. Zur Oberdevonischen
Flora der Bären-Insel. _K. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand._ Bd.
XXXVI. No. 3.

—— (02²) Beiträge zur Kenntniss Mesozoischen Cycadophyten.
_Ibid._ Bd. XXXVI. No. 4.

—— (04) Die Oberdevonische Flora des Ellesmere Landes. _Rep.
Second Norwegian Arctic Exp. in the Fram_ (1898–02), No. 1.

—— (04²) Sur la flore fossile antarctique. _Compt. Rend._ (June
6.)

—— (06) Om Några Ginkgoväxter från Kolgrufvorna vid Stabbarp i
Skåne. _Lunds Univ. Årsskrift_, N.F. Bd. II. No. 8.

—— (06²) Bemerkungen über _Clathropteris meniscoides_,
Brongn., und _Rhizomopteris cruciata_, Nath. _K. Svensk.
Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand._ Bd. XLI. No. 2.

—— (06³) Ueber _Dictyophyllum_ und _Camptopteris spiralis_.
_Ibid._ No. 5.

—— (07) Ueber die Anwendung von Kollodium-Abdrücken bei der
Untersuchung fossiler Pflanzen. _Arkiv Bot., Stockholm_, Bd.
VII. No. 4.

—— (07²) Ueber _Thaumatopteris Schenki_. _K. Svensk.
Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand._ Bd. XLII. No. 3.

—— (08) Paläobotanisch. Mitteilungen, III. _Ibid._ Bd. XLIII. No.
3.

=Newberry, J. S.= (91) The Flora of the Great Falls Coal-Field,
Montana. _Amer. Journ. Sci._ vol. XLI. p. 191.

=Newton, R. Bullen.= (09) Fossils from the Nubian Sandstone of Egypt.
_Geol. Mag._ vol. VI. p. 352.

=Oldham, R. D.= (97) On a plant of _Glossopteris_ with part of the
rhizome attached, and on the structure of _Vertebraria_. Rec.
_Geol. Surv. India_, vol. XXX. pt. i. p. 45.

=Oldham, T.= and =J. Morris=. (63) Fossil Flora of the Gondwana
system. Vol. I. pt. i. Fossil Flora of the Rajmahal series in
the Rajmahal Hills. Mem. _Geol. Surv. India_ [2], _Calcutta._

=Oliver, F. W.= (02) A vascular Sporangium. _New Phytologist_, vol.
I. p. 60.

—— (04) On the structure and affinities of _Stephanospermum_,
Brongn., a genus of fossil Gymnosperm seeds. _Trans. Linn.
Soc._ vol. VI. pt. 8.

=Peach, C. W.= (78) On the circinate vernation, fructification, and
varieties of _Sphenopteris affinis_ and on _Staphylopteris_ (?)
_Peachii_ of Etheridge and Balfour, a genus of plants new to
British rocks. _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._ vol. XXXIV. p. 131.

=Pelourde, F.= (08) Recherches sur la position systématique des
plantes fossiles dont les tiges out été appelées _Psaronius_,
_Psaroniocaulon_, _Caulopteris_. _Bull. Soc. bot. France_ [4],
tome VIII.

—— (08²) Recherches comparatives sur la structure de la racine
chez un certain nombre de _Psaronius_. _Ibid_. p. 352.

—— (09) Recherches comparatives sur la structure des fougères
fossiles et vivants. _Ann. Sci. nat._ vol. X. p. 115.

—— (09²) Observations sur un nouveau type de pétiole fossile, le
_Flicheia esnostensis_. _Mém. Soc. d’hist. nat. d’Autun_, tome
XXI.

Penhallow, D. P. (92) Additional notes on Devonian plants from
Scotland. _Canadian Rec. Sci._ vol. V. no. 1.

—— (02) _Osmundites skidegatensis. Trans. R. Soc. Canada_ [2],
vol. VIII. sect. 4.

Phillips, J. (75) Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, pt. I.
The Yorkshire Coast (edit. 3). _London_.

Pittman, E. F. (93) See David, E. and E. F. Pittman.

Potonié, H. (89) Der im Lichthof der Königlichen Geologischen
Landesanstalt und Bergakademie aufgestellte Baumstumpf mit
Wurzel aus dem Carbon des Piesberges. _Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol.
Landes_, p. 246.

—— (91) _Bericht. Deutsch. bot. Ges._ vol. IX. p. 256.

—— (92) Ueber einige Carbonfarne. _Jahrb. K. Preuss. Geol.
Landes._ 1891.

—— (92²) Die den Wasserspalten physiologischentsprechenden Organe
bei fossilen und recenten Farnarten. _Sitz.-Ber. Ges.
naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin. July_ 19, 1892.

—— (93²) Anatomie der beiden “Male” auf dem unteren Wangenpaar
und der beiden Seitennärbchen der Blattnarbe des
Lepidodendron-Blattpolsters. _Ber. deutsch. Bot. Ges._ Bd. XI.
Heft 5, p. 319.

—— (93³) Eine gewöhnliche Art der Erhaltung von _Stigmaria_ als
Beweis für die Autochthonie von Carbon-Pflanzen. _Zeits.
Deutsch. Geol. Ges._

—— (95) Die Beziehung zwischen dem echt-gabeligen und dem
fiederigen Wedel-Aufbau der Farne. _Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges._
Bd. XIII. Heft 6.