Chapter XVI: Christian Socialism (2)

[181] “Die Philosophie Heracleitos des Dunkeln,” 2 Bde. On account of his absorption in the celebrated Hatzfeldt case for eight years, it was not published until 1858.

[182] _Vide_ “Briefe von Lassalle und Carl Rodbertus-Jagetzow, mit einer Einleitung von Adolf Wagner” (Berlin, 1878), SS. 44, 67, 71, 72.

[183] This matter was referred by Louis Blanc to Karl Blind, who advised him to not grant the request, as he had no faith in Lassalle, believing that he intended from the start to “sell out” to Bismarck. _Vide_ article on Louis Blanc, in _Die Gegenwart_, 6. Januar, 1883.

[184] Quoted from my article on “Bismarck’s Plan for Insuring German Laborers” (_International Review_, May, 1882).

[185] _Vide_ Lassalle’s “Ronsdorfer Rede,” held May 22, 1864, and published in Berlin.

[186] See first note above.

[187] On the 17th of September, 1878. I translate Bismarck’s words as given in his “Ausgewählte Reden,” Bd. iii. SS. 131, 132.

[188] “Political Economy,” bk. ii. chap. xi. sec. 2.

[189] Bk. i. ch. viii.

[190] _Beamtenfamilie_ is a common expression.

[191] John Rae (_Contemporary Review_, June, 1881).

[192] One candidate was elected in two districts which required a new election in one of them, in which the social democrats lost. This reduced the number of their members to twelve.

[193] The leading organ of the social democrats, the _Sozial-demokrat_, of Zurich, gave a fair report of the proceedings, which was reprinted in the _Vorbote_ of Chicago, May 5, 1883.

[194] This quotation is taken from my article in the _International Review_ on “Bismarck’s Plan,” etc., May, 1882. The remaining quotations in this chapter are taken from the same article when no other reference is given.

[195] _Vide_ a description of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Employees’ Relief Association, by B. J. Ramage, in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science.

[196] The first four conditions are taken from the American translation of Roscher; the fifth is translated by the author from a subsequent German edition.

[197] Mehring, S. 80.

[198] Born in 1833.

[199] The Rev. Samuel A. Barnett mentions the following as socialistic laws on the statute-book of England: “The Poor Law,” “The Education Act,” “The Established Church,” “The Land Act,” and “The Libraries Act;” _vide_ his article on “Practicable Socialism” (_Nineteenth Century Magazine_, April, 1883).

[200] Cf. Lev. xxv. and Deut. xv.

[201] “Munera Pulveris” (New York, 1872), pp. 141, 142.

[202] Cf. Wagner’s celebrated “Rede über die sociale Frage” (Berlin, 1872).

[203] _Vide_ Macaulay, “History of England.” Cf. article “Budget,” by Spofford, in “Cyclopædia of Political Science,” in regard to increase of expenses of various states.

[204] “Ueber einige Grundfragen des Rechts und der Volkswirthschaft” (Jena, 1875).

[205] Quoted by Kaufmann in “Lamennais and Kingsley,” _Contemporary Review_, April, 1882.

[206] “Paroles d’ un Croyant,” pp. 16-18.

[207] Alton Locke, ch. xli.

[208] Quoted from Kaufmann’s article.

[209] Dated Chester, October 6, 1882.

[210] “Die Arbeiterfrage und das Christenthum” (Mainz, 1864), Seite 112.

[211] He attributes the abolition of slavery to the Church.

[212] The Catholic Church in Germany has been instrumental in establishing a large number of _Gesellenvereine_, or bachelors’ unions. They resemble in many respects our Young Men’s Christian Associations.

[213] De Laveleye.

[214] Quoted by Kaufmann in his article on Lamennais and Kingsley, in the _Contemporary Review_, April, 1882.

INDEX.

Adams, C. K., criticism on Louis Blanc’s “Histoire de la Révolution
Française,” 111.

Albert, colleague of Louis Blanc, 111.

Anarchists, Proudhon avows himself one of them, 135;
their prominent representatives in France, 146;
equality their doctrine, 147;
declaration of principles, 148;
separation from the International Workingmen’s Association, 185.

Antonelle, member of the Committee of Insurrection, 32.

Aristotle, defence of slavery, 176.

Association, to be established by leadership (Saint-Simon), 64;
the central idea of Fourierism, 91-99.

Babœuf, opposed to the _laissez-faire_ system, 12;
sketch of his career, 31;
connection with the Reign of Terror, 32;
execution, 33;
equality the leading idea of his system, 34;
equality be obtained by degrees, 36;
his scheme, 37;
a cheerless scheme, 38.

Bakounine, pessimist, leader of the Anarchists, 147;
leads the opposition to the old Internationalists at the Hague, 185.

Barnett, S. A., socialistic laws on the statute-book of England, _note_,
236.

Barrault, a Saint-Simonian, 72;
lectures in Alexandria, 78.

Baudet-Dulary, offers an estate for a trial of Fourierism, 101.

Bazard, separates from Enfantin, 65, 75;
a leader of the Saint-Simonians, 71.

Bebel, a supporter of Bismarck’s Insurance Bill, 220;
a disciple of Liebknecht, 230;
historical importance, 231.

Becker, president of the Laborers’ Union, 225, 226.

Bismarck, admiration for Lassalle, 196;
plans for universal suffrage, 212;
checks to social democrats, 216;
his determination, 217;
his Accident Insurance Bill, 218;
his plan to conquer social democracy, 219;
concessions, 219, 228;
his schemes in behalf of labor viewed with distrust, 220;
a member of an economic school, 235;
appreciation of Wagner, 243.

Black Hand of Spain, members of the International, 186.

Blanc, Charles, affection of Louis Blanc for, 115.

Blanc, Louis, an authority on the times of Louis Philippe, 34, _note_;
first state socialist, 109;
life, 109 _et seqq._;
“Organisation du Travail,” 110;
“Histoire de Dix Ans,” 110;
perceived the widening separation between the _bourgeoisie_ and the
fourth estate, 110;
“Histoire de la Révolution Française,” 111;
_droit au travail_, 112;
_ateliers sociaux_, 112, 119;
experiments, 112;
flight from France, 114;
character, 115;
social philosophy, 116;
evils of present society according to, 117;
suppression of misery by fraternity, 118;
his formula for the distribution of functions, 121;
of products, 122;
not an _égalitaire_, 122;
correspondence with Lassalle, 192 and _note_.

Blanqui, Adolphe, a Saint-Simonian, 72.

Blanqui, Auguste, founder of Blanquism, 145.

Blind, Karl, description of the appearance of Louis Blanc, 116;
no faith in Lassalle, 192, _note_.

Booth, A. J., criticism on Enfantin, 73;
statement regarding the Society for the Propagation, etc., of the
Theory of Fourier, 102 and _note_.

_Bourgeoisie_, the third estate, 4;
rise of, 7;
enmity of the poor against, 10;
separation from the fourth estate, 110;
growth of, inimical to feudalism, 177;
Lassalle’s indictment of, 195.

Brentano, a professorial socialist, 237.

Bright, his schemes called narrow by Kingsley, 249.

Brisbane, Albert, head of Fourierism in America, 107.

Brissot de Warville declares private property theft, but afterwards
defends it, 3.

Brook Farm, a Fourieristic experiment in America, 107.

Bucher, L., edits Lassalle’s “System of Acquired Rights,” 197.

Buchez, a Saint-Simonian, 72.

Buonarroti, connection with Babœuf, member of the committee of
insurrection, 32;
escapes to Switzerland, 33;
his history of the conspiracy of Babœuf, 33 and _note_, 34;
preaches Babouvism, 34.

Cabet, Étienne, career of, 39-42;
“Voyage en Icarie,” 40;
the Icarians at Nauvoo, 41;
division among the Icarians, 42;
letter of Albert Shaw concerning present condition of Icarians, 42-48;
the New Icarian Community, 44;
the Icarian Community, 46;
government and marriage among the Icarians, 48 and _note_, 51;
education, 49;
success, 49;
fraternity the principle of the Icarians, 50.

Carlyle, necessity of sympathy, 15;
the laborers need a leader, 63;
“History of the French Revolution,” 144.

Chevalier, Michel, a Saint-Simonian, 72;
imprisoned, 77;
proposal about the armies of Europe, 79.

Church, relation to people before the French Revolution, 6;
the Catholic before the Reformation, 62;
restraint of, 63;
duty of, 66;
Proudhon’s work on justice in, 132;
views of Malon, 154, 155;
an organizing power, 245;
remedies offered to laborers by, 260.

Civil service, in Prussia, 207;
need of reform in the United States; possible future dangers arising
from its prostitution, 223.

Cobden, Kingsley’s dislike of the plans of, 249.

Colins, an advocate of the nationalization of land, 150.

Collectivists, French socialists, and social democrats, 149;
are international, 150;
evolutionists, 150;
revolutionists, 151;
Guesde’s electoral programme, 152.

Commune, its nature explained, 20;
aims of the communists, 21;
the communal government, 22.

Communism, object, 1;
cosmopolitan, 3;
proper method of treatment, 14;
modern hatred of, 16;
modern fallacies about, 19;
not chargeable with the doings of the Commune, 20;
connection with atheism and free-love, 22;
opinions of Noyes and Rylance, 23 and _note_, 24;
not necessarily anti-Christian, 25;
included in socialism, 30;
schemes of, 30;
Babouvism, 34;
Icarians, 40;
to be preferred to the present state of society (Mill), 68;
objected to by Proudhon, 133, 137;
in France, 144;
movement of the social democrats towards, 206.

Comte, A., a pupil of Saint-Simon, 57 and _note_.

Considerant, Victor, presentation of Fourierism, 101, 103.

Co-operation, scheme of Lassalle, 189;
to replace competition, 250;
societies to promote, 251;
efforts of Hughes, 251;
letter of E. V. Neale, 252, 255;
Church can aid, 261.

Crises, one of the evils Rodbertus sought to abolish, 161;
state interference needed, 166;
Marx’s doctrine of, 181;
social democrats to abolish, 208.

Crosby, Dr. Howard, attitude of, towards laboring class, 28 and _note_.

Curtis, George William, 107.

Cuvier, a benefactor of Saint-Simon, 59.

Dana, Charles A., prominent among the Fourierists of America, 107.

Darthé, member of the committee of insurrection with Babœuf, 32.

David, teacher of music at Ménilmontant, 77;
afterwards at Alexandria, 78.

Debon, member of committee of insurrection, 32.

Democratic constitutions, pretence of lower classes in consequence of,
a condition productive of socialism, 224.

Depaepe, presentation of international collectivism, 150.

Diard supports Saint-Simon, 59.

Dickens treats of the laboring class, 11, _note_.

Didier, agent of the committee of insurrection, 32.

Distribution of products, complaints about, 1;
Babœuf favored equal, 36;
Saint-Simonians advocate, according to works, 64, 68, 71, 74, and
reject equal, 70;
Fourier’s doctrine of, 98, 99;
at Guise, 106;
Louis Blanc’s doctrine concerning, 122;
Proudhon’s, 140;
Rodbertus’s, 162;
Marx’s, 180;
social democrats, 205;
Mill’s plea for justice in, 238.

Division of labor, effects of, 8;
implies capital, 201;
extreme, a condition productive of socialistic movements, 222.

Dumas, Alexander, derives the idea of “Les Frères Corses” from Charles
and Louis Blanc, 115.

Dumay, candidate of the collectivists to succeed Gambetta, 151.

Economic programme of Guesde, 153.

Enfantin, leader of Saint-Simonism, 71;
character, 73;
views regarding marriage, 75;
retires to Ménilmontant, 76;
expedition to Egypt, 77;
Suez Canal due to him, 77;
director of Lyons Railway, 79.

Engels, “Condition of the Laboring Classes in England,” 158;
one of the founders of _Neue Rheinische Zeitung_, 171.

Equality, promised by agitators, 2;
Christian idea of underlying communism, 25;
idea of Babouvism, 34;
among Icarians, 50;
Saint-Simonians oppose, 64, 68, 70;
opposed by Louis Blanc, 122;
“community is inequality” (Proudhon), 133;
how obtained by Proudhon, 138;
of anarchists, 147, 149;
_égalité_ and _solidarité_ the watchwords of German social
democrats, 231.

Eudes, leader of the Blanquists, 145.

Feudalism, Thorold Rogers points out certain good features in, 5;
swept away by French Revolution, 6;
makes way for third estate, 177.

Fourier, opposed to _laissez-faire_ system, 12;
compared with Saint-Simon, 81;
life, 82 _et seqq._;
generous and truthful, 83;
influences leading him to a study of political economy, 83, 84;
his social scheme, 84, 91;
“La Théorie des Quatre Mouvements,” 84, 86;
Association at Versailles, 85;
“Traité de l’Association,” etc., 87;
use of figures, 87;
duration of the world, 88;
religious belief, 89;
“Nouveau Monde Industriel,” etc., 91;
classification of the passions, 92;
evils of modern civilization, 93;
phalanxes, 93;
beneficial effects of rivalry, 94;
scheme for paying the English debt with hens’ eggs, 95, 96;
evils of competition, 97;
Fourierism not so pure a socialism as Saint-Simonism, 98;
division of products, 98;
_unitéisme_, 99;
ideas about women, 100;
opposes violence, 100;
criticism of Kaufmann, 100;
adherents, 101;
Fourieristic experiments, 102;
experiment of Jean Godin, 103;
Fourierism in America, 106;
criticism on, 108;
principle of authority, 124.

Fournel, a Saint-Simonian, 72.

Free-trade school, comparison of, with German socialism, 158;
cosmopolitan tendency of, 187.

Freiligrath, one of the founders of the _Neue Rheinische Zeitung_, 171;
farewell ode, 172.

French Revolution, chap. i.;
writers immediately preceding, 3;
the war of La Vendée, 5;
sweeps away feudal institutions, 6;
history of, by Louis Blanc, 111.

Fuller, Margaret, a leading spirit in the Brook Farm experiment, 107.

Gammond, Madame de, exposition of Fourierism, 101.

Gneist, Dr., is elected to the Assembly, 213.

Godin’s _Familistère_, 103;
extract from laws, 105.

Government, Babœuf’s idea of, 37;
among the Icarians, 48;
Saint-Simon’s idea of, 64;
Fourier’s, 99;
Louis Blanc’s opinion of, 117, 124;
Proudhon’s contempt for, 130;
anarchy is Proudhon’s ideal of, 134, 141;
opinion of the anarchists about, 148;
Lassalle’s idea, 193;
demands of the social democrats, 205, 208;
Wagner’s law of expenses of, 242.

Greeley, Horace, prominent among the Fourierists of America, 107.

Guesde, Jules, a revolutionary collectivist, 151;
his electoral programme, 152.

Guilds before the French Revolution, 4.

Guise, M. Godin’s experiment at, 103.

Harrison, F., view of existing French socialism, 143.

Hasselmann expelled from Social Democratic Party, 216.

Hatzfeldt, Countess Von, interest of Lassalle in the case of, 190, 197;
controls the Universal German Laborers’ Union, 225.

Held, Adolf, a professorial socialist, 237.

History, theory of, by Marx, 175.

Hughes, Thomas, a Christian socialist, 249;
co-operation to solve the labor question, 251;
letter of, about Christian socialism in England, 252.

Hugues, Clovis, a collectivist deputy, 154.

Humboldt, Von, admiration for Lassalle, 189.

Icarians, _vide_ Cabet.

Individualism, result of French Revolution, 7;
advice to the government, 29;
opinion of Louis Blanc about, 117;
individualistic socialism, 125;
attacked by Proudhon, 127.

Inheritance, rejected by Saint-Simonians, 69, 70, 80;
retained by Fourier, 98;
allowed by Proudhon, 134;
abolished by collectivists, 151;
doctrine of social democrats regarding, 207.

International Workingmen’s Association, members of the communal
government, 21;
law against, 114;
separation of Bakounine from, 146;
Guesde’s political programme demands the abolition of the law
against, 151;
based on social democratic principles, 188;
statutes, 183;
congresses, 184;
at the Hague, 185;
importance, 186;
possibilities of, 187.

Joffrin, a revolutionary collectivist, 152;
refuses to attend Louis Blanc’s funeral, 154.

Kaufmann, Schäffle’s socialism, 2;
on Lamennais, 12;
definition of socialism proper, 66;
merits of Fourierism, 100, 101.

Kayser, a defender of Bismarck’s Insurance Bill, 220.

Ketteler, Baron von, life, 257, 258;
character, 258;
doctrines, 258;
on marriage, 259;
remedies the Church offers to laborers, 260.

King, Edward, describes the affection of Louis Blanc for his brother
Charles, 115.

Kingsley, Charles, a Christian socialist, 249;
opinion of economic liberalism, 249, 250;
competition sinful, 250.

Knies’s opinion of Marx, 174.

Krapotkine, Prince, imprisoned on account of membership in the
International Workingmen’s Association, 114, 186;
a prominent anarchist, 146.

Kretzer, Max, novelist of the fourth estate, 11, _note_.

Laboring class, rise of, 7;
their novelist, 11, _note_;
decay of religion among, 24, _note_;
no permanent, in America as yet, 25;
prophecies of, 26;
Most’s method for the emancipation of, 27;
needs a leader, 63;
scheme of Fourier for, 93;
plans of Louis Blanc for, 112;
sympathy of Proudhon with, 128;
his plan for, 136;
opinion of De Laveleye, 154;
their share of products (Rodbertus), 164;
increasing misery of, 177;
statutes of the International Workingmen’s Association
concerning, 183, 184;
agitation of Lassalle for, 190, 194;
duration of life among, 201;
political influence of, in Germany to-day, 211;
plans of Bismarck for, 219, 220;
lesson taught them by the social democrats, 233;
alliance with the church, 245;
sympathy of Christian socialists for, 249;
legislation in behalf of, favored by Christian socialists, 257;
benefits offered by the Church, 260.

_Laissez-faire_ system, revolt against, 12;
the advice of the individualist, 29;
condemned by Louis Blanc, 117;
effect of, 163;
opinion of Rodbertus, 168.

Lamennais, De, distress at results of the French Revolution, 12;
sketch of his life, 245;
does not satisfy the church authorities, 246;
“Les Paroles d’un Croyant,” 246;
modern employers worse than early slave-owners, 247.

Lange, F. A., warnings of, to the progressists, 18;
his opinion of Marx, 174.

Lassalle, war-cries against capital, 2;
party of progress opposed to, 17;
his success attributed by Mehring to his enemies, 19;
account of the _ateliers sociaux_, 113;
life, 189 _et seqq._;
interest in Countess Von Hatzfeldt, 190;
agitation in favor of the laboring class, 190;
success of his writings, 191;
the “Iron Law of Wages,” 191, 197;
productive co-operative associations, 192;
leader of the Universal German Laborers’ Union, 194;
Bismarck’s appreciation of, 196;
father of social democracy, 210;
nominates Becker as his successor in the presidency of the laborers’
union, 225.

Laurent, a Saint-Simonian, 72.

Laveleye, De, “La Démocratie et l’Économie Politique,” 8, _note_;
“European Terror,” 150;
regards Christianity as the hope of the laboring class, 261.

Le Chevalier, Jules, a Fourierist, 102.

Ledru-Rollin, a colleague of Louis Blanc, 111.

Lepelletier, member of the Committee of Insurrection, 32.

Leroux, exponent of humanitarianism, 72.

Lesseps, De, inspired by Saint-Simonism, 55, 72;
Enfantin associated with, in agitation for the Suez Canal, 77.

Liebknecht moves the expulsion of Becker from the Universal German
Laborers’ Union, 226;
character, 228;
decides not to enter civil service, 229;
takes part in the revolution of 1848, 229;
interpreter of Marx, 230;
an extremist, 230.

Louis Philippe criticised by Louis Blanc, 110.

Ludlow, J. M,, describes causes of decay of religion among the
working-men, 24, _note_;
assists in forming co-operative societies in England, 251.

Luther accused of heresy by Saint-Simon, 64.

Mably compared with Babœuf, 31.

Macaulay mentions growth of state business in England, 242, _note_.

Malon, B., a collectivist, 150;
description of present tendencies of French socialism, 154.

Manchester school, sympathy of the party of progress with, 17;
attacked by professorial socialists, 240;
indignation of Christian socialists at, 249.

Maréchal, member of the Committee of Insurrection, 32;
prepared the “Manifesto of the Equals,” 33.

Marie, M., wishes to discredit Louis Blanc with the laborers, 112.

Marlo, “System of World Economy,” 158.

Marriage, absence of, among the Shakers, 23, _note_;
among the Icarians, 48 and _note_, 51;
among the Saint-Simonians, 71;
Enfantin’s views regarding, 75;
Fourier’s, 100;
Von Ketteler’s, 259.

Marx, Karl, indictment against liberalism, 13;
indebtedness to Proudhon and Rodbertus, 129, _note_;
his views adopted by the collectivists, 140;
life, 170 _et seqq._;
“Das Kapital,” the Bible of the social democrats, 172, 173;
his ability, 174;
meetings after his death, 174, 175;
theory of history, 175;
doctrine of value, 178;
labor-time the measure of value, 179;
head of the International, 185;
enmity of Becker for, 226.

Maurice, Frederick, a Christian socialist, 249;
takes part in the formation of co-operative societies in England, 251.

Mehring, on the misery of the poor, 10;
“History of Social Democracy in Germany,” 17;
on the relations between Progressists and the social democrats, 18;
his opinion of Liebknecht, 228.

Meyer, R., on socialism in France since Proudhon, 143;
estimate of German socialists, 157.

Mill, John Stuart, objects to present method of distributing economic
goods, 67;
exposition of Ricardo’s law of wages, 199;
a professorial socialist, 238.

Morality, state of, after French Revolution, 10;
to be derived from principle of fraternity, according to
Saint-Simon, 65;
decay of among laboring class as productive of socialistic
movements, 224.

More, Sir Thomas, his “Utopia” socialistic, 3;
character of, 20;
inspired Cabet, 40.

Morelly, “Code de la Nature” the inspiration of Babœuf, 34.

Morley on Rousseau’s social ideas, 4;
on Comte’s relation to Saint-Simon, 57, _note_.

Most, lecture in Baltimore, 27, 232;
expelled from the social democratic convention, 216.

Muiron, adherent of Fourier, 101.

Müller, Adam, head of the romantic party, against liberalism, 12, 13.

Mutualism, Proudhon’s scheme, 136.

Neale, E. V., letter about the Christian social efforts of Maurice,
Kingsley, Hughes, etc., and co-operation in England, 252-258.

Nordhoff criticises Cabet, 41.

Noyes thinks “familism” and communism antagonistic, 23, _note_;
on Fourieristic experiments in America, 107.

Nuremberg contains magnificent remains of mediæval civilization, 6.

Owen, Robert, character of, 20;
representative of English communism, 31, _note_;
does not encourage Fourier, 85.

Parisian mob of 1871, 20.

Pauperism one of the evils Rodbertus sought to abolish, 161;
abolition of requires state interference, according to Rodbertus, 166.

Pellarin, Charles, biographer of Fourier, 102 and _note_.

Peron, one of the Icarians, 46, 48.

Peters, H., values the average work of a laborer in the building
trade, 167.

Plato, his “Republic” socialistic, 3;
not a demagogue, 20;
idea of slavery, 176.

Political programme of Guesde, 153.

Progressists, their contest with Lassalle; defection of laborers
from, 18.

Proletarians, men without property, 4;
Saint-Simonism first expression of, 80;
mentioned in Guesde’s electoral programme, 152;
Malon’s opinion about, 154;
call of Marx to the, 171;
growing importance of, 177;
will return to Christianity when they understand its true mission
(De Laveleye), 261.

Proudhon, life, 125-130;
study of theology, 125;
his work on the observation of Sunday, 126;
studies political economy, 127;
importance of “Qu’est-ce que la Propriété?” 127-129;
hatred of rich, 128;
discouraged visionary projects, 129;
“Système des Contradictions Économiques,” etc., 130;
a destroyer, 130;
combats other systems, 129, 131;
failure of his bank designed for the benefit of the laborers, 131, 136;
ideas on property, 132;
anarchy his ideal of government, 134;
mutualism, 136;
rejects communism, 137;
how equality is to be obtained, 138;
anarchic equality, 139;
_résumé_ of his system, 140;
his honesty of purpose, 141.

Reybaud introduces the word socialist, 29, _note_;
“Études sur les Réformateurs,” 34, _note_;
description of the death of Saint-Simon, 61.

Ricardo, estimation of, by German socialists, 157;
law of wages, 191, 197, 199.

Rich, confrontation of, by poor productive of socialistic movements, 221.

Ripley, George, one of the leading spirits in the Brook Farm
experiment, 107.

Rochdale, co-operative experiment at, 253.

Rodbertus, Karl, life, 159;
representative of pure theoretical socialism, 159;
compared with Ricardo, 160;
his writings, 160;
describes pauperism and crises as the great social evils, 161;
his starting-point is his conception of labor, 161;
the cause of pauperism and crises, 162;
evils of the _laissez-faire_ system, 163;
division of products, 164;
pauperism and panics to be banished by state interference, 166;
his influence, 169;
correspondence with Lassalle, 192.

Rodrigues chosen by Saint-Simon as his successor, 71.

Rogers, Thorold, points out certain good features in feudalism, 5.

Roscher, criticism on German socialism, 158;
offenses punishable with death in the army, 209;
conditions productive of socialistic movements, 221;
elevates man to the central position in economic science, 244.

Rossi, Pellegrino, instructor of Proudhon, 127.

Rothschild, his refutation of communism, 35.

Rousseau, opinions about property, 3.

Ruskin, complains of a lack of patriotism in money matters, 239.

Rylance, Dr. J. H., “Lectures on Social Questions,” 17;
relation between socialism and Christianity, 24.

Sacred College of Apostles founded by Saint-Simonians, 74.

Saint-Simon, opposed to the _laissez-faire_ system, 12;
life, 53 _et seqq._;
in America, 54;
life purpose, 55;
Mexico, Panama Canal scheme, 55;
president of the commune, 56;
imprisonment, 56;
teacher of Comte, 57;
destitution, 58;
writings, 59;
obtains a pension, 60;
“Nouveau Christianisme,” 60;
doctrines, 62;
teaches the need of authority, 63;
association, 64;
revolution injurious, 64;
economic and social organizations, 66;
a representative of pure socialism, 66;
state property _versus_ private property, 68;
society to be organized as an army, 68;
his followers, the Saint-Simonians, accused of advocating communism of
wives and property, 69;
they reject inheritance, 69;
their views regarding women, 71;
their costume, 75;
schism among them, 75;
Ménilmontant, 76;
beneficial results of Saint-Simonism, 79;
Saint-Simon compared with Fourier, 81;
contempt of Saint-Simonians for Fourier, 85;
Saint-Simon’s rank among French socialists, 108.

Savigny, opinion concerning “Das System der erworbenen Rechte” of
Lassalle, 190.

Schäffle, his “Socialism as Presented by Kaufmann,” describes war-cries
against capital as modern, 2;
considers communists as not necessarily anti-Christian, 25;
criticism on Fourier, 100;
his “Quintessence of Socialism,” 150;
took him years to understand German socialism, 156.

Schmoller, a professorial socialist, 237;
definition of state, 241;
his open letter to Professor von Treitschke, 243.

Schweitzer, Von, president of the Universal German Laborers’ Union, 226;
his life, 226, 227;
withdrawal from the social democrats, 227.

Shakers referred to by Noyes in the question of “familism” _versus_
socialism, 23, _note_.

Shaw, Albert, his letter on present condition of the Icarians, 42-48.

Sismondi, purpose of the poor and rich in labor, 9.

Slaney introduces in Parliament a bill which becomes the law of
industrial societies in England, 254.

Smalley, G. W., eulogy on Louis Blanc’s character, 116.

Smith, Adam, regards economic goods only as products of labor, 161;
the wages of labor, 202.

Social democrats, views of, concerning the crimes of the rich, 11;
Mehring’s history of, in Germany, 17;
irreligious attitude of, 23;
one of the divisions of communism and socialism, 30, 169;
the collectivists are social democrats, 149;
are international, 150;
admit the necessity of land and capital, 168;
Marx their leading theoretician, 170;
“Das Kapital” the Bible of, 173;
Lassalle their leading agitator, 189;
rise of, 194, 203;
doctrines, 197;
extremists, 204;
characteristics, 204;
demands, 205;
some beneficial doctrines, 205;
movement towards communism, 206;
their programme involves army discipline, 209;
since the death of Lassalle, 211;
universal suffrage, 211;
number of their votes for the members of the Reichstag, 213;
blamed for attempts on the life of the emperor, 214;
congress at Wyden, 1880, 215;
at Copenhagen, 1883, 216;
grounds of their discontent, 216;
internal history of the party after Lassalle’s death, 225;
the Laborers’ Union, 225;
Social Democratic Labor Party, 227;
change in since Lassalle, 231;
violence thought necessary, 232;
connection with attempts on the life of the emperor, 233;
compared with early Christians, 233.

Socialism, object, 1;
peculiarities of modern schemes, 2;
cosmopolitan, 3;
older schemes, 4;
before the French Revolution, 4;
taught the necessity of new forms of society after the French
Revolution, 13;
proper method of treatment, 14;
hatred of most authors for, 16;
opposed to individualism, 29;
distinguished from communism, 30;
modern schemes of, 30;
Saint-Simonism _vide_ Saint-Simon, Fourierism _vide_ Fourier,
connection with politics, 109;
principle of authority, 124;
Proudhon, 124;
in France since Proudhon, 143;
cause of French, 143;
existing French, 144;
Blanquists, 145;
anarchists, 146;
nihilism, 146;
anarchists believe in collectivism, 149;
collectivists, 150;
classical epoch-making is to-day German, 156;
vitality of German, 156;
German, like French, is negative, 157;
adherents of German school of, 158;
Rodbertus, 159;
classification of German, 169;
Marx, 170;
International Workingmen’s Association, 183;
Lassalle, 189;
conditions productive of, 221;
Bismarck’s measures, 235;
professorial, 236;
belief of professorial, 236, 241;
mosaic legislation, 237;
formation of party of professorial socialists, 237;
Mill’s statement of doctrines of professorial, 238;
convention at Eisenach in 1872, 240;
questions discussed, 240;
exaltation of the state by professorial, 241;
Wagner’s law of expenditures of government, 242;
accomplishment of Wagner’s ideal, 243;
professorial repudiates self-interest, 243;
De Lamennais and Christian, 245;
Christian, in England, 249;
co-operative societies, 251;
letter of Mr. Neale, 252-255;
two divisions of Christian, 256;
Protestant Christian, 256;
Catholic Christian, 257.

Stein, Von, describes Saint-Simon’s historical importance, 79, 80;
comparison between Fourier and Saint-Simon, 81;
comparison between the classification of the passions by Fourier
and that by Pythagoras and Bossuet, 92, _note_.

Stöcker, a leader of Protestant Christian Socialism in Germany, 256.

Strikes, to be reported to the congresses of the International
Workingmen’s Association, 184;
to be abolished by the Social Democrats, 209.

Sumner, Charles, opinion of Louis Blanc’s “Histoire de la Révolution
Française,” 111.

Sybel, Von, History of the French Revolution, 6, _note_, 33, _note_.

Taine, “Ancient Régime,” 6, _note_.

Thomas, Émile, manager of the _ateliers nationaux_, 112.

Todt, Dr., a leader of Protestant Christian Socialism, 256.

Treitschke, Von, attacks the professorial socialists, 243.

Union for social politics, formation of, 240.

Universal German Laborers’ Union, formation of, 194;
demanded universal and equal suffrage, 212;
since Lassalle, 225;
its presidents, 226;
presidency of Von Schweitzer, 227.

Value, Marx’s doctrine of, presented by Proudhon, 129;
is found in “Das Kapital,” 178.

Vigoureux, Madame Clarisse, a Fourierist, 102.

Wages, Iron Law of, significance of, 191;
Lassalle’s statement of, 197;
Mill’s statement of, 199;
accepted by Von Ketteler, 258.

Wagner, opinion of Rodbertus, 159;
a professorial socialist, 169;
leader of the professorial socialists, 237;
his law of expenditures of government, 242.

Walker, F. A., proper method of dealing with social questions, 16.

Weitling, alleged dependence of Lassalle upon, 19.

Wolff, one of the founders of _Neue Rheinische Zeitung_, 171.

Workshops, Louis Blanc’s system of, 112, 113, 119-122, 192.

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